Chapter XXXI: Appendix: The Geographical Results (4)

The search for the northwest passage to Asia, as it had been begun by the English under Cabot in 1497, was also the last of all the endeavors to isolate the continent. The creation of the Hudson Bay Company in 1670 was ostensibly to promote "the discovery of a new passage into the South Sea," but the world knows how for two centuries that organization obstinately neglected, or as far as they dared, the leading purpose for which they pretended to ask a charter. They gave their well-directed energies to the amassing of fortunes with as much persistency as the Spaniards did at the south, but with this difference: that the wisdom in their employment of the aborigines was as eminent as with the Southrons it was lacking. It was left for other agencies of the British government successfully to accomplish, with the aid of the votaries of geographical science, what the pecuniary speculators of Fen Church Street hardly dared to contemplate.

[Sidenote: 1779. James Cook.]

The spirit of the old navigators was revived in James Cook, when in 1779 he endeavored to pass eastward by Bering's Straits; but it was not till forty years later that a series of arctic explorations was begun, in which the English races of both continents have shown so conspicuous a skill and fortitude.

[Sidenote: Kendrick in the "Columbia."]

While the English, French, and Spaniards were dodging one another in their exploring efforts along this upper coast, a Boston ship, the "Columbia," under Captain Kendrick, entered the Columbia River, then named; and to these American explorations, as well as to the contemporary ones of Vancouver, the geographical confusion finally yielded place to something like an intelligible idea.

[Sidenote: 1790-95. Vancouver.]

It had also been the aim of Vancouver in 1790-95 "to ascertain the existence of any navigable communication between the North Pacific and the North Atlantic Oceans," and the correspondence of the British government leading to this expedition has only been lately printed in the _Report_ of the Dominion archivist, Douglas Brymner, for 1889.

[Sidenote: Arctic explorers.]

[Sidenote: 1850. McClure finds the northwest passage.]

The names of Barrow, Ross, Parry, and Franklin, not to mention others of a later period, make the story of the final severance of the continent in the arctic seas one of conspicuous interest in the history of maritime exploration. Captain Robert L. McClure, in the "Investigator," late in 1850 passed into Bering's Straits, and before September closed his ship was bound in the ice. In October McClure made a sledge journey easterly over a frozen channel and reached the open sea, which thirty years before Parry had passed into from the Atlantic side. The northwest passage was at last discovered.

We have seen that within thirty years from the death of Columbus the outline of South America was defined, while it had taken nearly two centuries and a quarter to free the coast lines of the New World from an entanglement in men's minds with the outlines of eastern Asia, and another century and a quarter were required to complete the arctic contour of America, so that the New World at last should stand a wholly revealed and separate continent.

Nor had all this labor been done by governments alone. The private merchant and the individual adventurer, equipping ships and sailing without national help, had done no small part of it. Dr. Kohl strikingly says, "The extreme northern limit of America, the desolate peninsula Boothia, is named after the English merchant who fitted out the arctic expedition of Sir John Ross; and the southernmost strait, beyond Patagonia, preserves the name of Le Maire, the merchant at whose charge it was disclosed to the world!"

INDEX.

Acklin Island, 215.

Adam of Bremen, 147.

Adda, G. d', 12.

Admiral's map, 534, 546, 581. _See_ Waldseemüller.

Africa, circumnavigations of, 91;
discoveries along its coast, 91, 151;
early maps, 133;
Ptolemy's map of its southern part, 335.

Agnese Baptista, his maps, 595, 597.

Aguado, Juan, sent to Española, 317;
his conduct, 319.

Ailly, Pierre d', _De Imagine Mundi_, 7, 8, 121, 180, 497;
his map (1410), 601.

Albertus Magnus, 497; portrait, 120.

Aleutian Islands, 652, 658.

Alexander VI., letter to, from Columbus, 9;
pope, 252;
his bull of demarcation, 252;
his bust, 253.

Alfonso V. (Portugal), 108.

Aliacus. _See_ Ailly.

Allefonsce, 614.

Allegetto degli Allegetti, _Ephemerides_, 32.

Almagro, 565.

Alto Velo, 390.

Alva, Duke of, 514, 515.

Amazons, 235, 237.

America, mainland first seen by Columbus, 351;
gradually developed as a continent, 529, 606, 619, 660;
history of its name, 538, 621;
earliest maps bearing the name, 547-552;
the name never recognized in Spain, 554;
earliest on maps, 581;
was it known to the ancients? 606.
_See_ North _and_ South America.

Anacaona, 305;
entertains Bartholomew Columbus, 361;
captured, 473.

Ancuparius, 588.

Angelus, Jacobus. 531.

Ango, Jean, 556.

Anian, Straits of, 418, 620.

Antarctic continent, 628, 644.

Antillia, belief in, 111, 112, 128.

Apianus, his map (1520), 550, 587;
portrait, 586.

Archipelago on the Asiatic coast, 190.

Arctic explorations, 640, 658, 659, 660.

Asia, as known to Marco Polo, etc., map, 113, 114.

Aspa, Ant. de, his documents, 29.

Astrolabe, 94-96, 132, 150, 260, 632.

Atlantic Ocean, early cartography of, 86, 88;
floating islands in, 185;
its archipelago, 185;
as defined by Behaim compared with its actual condition, 190;
early voyages on, 603.

Atlantis, story of, 126.

Aubert, Thomas, 556.

Audiencia, 518.

Avila, Luis de, 527.

Ayala, Pedro de, 343.

Ayllon, Lucas Vasquez de, 561;
and Diego Colon, 522;
his map, 561, 584;
settlement on the Potomac, 561.

Azores discovered, 86, 88.

Babeque, 225, 230, 231.

Baccalaos, 344.

Back-staff, 648.

Bacon, Roger, _Opus majus_, 121, 497.

Badajos, congress at, 590.

Baffin, Wm., 650.

Baffin's Bay, 651.

Bahamas, Herrera's map, 212;
modern map, 213;
character of, 215;
their peoples, 218;
depopulated, 515.

Balboa, 562;
portrait, 563;
discovers the South Sea, 564, 606;
executed, 564.

Ballester, Miguel, 366, 372.

Bancroft, H. H., on Columbus, 59, 503.

Bank of St. George, and its records, 21, 70.

Barclay, Alex., translates Brant, 537.

Barlow, S. L. M., his library, 17.

Barrentes, Garcia de, 372.

Barros, João de. _Decada_, 33, 149, 241.

Bastidas, Rodrigo de, on the South American coast, 426, 528.

Basques on the Atlantic, 128;
fishermen, 340.

Baza, siege of, 169.

Behaim, Martin, in Lisbon, 132;
improves the astrolabe, 132;
at sea, 134;
portrait, 134;
and Columbus, 150;
his globe, 185-188, 533.

Behechio, 305, 361.

Belknap, Dr. Jeremy, on Columbus, 55.

Belloy, Marquis de, life of Columbus, 54.

Beneventanus, 533.

Benincasa, maps, 81.

Benzoni, 32, 51.

Beradi, Juonato, 258, 317.

Bergenroth, _Calendar_, 13, 23.

Bergomas, his chronicle, 32.

Bering's Straits, 418, 657.

Bering, his discoveries, 529, 620, 653.

Bernaldez, Andrès, friend of Columbus, 13, 331; _Historia_, 13, 18,
37.

Berwick, Duke of, 527.

Béthencourt, Jean de, 86.

Bianco, Andrea, his map, 88, 89; helps Fra Mauro, 100.

Bienewitz. _See_ Apianus.

Bimini, 422, 558, 560.

Birds, flight of, 88.

Blanco, Cape, passed, 98.

Bloodhounds, 312.

Blunderville, 632.

Bobadilla, Francisco de, sent to Santo Domingo, 390;
his character, 395;
his instructions, 396, 397;
reaches Española, 398;
his acts, 398;
their effect upon Columbus, 400;
arrests Bastidas, 426;
his rule in Santo Domingo, 428;
superseded, 429;
to return to Spain, 440;
lost, 440.

Bohio, 228.

Bojador, Cape, passed, 97.

Bordone, map, 142.

Bossi, L., on Columbus, 32.

Bourne, Wm., _The Regiment of the Sea_, 631.

Boyle. _See_ Buil.

Brandt, _Shyppe of Fools_, 14.

Brazil coast visited by Cabral, 378;
early explorers, 533.

Brazil, island of, 112, 139.

Breton explorations, 555, 556.

Breviesca, Ximeno de, 333.

Brevoort, J. C., 597, 607, 621.

Briggs in Purchas, 652.

Bristol, England, and its maritime expeditions, 342.

Brocken, Baron van, _Colomb_, 55.

Brymner, Douglas, 660.

Buache, his map, 656.

Büdinger, Max, _Acten zur Columbus Geschichte_, 46;
_Zur Columbus Literatur_, 46.

Buet, C., _Colomb_, 54.

Buil, Bernardo, sent to the New World, 259.

Bull of demarcation, 22, 252, 339.

Bull of extension, 305.

Button, Sir Thomas, 650.

Bylot, Robert, 650.

Cabot, John, in England, 167, 340;
sails on a voyage of discovery, 340;
earliest engraved map of his discoveries, 341;
great circle sailing, 341;
discovers land, 341;
question of his landfall, 341;
returns to Bristol, 342;
question of his going to Seville, 343;
his second voyage, 344;
its extent, 344;
lack of knowledge respecting these voyages, 345;
authorities on, 346;
was his voyage known to Columbus? 386;
and the Ruysch map, 533; his explorations, 624.

Cabot, Sebastian, his observation of the line of no variation, 201;
on Columbus's discovery, 248;
his participancy in his father's voyages, 344;
his papers, 345;
alleged voyage, 427;
voyages, 555;
his mappemonde, 341, 345, 624, 626, 627;
returns to England, 639;
portrait, 642.

Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, on the South American coast, 377.

Cabrero, Juan, 161.

Cabrillo, 611.

Cacique, 231.

Cadamosto, his voyage, 98.

Cado, Fermin, 285.

California, peninsula of, 610;
its name, 611;
map, 611;
mapped as an island, 652;
Drake on the coast, 644, 645.

Cam, Diogo, 134.

Camargo on the coast of Chili, 577.

Camers, Johann, 585.

Canaries, their history, 86; map of, 194.

Cannibals, 225, 227, 230, 268, 270, 281.

Canoes, 219.

Cantino, Alberto, 417;
Cantino map, 387;
sketched, 419;
its traits examined, 420;
its relation with Columbus, 421.

Caonabo, 305;
attacks La Navidad, 273, 275;
attacks St. Thomas, 308;
forms a league, 308;
captured, 313;
dies, 323.

Cape Blanco, 98.

Cape Bojador, 97.

Cape Breton, 627.

Cape of Good Hope discovered, 151.

Cape Horn discovered, 577;
seen by Drake, 644.

Cape Race, 534.

Cape Verde Island discovered, 199.

Cardenas, Alonso de, 161.

Cardona, Cristoval de, Admiral of Aragon, 524, 526, 527.

Caribs, 236, 271, 323.

Carpini, Plano, 90.

Carthaginians as voyagers, 127.

Cartier, Jacques, his explorations, 612, 624.

Carvajal, Alonso Sanchez de, factor of Columbus, 430.

Carvajal, Bernardin de, 248.

Casa de Contratacion, 481.

Casaneuve. _See_ Colombo the Corsair.

Casanove, 71.

Casoni, F., annals of Genoa, 32, 154.

Casteñeda, Juan de, 238.

Castellanos, _Elegias_, 491.

Castillo, 611.

Catalan seamanship, 94.

Catalina, Doña, 9, 276.

Cathay, 224, 457;
early name of China, 90;
map of, 113, 114;
as found by the Portuguese, 509.

Cazadilla, 150.

Chanca, Dr., his narrative, 29;
goes to the new world, 262, 282.

Charles V., portrait, 519.

Chaves, Alonso, his map, 561, 621;
at the Seville Conference, 604.

Chesapeake Bay, Spaniards in the, 633.

Chili discovered, 565, 577.

China, early known, 90. _See_ Cathay.

Chronica Delphinea, 9, 11.

Chronometers, 260, 603.

Chytræus, 627.

Cibao, 232;
its mines visited by Ojeda, 279.

Ciguare, 447.

Cipango, 125; map, 113.

Circourt, Count, 46.

Clavus, Claudius, 140, 141.

Clemente, Claudio, _Tablas_, 214.

Climatic lines, 601.

Codex Flatoyensis, 146.

Coelho's voyage, 410.

Colombo, Balthazar, 525, 527.

Colombo, Bernardo, 525, 527.

Colombo, Corsair, 71, 72, 83, 84.

Colon, Cristoval (bastard son of Luis, grandson of Columbus), 526.

Colon, Diego (brother of Columbus), born, 77;
in Spain and in Columbus's second expedition, 262;
his character, 285;
placed by Columbus in command at Isabella, 290;
goes to Spain, 311;
quarrels with Fonseca, 318.

Colon, Diego (son of Columbus), 106;
page to the Queen, 181;
at Court, 478, 479;
receives letter from Columbus, 478;
his illegitimate children, 513;
receives what was due to his father, 513;
urges the King to restore his father's privileges, 513;
his suit against the Crown, 514, 553;
wins, 515;
marriage, 515;
denied the title of Viceroy, 515;
Governor of Española, 515, 516;
in Spain, 519;
lends money to Charles V., 520;
his income, 520;
Viceroy, 520;
builds a palace, 520;
its ruins, 520;
in Spain pressing his claims, 522;
dies, 522;
his children, 522.

Colon, Diego (great-grandson of Columbus), marries and becomes
Duke of Veragua, 525, 526;
his connection with the _Historie_ of 1571, 44.

Colon, Luis (grandson of Columbus), succeeds his father, 522;
makes compromise with the Crown, 522;
holds Jamaica, 523;
made Duke of Veragua, 523;
governs Española, 523;
his marriages, 523;
imprisoned and dies, 523;
his children, 526.

Colon. _See_ Columbus.

Columbia River, 658.

Columbus, Bartholomew (brother of Columbus), born, 77;
in Portugal, 104;
affects Columbus's views, 117;
with Diaz on the African coast, 151, 303;
sent to England, 167, 303, 339;
in France, 168, 303;
reaches Española, 303;
made Adelantado, 304;
left in command by Columbus, 323;
confirmed by the Crown as Adelantado, 328;
portrait, 329;
attacks the Quibian, 451;
sees Columbus for the last time, 488;
survives him, 513;
goes to Rome, 516;
takes a map, 516, 533;
goes to Española, 516;
dies, 518;
reputed descendant, 527.

COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER, sources of information, 1;
biographers, 30;
his prolixity and confusion, 1;
his writings, 1;
_Libro de las Proficias_, 1;
facsimile of his handwriting, 2;
his private papers, 2;
letters, 2, 5;
written in Spanish, 2;
his privileges, 3;
_Codex Diplomaticus_, 3;
the Custodia at Genoa, 4, 5;
Bank of St. George, 5;
marginalia, 7;
_Declaracion de Tabla navigatoria_, 7, 32;
_Cinco Zonas_, 7;
lost manuscripts, 8;
MS. annotations, 8;
missing letters, 9, 18, 19;
missing commentary, 9;
journal of his first voyage, 9, 193;
printed in English, 10;
letters on his discovery, 10;
printed editions, 12;
Catalan text, 13;
Latin text, 14;
his transient fame, 14;
in England, 14;
autographs, 14;
edition of the Latin first letter, 15;
facsimile of a page, 16;
libraries possessing copies, 17;
bibliography of first letter, 17;
other accounts of first voyage, 17;
lawsuits of heirs, 18, 26, 514;
account of his second voyage, 18, 264;
_Libro del Segundo Viage_, 18, 264;
letters owned by the Duke de Veragua, 18;
accounts of his third voyage, 18, 347;
of his fourth voyage, 19;
_Lettera rarissima_, 19;
_Libros de memorias_, 19;
work on the Arctic Pole, 19;
his maps, 29;
_Memorial del Pleyto_, 26;
Italian accounts of, 30;
influenced by his Spanish life, 33;
Portuguese accounts, 33;
Spanish accounts, 33;
documents preserved by Las Casas, 47;
canonization, 52;
English accounts, 55;
life by Irving, 56;
bibliography, 59;
his portraits, 61-70;
his person, 61;
tomb at Havana, 69;
his promise to the Bank of St. George, 5, 70;
ancestry, 71;
early home, 71;
name of Colombo, 71;
the French family, 71;
professes he was not the first admiral of his name, 72;
spurious genealogies, 73, 74;
prevalence of the name Colombo, 73;
his grandfather, 74;
his father, 74;
life at Savona, 75;
Genoa, 75;
his birth, 76;
disputed date, 76;
his mother, 77;
her offspring, 77;
place of his birth, 77;
many claimants, 78;
uncertainties of his early life, 79;
his early education, 79;
his penmanship and drawing, 79;
specimen of it, 80;
said to have been at Pavia, 79;
at Genoa, 81;
in Anjou's expedition, 83;
his youth at sea, 83;
drawn to Portugal, 86, 102;
living there, 103;
alleged swimming with an oar, 103;
marries, 105;
supposed interview with a sailor who had sailed west, 107;
knew Marco Polo's book, 116;
Mandeville's book, 116;
the ground of his belief in a western passage, 117;
inherits his views of the sphericity of the earth, 119;
of its size, 123;
his ignorance of the Atlantis story, etc., 126, 148;
learns of western lands, 129;
in Portugal, 131;
in Iceland, 135;
_Tratado de las Cinco Zonas_, 137;
and the Sagas, 146;
his first gratuity in Spain, 149;
difficulty in following his movements, 149;
interviews the Portuguese king, 150;
abandons Portugal, 149, 153;
did he lay his project before the authorities of Genoa? 153;
did he propose to those of Venice? 154;
did he leave a wife in Portugal? 154;
enters Spain, 154, 157, 169;
at Rabida, 154, 173;
calls himself Colon, 157;
receives gratuities, 157, 168;
sells books and maps, 158;
writes out his proofs of a new world, 158;
interview with Ferdinand of Spain, 159;
his monument at Genoa, 163;
at Malaga, 165;
connection with Beatrix Enriquez, 166;
his son Ferdinand born, 166;
his views in England, 167;
invited back to Portugal, 168;
lived in Spain with the Duke of Medina-Celi, 169;
at Cordova, 169;
at Baza, 169;
his views again rejected, 170;
at Santa Fé, 176;
his arrogant demands, 177;
starts for France, 177;
recalled and agreed with, 179;
his passport, 180;
the capitulations, 181;
allowed to use Don, 181;
at Palos, 181;
his fleet fitted out, 182;
expenses of the first voyage, 183;
his flag-ship, 183;
her size, 184;
hopes to find mid-ocean islands, 185;
sails, 191;
keeps a journal, 193;
the "Pinta" disabled, 195;
sees Teneriffe, 195;
at the Canaries, 195;
falsifies his reckoning, 195;
map of the routes of his four voyages, 196;
of the first voyage, 197;
his dead reckoning, 198;
his judgment of his speed, 198;
observes no variation of his needle, 198;
watches the stars, 203;
believed the earth pear-shaped, 203;
meets a west wind, 205;
thinks he sees land, 206;
follows the flight of birds, 206;
pacifies his crew, 207;
alleged mutiny, 208;
claims to see a light, 208;
receives a reward for first seeing land, 209, 249;
map of the landfall, 210;
land actually seen, 211;
land taken possession of, 211;
his armor, 211;
question of his landfall, 214;
trades with the natives, 218, 220;
first intimates his intention to enslave them, 220;
finds other islands, 220;
eager to find gold, 221;
reaches Cuba, 223;
mentions pearls for the first time, 223;
thought himself on the coast of Cathay, 224;
takes an observation, 224;
meets with tobacco, 225;
with potatoes, 225;
hears of cannibals, 225;
seeks Babeque, 225;
difficult communication with the natives, 226, 227;
in the King's Garden, 226;
deserted by Pinzon, 226;
at Española, 228;
takes his latitude, 229;
entertains a cacique, 231;
meets with a new language, 232;
seeks gold, 232;
shipwrecked, 232;
builds a fort, 233;
names it La Navidad, 235;
hears of Jamaica, 235;
of Amazons, 235;
fears the Pinzons, 235;
sees mermaids, 236;
sails for Spain, 236;
meets a gale, 237;
separates from the "Pinta," 237;
throws overboard an account of his discoveries, 238;
makes land at the Azores, 238;
gets provisions, 238;
his men captured on shore, 239;
again at sea, 240;
enters the Tagus, 240;
reason for using the name Indies, 240;
goes to the Portuguese Court, 241;
leaves the Tagus, having sent a letter to the Spanish Court, 242;
reaches Palos, 242;
the "Pinta" arrives the same day, 242, 244;
his Indians, 244, 259, 272;
summoned to Court, 244;
at Barcelona, 245;
reception, 245;
his life there, 246, 247, 249, 256;
his first letter, 248;
scant impression made by the announcement, 248;
the egg story, 249;
receives a coat-of-arms, 249, 550;
his family arms, 251;
his motto, 251;
receives the royal seal, 256;
leaves the Court, 256;
in Seville, 256;
relations with Fonseca begin, 256;
fits out the second expedition, 257, 258, 261;
embarks, 263;
sails, 264;
his character, 265;
at the Canaries, 265;
at Dominica, 266;
at Marigalante, 266;
at Guadaloupe, 268;
fights the Caribs at Santa Cruz, 271;
reaches Española, 272;
arrives at La Navidad, 273;
finds it destroyed and abandons it, 275, 277;
disembarks at another harbor, 278;
founds Isabella, 278;
grows ill, 279;
expeditions to seek gold, 279, 280;
writes to the sovereigns, 280;
the fleet leaves him, 282;
harassed by factions, 284;
leads an expedition inland, 285;
builds Fort St. Thomas, 287;
returns to Isabella, 288;
sends Ojeda to St. Thomas, 289;
sails to explore Cuba, 290;
discovers Jamaica, 291;
returns to Cuba, 293;
imagines his approach to the Golden Chersonesus, 295;
exacts an oath from his men that they were in Asia, 296;
doubts as to his own belief, 297;
return voyage, 299;
on the Jamaica coast, 300;
calculates his longitude on the Española coast, 301;
falls into a stupor, 302;
reaches Isabella, 302;
finds his brother Bartholomew there, 303;
learns what had happened in his absence, 304;
receives supplies, 309;
sends the fleet back, 310;
sends Diego to Spain, 311;
sends natives as slaves, 311;
battle of the Vega Real, 312;
oppresses the natives, 315;
his enemies in Spain, 318;
receives a royal letter by Aguado, 319;
the fleet wrecked, 321;
thinks the mines of Hayna the Ophir of Solomon, 322;
sails for Spain, 323;
reaches Cadiz, 324;
lands in the garb of a Franciscan, 325;
proceeds to Court, 326;
asks for a new fleet, 326;
delays, 327;
his rights reaffirmed, 328;
new proportion of profits, 328;
his will, 330;
his signature, 330;
lives with Andres Bernaldez, 331;
his character drawn by Bernaldez, 331;
enlists criminals, 332;
his altercation with Fonseca's agent, 333;
had authorized voyages, 336;
the third voyage and its sources, 347;
leaves directions for his son Diego, 348;
sails from San Lucar, 348;
his course, 348;
letter to him from Jayme Ferrer, 349;
captures a French prize, 349;
at the Cape de Verde Islands, 349;
at Trinidad, 350;
first sees mainland, 351;
touches the Gulf Stream, 352;
grows ill, 355, 356;
his geographical delusions, 356;
compared with Vespucius, 358;
observations of nature, 359;
meets the Adelantado, 359;
reaches Santo Domingo, 365;
his experience with convict settlers, 366, 392, 396, 434;
sends letters to Spain, 367;
treats with Roldan, 368, 370;
institutes repartimientos, 371;
sends other ships to Spain, 371;
his prerogatives as Admiral infringed, 372;
sends Roldan against Ojeda, 374;
did he know of Cabot's voyage? 386;
his wrongs from furtive voyagers, 372-387;
opposition to his rule in the Antilles, 388;
his new relations with Roldan, 389;
quells Moxica's plot, 390;
Bobadilla arrives, 390;
charges against the Admiral, 392, 402, 404;
his deceiving the Crown, 393;
receives copies of Bobadilla's instructions, 400;
reaches Santo Domingo, 401;
imprisoned and fettered, 401;
sent to Spain in chains, 403;
his letter to Prince Juan's nurse, 404, 405, 407;
his alienation of mind, 405;
reaches Cadiz, 407;
his reception, 408, 409;
suspended from power, 409;
his connection with the Cantino map, 420, 421;
his destitution, 420; his vested rights invaded, 428;
his demands unheeded, 428;
sends a factor to Española, 430;
_Libros de las Proficias_, 431;
his projected conquest of the Holy Land, 431;
defeated by Satan, 431;
dreams on a hidden channel through the new world, 432;
still seeking the Great Khan, 433;
his purposed gift to Genoa, 434;
writes to the Bank of St. George, 435;
his fourth voyage, 437;
his mental and physical condition, 437;
at Martinico, 438;
touches at the forbidden Santo Domingo, 438;
but is denied the port, 439;
his ships ride out a gale, 441;
on the Honduras coast, 441;
meets a large canoe, 442;
says mass on the land, 442;
on the Veragua coast, 445;
touches the region tracked by Bastidas, 448;
sees a waterspout, 449;
returns to Veragua, 450;
finds the gold mines of Solomon, 450;
plans settlement at Veragua, 451;
dangers, 451;
has a fever, 453;
hears a voice, 454;
the colony rescued, 456;
sails away, 456;
abandons one caravel, 457;
on the Cuban coast, 457;
goes to Jamaica, 457;
strands his ships, 458;
sends Mendez to Ovando, 458, 461;
writes a letter to his sovereigns, 459;
_Lettera rarissima_, 459;
his worship of gold, 461;
the revolt of Porras, 462;
Porras sails away, 464;
but returns to the island and wanders about, 464;
predicts an eclipse of the moon, 465;
Escobar arrives, 467;
and leaves, 468;
negotiations with Porras, 468;
fight between the rebels and the Adelantado, 469;
Porras captured, 469;
the rebels surrender, 470;
Mendez sends to rescue him, 470;
leaves Jamaica, 471;
learns of events in Española during his absence, 472;
reaches Santo Domingo, 475;
relations with Ovando, 475;
sails for Spain, 475;
arrives, 476; in Seville, 477;
his letters at this time, 477;
his appeals, 477;
fears Porras, 478, 479;
appeals to Mendez, 479;
his increasing malady, 480;
sends a narrative to Rome, 482;
suffered to ride on a mule, 483;
relations with the Bank of St. George in Genoa, 483;
his privileges, 484;
doubtful reference to Fonseca, 484;
later relations with Vespucius, 484;
his property sold, 486; goes to Segovia, 486;
Deza asked to arbitrate, 486;
makes a will, 487;
at Salamanca, 487;
at Valladolid, 488;
seeks to propitiate Juana, 488;
makes a codicil to his will, 488;
its doubtful character, 488;
ratifies his will, 489;
its provisions, 489;
dies, 490;
his death unnoticed, 491;
later distich proposed for his tomb, 491;
successive places of interment, 491;
his bones removed to Santo Domingo, 492;
to Havana, 492;
controversy over their present position, 492;
his chains, 494;
the age of Columbus, 494;
statue at Santo Domingo, 495;
his character, his dependence on the _Imago Mundi_, 497;
on other authors, 498;
relations with Toscanelli, 499;
different delineations of his character, 501;
his observations of nature, 502;
his overwrought mind, 502;
hallucinations, 503, 504;
arguments for his canonization, 505;
purpose to gain the Holy Sepulchre, 505;
his Catholicism, 505; his urgency to enslave the Indians, 505, 506;
his scheme of repartimientos 506;
adopts garb of the Franciscans, 508;
mercenary, 508, 509;
the moving light of his first voyage, 510;
insistence on territorial power, 510;
claims inspiration, 511;
his heirs, 513; his discoveries denied after his death, 514, 520;
his territorial power lost by his descendants, 523;
table of his descendants, 524, 525;
his male line becomes extinct, 526;
lawsuit to establish the succession, 526;
female line through the Portogallos fails, 527;
now represented by the Larreategui family, 528;
present value of the estates, 528;
the geographical results of his discoveries, 529;
connection with early maps, 533, 534;
his errors in longitude, 603;
his observations of magnetic influence, 632.

Columbus, Ferdinand (bastard son of Columbus), 480, 482;
his _Historie_, 39;
doubts respecting it, 39;
his career, 40;
his income, 40;
his library, 40;
its catalogue, 42;
English editions of the _Historie_, 55;
his birth, 166;
at school, 181;
made page of the Queen, 331;
his ability, 513;
goes with Diego to Española, 515;
aids his brother's widow, 522;
an arbiter, 522;
owns Ptolemy (1513), 545;
his disregard of the claims urged for Vespucius, 553;
his _Colon de Concordia_, 571;
arbiter at the Congress of Badajos, 591;
advises the King, 591;
his house at Seville, 603;
at the Seville Conference, 604;
map inscribed to him, 605.

Coma, Guglielmo, 282.

Conti, Nicolo di, 116, 509.

Cook, James, voyage, 633, 658.

Cordova, Cathedral of, 172.

Coronel, Pedro Fernandez, 332, 364.

Correa da Cunha, Pedro, 106, 131.

Correnti, C., 12.

Corsairs, 71.

Corsica, claim for Columbus's birth in, 77.

Cortereal discoveries, 577.

Cortereal, Gaspar, manuscript, facsimile, 414;
his voyage to Labrador, 415.

Cortereal, João Vaz, 129.

Cortereal, Miguel, his handwriting, facsimile, 416;
his voyages, 417.

Cortes, Hernando, in Santo Domingo, 475;
sails for Mexico, 565;
his map of the Gulf of Mexico, 567, 569, 607;
his exploring expeditions, 568;
planning to explore the Pacific, 591;
his Pacific explorations, 610;
his portrait, 610.

Cortes, Martin, 630.

Cosa, Juan de la, 426;
goes to the new world, 262;
his charts, 343, 345, 380-382;
with Ojeda, 373.

Cosco, Leander de, 15.

Costa Rica, map, 443.

Cotabanama, 305, 474.

Coulomp, 71.

Cousin, Jean, on the Brazil coast, 174.

Crignon, Pierre, 556.

Criminals enlisted by Columbus, 332.

Crossbows, 258.

Cross-staff, 261, 632, 648. _See_ Back-staff.

Cuba, reached by Columbus, 223;
believed to be Asia, 226;
named Juana, 228;
its southern coast explored, 291;
insularity of, 384;
Wytfliet's map, 384-85;
its cartography, 424;
Columbus's views, 425;
circumnavigated, 565.

Cubagua, 355.

Cushing, Caleb, on the Everett MS., 4;
on Navarrete, 28;
on Columbus's landfall, 217.

Darien, isthmus, map, 446.

Dati, versifies Columbus's first letter, 15.

D'Avezac on the _Historie_, 45.

Davis, John, in the north, 643, 648;
his _Seaman's Secrets_, 649.

Dead reckoning, 94.

De Bry, 51;
his engraving of Columbus, 66, 68.

Degree, length of, 124.

Del Cano, 576.

Demarcation. _See_ Bull of.

Demersey, A., on the Muñoz MSS., 27.

Denys, Jean, 556.

Desceliers (or Henri II.) map, 612, 624.

Deza, Diego de, 161, 164, 170;
asked to arbitrate between Columbus and the King, 486.

Diaz, Bart., on the African coast, 151.

Diaz, Miguel, 322, 399.

Diaz de Pisa, Bernal, 284.

Dogs used against the natives, 292, 312.

Dominica, 266.

Dominicans in Española, 508.

Don, Nicholas, 556.

Donis, Nicholas, his map, 140, 531.

Drake, Francis, sees Cape Horn, 577;
his voyages, 643;
portrait, 645, 654.

Drogeo, 635.

Duro, C. F., _Colon_, etc., 54.

Dutch, the, their American explorations, 649.

Earth, sphericity of, 118;
size of, 121;
how far known before Columbus, 122.

East India Company, 650.

Eden, R., _Treatyse of the Newe India_, 537, 538;
_Decades_, 538;
_Arte of Navigation_, 631;
influence in England, 639.

Eden (paradise), situation of, 357.

Eggleston, Edward, 597, 599.

Enciso, Fernandes d', _Geographia_, 587.

Encomiendas, 314.

England, reception of Columbus's news in, 167;
earliest mention of the Spanish discoveries, 537;
sea-manuals in, 631;
effects on discovery of her commercial spirit, 632;
her explorations, 639;
beginning of her colonization, 648;
her later explorations, 650;
her seamen in the Caribbean Sea, 373, 426, 427;
on the eastern coast of North America, 601.

Enriquez, Beatrix, connection with Columbus, 166;
noticed in Columbus's will, 489.

Equator, crossed by the Portuguese, 134;
first crossed on the American side, 376.

Eric the Red, 139, 140, 144, 146.

Escobar, Diego de, sent to Jamaica by Ovando, 467.

Escobar, Roderigo de, 451.

Escoveda, Rodrigo de, 235.

Española, discovered and named, 228, 229;
its divisions, 305;
Charlevoix's map, 306;
Ramusio's map of, 369;
Ovando recalled, 515;
Diego Colon governor, 515;
sugar cane raised, 520.

Esquibel, Juan de, 474.

Estotiland, 635.

Evangelista, 297.

Everett, A. H., on Irving's Columbus, 56.

Everett, Edward, possessed a copy of Columbus's privileges, 3.

Faber, Jacobus, _Meteorologia_, 546.

Faber, Dr. John, 540.

Fagundes, 566.

Faria y Sousa, _Europa Portuguesa_, 241.

Farrer, Domina, her map, 652, 654, 655.

Ferdinand of Spain, his character, 159;
his unwillingness to embark in Columbus's plans, 178;
his appearance, 245;
grows apathetic, 327;
his portrait, 328;
his distrust of Columbus, 393, 427, 479, 486;
sends Bobadilla to Santo Domingo, 394;
dies 520, 555.

Ferdinando, Simon, 646.

Fernandina, 221.

Ferrelo, 612.

Ferrer, Jayme, letter to Columbus, 349.

Fieschi, G. L., 9.

Fiesco, B., 462.

Finæus, Orontius, his map, 607-609.

Flamsteed, 648.

Floating islands, 190.

Flores discovered, 88.

Florida coast early known, 424;
discovered, 558;
English on the coast, 632.

Fonseca, Juan Rodriguez de, relations with Columbus begin, 256;
his character, 256, 257, 316;
quarrel with Diego Colon, 318;
allowed to grant licenses, 329;
lukewarm towards the third voyage of Columbus, 333;
made bishop of Placentia, 484.

Fontanarossa, G. de, 77.

Fonte, de, 653.

Fort Concepcion, 309.

Fox, G. A., on Columbus's landfall, 214, 216.

Fox, Luke, his map, 651.

France, her share in American explorations, 633.

Franciscus, monk, his map, 606.

Franciscans in Española, 508.

Freire, Juan, his map, 577, 578, 612.

Friess. _See_ Frisius.

Frisius, Laurentius, his map (1522), 552, 588.

Frisland, 137, 145.

Frobisher, his voyages, 640;
portrait, 643;
his map, 644.

Fuca, Da, 653.

Fulgoso, B., _Collectanea_, 32.

Furlani, Paolo de, 619.

Fuster, _Bibl. Valenciana_, 27.

Gali, Francisco, 646.

Gallo, Ant., on Columbus, 30.

Gama, João da, 652.

Gama, Vasco da, portrait, 334;
his voyage, 334.

Ganong, W. F., 612.

Garay, 566; his map, 568.

Gastaldi, his map, 616-618, 629.

Gelcich, E., on the _Historie_, 46.

Gemma Frisius, nautical improvements, 603, 648.

Genoa, records, 21;
Columbus's early life in, 75, 77;
citizens of, in Spain, 158;
Columbus's monument, 163;
favored in Columbus's will, 330;
Bank of St. George, 435, 483;
her citizens in Portugal, 86;
on the Atlantic, 128.

Geraldini, Antonio, 158.

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, his voyages, 646;
his map, 647.

Giocondo, 538.

Giovio. _See_ Jovius.

Giustiniani, his Psalter, 30, 83;
his Annals of Genoa, 30.

Glareanus on the ancients' knowledge of America, 606.

Glassberger, Nicholas, 400.

_Globus Mundi_, 536, 537, 546.

Gold mines, 232;
scant returns, 332.

Gomara, the historian, 39.

Gomera (Canaries), 195.

Gomez, Estevan, on the Atlantic coast, 561, 589, 591;
cartographical results, 591-593.

Gonzales, keeper of the Spanish archives, 28.

Goodrich, Aaron, _Columbus_, 59, 60, 504.

Gorricio, Gaspar, 433, 484;
friend of Columbus, 18;
adviser of Diego Colon, 348.

Gorvalan, 280.

Gosnold on the New England coast, 652

Granada, siege of, 175.

Grand Turk Island, 216.

Great circle sailing, 341, 649.

Great Khan, letter to, 180.

Greenland, 139, 140;
held to be a part of Europe, 140, 145, 152;
part of Asia, 143;
a link between Europe and Asia, 616;
delineated on maps (Zeni), 634, 643;
(1467), 636;
(1482), 531, 532;
(1508), 532;
(1511), 577;
(1513), 544;
(1527), 600;
(1576), 647;
(1582), 598.

Grenada, 355.

Grimaldi, G. A., 21.

Grijalva, 565; portrait, 566.

Grönlandia, 145. _See_ Greenland.

Grothe, H., _Da Vinci_, 117.

Grynæus, Simon. _Novus Orbis_, 607.

Guacanagari, the savage king, 234, 273, 275, 277;
faithful, 309;
maltreated, 316.

Guadaloupe, 268, 323.

Guanahani, seen by Columbus, 211.

Guarionex, 305, 309;
his conspiracy, 362, 364;
embarked for Spain, 440;
lost, 440.

Guelves, Count of, 524, 526.

Guerra, Luis, 375.

Guevara, Fernand de, watched by Roldan, 389.

Gulf Stream, 131, 352, 433.

Gutierrez, Pedro, 208.

Hadley's quadrant, 648.

Hakluyt, Richard, _Principall Navigations_, 637;
_Western Planting_, 647;
his interest in explorations, 650.

Hall, Edw., _Chronicle_, 14.

Halley, Edmund, his variation charts, 649.

Hammocks, 219, 222.

Hanno, the Carthaginian, 97.

Harrison's chronometer, 649.

Harrisse, Henry, his works on Columbus, 7, 51, 52;
on the Biblioteca Colombina, 41;
attacks the character of the _Historie_ of 1571, 44;
his _Fernando Colon_, 45;
_Les Colombo_, 71;
_Bank of St. George_, 73.

Hartmann, George, his gores, 621.

Hauslab globes, 547, 548.

Hawkins, John, 632.

Hawkins, Wm., 601.

Hayna mines, 322.

Hayna country, 360.

Hayti. _See_ Española.

Heimskringla, 140, 147.

Helleland, 145.

Helps, Arthur, on the Spanish Conquest and Columbus, 58.

Henry the Navigator, Prince, death, 82, 100;
his navigators, 88, 97;
his relations to African discovery, 91;
his school, 92;
his portrait, 93;
his character, 97;
his tomb, 101;
his statue, 102.

Henri II., map. _See_ Desceliers.

Herrera, the historian, 50;
map of Bahamas, 212.

Higuay, 305; conquered, 474.

Hispaniola. _See_ Española.

Hoces, F. de, discovers Cape Horn. 576.

Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem, 169;
Columbus's purpose to rescue it, 170, 180.

Holywood. John, _Sphera Mundi_, 93.

Homem's map, 614, 616.

Hondius, 637.

Honduras, early voyages to, 337, 339; map, 443;
coast explored, 562.

Hood, Dr. Thomas, 650.

Hudson's Bay, 650.

Hudson Bay Company, 658.

Hudson River, 649.

Hudson, Heinrich, his voyages, 649, 650.

Hues, Robert, _Tractatus_, 191, 201, 301.

Humboldt, Alex. von, _Exam. Critique_, 51;
on Columbus, 502, 504.

Ibarra, Bernaldo de, 347.

Iceland, Columbus at, 135; early map, 136.

India, African route to, 90;
strait to, sought, 535, 555, 567, 569, 587, 591;
discovered at the south, 576.

Indies, name why used, 240.

Irving, W., _Columbus_, 55, 60;
his historical habit, 233, 234;
on Columbus, 501, 505.

Isabella of Spain, her character, 159, 479;
yields to Columbus's views, 178;
her appearance, 245;
her interest in Columbus's second voyage, 258;
her faith in Columbus shaken, 393, 396, 409;
dies, 479;
her will about the Indians, 482.

Isabella (island), 222.

Isabella (town) founded, 278.

Italy, her relations to American discovery, 33;
her conspicuous mariners, 104, 632;
and the new age, 496;
cartographers of, 601, 628.

Jack-staff, 261.

Jacquet Island, 111.

Jamaica, possibly Babeque, 230;
called Yamaye, 235;
discovered by Columbus, 291;
again visited, 300;
Columbus at, during his last voyage, 457.

Januarius, Hanibal, 22.

Japan, supposed position, 207. _See_ Cipango.

Jayme, 92.

Jesso, 652, 653.

John of Anjou, 82, 84.

Jorrin, J. S., _Varios Autografos_, 7.

Jovius (Giovio) Paulus, his biography, 32;
his picture of Columbus, 61, 63;
_Elogia_, 64.

Juana. _See_ Cuba.

Julius II., Pope, portrait, 517.

Kettell, Samuel, 10.

Khan, the Great, 90, 224.

King's Garden, 226.

Kolno (Skolno), 138.

Kublai Khan, 90, 224.

Labrador coast, Normans on, 413;
Portuguese on, 415.

Lachine, 613.

Lafuente y Alcántara, 13.

Lake, Arthur, 184.

Lamartine on Columbus, 75.

La mina (Gold coast), 101.

Laon globe, 123, 190.

Larreategui family, representatives of Columbus, 528.

Las Casas, B., his abridgment of Columbus's journal, 10;
his papers of Columbus, 19, 47;
his _Historia_, 45, 46;
his career, 47;
his portrait, 48;
his pity for the Indians, 50;
his father goes to the new world, 262;
at Santo Domingo, 429;
appeals for the Indians, 520;
on the respective merits of Columbus and Vespucius, 553.

Latitude, errors in observing, 261.

Latitude and longitude on maps, 601, 602.

Laurentian portolano (1351), 87.

Ledesma, Pedro, 454, 470.

Leibnitz, _Codex_, 71.

Leigh, Edward, 601.

Lemoyne, G. B., _Colombo_, 33.

Lenox globe, 571.

Lepe, Diego de, on the South American coast, 377.

Léry, Baron de, 556.

Liria, Duke of, 527.

Lisbon, naval battle near, 103; Genoese in, 104.

Loadstone, its history. 93. _See_ Magnet.

Log, ship's, 95, 96, 631.

Lok, Michael, map (1582), 597, 598, 616, 624, 646.

Long Island Sound, 616.

Longitude, methods of ascertaining, 259;
difficulties in computing, 602, 648, 650. _See_ Latitude.

Longrais, Jouon des, _Cartier_, 612.

Lorgues, Roselly de, on Columbus, 53, 60, 503, 505.

Loyasa, 576.

Luca, the Florentine engineer, 22.

Lucayans, 218, 219, 271; destroyed, 219, 515.

Lud, Walter, 439.

Lully, Raymond, _Arte de Navegar_, 93.

Luxan, Juan de, 288.

Machin, Robert, at Madeira, 87.

McClure, R. L., 660.

Madeira discovered, 86, 88.

Madoc, 138.

Magellan's voyage, 571, 589; his portrait, 572;
compared with Columbus, 574;
maps of his straits, 575, 576.

Magnet, its history, 93;
use of, 198;
needle, 632;
pole, 203, 630. _See_ Needle.

Magnus, Bishop, 139.

Maguana, 305.

Maine, Gulf of, 616, 646.

Maiollo map (1527), 570, 595, 597.

Major, R. H., on Columbus, 58;
on the naming of America, 538.

Malaga, Columbus at the siege of, 165.

Maldonado, Melchior, 277, 653.

Mandeville, Sir John, his travels, 116.

Mangon, 224, 294.

Manhattan, 649.

Manicaotex, 312.

Manilius, 107.

Mappemonde, Portuguese (1490), 152.

Maps, fifteenth century, 128;
projections of, 603. _See_ Portolano.

Marchena, Antonio de, 259.

Marchena, Juan Perez de, 155;
portrait, 155;
intercedes for Columbus,
175.

Marchesio, F., 21.

Margarita, 355.

Margarite, Pedro, at St. Thomas, 288;
his career, 307.

Mariéjol, J. H., _Peter Martyr_, 35.

Marien, 305.

Marigalante, 266.

Mariguana, 216.

Marin, on Venetian commerce, 9.

Marine atlases, 649.

Markham, Clements R., his _Hues_, 191.

Markland, 145.

Martens, T., printer, 16.

Martines, his map, 616.

Martinez, Fernando, 108.

Martyr, Peter, has letters from Columbus, 19;
account of, 34;
knew Columbus, 35;
his letters, 34;
_De Orbe Novo_, or _Decades_, 35;
on Isabella, 160;
on Columbus's discovery, 247;
his map, (1511), 422, 556, 557;
fails to notice the death of Columbus, 491.

Massachusetts Bay, 616.

Mastic, 225.

Matheos, Hernan Perez, 347.

Mayobanex, 364.

Mauro, Fra, his world map, 99, 101, 116.

Medina, Pedro de, _Arte de Navegar_, 630;
map, 628, 629.

Medina-Celi, Duke of, 173;
entertains Columbus, 169.

Medina-Sidonia, Duke of, 173.

Mela, Pomponius, 107;
his world-map, 584;
_Cosmographia_, 585.

Mendez, Diego, his exploits, 451, 452, 456, 458;
sails from Jamaica for Española, 461;
arrives, 466;
sends to rescue Columbus, 470;
goes to Spain, 471;
appealed to by Columbus, 479, 487;
denied office by Diego Colon, 516.

Mendoza, Hurtado de, 610, 612.

Mendoza, Pedro Gonzales de, 159, 176.

Mercator, Gerard, pupil of Gemma, 603;
his earliest map, 621-623;
his globe of 1541, 554, 621, 625;
his projection, 636;
his map (1569), 638;
portrait, 639.

Mercator, R., his map of the polar regions, 202.

Mermaids, 236.

Meropes, 126.

Mississippi River discovered, 560.

Molineaux, his map, 616, 648.

Moluccas occupied by the Portuguese, 569;
dispute over their longitude, 590;
sold by Spain to Portugal, 591.

Moniz, Felipa, wife of Columbus, 105;
her family, 106.

Monte Peloso, Bishop of, 15.

Moon, eclipse of, 465.

Morton, Thos., _New English Canaan_, 620.

Mosquito coast, 444.

Moxica, Adrian de, 389.

Moya, Marchioness of, 175, 178.

Müller, Johannes, 94.

Muñoz, J. B., his labors, 27;
his _Historia_, 27.

Münster, Seb., his maps, 621, 624 (1532);
535, 537 (1540);
596, 597;
portrait, 602.

Muratori, his collection, 30.

Murphy, Henry C., 595;
his library, 17.

Muscovy Company, 650.

Myritius, his map, 618.

Nancy globe, 606, 607.

Napier, logarithms, 651.

Nautical almanac, 649.

Navasa, island, 465.

Navarrete, M. F. de, his _Coleccion_, 27;
the French edition, 28;
criticised by Caleb Cushing, 28.

Navidad, La, destroyed, 273.

Navigation, art of, 131;
Columbus's method, 237, 260.

Needle, no variation of the, 198, 254;
its change of position, 199, 206, 254. _See_ Magnet.

Negroes, first seen as slaves in Europe, 98;
early introduced in Española, 429, 488.

New Albion, 645.

New England, named, 649.

Newfoundland banks, early visits, 129, 340.

Newfoundland, visited by Gilbert, 646.

New France, 633.

Nicaragua, map of, 443.

Nicuessa, Diego de, in Castilla del Oro, 517, 562.

Niño, Pedro Alonso, 325;
on the pearl coast, 375.

Nombre de Dios, Cape, 448.

Nordenskiöld on Columbus's discovery, 248;
his _Facsimile Atlas_, 531, 532, 546, 548, 573, 577, 578, 581, 582,
588, 589, 635, 636, 638;
map gores discovered by him, 549.

Norman seamanship, 94;
explorations, 555, 556.

Norman, Robt., 632.

North America held to be continuous with Asia, 576, 584.
_See_ America.

Northwest passage, the search for, 529, 640, 648, 650-652, 658;
mapped, 659.

