Chapter XLII: Appendix: I (3)

Heath, Mr. D. D., on glacial submergence, 387

Heer, Professor, on Dürnten lignite beds, 241
〃 on Miocene flora of Greenland, 308−310
〃 on Miocene flora of Spitzbergen, 309

Hills, ice-markings on summits of, as evidence of continental ice, 458

Helmholtz’s gravitation theory of sun’s heat, 348

Henderson, Mr. John, on inter-glacial bed at Redhall quarry, 247

Herschel, Sir John, on influence of eccentricity, 11
〃 estimate of the Gulf-stream by, 25
〃 on the amount of the sun’s heat, 26
〃 on inadequacy of specific gravity to produce ocean-currents, 116
〃 his objections to specific gravity not accepted, 117
〃 on influence of eccentricity on climate, 529

Home, Mr. Milne, on buried river channels, 478

Hooker, Sir W., on tree dug up by Capt. Belcher, 264

Hooker, Dr., on preponderance of ferns among coal plants, 421

Horne, Mr. J., on conglomerates of Isle of Man, 295

Hoxne, inter-glacial bed of, 241

Hudson’s Bay, low mean temperature of, in June, 62

Hull, Professor, on ice-action during Permian age in Ireland, 299
〃 on equable temperature of Coal period, 421
〃 on estuarine origin of coal measures, 424

Hull, buried channel at, 489

Humboldt, Baron, on loss of heat from radiation, 82
〃 on rate of growth of coal, 429
〃 on influence of eccentricity on climate, 538

Humphreys and Abbot on sediment of Mississippi, 330

Ice, latent heat of, 60

Ice, effects of removal of, from polar regions, 64
〃 heat absorbed by, employed wholly in mechanical work, 60
〃 slope necessary for motion of continental, 375
〃 does not shear in the solid state, 516
〃 how heat is transmitted through, 517
〃 how it can ascend a slope, 525
〃 how it can excavate a rock basin, 525

Icebergs do not striate sea-bottom, 272
〃 markings made by, are soon effaced, 273
〃 exerting little pressure perform little work, 273
〃 behaviour of, when stranded, 274
〃 action of, on sea-bottoms, 274
〃 rocks ground smooth, but not striated by, 276
〃 stones seldom seen on, 281
〃 evidence of, in Miocene formation of Italy, 307
〃 comparative thickness of arctic and antarctic, 381
〃 great thickness of antarctic, 382

Ice-cap, effects of, on the earth’s centre of gravity, 369
〃 probable thickness of antarctic, 375
〃 evidence from icebergs as to thickness of antarctic, 383−385

Ice-markings, modern, observed by Sir Charles Lyell, 280

Ice-sheet, probable thickness of in Greenland, 380
〃 of north of England, 456

Ice-worn pebbles found on summit of Allermuir, 441

Iceland, lignite of Miocene age in, 308
〃 probably glaciated by land-ice from North Greenland, 451

India, evidences of glacial action of Carboniferous age in, 297

Indian Ocean, low temperature at bottom, 123

Internal heat, no influence on climate, 6
〃 supposed influence of, 176

Inter-tropical regions, greater portion of moisture falls as rain, 29

Inter-glacial bed at Slitrig, 243
〃 at Chapelhall, 244
〃 of Craiglockhart hill, 245
〃 at Kilmaurs, 248

Inter-glacial beds, Professor Geikie on, 243
〃 of Dürnten, 240
〃 of Scotland, 243
〃 of England, 249
〃 at Norwich, 250
〃 evidence of, from borings, 254

Inter-glacial character of cave and river deposits, 251

Inter-glacial climate during Old Red Sandstone period in arctic
regions, 295

Inter-glacial periods, 236
〃 reason why overlooked, 237
〃 of Switzerland, 239
〃 evidence of, from shell-beds, 252
〃 evidence from striated pavements of, 255
〃 reasons why so few vestiges remain of, 257
〃 in arctic regions, 258−265
〃 of Silurian age in arctic regions, 293
〃 of Carboniferous age in arctic regions, 297
〃 of Eocene formation in Switzerland, 306
〃 formation of coal during, 420
〃 length of, indicated by thickness of coal-seams, 428

Inglefield, Captain, erect trees found in Greenland by, 309

Ireland, on ice-action during Permian age in, 299

Isbister, Mr., on carboniferous limestone of arctic regions, 297

Islay, Cambrian conglomerate of, 292

Italy, glacial epoch of Miocene period in, 306

Jack, Mr. R. L., on deflection of ice across England, 461

Jamieson, Mr. T. F., on boulder clay of Caithness, 435
〃 opinion that Caithness was glaciated by floating ice, 437
〃 on thickness of ice in the north Highlands, 439
〃 glaciation of headland of Fraserburgh, 450, 455

January temperature of Glasgow and Cumberland, difference between, 72

Jeffreys, Mr. Gwyn, on Swedish glacial shell beds, 253

Johnston, