Chapter XIV: Appendix: Estimation of Chlorine in Chlorinated Waters

REAGENTS. 1. Tolidine solution. One gram of _o_-tolidine, purified by recrystallization from alcohol, is dissolved in 1 litre of 10 per cent hydrochloric acid.

2. Copper sulphate solution. Dissolve 1.5 grams of copper sulphate and 1 c.cm. of concentrated sulphuric acid in distilled water and dilute the solution to 100 c.cms.

3. Potassium bichromate solution. Dissolve 0.025 gram of potassium bichromate and 0.1 c.cm. of concentrated sulphuric acid in distilled water and dilute the solution to 100 c.cms.

PROCEDURE. Mix 1 c.cm. of the tolidine reagent with 100 c.cms. of the sample in a Nessler tube and allow the solution to stand at least five minutes. Small amounts of free chlorine give a yellow and larger amounts an orange colour.

For quantitative determination compare the colour with that of standards in similar tubes prepared from the solutions of copper sulphate and potassium bichromate. The amounts of solution for various standards are indicated in the following table:

PREPARATION OF PERMANENT STANDARDS FOR CONTENT OF CHLORINE

--------------------+-------------------+-----------------------
Chlorine. | Solution of | Solution of
| Copper Sulphate. | Potassium Bichromate.
Parts per million. | c.cms. | c.cms.
--------------------+-------------------+-----------------------
0.01 | 0.0 | 0.8
.02 | 0.0 | 2.1
.03 | 0.0 | 3.2
.04 | 0.0 | 4.3
.05 | 0.4 | 5.5
.06 | 0.8 | 6.6
.07 | 1.2 | 7.5
.08 | 1.5 | 8.7
.09 | 1.7 | 9.0
.10 | 1.8 | 10.0
.20 | 1.9 | 20.0
.30 | 1.9 | 30.0
.40 | 2.0 | 38.0
.50 | 2.0 | 45.0
--------------------+-------------------+-----------------------

NAME INDEX

A
Adams, 66, 82

B
Bassenge, 9
Baxter, 4
Berge, 9
Berthollet, 1
Bevan, 29
Bonjean, 36
Bray, 24
Breteau, 26
Bucholtz, 5

C
Catlett, 99
Clark, 53, 133
Comte, 47
Cross, 29
Cruikshank, 3

D
Dakin, 22, 28, 129
Darnall, 89
Davy, 1
DeGage, 53, 133
DeMorveau, 3
Dibden, 6
Dienert, 48
Dienheim-Brochoki, 105
Dowell, 24
Dunbar, 6
Dunham, 129
Dupre, 5
Dusch, 4

E
Ellms, 34, 83, 84, 133
Elmanovitsch, 36
Elsner, 6
Evans, 84

F
Faraday, 103
Fischer, 16
Forcrand, 103
Fuller, G. W., 11

G
Gascard, 47
Griffen, 17, 79

H
Haberkorn, 5
Hale, 80, 100
Harrington, 34, 65
Hauser, 83, 84
Hedallen, 17, 79
Heise, 36
Henry, 2
Hermite, 5
Hewlett, 9
Hooker, 72
Horrocks, 48
Houston, 8, 59, 71, 133
Hsu, 21

J
Jackson, 91, 99
Jakowkin, 26
Jennings, 135
Johnson, 11, 134
Jordan, H. E., 57

K
Kanthack, 6
Kauffman, 9
Kellerman, 7
Kershaw, 107
Kienle, 65, 66, 90, 99
Kimberly, 7
Klein, 5
Koch, 4
Kolessnikoff, 16
Kranejuhl, 7
Kuhn, 5
Kurpjuivat, 7

L
Landolt, 105
Langar, 10
Laroche, 47
Lavoisier, 1, 15
Leal, 16
Lehmann, 101
LeRoy, 83
Letton, 64
Longley, 43, 135
Lunge, 105
Lyon, 24

M
Marshall, 102
Massy, 48
Meadows, 112, 114
McCrady, 130
McGowan, 8
McLintock, 5
Mohler, 31
Mohr, 79
Moor, 9
Muspratt, 126

N
Nesfield, 8, 89
Nissen, 30
Norton, 21
Novey, 23
Noyes, 24

O
Ornstein, 90
Orticoni, 36

P
Pedler, 103
Percy, 3
Pettenkofer, 101
Phelps, 7, 17, 82
Pitcher, 112
Plucker, 10
Powell, 132
Pratt, 7
Proskauer, 6, 16

R
Rabs, 110
Race, 36, 110, 116
Raschig, 115
Rickard, 108
Rideal, E. K., 84
Rideal, S., 6, 9, 21, 22, 60, 115, 116
Roscoe, 5
Roozeboom, 103
Rouquette, 36
Ruffer, 5

S
Sandman, 56
Scheele, 1, 15
Schroder, 4
Schuder, 10
Schumacher, 7
Schumburg, 10
Schwann, 4
Schwartz, 7
Semmelweiss, 4
Sickenberger, 9
Smeeton, 53
Smith, 126

T
Tennant, 2
Thomas, 53, 56
Thresh, 87
Tiernan, 92
Tolman, 111
Traube, 9

V
Valeski, 36
Von Loan, 90

W
Walden, 132
Walker, 87
Wallace, 92
Wallis, 83
Warouzoff, 16
Watt, 2, 3, 15, 106
Webster, 5, 105
Wesbrook, 31, 44, 53
West, 91, 99, 136
Whittaker, 31
Winkler, 84
Winogradoff, 16
Winslow, 110
Woodhead, 7
Woolf, 5

Y
Young, 138

Z
Zirn, 6

SUBJECT INDEX

A
Absorption of chlorine by water, 35
Abuse of chlorination, 144
Acids, effect of, 19, 21
Action of chlorine, 16
Admixture, effect of, 39
Aftergrowths, 55
accelerated growth, 58
_B. coli_ in, 57
effect of liquid chlorine, 99
views as to nature of, 56
Algae, effect of chlorine on, 133
Alkalies, effect of, 19, 20
Allen-Moore cell, 111
Ammonia, and chlorine, 24
and sodium hypochlorite, 114
effect on bleach, 21
effect on oxidising action, 21
soda process, 2
Antichlors, 86
Antiseptics, early work on, 3
chlorine as an, 50
Application of chlorine, point of, 43
Auto-suggestion, 62

B
_B. cholerae_ suis, 31
_B. cloacae_, 31
_B. coli_, aftergrowths, 57
in sewage, 6, 7
in water, 9, 28, 31
standard, 46
viability of, 52, 55
_B. cuticularis_, 53
_B. faecalis alkaligenes_, 31
_B. enteritidis_, 31
_B. enteritidis sporogenes_, 53
_B. lactis aerogenes_, 31
_B. subtilis_, 53
_B. tetani_, 9
_B. typhosus_, 9, 10, 30, 31
Bacteria surviving chlorination, 50
aftergrowths, 55
nature of, 53
spores, 57
Benzidine, 83
Bleach, analysis of solution, 79
as deodourant, 3, 6
as sewage disinfectant, 6, 7
at Adrian, 11
at Boonton, 11, 16
at Bubbly Creek, 11
composition, 14
decomposition of, 25
discovery, 2
germicidal velocity, 20, 21
hydrolysis, 18, 19
production, 3
stability of, 17
toxic action, 22
treatment, 72
control of, 78
cost, 86
dosage regulation, 75
in France, 78
losses in, 81
mixing tank, 73
plant design, 72
storage tank, 75
Brest experiments, 5