Norumbega, 599, 616, 633.

Notarial records in Italy, 20;
in Spain, 25;
in Portugal, 26.

Nuremberg, Behaim's globe at, 191.

Ocampo, 565.

Oceanic currents, 130, 603.

Odericus Vitalis, 147.

Oderigo, Nicolo, 483.

Ojeda, Alonso de, in Columbus's second expedition, 262, 270;
at St. Thomas, 289;
attacked by Caonabo, 308;
captures Caonabo, 313;
fired by Columbus's experiences in Paria, 372;
is permitted by Fonseca to sail thither, 372;
reaches Venezuela, 373;
at Española, 373;
returns to Spain, 375;
voyage (1499), 514;
his (1502) voyage, 427;
in New Andalusia, 517, 562.

Oliva, Perez de, on Columbus, 43, 45.

Ophir of Solomon, 322.

Orient, European notions of, 90, 109.

Ortegon, Diego, 528.

Ortelius, his _Theatrum_, 627, 638;
portrait, 640;
his map of America, 641.

Ortis, Alonso, _Los Tratados_, 248.

Ovando, Nicholas de, sent to Santo Domingo, 429;
receives Mendez, 466;
his rule in Española, 466, 471;
sends a caraval to Jamaica to observe Columbus, 467;
sends to rescue him, 471;
receives him at Santo Domingo, 475;
recalled from Española, 515.

Oviedo, on the first voyage, 17;
as a writer, 38;
his career, 38;
_Historia_, 39;
on Isabella, 160;
on the arms of Columbus, 251;
on his motto, 251.

Oysters, 354.

Pacheco, his _Coleccion_, 29.

Pacheco, Carlos, 527.

Pacific Ocean named, 576;
explorations, 618;
Drake in the, 644;
sees Cape Horn, 644;
Gali's explorations, 646;
discoveries, 652;
wild theories about its coast, 652, 656, 658.

_Paesi novamente retrovati_, 417.

Palos, 182.

Panama founded, 565.

Papal authority to discover new lands, 252.

Paria, Gulf of, map, 353;
land of, 354.

Parmentier, Jean, 556.

Passamonte, Miguel, 518.

Pavia, university at, 80.

Pearls, 354.

Pedrarias, 564.

Peragallo, Prospero, _Historie di F. Colombo_, 46.

Perestrello, Bart., 88.

Perestrello family, 105.

Peringskiöld, 147.

Peru discovered, 564, 565.

Pesaro, F., 9.

Peschel, Oscar, on the _Historie_, 46.

Peter the Great, 653.

Pezagno, the Genoese, 86.

Phoenicians as explorers, 127.

Philip II., of Spain, 523.

Philip the Handsome, 513.

Pineda, 560.

Pinelo, Francisco, 257.

Pinilla, T. R., _Colon en España_, 51.

Pinzon, Martin Alonso, at Rabida, 174;
engages with Columbus, 183;
deserts Columbus, 226;
returns, 235;
reaches Palos and dies, 242.

Pinzon, Vicente Yañez, with Columbus, 183;
his voyage (1494) across the equator, 376;
sees Cape St. Augustine, 376;
at Española, 377.

Pinzon and Solis's expedition, 570.

Piracy, 81.

Pirckheimer, 636.

Pizarro, 562, 564.

Plaanck, the printer, 15.

Plato and Atlantis, 126.

Plutarch's Saturnian Continent, 126.

Polar regions, map of, 202.

Polo, Marco, 90, 498;
annotations of Columbus in, 7;
in Cathay, 114;
his narrative _Milione_, 114;
his portrait, 115;
known to Columbus, 115.

Pompey stone, 560.

Ponce de Leon, Juan, 179, 556;
goes to the New World, 262;
portrait, 558;
his track, 559.

Porcacchi, his map, 620.

Porras, François de, 437;
his revolt, 462;
ended, 470;
at court, 478.

Porto Bello, 448.

Porto Rico, 236, 272, 517.

Porto Santo discovered, 88, 105, 106.

Portolanos, 530. _See_ Maps.

Potatoes, 225.

Portogallo, Alonso de, Count of Guelves, 526.

Portogallo, Nuño de, becomes Duke of Veragua, 524, 526.

Portugal, archives, 25;
attractions for Columbus, 85;
spirit of exploration in, 86;
her expert seamen, 86, 92;
Genoese in her service, 86;
discovers Madeira, 86;
and the Azores, 86;
Columbus in, 103, 149;
the King sends an expedition to anticipate Columbus's discovery,
153;
Columbus's second visit, 168;
the bull of demarcation, 254;
negotiations with Spain, 255;
her pursuit of African discovery, 334;
establishes claims in South America, through the voyage of Cabral,
377;
sends out Coelho (1501), 410;
settlements on the Labrador coast, 415;
maps in, falsified, 417;
the spread of cartographical ideas, 423;
earliest maps, 533, 534;
denies them to other nations, 534;
her seamen on the Newfoundland coast, 555, 556;
push the African route to the Moluccas, 569;
on the coast of Brazil, 570;
on the Pacific coast, 592;
cartographical progress in, 602.

Prado, prior of, 508.

Prescott's, W. H., _Ferdinand and Isabella_, 57; on Columbus, 501,
503.

Ptolemy, influence of, 91, 529, 638;
portrait, 530;
maps in, 530, 531, 627;
editions, 108;
(1511), 577;
(1513), 544, 545, 546, 582, 584;
(Stobnicza), 578;
(1522), 588;
(1525), 588;
(1535), 555, 588;
(1541), 588.

Queen's Gardens, 293, 299.

Quibian, 450;
his attacks, 451;
captured, 451;
escapes, 451.

Quinsay, 121, 124, 566, 607.

Quintanilla, Alonzo de, 158, 165, 176, 178.

Rabida, Convent of, 154;
at what date was Columbus there? 155, 173.

Rae, J. E. S., 12.

Ralegh, Sir Walter, his American projects, 647.

Ramusio on Columbus, 37.

Regiomontanus, 94, 301;
his astrolabe, 95, 96;
_Ephemerides_, 131.

Reinel, Pedro, his map, 534.

Reisch, _Margarita Phil._, 582, 587, 601;
map, 583, 587.

Remesal's _Chyapa_, 161.

Rene, Duke of Provence, 82, 538, 543.

Repartimientos, 314, 506, 507, 518.

Resende, Garcia de, _Choronica_, 33.

Ribero, map of the Antilles, 383;
map (1529), 562, 605;
invents a ship's pump, 603;
at the Seville conference, 604.

Ringmann, M., 538.

Rink, Henrik, 146.

Riquelme, Pedro, 389, 390.

Robertson, Wm., _America_, 55.

Robertus Monarchus, _Bellum Christianorum Principum_, 17.

Roberval, 614.

Rodriguez, Sebastian, 175.

Roldan revolts, 362, 366;
reinstated, 370;
sent to confront Ojeda, 374;
watched by Moxica, 389;
sails for Spain, 440;
lost, 440.

Romans on the Atlantic, 127.

Roselly de Lorgues, his efforts to effect canonization of
Columbus, 53, 60, 503, 505.

Ross, Sir John, 651.

Rotz, map, 612;
_Boke of Idiography_, 613.

Roxo, Cape, passed, 99.

Rubruquis, 90, 121.

Ruscelli, his map, 616, 617.

Rut, John, 601.

Ruy de Pina, archivist of Portugal, 33, 149.

Ruysch, map, 143, 532;
_Ptolemy_, 341.

Sabellicus, 103.

Sacrobosco. _See_ Holywood.

Sagas, 146.

Saguenay River, 616.

St. Brandan's Island, 112.

St. Dié, college at, 538.

St. Jerome, monks of, 508.

St. Lawrence, Gulf of, 612.

St. Thomas (fort), 287.

St. Thomas (island), 231.

Saints' days, suggest geographical names, 229.

Salamanca, council of, 161, 164;
University, 162.

Salcedo, Diego de, goes to Jamaica, 471.

Samaot, 221.

San Jorge da Mina, 134.

San Salvador, 211, 215.

Sanarega, Bart., 21, 30.

Sanchez, Gabriel, letter to, 11.

Sanchez, Juan, 451;
killed, 470.

Sanchez, Rodrigo, 209.

Sandacourt, J. B. de, 540.

Santa Cruz, Alonso de, 203.

Santa Cruz (island), 271.

Santa Maria de la Concepcion, 220.

Santa Maria de las Cuevas, 25.

Santangel, Luis de, 11, 175, 178.

Santo Domingo, archives, 26;
founded, 360;
cathedral at, 492, 493.

Sanuto, Livio, _Geographia_, 201.

Sanuto, Marino, his diary, 421;
cartographer, 86.

Sargasso Sea, 204.

Savona, records of, 20;
the Colombos of, 74.

Saxo Grammaticus, 147.

Schöner, Johann, his globe, 551, 572;
his charges against Vespucius, 554;
_Opusculum geographicum_, 555, 567, 607;
_Luculentissima descriptio_, 587;
portrait, 588;
_De insulis_, 589;
his alleged globe, 589, 590;
his variable beliefs, 607.

Schouten defines Tierra del Fuego, 577.

Sea-atlases, 603.

Sea of Darkness, 86, 243;
fantastic islands of, 111.

Sea-manuals, 630.

Seamanship, early, 92.

Seneca, his _Medea_, 118.

Servetus, his _Ptolemy_, 555.

Seven Cities, Island of. _See_ Antillia.

Sevilla d'Oro, 471.

Seville, archives at, 23;
cathedral of, 171;
cartographical conference at, 603.

Shea, J. G., on the _Historie_, 46;
on the canonization of Columbus, 54;
onColumbus, 504.

Ships (fifteenth century), 82;
speed of, 94;
of Columbus's time, 192, 193.

Sierra Leone discovered, 101.

Silber, Franck, the printer, 15.

Simancas, archives, 22, 23;
view of the building, 24.

Skralingeland, 145.

Slavery, efforts of Columbus to place the Indians in, 220, 230, 281,
282, 311, 314, 318, 327, 331, 360, 367, 371, 394, 402, 403, 429,
437, 472, 482, 505, 506;
after Columbus's time, 518, 520.

Smith, Captain John, his explorations, 649.

Smith, Sir Thomas, 630.

Solinus, 107.

Soria, Juan de, 257.

Sousa, A. C. de, _Hist. Geneal._, 27.

South America, earliest picture of the natives, 336;
earliest seen, 352;
its coast nomenclature, 412;
supposed southern cape, 573. _See_ America.

Southern cross first seen, 99, 376.

Spain, archives of, 22;
publication of, 28, 29;
_Cartas de Indias_, 29;
Columbus in, 154;
the Genoese in, 157;
map of (1482), 165;
powerful grandees, 172;
the bull of demarcation, 254;
suspicious of Portugal, 254;
council for the Indies, 257;
plans expedition to the north, 413;
her authority in the Indies, 481;
the Crown's suit with Diego Colon, 514, 553;
King Ferdinand dies, 520;
Charles V., 523;
Philip II., 523;
her secretiveness about maps, 534, 554, 560, 627, 639;
earliest accounts of America, 587;
her seamen in the St. Lawrence region, 555;
on the Atlantic coast, 560;
council of the Indies instituted, 591;
failure to publish map in, 602;
Casa de la Contratacion, 603;
her sea-manuals, 630.

Spotorno, Father, _Codice diplom. Colom. Americano_, 4;
_La Tavola di Bronzo_, 5.

Square Gulf, 613.

Staglieno, the Genoese antiquary, 21, 75.

Stamler, Johannis, 543.

Stephanius, Sigurd, his map, 144, 145.

Stevens, Henry, 533;
on the _Historie_, 45;
on La Cosa's map, 385;
his _Schöner_, 424.

Stevens, edition of Herrera, 55.

Stimmer, Tobias, 64.

Stobnicza's introduction to Ptolemy, 578;
his map, 580, 581, 585.

Stockfish, 128, 340.

Strabo, 107.

Straits of Hercules, voyages beyond, 81.

Strong, Richard, 646.

Sumner, George, 246.

Sylvanus, his edition of Ptolemy first gave maps of the Cortereal
discoveries, 419;
edits Ptolemy, 577;
his map, 579.

Sylvius, Æneas, _Historia_, 7.

Talavera, Fernando de, 156, 508;
and Columbus's projects, 161, 176.

Teneriffe, 195.

Terra Verde, 416, 420.

Thevet, André, his stories, 633.

Thorne, Robt., map (1527), 600-602.

Thyle, 135.

Ticknor, George, 10.

Tobacco, 225.

Tobago, 355.

Tordesillas, treaty of, 310.

Torre do Tombo, archives, 25.

Torres, Antonio de, returns to Spain in command of fleet, 282, 317.

Tortuga, 228, 229.

Toscanelli, Paolo, 499; his letters, 7, 107-109;
his map, 49, 109, 110, 191;
dies, 117.

Triana, Rodrigo de, 211.

Trinidad, 350.

Tristan, Diego, his fate, 452, 453.

Tritemius, _Epistolarum libri_, 412.

Trivigiano, A., translates Peter Martyr, 35;
_Libretto_, 36;
his letters, 420.

Tross gores, 547.

Ulloa, Francisco de, 610.

Ullua, Alfonso de, 44.

Ulpius globe, 597.

Usselinx, W., 20, 649.

Vadianus, portrait, 585.

Vallejo, Alonso de, 347.

Valsequa's map, 88.

Vancouver, 658.

Variation. _See_ Needle.

Varnhagen on the first letter of Columbus, 14;
and the early cartography, 382, 386.

Vasconcellos, 149.

Vatican archives, 22;
maps, 633.

Vaulx, 616.

Velasco, Pedro de, 156.

Vega Real, 286;
its natives, 288.

Venegas, _California_, 658.

Venezuela, named by Ojeda, 373.

Venice, cartographers of, 629.

Veradus, 17.

Veragua, map, 446;
characteristics of its coast, 447;
its abortive settlement, 456;
Duke of, title given to Columbus's grandson, 523.

Verde, Simone, 283, 347.

Verde, Cape, reached, 98.

Verrazano on the Atlantic coast, 592, 593;
map, 594;
his voyage disputed, 595;
his so-called sea, 596, 646;
discoveries, 633.

Verzellino, G. V., his memoirs, 21.

Vespucius, Americus, and the naming of America, 30;
engaged in fitting out the second expedition of Columbus, 258;
supposed voyage (1497), 336;
controversy over, 338;
his character as a writer, 359;
his first voyage, 373;
in Coelho's fleet, 410;
his _Mundus Novus_, 410, 411, 542;
relations to the early cartography, 412;
his name bestowed on the New World, 36, 412, 538-555;
personal relations with Columbus, 484;
his narrative, 485;
writes an account of his voyage, 538;
portrait, 539;
his narrative published, 540;
his discoveries compared with those of Columbus, 542, 543;
miscalled Albericus, 543;
suspects gravitation, 543;
not called in the Columbus lawsuit, 553;
charged with being privy to the naming of America, 553, 554;
pilot major, 553;
dies, 553;
his map, 553;
his fame in England, 554.

Vienna, geographers at, 585.

Villalobos, 612.

Vinci, Leonardo da, his map, 581, 582.

Vinland, 144, 146.

Virginia, named, 648; map, 654, 655.

Viscaino, Sebastian, 652.

Vopel, Gaspar, his globe, 607.

Volterra, Maffei de, 32.

Vries, De, 652.

Wagenaer, Lucas, his _Spieghel_, 603.

Waldseemüller, his career, 540;
_Cosmographiæ Introductio_, 540;
its title, 541;
edits Ptolemy, 546, 582;
his map, 412.

Walker, John, 646.

Warsaw codex (Ptolemy), map, 635-637.

Watling's Island, 216.

Watt, Joachim. _See_ Vadianus.

Waymouth, George, 650.

West India Company, 649.

White, John, his map, 597, 599.

Winsor, Justin, _America_, 59.

Wright, Edw., improves Mercator's projection, 637.

Wytfliet, his maps, 630, 631.

Xaragua, 305; made subject, 361, 473.

Ximenes in power, 520.

Yucatan, 629; discovered, 565, 567.

Zarco, 87.

Zeni, the, 138, 634;
their map, 634, 635;
their influence, 642.

Ziegler, _Schondia_ and its map, 615, 617.

Zoana mela, 582, 583.

Zorzi _or_ Montalboddo, _Paesi novamente retrovati_, 36.

Zuñiga, Diego Ortiz de, on Seville, 169.