Chapter X: Part 10

That Greece transmitted the mythological connection to Rome is clear enough, but it is not so certain whence Greece obtained the idea. Traces of it can be discovered in both Persia and Egypt, and it is not unreasonable to suppose that the circle of imagery may have developed from the worship of the sun. Allowing that heavenly body to have been the supreme divinity, or at least the residence of such a being, it would be natural to assign to the moon and the five principal planets apparently in attendance on the earth similar though lower dignities. The tendency to group gods and planets and metals into sevens would be an obvious link between the last two, and the characters of the deities named would naturally be extended to the materials named after them.

Berthelot considers that Babylon and Chaldea were the localities where imagination was first most abundantly applied to the elucidation of science. There and elsewhere in the East the mystic relations of the number seven came to be recognised. Perhaps it was the regular appearance of the seven planets, visible to the naked eye, from which those early notions were based. Then the moon’s phases consisted of four equal periods of seven days each. The seven stars in the Great Bear, the seven colours, the seven tones in music, the seven vowels in the Greek alphabet, the seven sages, and, naturally also, the seven known metals, were all evidences of this order of the universe. Out of this correspondence grew the Chaldean and Persian ideas of seven heavens, each with its gate of a different metal; the first of lead, the second of tin, the third of brass, the fourth of iron, the fifth of a copper alloy, the sixth of silver, and the seventh of gold.

The philosophers of Chaldea attributed to the heavenly bodies, or rather to the deities who had made these their homes, extensive control over the products of the earth. The sun-god produced gold, the moon-god silver, and so forth; and this view was prevalent certainly until the sixteenth century. Naturally all the early investigators had to picture their fancies more or less crudely, and thus alphabets originated. The Egyptian ideograms are the most familiar of this ancient poetry to us, and among these are some which are intelligible to us to-day. The sun and gold, ☉, are still represented by that sign; water, [symbol], was so indicated in the papyri and in the alchemical books of three or four hundred years ago; and the sign still used for the planet and the metal mercury, ☿, differs but little from the hieroglyph of Thoth, whom the Greeks called Hermes and the Romans Mercury. Greek students have imagined that this sign was derived from the caduceus or winged staff of the god, but some Egyptologists have claimed it as a picture of the “sacred ibis.”

It need not be supposed that any definite table of the planetary symbols was ever drawn up and agreed to. These only very gradually became uniform. Even the association of the planets and the metals was by no means invariable in different nations. Among the Persians, for example, copper was assigned to Jupiter; but the Egyptians dedicated a compound of gold and silver called electron to him, while in more recent systems Jupiter and tin are allied. Venus controlled tin according to Persian lore; but the Egyptian attribution of brass or copper to her has prevailed. Iron belonged to Mercury before quicksilver was recognised as a metal and at that time Mars was the god-father of an alloy similar to bronze. The oldest table known is one given by Olympiodorus in the fifth century, and in that electron is still associated with Jupiter and tin with Hermes (Mercury).

Berthelot’s laborious researches into the origin of alchemy, and his reproductions of ancient manuscripts show that while signs were used by the ancient Greek writers of about the first century of our era, they were not used by the Latin authors, but seem to have been in full adoption in the Middle Ages. The manuscript of St. Mark at Venice, which Berthelot believed was written about the year A.D. 1000, probably for some prince, contains a multitude of these symbols. A regular system is followed. Gold, for example, is represented by [symbol]; gold filings by [symbol]; gold leaf, thus [symbol]; and a combination of gold and silver by [symbol]. A similar modification of the original symbols is found in connection with the other metals.

There is scarcely any allusion to the symbols in the Arabic manuscripts, for that race had a holy horror of all forms of Greek paganism, though it may be noted that their physicians made a superstition of the practice of bleeding on Tuesdays and Wednesdays only, unconscious perhaps of the origin of this ritual, which depended on the fact that Mars, the god of blood and iron, superintended Tuesday’s operations, and Mercury, who had the management of the humours, was in charge on Wednesdays. It was really not until the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries, when the European alchemists were trying to find a way to transmute the baser metals into gold, that the code became “conventionalised.”

As already stated, the signs for the seven metals have not been invariable, but for many centuries they have been distributed thus:--

☉ Sol, the Sun, Gold.
☽ Luna, the Moon, Silver.
♃ Jupiter, Tin.
♀ Venus, Copper.
♂ Mars, Iron.
☿ Mercury, Quicksilver.
[astrological symbol] Saturn, Lead.

It may be noted in passing how these old-time fictions have influenced our language, our literature, and especially our medicine. Lunatic, jovial, saturnine, martial, venereal, and mercurial, are etymological reminiscences of the time when temperaments and diseases were associated with the heavenly bodies, and the extent to which metallic compounds acquired their medical reputations from their artificial relationship with the powers which were assumed to have adopted them, is curious. Nitrate of silver was given in brain disorders originally because of the belief in the control of the mental faculties by the moon. The administration of iron for the purpose of invigorating the constitution was largely due to its connection with Mars, whose fame for virility assured the possession of similar virtue in his metallic god-son.

These symbols are a few of those used in alchemical treatises
of the fifteenth century. They are collected in “The Follies of
Science at the Court of Rudolph II.,” by H. C. Bolton, published
by the Pharmaceutical Review Publishing Co. of Milwaukee, U.S.A.
Reproduced by permission.
]

To the ancient planetary symbols the alchemists added a number of other signs to represent chemicals of later discovery, and to make their jargon even more incomprehensible than it would have been without them. Thus they indicated earth, air, fire, and water by the signs

These were a few of their other characters:

The introduction of any kind of mysticism was dear to the alchemical fraternity, some of whom, perhaps, really believed there was some hidden meaning in the symbols, for there were among the adepts clever men, true discoverers, who cannot be accused of fraudulent intentions, and yet can hardly have accepted literally the poetry they devised. Glauber, contemporary with our James I. and Charles I., was one of these. According to him the symbols were invested with a special mysterious meaning. He showed them in squares, thus:

and explained that the extent to which the symbol touches the four sides of the square indicates how near it approaches perfection. Gold, it will be observed, touches all four sides, silver three, and the other metals only two each.

INTERPRETING THE SIGNS.

Interpretations of these symbols have often been attempted, but they are for the most part mere guesses. Those representing the sun and moon are easy, but the others may generally be read in various ways. The sign for Jupiter is alleged to represent one of his thunderbolts; that for copper is supposed to illustrate the looking-glass of Venus; the iron sign is the shield and spear of Mars; the caduceus of Mercury and the scythe of Saturn are likewise traced in their respective signatures. It has also been fancied that the three signs of which a circle forms part--namely, those for quicksilver, copper, and iron--were intended to suggest that gold could be formed from them, the cross or spear attached being in fact the Egyptian phallus, or organ of generative vigour. In tin and lead there are evidences of the presence of silver. Perhaps more probable is the idea that these signs were originally combinations of letters--monograms, in fact, indicating the name which the planet bore in the country where the symbol was first adopted. Thus, in the sign for Jupiter, [symbol], the Greek initial for Zeus, has been traced; in that of Venus, [symbol], we have the initial of phosphorus; ♂, has been supposed to be [symbol], and [symbol], the first and last letters of Thouros, one of the names of Mars; while [symbol] represents the first and second letters of Chronos (Saturn) welded together. But the interpretation depends largely on the period when the signs were first used. Pictures preceded alphabets; they were in fact the originals of the phonetic sounds which ultimately the letters indicated.

The mysteries which made up so large a part of the science of alchemy passed from its votaries to the practitioners of physic and pharmacy, and are hardly dead in those professions yet. Pretended solutions of gold, vaunted as universal cures, were sold under the title of solar elixirs; the popular name of nitrate of silver to this day is lunar caustic; a black oxide of iron is called Ethiops martial; a solution of sugar of lead is extract of Saturn; sulphate of copper was once known as vitriol of Venus; muriate of tin was famous for the expulsion of worms under the name of Salt of Jove; and ointment of quicksilver is still universally labelled mercurial ointment.

INDEX

A

Ablathanabla, 166

Abracadabra mystery, 164

Abraxas, mystic word, 165

Absorbent ethiops, 351

Abtinas, incense makers, 57

Acetabulum, ii, 278

Acetanilide, discovery, ii, 273

Acetic acid, synthetic, ii, 271.
_See also_ Pyroligneous acid

Acetum Philosophicum, ii, 279

Achillea milfoil, virtues discovered, 16

Achilles, medical discoveries, 16

Acids, how first made, 323

Acidum causticum, 325

Acidum Pingue, 325
(_For other acids see specific names._)

Aconite, discovery, ii, 221;
as poison, ii, 223

Acopa, 91; ii, 279; ii, 290

Adders. _See_ Vipers

Adept, ii, 279

Adrenaline, synthetic, ii, 269

Adrian’s antidote, 288;
dropsy cure, 299

Adulteration, early methods of detecting, 210

Adust, ii, 279

Advertisement, early, 141

Ægyptiacum 16; ii, 52

Aërated cod-liver oil, ii, 167

Æsculapius, Greek physician, 7;
portraits, 8;
death, 8;
descendants, 10;
temples, 11, 79

Æthiops. _See_ Ethiops

Aetius, medical writer, 215

Aggregatives, ii, 279

Ague, cures, 50; ii, 133

Agyrtoi, 93

Alabaster, ii, 279

Albucasis of Cordova, 110, 329

Album Græcum, ii, 10

Album Rhasis, ii, 279

Alchemy, invention, 4.
_See also_ Chemistry

Alcohol, constitution, 330;
formula, ii, 270;
etymology, 103, 326;
early references, 328, 329;
synthesis, 330; ii, 271

Alcohol of Mars, 327

Alcohol of sulphur, 327

Aldehyde, preparation, ii, 271

Alembic, etymology, ii, 279

Alembroth salt, 243, 417;
etymology, ii, 279

Alexander of Tralles, 216;
Hiera, ii, 141

Alexandria library, 88, 98

Alexandrinus, Nicolas, 219

Alexipharmic, ii, 279

Alexiteria, ii, 279

Alfred the Great, letter to, 114, 131

Alga nostoch, 375

Algaroth’s powder, 381

Algarotti, note on, 381

Alhandal, ii, 279

Alkahest, Glauber’s 264; ii, 279

Alkali, etymology, ii, 280

Alkalies, early knowledge of, 324;
Black on, 324

Alkalised ethiops, 351

Alkaloids, discovery of, 274; ii, 243;
synthesis, ii, 265

Alkekengi, ii, 280

Alkermes, Arabic derivation, 103

Al-Koh’l, 326

Alkool, ii, 280

Allicola, 360

All-flower-water, ii, 8

Almond tree, Biblical reference, 75

Alœdarium, ii, 280

Aloes, as pigment, 95;
tincture, ii, 37;
elixir, ii, 57;
notes on, ii, 86;
picture of, ii, 87; ii, 88;
books on, ii, 88;
decoction, ii, 176

Aloes wood, Biblical references, 63

Alquimesci oil, 110

Aludels, ii, 280

Aluka, 70

Alum, early uses, 331;
first factories, 332;
discovered in Yorkshire, 333;
composition investigated, 333;
symbol, ii, 309

Aluminium, first made, 333

Amalgam, ii, 280

Amalgama Jovis, 425

Amaranth, meaning of, 22

Ambix, 328

Ambrosia, identity of, 22

Ambrosial elixir, 26

Amen, 6

Ammon, 6

Ammonia, made from bones, 263;
history, 334;
etymology, 334;
composition, 337

Ammoniacum, etymology, 334

Ammoniated Tincture of Quinine, origin of, ii, 153

Ammonium acetate solution, 132

Amphide salts, 326

Amphora, ii, 280

Amulets for preventing disease, 162.
_See also_ Charms

Anæsthetic, mysterious, ii, 254

Anæsthetics, discovery, ii, 248

Analeptica, ii, 280

Anderson, Dr. P., portrait, ii, 168;
publication, ii, 168;
invents pills, ii, 169

Anderson’s Scots Pills, origin of, ii, 168;
formulæ, ii, 169

Andreas, author, 182

Andromachus’s theriakon, 90; ii, 20; ii, 42

Anethon in Bible, 71

Anglicanus’s “Compendium of Medicine,” 132

Aniline, discovery of, ii, 263

Animal magnetism, 199
medicines, 89, 127; ii, 1; ii, 2
oil, ii, 25

Animals, mythical, 26

Aniseed, magical plant, 18
oil, use of, 247

Anne, Queen, cures by touch, 301

Anodyne necklaces, ii, 170

Anointing oil, 38, 50, 55;
formula, 59

Anointment, ii, 280

Antidotary, meaning, ii, 280
of Nicolas Prepositus, 116
of Nicolas Myrepsus, 219

Antidote, meaning, ii, 281

Antidotos ex duobus, 215, 310

Antidotum Acharistos, 220

Antidotum Adrianum, 288
Andromachus, 292
Mithridatum, 289;
absurdities of, 290;
Galen on, 292
Podagrica, 310
Pythagoras, 18

Anthony, Francis, panacea of, 391;
epitaph, 393

Anthropomorphon, 20

Antifebrin, discovery, ii, 273

Anti-hecticum poterii, 425

Antimony, introduction, 224, 226, 227;
used by Paracelsus, 243;
early use in medicine, 376;
etymology, 377;
alchemists, researches on, 379;
compounds of, 227, 378, 380;
controversy, 383;
symbol, ii, 309

Antimony cups, 385
sulphide, 326, 378, 382

Antipyrin, discovery, ii, 274

Antiseptic vinegar, ii, 56

Apollo, god of medicine, 6;
portrait, 7;
banished from Olympia, 8;
Apollo and Daphne myth, 9, 33

Apotheca, meaning, 117

Apothecary, Biblical mention, 50

Apothecary’s duty defined, 155

Apothecary, picture of, ii, 81
in “Romeo and Juliet,” ii, 77
versions, ii, 78; ii, 79; ii, 80

Apothecaries’ Jewish Guild, 51
become physicians, 152
charges, 149, 150
curriculum, 122
during the Plague, 149
early references, 142
oath, 122
Shakespearian references, ii, 70; ii, 71; ii, 77
Society, arms, 9, 31;
motto, 10;
incorporation, 144, 256;
drug-inspection, ii, 17;
weights as metaphor, ii, 71.
_See also_ Chemists _and_ Pharmacists

Apothek, derivation, 95

Apoplexy, remedy, 133

Apozem of Epsom Salts, 345

Apozems, meaning, ii, 281; ii, 299

Aqua aluminosa, 346
ardens, 223, 328
arthritica, ii, 8
kali Puri, 325
Luccana, 339
Lulliana, 348
mirabilis, ii, 281
Omnium Florum, ii, 8
Phagadænica, 414

Aqua Sancti Luciæ, 339
Temperata, 348
Tufania, ii, 235
Vitæ, early use, 223, 329;
Rhazes on, 107;
Shakespearian reference, ii, 75;
symbol, ii, 309;
Hibernorum, ii, 65.
_See also_ alcohol
vini, 329

Aquetta di Napoli, ii, 235

Aquila Alba, 419; ii, 281

Arab pharmacy, 97

Arabic names in pharmacy, 103

Arcanum Corallinum, 249
duplicatum, 355, 371; ii, 281
meaning of, 249; ii, 281
Tartari, ii, 281
Vitrioli, 398

Arcœus invents elemi ointment, ii, 133

Areometer, invention, 281

Arfwedson discovers lithium, 353

Argentum vivum, 408

Argile, 333

Archidoxa Medicinæ of Paracelsus, 390

Archigenes’s Hiera, ii, 139

Aristes, medical discoveries, 16

Arithmetic, invention, 4

Armoniac, 334

Arnold of Villa Nova, 329

Arquebusade water, ii, 56

Arrow-poisoning, antiquity of, ii, 222

Arsenic, early use, 108;
eaten in Styria, ii, 238;
Marsh’s test, ii, 241;
symbol, ii, 309

Assassin, origin of word, ii, 226

Asclepiades, 79

Asparagin, isolation of, 275

Asphalt used in embalming, 359

Astronomy. _See_ Starcraft

Athanasia, identity of, 22

Athanor, ii, 281

Atropa, sister of the Fates, 24

Atropine, discovery, ii, 248;
synthetic, ii, 266

Attalus cultivates medicinal plants, 288

Aurum fulminans, 396
musivum, 424
Potabile, Anthony’s formula, 392;
Glauber’s formula, 389, 390, 393;
other recipes, 394, 395, 396;
Shakespearian reference, ii, 74
vitæ, 414

Avenzoar of Seville, 110

Averrhoes of Cordova, 110

Avicenna’s doctrines, 102;
formulas, 103;
biography, 108;
writings, 109;
portrait, 108;
influence of, 117;
introduces silvering pills, 423

B

Baaras, identity of, 21

Bacchus, ancient god, 5

Bacon, Roger, writings, 132;
on aurum potabile, 390

Bagdad, foundation of, 100

Bain-Marie, ii, 282

Baktischwah, Persian physician, 104

Balanites Egyptiaca gum, 53

Balanoi, ii, 299

Balard, discovers bromine, 273, 339

Balm, etymology, ii, 281

Balm of Gilead, 49, 53;
Galen on, 213;
in mithridatum, 293; ii, 281

Balneum Mariæ, ii, 282

Balsam Arcœi, ii, 133

Balsam of bats, 257
etymology, ii, 281
of sulphur, 360; ii, 58

Barbadoes tar, 360

Barbarossa’s mercurial pills, 411

Barley water, Hippocrates recommends, 87

Barytes, discovery, 269

Basilic powder, 420

Basilicon ointment, origin, ii, 282

Basilides, note on, 165

Bateman’s pectoral drops, ii, 163

Baths, varieties, ii, 282

Baume du Chevalier de Saint Victor, ii, 136
du Commandeur de Permes, ii, 136
de Fioraventi, ii, 173
Tranquille, ii, 175
de Vie, ii, 176

Baumé, French chemist, 281

Bayen, French pharmacist, 276

Bdellium, identity of, 62

Bears’ grease, use of, ii, 12

Beer, medicinal, ii, 283

Bell’s “Historical Sketch of the Progress of Pharmacy,” 150, 156

Belladonna, etymology, 24;
old names, 25;
uses, 25

Belloste’s mercurial pills, 412

Benjamin, etymology, ii, 269

Benzoic acid, synthetic, ii, 268

Benzoyl, discovery, ii, 257

Berkeley, Bishop, portrait, 315;
devises tar water, 316;
publications, 316

Bernard, Claude, 285
of Gordon, 135

Berthelot’s “History of Alchemy,” 114

Berthollet, French Chemist, 281

Besen, meaning of, ii, 281

Bestucheff’s Tincture, 321;
secret purchased, 322;
formula, 404

Betton’s British Oils, 359; ii, 164

Bezoar Germanosum, ii, 15
stones, first mention, 111;
use in medicine, ii, 15;
source, ii, 15;
price, ii, 16; ii, 18;
as charms, ii, 16;
fallacy of, ii, 18;
as antidote, ii, 221

Bezoardic powder, ii, 19

Bezoards, ii, 282

Bible, pharmacy in, 46
drugs mentioned in, 53
poisons in, ii, 222

Biblical references, 27, 29, 33, 46, 53; ii, 222

Biliousness remedies, 161, 167

Bindo, A., Earl of Rochester’s pseudonym, ii, 204

Birthwort as remedy, 184

Bismuth, first mention, 386;
regarded as poisonous, 387;
liquor, 388;
lozenges, 388;
oxychloride, 387

Bitter flavours, Jewish objection to, 48, 64

Bitter Purging Salts, 345

Bitumen of Judæa, in embalming, 359

Black, Joseph, on alkalies, 324;
portrait, 357;
on alkaline earths, 356

Black draught, origin of, ii, 121
drop, invention of, ii, 145
precipitate, 418
wash, introduction, 146, 257

Bladder wort as remedy, 184

Blanc de fard, 386

Blatta Byzantina, 57

Blaud, Dr., French physician, ii, 122

Blaud’s pills, original formula, ii, 122

Bleeding, old cure for, 172

Blindness, cures, 81, 82, 298

Blisters, introduced, ii, 282

Blood root as remedy, 184

Blue vitriol, 373

Bodega, derivation, 95

Boils, Biblical remedy, 46, 73;
cure for, 170

Bole armeniæ, medical uses, 216

Bologna sun-stone, 361

Bolus, meaning of, ii, 282

Bombast _See_ Paracelsus

Borax, early use, 108

Borith, 324

Botanologoi, 95

Boulduc, French apothecary, 281

Boules de Mars, 402
de Nancy, 402

Boutique, derivation, 95

Bovins’s remedy, 374

Boyle investigates phosphorus, 365

Boyle’s “Hell,” 417

Boyveau-Laffecteur’s rob, 415

Brandt discovers phosphorus, 363

Brass, 426

Brass-alum, 427

“Breviarium Bartholomei,” 135

Brinvilliers, poisoner, ii, 232

British oils, 359; ii, 164

British Pharmacopœia, animal substances in, ii, 4;
editions, ii, 69

Brockenden’s compressed drugs, ii, 167

Bromine, discoverer, 273;
isolation, 339

Brongniart, French pharmacist, 276

Broom, Biblical plant, 65

Brugnatelli’s Poudre Vermifuge, 426

Bucklersbury, drug trade centre, 140

Burchell’s necklaces, ii, 171

Burghley’s gout preventive, 172

Bulleyn’s electuarium de Gemmis, ii, 35

Burnt sponge for scrofula, 353

Burt’s “Heartburn Tablets,” 388

Butter of antimony, 380

Byfield’s sal oleosum volatile, ii, 162

C

Caffeine, discovery, ii, 247;
synthesis, ii, 268

Caius, Dr., ii, 71

Calamus draconis fruit, 31

Calatippe, ii, 17

Calomel, introduction, 146, 257, 418;
etymology, 419

Calx Jovis, 425; ii, 283
Lunæ, ii, 283
meaning of, ii, 283
Mercurii, ii, 283
Saturnii, ii, 283

Camphor, use in medicine, 109;
synthetic, ii, 269

Canterbury bells as remedy, 184

Cantharides as gout remedy, 216

Capers, use in East, 74

Caput mortuum, ii, 283

Carbonic acid gas, discovered, 259

Cardinal’s powder, ii, 97

Carduus Benedictus, Shakespearian reference, ii, 73

Carminative, etymology, ii, 283
Spirit of Sylvius, 337

Cassia, introduction of, 105

Castor oil, used by Dioscorides, 210;
notes on, ii, 89;
picture of plant, ii, 90;
early uses, ii, 90;
treatise on, ii, 92;
etymology, ii, 93.
_See also_ Ricinus.

Castorum, early use, 217

Cat, medicinal use, ii, 13

Cataplasm, etymology, ii, 283

Catholica, meaning of, ii, 283

Caustic potash formulæ, 325

Caventou discovers quinine, 274.
_See also_ Pelletier

Celsus, on Egyptian medicine, 35;
writings, 90

Centaurs, fable, 15

Centaury, etymology, 14;
figure of, 25

Ceratum, ii, 127
de Lapide calaminari, ii, 158
lithargyri, 400

Cerates, meaning of, ii, 283

Cereirsiæ, ii, 283

Ceruse, ii, 284. _See also_ White lead.
of antimony, ii, 284

Chamberlain’s restorative pills, 421

Chamberlen’s necklaces, ii, 170

Chamomile, use in medicine, 125

Chambre ardente enquiry, ii, 236

Chaptal, French chemist, 281

Charas, French chemist, 279

Charms, dragon’s blood as, 32;
use of, 157, 171.
_See also_ Talismans

Charles II, prescription for, ii, 6; ii, 182

Chaucer on physicians, 133

Chelbanah, 56

Chelsea Pensioner, origin, ii, 123;
formula, ii, 124

Chemistry, Patin on, 243;
Boerhaave’s definition, 323;
debt of pharmacy to, 323

Chemists and Druggists origin, 154.
_See also_ Apothecaries _and_ Pharmacists

Chenopodium Botrys, old name, 22

Chloral hydrate, preparation, ii, 272

Chloric ether, ii, 252

Chlorine, discovery, 269

Chloroform anæsthesia, discovery of, ii, 251; ii, 272

Cholera, Heraclides’s remedy, 89

Chinchon, Countess of, ii, 94; ii, 102

Ching’s Worm Lozenges, ii, 166

Chin-Nong herbal, 287

Chiron, knowledge of simples, 14

Christ, meaning of, 60

Chromium, discovery, 271

Churchill, Dr., introduces hypophosphites, 307

Cibus Celestus, ii, 31

Cinchona, discovery of, ii, 93;
how its virtues were discovered, ii, 94;
first used in Europe, ii, 95;
opposition to using, ii, 95;
Talbor employs, ii, 97;
tincture of, ii, 100;
derivation of word, ii, 102;
introduction, ii, 104

Cinchonidine, discovery, ii, 247

Cinchonine, discovery, ii, 247

Cinnabar as panacea, 421;
confused with minium, 408

Circe, invention of poisons, ii, 221

Circulatores, 93

Circumforanei, 93

Citrine ointment, origin, ii, 125

Clement of Alexandria, writings, 37

“Closed ring” theory, ii, 261

Clyster, ii, 290

Cobwebs, for bleeding, ii, 73

Cocaine, synthetic, ii, 266

Cochineal insects, patent, ii, 162

Cochleare, meaning of, ii, 284

Codeine, discovery, 276; ii, 248

Coffee, introduction, 284

Cohal, 327

Cohobation, meaning of, ii, 284

Colcothar, ii, 284

Colchicum, virtues discovered, 17;
introduction, ii, 182; ii, 221
wine, ii, 67

Cold cream, ii, 65; ii, 127

Collier de Morand, ii, 171

Collodion, discovery, 340

Collutories, ii, 284

Collyrium, ii, 284

Colical antidote of Nicostratus, 215

Colocynth, Biblical reference, 69

Comfrey, used by Saxons, 126

Commander’s Balsam, ii, 135

Compound liquorice powder, origin, ii, 148
soap pills, origin of, ii, 153

Confectio Anti-Epileptica, 248
piperis, origin of, ii, 210; ii, 214
Raleighana, 312, 313, 314

Confection of Alkermes, ii, 51
of Mithridates, 290
of opium, origin of, ii, 40

Confectionarii, 117

Coniine, synthetic, ii, 266

Conserves, ii, 285

Copper, Valentine’s method of preparing, 228;
symbol, ii, 307; ii, 310

Copper sulphate, early use, 108

Coral, use in medicine, 247; ii, 32

Cordova, 98;
view of, 99

Cornachino’s powder, 420

Corrosive sublimate, introduction, 105;
for itch, 108;
concession, 148;
as syphilis remedy, 414;
medical use, 421

Cos, temple of, 11

Cosmas, patron saint of pharmacy, 19

“Cotta contra Antonium,” 391

Cough, old remedies, 90, 128

“Council of Ten” as poisoners, ii, 228

Coursus de Gangeland, 142

Courtois discovers iodine, 351

Cow-dung as a medicine, ii, 8

Crabs’-claws’ powder, ii, 19

Crabs’ eyes, 356

Cramp rings, 172, 294;
antiquity of, 305;
origin, 306;
consecration, 306

Cream of tartar, investigated, 268, 371

Cress, use in medicine, 125

Crocomagma, ii, 285

Crocus Martis, 350, 398, ii, 284, ii, 285
meaning of, ii, 285
metallorum, ii, 285
veneris, ii, 285

Crollius, medical writer, 183, 185

Crucible, meaning, ii, 285

Cubebs, history, ii, 108;
medicinal uses, ii, 108;
ingredient in Mithridate, ii, 108;
re-introduced, ii, 108

Cucupha, ii, 285

Cucurbit, ii, 285

Culpepper, Nicholas, 251;
criticises P.L., 251;
portrait, 252;
house, 253;
career, 253

Cusinier’s syrup, ii, 155

Cyathus, meaning, ii, 285

D

Daffy, Rev. T., invents elixir, ii, 172

Damien, patron saint of pharmacy, 19

Damocrates, 91;
Mithridatum, ii, 38; ii, 39

Dante, connection with pharmacy, 279

Daphnine, discovery of, ii, 245

Darsini, 219

David, King, electuary, 220

Davy, Sir Humphry, portrait, 284

Decocta, invention, ii, 285

Decoctum Aloes Co., origin, ii, 176

“Degrees” in diagnosis, 179

Deliquium, ii, 286

Demons as cause of disease, 158

Danaus’s Collyrium, 215

Dephlogisticated air, 269

Derosne’s salt, ii, 244

Despumation, ii, 286

Devil’s claw, 57

D’Husson’s Eau Medicinale, ii, 182;
price, ii, 184;
composition, ii, 184

Dia, meaning, ii, 286

Diabetes, papyrus remedy, 43

Diachylon plaster, invention, 91; ii, 127;
first formula, ii, 128;
etymology, ii, 128; ii, 286, 406

Diacodium, inventor, 90;
etymology, ii, 287

Dia-kodion, origin, ii, 116

Diapente, etymology, ii, 287

Diaphoretic vitriol, 374

Diarrhœa, old remedies, 43, 294

Diascordium, 223;
formula, ii, 41; ii, 287

Diatesseron, 310

Diet, Hippocrates on, 87;
Aetius on, 215;
Alexander of Trailles on, 217

Digby, Sir Kenelm, toothache cure, 168;
biography, 193;
portrait, 194;
tincture of gold, 395

Digitalis, origin of name, ii, 109;
medical history, ii, 109;
book on, ii, 110

Dill, Biblical reference, 71;
used by Saxons, 126

Dioscorides, 90;
biography, 206;
writings, 208, 209

Dippel’s oil, ii, 25;
uses, ii, 26

Diseases, transferring, 170

Distillation, antiquity of, 327

Distilled waters, 328

Distillers’ Company, 148

Dittany, uses, 26

Dover, T., biography, ii, 129;
“Ancient Physician’s Legacy,” ii, 131

Dover’s powder, first official, ii, 67; ii, 115;
origin, ii, 129;
original formula, ii, 132

Drachm sign, origin, ii, 300

Draco Mitigatus, 419, 420

Dragon’s blood, origin, 31

Dragon tree, figure of, 32

Dragons, Biblical references, 33

Drink cures, old, 130; ii, 12

Dropaxes, ii, 282; ii, 287

Dropsy cured by touch, 299

Drug, etymology, ii, 287

Drug-inspection, 138; ii, 17

Drug-trade, development, 138

Drugs as charms, ii, 75;
in Ebers’s papyrus, 40;
in Bible, 53;
mentioned by Hippocrates, 77

Dschondisabour, medical college at, 101, 103

Dublin Pharmacopœias, ii, 69

Dudaim, identity of, 20, 49

Duke of Portland’s powder, 215, 309; ii, 125

Dumas, French chemist, 286;
theory of substitution, ii, 259

Dumeril, French physician, 276

Duncan and Flockhart’s chloroform, ii, 253

Dutch Drops, origin of, ii, 176

Dysentery, ipecacuanha as remedy, ii, 114

E

Ear-ache, early remedies, 45, 130

Earl of Warwick’s powder, 308, 383, 420

Earthworms as remedy, ii, 11, ii, 12

Eaton’s styptick, ii, 163

Eau des Carmes, origin, ii, 178;
formula, ii, 179
Divine de Fernel, 414
de Luce, 338;
inventor, 339
de Lusse, 339
Medicinale d’Husson, ii, 67, ii, 182
de la Reine d’Hongrie, 297

Ebers’ papyrus, 36;
described, 37;
photograph, 41;
date, 48

Ebn-Izak, translator of Greek works, 105

Ecclesiasticus, author, 47;
medical aphorisms, 47

Eclegma, ii, 288

Ecussons, ii, 288

Edinburgh Pharmacopœias, ii, 69

Edulcorate, ii, 288

Edward the Confessor treats scrofula, 299, 300

Elements, old theories, 174

Elemi ointment, origin, ii, 133

Egrea, daughter of Æsculapius, 11

Egypt, medicine in, 34, 46;
conquest, 98

Egyptiacum. _See_ Ægyptiacum

Egyptian papyri, medical, 36

Electron, as poison test, ii, 231

Electrum, 40

Electuarium de Gemmis, ii, 35

Electuary, etymology, ii, 288
of Alexander of Tralles, 216

Elemi ointment, invention, ii, 133

Elixir of Alves, origin, ii, 57
etymology, ii, 288
of Garus, ii, 57
of Long Life, 390
Proprietatis, ii, 57
of vitriol, 375

Elizabeth, Queen, medical knowledge, 295

Emeralds, used in medicine, ii, 34

Emetic cups, 385

Emetic tartar, preparation, 380;
invention, 382;
uses, 383

Emetine, discovery of, ii, 248

Empedocles, theory of elements, 174

Empirics, old sect, 89;
leader of, 217

Emplastra, ii, 289

Emplastrum Commune, ii, 129
vigonium, 410

Empyreal gas, 269

Emulsion, etymology, ii, 289

Enchrista, ii, 289

Enema, ii, 290

Enoch, book of, 4

Ens, ii, 290

Epidaurus, temple of, 11

Epilepsy, remedies, 134, 166, 200, 214
charm, 247, 294, 307

Epithema, ii, 290

Epithemation, ii, 290

Epsom, medicinal springs, 340
salts, introduction, 340

Erfurt discovers aniline, ii, 263

Errhines, ii, 290

Erythræa Centaurium, 25

Erzalaum, 427

Essenes practise medicine, 50

Essential oils, prepared by Paracelsus, 246

Ether, early references, 347;
first made, 347;
investigated, 347;
old names, 348;
chemical nature, 348;
as anæsthetic, ii, 249;
preparation, ii, 271

Ethiops Antimoniale, 351
gommeux, 350
magnesium, 350
Martial, 350, 398; ii, 311
Mineral, 350
origin of, 350
saccharine, 350

Ethiopic pills, 351

Everlasting pills, 381

Excreta, used in medicine, 40; ii, 5, ii, 7, ii, 8, ii, 9

Exili, poisoner, ii, 230, ii, 233

Extract of Saturn, 265; ii, 311

Eyes, remedies for, 185

F

Face wrinkles, papyrus prescription, 44

Fæx vini, 371

“Fakhiliteh,” Arab treatise, 112

Fat, human, medical uses, ii, 7

Ferdinand of Austria, plague powder, ii, 35;
invents antidote, ii, 229

Fennel, used by Saxons, 126

Fernel, Paris physician, 415

Ferruginous waters, effect of, 403

Fever, Rhazes’s treatment, 106;
charm for, 107;
cinchona for, ii, 95

Fig poultice, 46, 73

Fig tree in Bible, 73

Flies in ointment, quotation, 51

Fioraventi’s Balsam, ii, 173

“Fire-air,” 269

Fire-stone, 360

Fistula paste, Ward’s, ii, 214

“Fixed air,” 357

Flake’s anti-hæmorrhoidal ointment, 425

Flores martis, 398
zinci, 427

Flos cœlorum, 375

Flückiger and Hanbury’s “Pharmacographia,” ii, 86

Fluoric acid, discovery, 268

Folk-lore, superstitious, 168

Ford’s Balsam of Horehound, ii, 167

Forget-me-not, old name, 185

Formic acid, synthetic, ii, 257

Fourcroy, French chemist, 285

Four officinal capitals, ii, 37

Four Thieves’ Vinegar, ii, 56

Fowler’s Solution of Arsenic, ii, 133;
original recipe, ii, 134

Fowler, T., biography, ii, 133;
publication, ii, 134

Fox, medical uses, 127

Foxes’ lungs, as remedy, ii, 1; ii, 11

Fox-glove. _See_ Digitalis

France, pharmacy ordinances, 121

Frankincense, source, 56

Frankland’s theory of valency, ii, 260

Frascator, Jerome, biography, 223

Frederick II, pharmacy edict, 117

French disease, 413.
_See also_ syphilis

Friar’s Balsam, origin of, ii, 135

Frier’s Drops, ii, 136; ii, 165

Fritzsche’s aniline, ii, 263

Furies, propitiating, 167

G

Galbanum, Biblical reference, 56

Gallitzenstein, 427

Galvani’s experiments, ii, 167

Gale’s Spa Elixir, ii, 165

Galen, theory of humours, 178;
biography, 210;
infallibility, 210;
bust, 211;
portrait, 211;
influenced by dreams, 212;
medical fame, 214;
works, 214;
criticised, 216