C
Carnallite, 1
Chicago, typhoid rate, 138
Chloramine, 114
at Denver, 124, 126
at Ottawa, 28, 116
contact period, 123
cost of, 124
decomposition of, 126
experimental results, 119
germicidal power, 116
operation of process, 126
plant design, 120
preparation of, 115
ratio of chlorine and ammonia, 116, 122
tastes and odours, 28, 64, 117
toxic action, 22, 29
Chlorides, effect of, 20
Chlorine, and ammonia, 24, 25
discovery of, 1
disinfection, effect of pabulum, 4
general reactions, 28
hydrate, 103
detection of, 81
effect on flowers, 68
estimation of, 81
in sanitary work, 4
medicinal dose, 67
oxygen equivalent, 23
liquid, 89
advantages of, 97
cost of treatment, 101
disadvantages of, 101
germicidal efficiency, 99
machines, 89
peroxide, 9
water, 102
corrosion of pipes, 69
damage to seeds, 68
decomposition of, 15
heat of formation, 27
Chlorometer, 84
Chloros, 8
Chlorozone, 105
Colour, effect on dosage, 33
Columbus, typhoid rates, 137
Complaints, 62
Contact period, effect on dosage, 44
effect on taste, 43
usual practice, 45
Cost of bleach plant, 85
bleach treatment, 86
liquid chlorine treatment, 101
Crossness experiments, 5

D
Dayton cell, 107
DeChlor filters, 87
Denver, chloramine treatment, 124, 126
Dichloramine, 128
Disinfectants, 50
Disinfection, early views of, 3
Dosage, 30
determination of, 46
effect of, admixture, 39
colour, 33
contact period, 43
initial contamination, 32
light, 45
oxidisable matter, 32
standard of purity, 30, 32
temperature, 34, 36
turbidity, 45
for military work, 48
regulation of bleach, 75
relation to oxygen absorbed, 36
tanks, 75

E
Eau de Javelle, 3, 47
Electrical conductivity of treated water, 70
Electrolysed sea water, 5
Electrolytic hypochlorite, 2, 104
Bradford, 5
Brest, 5
Brewster, 6, 105
cost of, 113
Electrolytic hydrochlorite, Crossness, 5
discovery of, 3
diaphragm cells, 110
early use of, 5
efficiency of, 109
Havre, 5
non-diaphragm cells, 106
Electrozone, Brewster, 6
Maidenhead, 6
Tonetta Creek, 6

F
Filter effluents, chlorination of, 34
Filters, effect on beds, 60
effect on runs, 132
Fish, effect on, 8, 67, 68

G
Germicidal velocity, effect of acids, 21
alkalies, 20
ammonia, 21
chlorides, 20
Guildford, chlorination at, 9

H
Haas and Oettel cell, 108
Halazone, 128
Hardness, effect of chlorine on, 132
Havre experiments, 5
Hermite fluid, 5
Hexamethyl-_p_-aminotriphenylmethane, 83
Historical, 1
Hooghly River, 7
Hydrazine, 126
Hydrogen peroxide, 24
Hydrolysis of hypochlorites, effect of, acids, 19
alkalies, 19
chlorides, 20
Hygienic results, 134
Hypochlorous acid, 17
decomposition of, 24, 25, 26
hydrolytic constant, 18

I
Initial contamination, effect on dosage, 32
Intestinal organisms, viability of, 52
Iodoform taste, 65
Iron salts, effect on dosage, 33

J
Jersey City, court case, 11, 16

K
Kellner cell, 108

L
Labarraque solution, 105
Leavitt-Jackson machine, 91
Leblanc process, 2
Light, effect on dosage, 45
Lincoln, chlorination at, 8, 59
Liquid chlorine, advantages of, 97
and tastes, 65
effect of temperature on, 95
machines, 89
dry feed, 94
E. B. G. Co., 91
Leavitt-Jackson, 91
operation of, 95
Wallace and Tiernan, 92
L'Orient, experiments at, 5

M
M. agilis, 53
Maidstone, use of bleach at, 8
Margin of safety for taste and odour, 64
Material for bleach plants, 74
Military work, bleach method for, 78
chlorine water, 103
dosage for, 47, 48, 78
early European, 10
liquid chlorine, 102
typhoid reduction, 143
use of chlorine in, 8
Mixing tank for bleach, 73
Moisture, effect on chlorine gas, 16
Montreal, dosage at, 34
electrolytic cells, 112

N
Nascent oxygen hypothesis, 17
Nelson cell, 111
Neva River, 36
New Orleans, typhoid rates, 137
New York, bacteria surviving treatment, 53
bleach efficiency, 100
liquid chlorine plant, 97
Nitrites, effect on dosage, 33
Nitrogen trichloride, 24, 128

O
Odours, effect of contact period on, 43
nature of, 63
Ottawa, aftergrowths at, 57
bleach plant efficiency, 100
chloramine plant, 120
chloramine results, 121
sludge trouble, 65
typhoid rates, 140
Oxidisable matter, effect on dosage, 32, 36
Oxychloride, Guildford, 9
Middlekerke, 9
Ostend, 9
Ozone, 24

P
Philadelphia and chlorination, 136
Pipe corrosion, 69
Pittsburg report, 71
Plumbo solvency, 71
_P. mirabilis_, 31
Potassium permanganate, 23
Puerperal fever in Vienna, 4
Pumps, for admixture, 41

R
Red Bank, sewage disinfection at, 7
Reversed ratio of counts, 54

S
Sewage disinfection at Baltimore,
Berlin, 7
Boston, 7
Brewster, 6
Hamburg, 6
Maidenhead, 6
Sludge, as cause of complaints, 65
Sodium bisulphite, 86
Sodium chloride, deposits, 1
decomposition of, 106
Sodium hypochlorite, 105
decomposition of, 26
effect of ammonia on, 21
hydrolysis of, 26
Sodium thiosulphate, 87
Standard of purity, 30
Storage tanks, 75
Sulphuretted hydrogen, 33
Sylvine, 1

T
Tannin, 67
Tastes, effect of contact period on nature of, 63
Temperature, effect on absorption of chlorine, 35, 38
bleach deterioration, 72
dosage, 34, 36
germicidal velocity, 38
pressure of liquid chlorine, 96
tastes and odours, 66
Thermophylic organisms, 54
Tolidine, 82
Toxic action of chlorine, 22, 29
Turbidity, effect on dosage, 45
effect of chlorine on, 132

U
Use of chlorination, 144

W
Water mains, disinfection of, 8
Well water, 7
Worcester, chlorination at, 11
Worthing experiments, 5

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+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Additional Transcriber's Notes: |
| |
| * The original symbol in Table XIV (a circled +) has been changed |
| to [也. |
| * Some formulas have been spaced out for better readability. |
| * Some minor typographical errors have been corrected (including |
| indicators for references and missing diacritical marks from |
| German words). |
| * In-line multi-line formulas have been changed to in-line single- |
| line formulas, if necessary with the addition of brackets. |
| * Inconsistencies in spelling, hyphenation, lay-out or formatting |
| have not been corrected, except in the following cases: |
| * Bassenege, Schemmelweiss, Langar and Kanthdack in the name index|
| have been changed to Bassenge, Semmelweiss, Langer and Kanthack |
| as in the text. |
| * Heisse, Jordon, Tonnetta Creek and Horrock's have been changed |
| to Heise, Jordan, Tonetta Creek and Horrocks's, respectively, as|
| elsewhere in the text. |
| * Page 35: N^{1} and N^{2} in formula changed to N_{1} and N_{2} |
| as elsewhere. |
| * Page 7: Hadallen changed to Hedallen as elsewhere in the text. |
| * Changes made to the text: |
| * Page 17: --> changed to <=> in chemical formula as described in |
| the text. |
| * Page 26: H^{.} + HCO_{3} changed to H^{.} + HCO_{3}'. |
| * Page 26: chlor-ions changed to chlorine ions. |
| * Page 54: Gention Violet changed to Gentian Violet. |
| * Page 103: Footnote marker [11] inserted (missing in original). |
| * The author called Kurpjuivut, Kurjuivut and Kurpjuivat in various |
| places in the text is probably called Kurpjuweit. The author |
| called Schumburg and Schumberg in the text is called Schumberg. |
| The book contains references to both Zaleski and Elmanovitsch |
| and Valeski and Elmanovitsch; Zaleksi is probably correct. |
| * Other remarks: |
| * Footnote on Page 119: fraction unclear in the original, |
| presented here as 5-1/2. |
| * Page 134: affluents should probably be effluents. |
| * In the original work, there is no TABLE XXII between TABLE XXI |
| and XXIII. |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+

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