Galen’s ceratum lithargyri, 406
cold cream, ii, 65; ii, 127
confection, ii, 42
Hiera, ii, 139
pil. cochia, ii, 152

Garth’s “Dispensary,” 151

Garus’s elixir, ii, 57

Gas, invention of word, 260; ii, 290

“Gas sylvestre,” 260, 357

Gascoyne’s powder, ii, 19

Gay-Lussac, French chemist, 284

Geber, chemical discoveries, 102, 105

Gentian, discovery of, 288

Gentius, King of Illyria, 288

Geoffrey, French physician, 278

Gerard’s Herbal quoted, 67

Gerhardt, French chemist, 283

Germany, pharmacy ordinances, 120

Gilead, Balm of. _See_ Balm of Gilead

Gilead, where situated, 54

Gilla vitrioli, 374; ii, 290

Girandeau, syphilis remedy, 415;
prosecuted, 416

Glaser’s sal Polychrest, 371;
makes silver nitrate sticks, 424

Glauber, biography, 260;
chemical discoveries, 261;
bust, 262;
invents Kermes mineral, 381;
Kermes, secret purchased, 319;
discovers spirit of salt, 369

Glauber’s salts, discovery, 261

Glaucus, restored to life, 13

Glucinium, discovery, 271

Glycerin, discovery, 270

Glyster, ii, 290

Godbold’s Vegetable Balsam, ii, 166

Goddard, Dr. J., note on, ii, 180

Goddard’s Drops, secret purchased, 319, 337;
origin, ii, 179;
uses, ii, 179

Godfrey’s Cordial, ii, 177

Gold, medicinal uses, 388;
for covering pills, 389;
cure for syphilis, 395;
symbol, ii, 306; ii, 307; ii, 310.
_See also_ Aurum

Gold leaf, use of, 388

Golden Drops, 321

“Golden Water,” 329

Goose grease as remedy, ii, 12

Gout, remedies for, 129, 136, 167, 172, 215, 216, 217, 353; ii, 183
powder, Mayerne’s, 257;
Duke of Portland’s, 215, 309

Gourd, Biblical plant, 66, 69

Goulard, biography, 264;
discoveries, 265

Goulard’s extract, 265

Greeks, drugs used by, 77

Green precipitate, 417

Green vitriol, 372, 427

Gregory, Dr. Jas., portrait, ii, 137;
publication, ii, 138

Gregory’s Powder, origin of, ii, 137;
prescription for, ii, 138

Grew, Nehemiah, on Epsom salts, 342;
portrait, 343

Griffith’s mixture, 403

Grocers’ Guild, 139, 147

Grubourt, French pharmacist, 282

Guaiacum, syphilis cure, 414;
history, ii, 111;
medical uses, ii, 112;
preparation, ii, 113

Gutteta, ii, 290

Gwynne’s “Aurum non aurum,” 391

H

Haarlem oil, origin, ii, 176

Hair oil, papyrus formula, 42

Hall, Dr., Shakespeare’s son-in-law, ii, 76

Haloid salts, 326

Ham, originator of medicine, 6

Hamech, a purgative, 203

Hammon, 6

Hammoniacus salt, 334

Hanckwitz advertisement, 141;
makes phosphorus, 365

Hartman’s “Book of Chymicall Secrets,” 196

Headache Essence, Ward’s, ii, 214

Headache, early remedies, 41, 42, 44, 129

Heartburn tablets, 388

Hebenon, Shakespearian reference, ii, 83

Heberden, Dr. W., portrait, 291

Helbanah, 56

Helias’s letter to Alfred the Great, 114, 131

“Hell-stone,” 424

Hellebore as medicine, 12;
used by Paracelsus, 246

Helvetius’s pills, 32;
ipecacuanha secret, 319

Helvetius employs alum, 331;
French physician, ii, 114

Hemlock, Biblical reference, 64

Henbane, etymology, ii, 276;
toothache remedy, 168, 185.
_See also_ Hyoscyamus.

Henry VIII, medical knowledge, 294;
plaster for ulcers, 295;
Halford on, 295

Henry’s patent, 345

Heracleus honey as poison, ii, 226

Heraclides, 89

Herbalists earliest doctors, 1

Herbs, symbolical names, 35;
used by Saxons, 124

Hermes, Greek god, 4;
works of, 5, 162;
Egyptian, 157; ii, 305

Hermodactyls, gout remedy, 217; ii, 183

Hezekiah’s boil, treatment, 46, 73

Hezob, 64

Hhawi, Rhazes’s book, 106

Hiera Diacolocynthidis, ii, 141

Hiera Picra, origin, ii, 138;
antiquity, ii, 139;
first formula, ii, 139;
other recipes, ii, 140, 141

Hin, ancient measure, 59

Hippocrates, drugs mentioned by, 77;
biography, 84;
portrait, 85;
as pharmacist, 91;
doctrines, 100, 101, 178;
theory of cures, 183;
theories attacked, 217

Hippocrates’s sleeve, ii, 294

Hoffmann’s anodyne, 348; ii, 67

Hofmann, A. W. von, researches, ii, 263;
portrait, ii, 264

“Holland oil,” ii, 255

Homberg’s weather figures, 364;
narcotic salt, 374

Homologues, discovery, ii, 259

Honey, medical uses, 245; ii, 30;
preparations, ii, 31

Hooper’s Female Pills, ii, 163

Horehound, early use, 210

Horse leech, Biblical mention, 70

Horus, discoverer of medicine, 3

Houel, founder of Paris School of Pharmacy, 285

Hoy’s salt, 345

Humours, doctrine of, 178

Hungary Powder, ii, 35

Hungary, Queen of, invents rosemary water, 296;
origin of formula, 298

Huxham, J., biography, ii, 100;
portrait, ii, 101;
“Essay on Fevers,” ii, 101

Huxham’s tincture, ii, 67; ii, 100, 102

Hyacinth confection, ii, 34

Hydrargyrum, derivation, 408

Hydrochloric acid. _See_ Spirit of salt

Hydrocyanic acid. _See_ Prussic acid

Hydrophobia, poem on, 224

Hygeia, daughter of Æsculapius, 11

Hyoscyamus, etymology, ii, 276.
_See also_ Henbane

Hypnotic Powder of Jacobi, 350

Hypophosphites, medical use, 367

Hyssop, Biblical reference, 64;
Dioscorides on, 209

I

Icy Noctiluca, 365

Incense, 38, 50;
etymology, 55;
Biblical formula, 55, 57;
Catholic formula, 58

Infant’s skin as a charm, 173

Infusions, introduction of, ii, 290

Infusum Gentianæ Co., origin, ii, 291

Insane root, 21;
Shakespearian reference, ii, 72

Iodine discovery, 351

Iodoform, first prepared, 353

Ipecacuanha, history, ii, 114;
medical use, ii, 114;
dose, ii, 115

Iron citrate, introduction, 405
iodide, 405
perchloride as secret remedy, 322
phosphate, 405
reduced by hydrogen, 404

Iron, as remedy, 12, 187, 217, 397;
varieties, 398;
in the blood, 398;
Sydenham and Willis on, 399;
pharmaceutical preparations, 402, 403, 404, 405;
symbol, ii, 307; ii, 310
sulphate, medical use, 108
syrups, various, 405
tincture, 404

Isis founder of medicine, 2, 34;
invocation to, 38
tears, name for Vervain, 35

Isotheos, ancient nostrum, 215

Israelite medicine, 46

Itch, treatment, 130, 201
history, 202
theories, 203
cause, 204
van Helmont contracts, 258, 420

Ivy, called Osiris, 35

J

Jacobi’s powder, 350

Jamblicus, writings of, 5

James Dr., portrait, ii, 187

James’s analeptic pills, ii, 165; ii, 189

James’s powder, first official, ii, 67;
patent, ii, 164;
origin, ii, 187; ii, 191;
patent, ii, 188;
imitations, ii, 190

Jaso, daughter of Æsculapius, 11

Jesuits’ bark, ii, 97.
_See also_ Cinchona drops, ii, 135

Jews, belief in charms, 160;
medicines of, 48;
object to bitter flavours, 48, 64

John of Gaddesden, 134;
small-pox cure, 169, 186

John xxi, medical author, 294

Johnson, Dr., touched for scrofula, 301

Johnson’s Golden Ointment, ii, 199

Jonah’s gourd, 66

Julep, etymology, 103; ii, 291

Juniper, Biblical reference, 65

Jussieu, French botanist, 284

K

Kadolikoi, 95

Kakhal, 327

Katapotia, 86; ii, 283, ii, 291

Kekulé’s structural formulas, ii, 261;
portrait, ii, 262

Kermes, etymology, ii, 50;
what it is, ii, 50;
uses, ii, 51
Mineral, invention, 381;
medicinal uses, 381

Kesebt, identity of, 42

Ketorah, meaning of, 55

Kik, Gerard’s reference, 67

Kiki, ii, 90

King’s Evil, cured by touch, 298;
Shakespearian reference, ii, 72.
_See also_ Scrofula

Kohol, 378

Kopopoloi, 95

Koran as Arab literature, 98

Kousso, introduction, ii, 115;
tapeworm, remedy, ii, 115

Krabadin, earliest pharmacopœia, 103

Kunckel’s, portrait, 362;
Bologna stone, 363;
luminous pills, 365

Kurella, Dr., note on, ii, 148

Kyanol, ii, 263

Kyphi, sacred perfume, 45

L

La Mère Thecle’s ointment, 407

La Mothe’s Golden Drops, 321, 404

La Voisin, poisoner, ii, 236

Lac Virginis, ii, 136; ii, 292

Ladanum, Biblical reference, 64

Lana philosophica, 427

Lancaster Black Drop, ii, 145

Lang, Andrew on mythology, 33

Lapis Bezoar Occidentale, ii, 15;
Infernalis, 424; ii, 292;
Medicamentosus, ii, 292;
Mirabilis, ii, 292

Laser. _See_ Silphion

Laudanum, Paracelsus’s, 243;
Shakespearian reference, ii, 75;
invention, ii, 142;
recipes, ii, 142;
etymology, ii, 143;
various kinds, ii, 144

Laugier, French chemist, 282

Laune, Gideon de, 144;
biography, 146;
pills, 147

Lavoisier, French chemist, 281

Lavoisier defines salts, 326

Le Febre’s “great cordial,” 312;
Baume de Vie, ii, 176

Lead, medical use, 406;
preparations, 406;
Goulard uses, 407;
symbol, ii, 307, ii, 310

Lead plaster. _See_ Diachylon

Lead solution, discovery, 265

Lebonah, meaning of, 55

Ledger, C., obtains cinchona seeds, ii, 105;
annuity, ii, 107;
portrait, ii, 107

Leechdoms, Saxon, 124

Leeches, Biblical mention, 70;
first use of, ii, 139

Lemery, French pharmacist, 280;
works, 281;
Crocus Martis, 350;
tincture of gold, 395

Lemnian earth, ii, 53;
source, ii, 53;
uses, ii, 54

Lenitive electuary, origin, ii, 146

Lepidus marinus, poison, ii, 226, ii, 227

Leucomaines, discovery, ii, 242

Levingstern, Epsom apothecary, 341

Libanos, meaning, 55

Liebig, portrait, 283;
mistake of, 339

Lign aloes, Biblical reference, 63

Lilium, Paracelsus’s, 244

Limbeck, 328;
etymology, ii, 279

Lime water, efficacy, 356

Linamentum, ii, 290

Linimentum camphoræ compositæ, origin, ii, 210, ii, 214

Lion, medical, use, ii, 12

Liquor Bismuthi, introduction, 387
Cranii Humani, ii, 5

Lisbon Diet Drink, ii, 155

Lisle’s Powder for Fevers, ii, 191

Litharge, 406

Lithargyrum Argenti, 406
Auri, 406

Lithium discovery, 353;
uses, 353

Liver complaint, ancient diagnosis, 39;
old remedy, 288

Lixivium, 324
Saponarium, 325
Tartari, 372

Lizards’ blood, 39

Locatelli’s balsam, 32; ii, 159

Locusta, poisoner, ii, 224

Lohn’s writing board, 163

London Pharmacopœia, the first, 103, 133;
compiler, 146, 218, 256;
criticised, 290, 418;
formulæ, ii, 38, ii, 39, ii, 40, ii, 41;
how prepared, ii, 60;
contents, ii, 61;
title-page, ii, 63;
translation, ii, 67;
formulæ, ii, 146

Long, Dr., ether anæsthetist, ii, 249

Long, St. John, biography, ii, 192;
portrait, ii, 193;
income, ii, 194;
death, ii, 195

Long’s Liniment, ii, 192, ii, 196

Looch, origin of word, ii, 292

Lozenges, ii, 299

Luban, meaning of, 56

Luce, Lille, pharmacist, 339

Lully, Raymond, biography, 221;
portrait, 222;
on aqua vitæ, 329

Luminous pills, 365

Lunar caustic, ii, 311

Luna fixata, 428

Lupus Metallorum, 379

Lydgate, note on, ii, 286

M

Maceration, ii, 292

Machaon, son of Æsculapius, 11

Macquer, French chemist, 277;
arsenical salt, 277

Madder, used by Saxons, 126

Magdaleo, meaning of, ii, 292

Magic and medicine, 2, 157

Magistery of Bismuth, ii, 293
of Human skull, ii, 6
meaning of, ii, 293
of Saturn, 407

Magma, ii, 293

Magnes Arsenicalis, ii, 293

Magnesia, medical use, 354;
preparation, 354;
etymology, 354;
confused with manganese, 355;
in mineral springs, 355;
Black, on, 356
of Gold, 355

Magnesian stone, 354

Magnesium, preparation, 357

Magnets as cures, 199

Magnus, Albertus, describes caustic potash, 325

Magog identified with Prometheus, 12

Maimonides, Jewish scholar, 111;
remedies for poison, ii, 34

Malagmata, 91; ii, 294

Malascation, meaning of, ii, 294

Male fern, tapeworm remedy, 320, 321

Mallows, Biblical plant, 65

Man, parts of, used in medicine, ii, 4

Mandrake, legends, 19;
as sterility remedy, 20, 48;
ancient uses of, 21

Mandragora, legends of, 19;
Shakespearian reference, ii, 75;
on battle-field, ii, 225

Manhu, derivation of manna, 60

Manica Hypocratis, ii, 294

Manipulus, ii, 294

Manna, Biblical, 60;
sources, 61;
Avicenna, uses, 109

Manna metallorum, 419

Manus Christi, meaning of, ii, 294

Manus Dei, meaning of, ii, 294

Marcquis’s “Aloe Morbifuga,” ii, 89

Markham, Sir C., introduces cinchona into India, ii, 102;
on derivation of cinchona, ii, 103;
“Peruvian Bark,” ii, 105

Marmalades, origin of, ii, 294

Marsh’s arsenic test, ii, 241

Martial Regulus of Antimony, 379

Masticatories, meaning of, ii, 294

Matrass, ii, 294

Matthews’s Pills, origin of, ii, 154

Mauve, discovery, ii, 263

May dew for the complexion, 173

Mayerne, Sir Theodore de, 144;
portrait, 145;
biography, 146, 255;
impeached, 384;
introduces calomel, 418;
anti-epileptic powder, ii, 6;
writes preface to P. L., ii, 61;
burlesqued, ii, 71

Maythe, use in medicine, 125

Measures, signs for, ii, 300

Meat, putrid, in medicine, 39

Meconic acid, discovery, ii, 245

Medea, medical discoveries, 17;
inventor of poisons, ii, 221

Medea oil, 359

Medical aphorisms in Talmud, 50
treatises in verse, 137

Medicamentarii, 92

Medicamentum ad annum, 310; ii, 177

Medicina, 95

Medicine, origin of, 2;
associated with magic, 2;
traditional founder, 2;
god of, 6;
as a science, 88;
separation from pharmacy, 91;
and magic, 157

Medicines, charges for, 149, 150
from metals, 376

Megillat-Sammanin, treatise on pharmacology, 49

Megrims diagnosis, 128;
early remedy, 129

Mel Egyptiacum, ii, 52
Helleboratum, Culpepper, on, 251

Melampus, medicinal discoveries, 12, 13;
uses iron as remedy, 397

Mellites, ii, 294

Menecrates, 91;
originator of diachylon, ii, 127; ii, 129

Mensis Philosophicus, ii, 294

Menstruum, meaning of, ii, 294

Mentha, legend of, 26

Mercury, ancient god, 4;
medical use, 243;
origin of name, 408;
used by Arabs, 409;
medical uses, 409;
as syphilis cure, 409, 410;
“killing,” 421;
symbol for, ii, 305, ii, 306, ii, 310.
_See also_ Corrosive Sublimate, Red Precipitate, Calomel,
_and_ Quicksilver

Mercurial ointment, 132, 410, 421
pills, early formulæ, 411, 412, 421

Mesué, the elder, 101, 105, 217, 218

Mesué, the younger, 110, 217, 218

Mesué’s unguentum tripharmacum, 406

Mesmer, note on, 201;
animal magnetism, ii, 167

Messiah, meaning of, 60

Metalepsy, ii, 259

Metallic Tractors, 201; ii, 166

Metals in Ebers’s papyrus, 40;
as remedies, 186;
symbols, ii, 304

Metasyncretics, ii, 282

Methel nut, ii, 119

Midas, punishment of, 7

Midwifery, anæsthetics in, ii, 251

Migmatopoloi, 95

Mindererus’s spirit, invention, 338;
first official, ii, 67

Mindererus, old physician, 338;
biography, ii, 88;
“Aloedarium,” ii, 88

Mineral bezoar, 380

“Mineral Solution,” ii, 135

Mint, origin of, 26

Mirfield’s “Breviarium Bartholomei,” 135

Mistura Ferri Composita, 403

Mithridates the Great, biography, 289;
medical discoveries, 289;
death, 290

Mithridatum, 91;
inventor, 289;
absurdities, 290;
Galen on, 292;
number of ingredients, 293;
formulæ, ii, 20, 38, 39

Mohammed, influence of, 97;
death, 104

Monoceros, mythical animal, 28

Monopolies abolished, ii, 161

Moore’s “History of the Study of Medicine,” 135

Morbus Gallicus, 413.
_See also_ Syphilis

Morella furiosum lethale, 25

Morgan, Hugo, Queen Elizabeth’s apothecary, 298;
makes theriaca, ii, 44

Morpheus, how represented, 17

Morphine, discovery, ii, 244

Morphium, etymology, 18

Morton, W. T. G., uses ether in dentistry, ii, 250

Mosaic gold, 396, 424

Moses identified with Hermes, 4

Moss from skull, as remedy, 191

Mother’s ointment, 407

Moult, London chemist, 345

Moxa, meaning of, ii, 295

Mullein, used by Saxons, 126

Mummies, medical use, ii, 23;
opinions on, ii, 24

Murray’s aërated cod-liver oil, ii, 167

Mustard for scorpion bites, 18
seeds, Biblical reference, 71

Mynsicht’s publications, 375;
elixir of vitriol, 375;
invents emetic tartar, 382;
powder of Saturn, 407

Myrepsus, Nicolas, 219;
ointment, 427

Myrepsus, 95; ii, 296

Myrophecia, 95

Myropolia, 95

Myrrh, origin, 23;
Biblical references, 63

Myrrha, legend of, 22

Mythology, science of, 33

N

Naphtha, legend, 359

Narceine, discovery, ii, 248

Narcotine, discovery, ii, 244

Nardos pitike, meaning, 73

Nardostachys, 74

Narwhal horn, 28

Nasalia, ii, 290

Nataph, meaning of, 56

Necklaces, medical uses, 214

Nectarion, identity of, 24

“Negro Cæsar’s Cure for Poison,” ii, 237

Nepenthe, etymology, 23;
identity, 24

Nettleton, Dr. T., originates citrine ointment, ii, 126

Newbery, maker of James’s Powder, ii, 188

Newton, Sir Isaac, connection with pharmacy, 279

Nicandor’s treatise on poisons, ii, 226

Nicotine, discovery, ii, 245;
synthetic, ii, 266

Nihil album, 427

Nitre, Biblical reference, 70;
medical use, 108;
manufacture in France, 352, 353, 359;
early references, 358;
symbol, ii, 309

Nitric acid, first use in medicine, 105

Nitrous oxide gas, discovery, ii, 249

Nitrum fixum, 371

Noctiluca, ii, 296

Nostrums, ancient, 215

Nouffer’s Tapeworm Cure, secret purchased, 319;
origin, 320

Nuremberg ordinance, 120;
old pharmacy, 120

Nychthemeron, ii, 296

O

Obolos, ii, 296

Oenelaion, ii, 296

Oenogala, ii, 296

Oenomeli, ii, 296

Oesypus, ii, 296

Oil of Ants, ii, 14
Bricks, how prepared, ii, 55;
medical uses, ii, 55
Eggs, prepared by Paracelsus, 247
Harts’ horns, ii, 25
Peter, 360
Puppies, ii, 11
Tartar, preparing, 132;
uses of, 247, 372; ii, 286
Vitriol, 373
Wax, ii, 31
Wine, discovery, 263

Ointments, ii, 296.
_See also_ Unguentum

Old age, Ecclesiastes symbolism, 76

Oleum Benedictum, ii, 55
Divinum, ii, 55
Dulce Paracelsi, 348
Philosophorum, ii, 55
Sanctum, ii, 55
Vitrioli Dulce, 347; ii, 271.
_See also_ Oil of Wine

Olibanum, source, 56

Olive oil, uses, 58

Onguent de la Mère, 407

Onions as remedy, 49, 50

Onycha in Bible, 57

Opiates, ii, 296

Opium used by Paracelsus, 243;
history, ii, 116;
medical uses, ii, 117;
active principle, ii, 243

Opobalsamum, 53

Opodeldoc, origin, ii, 148;
derivation, ii, 148;
originally a plaster, ii, 149

Oribasius, medical author, 214

Origanum Dictamnus, 26

Orthrine, ii, 258

Osiris, illustration, 3;
name for ivy, 35

Ounce sign, origin, ii, 300

Oxalic acid, synthetic, ii, 257

Oxycroceum, ii, 297

Oxygen, discovery, 269;
why so called, 324

Oxymels, ii, 31

P

Pachius’s Hiera, ii, 140

Palma Christi, 68; ii, 89, ii, 92

Palsy Drops, ii, 146

Panacea, daughter of Æsculapius, 11
Holsatica, 371
Mercurialis, 419

Panchrest, ii, 297

Panchymagogon, 419; ii, 297

Pandects of Physic, 104

Pantopoloi, 95

Papyri, medical and pharmaceutical, 36

Papyrus Ebers, 36;
described, 37;
photograph, 40;
prescriptions in, 41, 42;
date, 48

Paracelsus, theory of elements, 174;
“sympathetic ointment,” 188, 190;
biography, 230;
education, 232;
boastfulness, 233;
epitaph, 236;
character, 237;
Browning’s poem on, 239;
Butler on, 240;
mysticism, 240;
chemical observations, 241;
drugs used by, 243;
portraits, 247, 248, 249, 250;
“Archidoxa Medicinæ,” 390;
“Catholicon,” 414;
“Zebethum Occidentale,” ii, 9

Paré’s experiment, ii, 229

Paregoric Elixir, origin, ii, 151;
formula for, ii, 151;
etymology, ii, 151

Paris, apothecary edicts, 122

Paris School of Pharmacy, 270, 285

Parmentier, biography, 272

Pastilli, ii, 299

Patent Medicines, origin of, ii, 161

Patents, why granted, ii, 161

Pearls, use of, in medicine, ii, 33

Pectoral Powder, ii, 148

Pedilavium, ii, 297

Pelican, ii, 297

Pelletier, discovers quinine, 274; ii, 247;
portrait, 275;
discovers other alkaloids, ii, 248

Pelouze, French pharmacist, 283

Peon, identified with Apollo, 7

Peony, use by Saxons, 126;
promotes dentition, ii, 171

Pepperers’ Guild, 139

Perfume, sacred, 45

Perfumer, Biblical reference, 50

Percapt, ii, 297

Periodeutes, 93, 94

Perkins’s Metallic Tractors, 201; ii, 166

Perkin, W. H. discovers mauve, ii, 263

Peroxide of hydrogen, inventor, 282

Peruvian bark. _See_ Cinchona

Pessary, ii, 297

Peter of Spain, medical author, 294

Petra Philosophale, ii, 174

Petroleum, medical uses, 131;
early use, 359;
synonyms, 360;
medical use, 360;
Barbadense, 360

Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, foundation, 156

Pharmacies, State controlled, 103, 104

Pharmacist, the first, 12

Pharmacists, royal and noble, 287.
_See also_ Apothecaries _and_ Chemists

Pharmacopeus, 93

Pharmacopœia, the earliest, 103;
history of, ii, 59

Pharmacopolis, 92

Pharmacopoloi, 93

Pharmacotribæ, 95

Pharmacy Acts, various, 156

Pharmacy, myths, 1;
origin, 1;
patron saints, 19;
in Pharaoh’s time, 34;
in the Bible, 46;
old use of word, 52;
identity with sorcery, 52;
Hippocrates on, 86;
separation from medicine, 91;
Arabian, 97;
in East, 100;
in Northern Europe, 115;
edict to regulate, 117;
Beckmann on, 118;
concessions, origin, 119;
in Saxon England, 124;
animal substances in, ii, 1;
Shakespearian reference, ii, 70;
progress in 19th century, ii, 243

Pharmaka, use by Homer, 52

Pharmakeia, 52, 92

Pharmakeuein, 93

Pharmakoi, use of, 52

Pharmakon, 93

Phenacetin, discovery, ii, 273

Phillips, P. L., critic, ii, 68

Philon, 91

Philonium, inventor, 91;
formulæ, ii, 39, ii, 40, ii, 41

Philosopher’s stone, 106, 363

Philosophic egg, 379

Phlogiston theory, 176

Phœnix, as alchemists sign, 26;
legends of, 27;
Biblical references, 27;
longevity, 27

Phosphor paste, 368

Phosphorus, Hanckwitz’s advertisement, 142;
etymology, 360;
discovery, 363;
made in London, 365;
medical use, 365;
prepared from bones, 365;
dose, 367;
solubility, 368;
symbol, ii, 309

Phthisis, Rhazes’s treatment, 106

Phylacteries, protect from evil, 161

Physicians, as priests, 35;
Biblical references, 46;
Pope on, 148;
fees, 151;
Valentine on, 227

Pigmentarii, 94

Pike’s itch ointment, ii, 165

Pil cocciæ, origin, ii, 292

Pil cochiæ, origin, ii, 152, ii, 292

Pil Rufi, origin, ii, 140

Pills, gilding introduced, 109;
origin, ii, 292, ii, 297;
silvering introduced, 109, 423

Pilula saponis composita, origin, ii, 153

Pilulæ Communes, ii, 140
Ethiopicæ, ii, 153
Lunares, 423
Pacificæ, ii, 154
Perpetuæ, 381
Pestilentiales, ii, 140

Piperine, synthetic, ii, 266

Pissaeleum, 328

Pitt’s “Crafts and Frauds of Physic Exposed,” 149

Plague remedy, 224

Planets, as aids to prescribing, 187

Plantain, Shakespearian reference, ii, 74

Plasters, Aetius on, 215

Pleurisy, old remedy, 81

Pliny, death, 90

Plough, inventor, 288

Plummer, Dr. A., note on, ii, 153
Æthiops Medicinalis, 382
pills, 351;
origin, ii, 153
powder, 382

Pocula Emetica, 385

Podalirus, son of Æsculapius, 11

Poisoners, famous, ii, 230

Poison, antidotes, ii, 34, ii, 49, ii, 221, ii, 237, ii, 289
origin of word, ii, 297
register introduced, 123

Poisoning, delayed, ii, 223
detecting. _See_ Toxicology
punishment, ii, 230

Poisons, in Bible, ii, 222;
history of, ii, 220;
used in Rome, ii, 223;
in ancient times, ii, 225;
in Middle Ages, ii, 227

Polychrest, 369, 371; ii, 198, ii, 297

Polyidus, magician, 13

Pomatum, ii, 298

Pomegranates, Biblical reference, 72

Pompholyx, 209, 407, 427

Poppy, in Saxon times, 126;
as remedy, 184;
Shakespearian reference, ii, 75

Poppies, syrup, origin, ii, 116

Populeum, ii, 298

Porta, medical author, 183

Portland powder, 215, 309; ii, 125

Posca, 71

Potassium nitrate. _See_ Nitre sulphate, synonyms, 371

Potato, popularising, 273

Potio Laxativa Viennensis, ii, 121

Potion Noire Anglaise, ii, 122

Poudre des Chartres, secret purchased, 319, 381

Poultice, papyrus formula, 40;
etymology, ii, 298

Powder de Gutteta, ii, 6
of Projection, 379
Saturn, 407

Precious stones, medical use, ii, 32

Precipitatus per se, 416

Prepositus’s Antidotary, 116

Prescribing by chemists, limitation, 155

Prescriptions on papyri, 36, 41;
from “Don Juan,” ii, 59;
origin, ii, 304

Priestley discovers oxygen, 270

Primum Ens Sanguinis, ii, 7

Proine, ii, 258

Prometheus, the first pharmacist, 12

Propomata, ii, 298

Prosdita, ii, 299

Prussian blue, discovery, ii, 27, ii, 28

Prussic acid, discovery, 270

Psilothrum, ii, 298

Ptisans, ii, 299

Ptomaines, discovery, ii, 242

Pulvis Cornacchini, 309
Principis Mirandolæ, 310
Scammoniæ co., origin, 308

Pyroligneous acid, made by Glauber, 263

Pyroxylin, discovery, 340

Pythagoras antidote, 18

Q

Quack doctor’s harangue, ii, 204

Quackery in ninth century, 107

Quakers’ Black Drop, ii, 145

Quassia, introduction, ii, 117;
etymology, ii, 118

Quevenne’s iron, 404

Quicksilver, first mention, 408;
bottles for, 408;
girdles, 420.
_See also_ Mercury

Quinodine, discovery, ii, 247

Quinine, discovery, 274; ii, 246;
synthetic, ii, 264, ii, 265

Quinsy, Hippocrates’s treatment, 86

Quintessences, prepared by Paracelsus, 246; ii, 243

R

Ra’s ointment, 43

Rakach, meaning of, 52

Raleigh’s Great Cordial, 310, 312

Raleigh, Sir Walter, portrait, 311;
medical knowledge, 311;
confection, 312

“Rational” formulæ, ii, 261

Read, Queen Anne’s oculist, ii, 14

“Receptarium Antidotarii,” 218

Recipe sign, origin, ii, 302

Red bottle, ii, 217
cloth as small-pox cure, 169, 186
precipitate, introduction, 105;
used by Paracelsus, 243, 249;
early references, 416;
preparation, 416

Reduced iron, 404

Re’em, identity of, 29

Regenerated tartar, 371

Regulus of Antimony, 379

Renandot’s mercurial pills, 412

Rhazes, chemical writer, 105, 106;
ointment, 407;
pil cochiæ, ii, 152

Rheumatism, early treatment, 136

Rhizotomoi, 95

Rhubarb, first mention, 216

Ricinus, Biblical plant, 67;
origin, ii, 92;
in papyrus, 41.
_See also_ Castor oil

Ridge’s Food, patent, ii, 167

Rocha alum, 331

Roche’s Embrocation, patent, ii, 166

Rochelle salt, 372;
first official, ii, 67; ii, 197

Rochester, Earl, as quack, ii, 203

Rock oil, 360.
_See also_ Petroleum

“Romeo and Juliet,” origin, ii, 77

“Rosa Anglicana,” 134

Rose water, Arabic origin, 103;
early mention, 328

Rosemary, derivation, 296;
properties, 296;
Queen of Hungary uses, 297

Rosencreutz, 181

Rosetta stone, 35

Rosh, meaning, ii, 222

Rosicrucians, 181

Rouelle, French chemist, 277

Rousseau’s laudanum, ii, 144

Royal College of Physicians, incorporation, 143;
dispensaries, 151, 156;
prosecute an apothecary, 154;
origin, ii, 60

Royal touch cures disease, 298;
ceremony described, 304

Rufus pill, invention, ii, 140

Runge’s researches, ii, 263

Runstall’s Black Drop, ii, 145

S

Sabor-Ebn-Sahel’s Pharmacopœia, 103

Saffron, called blood of Throth, 35;
derivation, 72;
Biblical reference, 72

St. John’s Wort, charm, 172

“Sal Admirabile,” 261

Sal Alembroth, 243, 417;
etymology, ii, 279;
ammoniac, discovery, 6;
Glauber makes, 263;
early reference, 334

Sal ammoniacum factitium, 336
de Duobus, 371; ii, 198; ii, 281
Enixon, 261
fixum, 335; ii, 298
Fossile, 369
Gemmæ, 369
Jovis, 425; ii, 311
Polychrestum, 369;
Glaser’s, 371; ii, 198;
Seignette’s, ii, 197; ii, 297
Prunella, how prepared, 368;
why so-called, 369
Purgatorius, 220
sacerdotale, 220
sapientiæ, 417; ii, 279
viperum, 208
volatile oleosum, 336.
_See also_ Salt _and_ Sel

Salamanders’ Blood, ii, 298

Salerno Medical School, 115;
dissolved, 117

Salia, ii, 298

Salicylic acid, synthetic, ii, 269

Salmon, W., note on, ii, 179; ii, 180

Salol, discovery, ii, 274

Salsa, ii, 119

Salt, etymology of, 325
of the Holy Apostles, 220
of many virtues, 369
of Mars, 398
of St. Luke, 220
of tartar, 326, 371, 372
of wisdom, 417; ii, 279
of wormwood, 326.
_See also_ Sal _and_ Sel

Saltpetre, _See_ nitre

Salpêtrière Asylum, why so-called, 359

“Sardonic grin,” origin of expression, ii, 226

Sarsaparilla, introduction, ii, 118;
medical use, ii, 118;
etymology, ii, 119;
decoctions, ii, 154

Savory’s Seidlitz Powders, ii, 156; ii, 167

Saxifrage as remedy, 184

Saxon pharmacy, 124

Scammony powder, 308

Schacht’s liquor bismuthi, 387

Scheele, biography, 266;
statue, 267;
investigations, 268;
pharmacy, 269;
medallion, 276

Schönbein discovers pyroxylin, 340

Schwalbach mineral springs, 403

Schwanberg’s fever powder, ii, 191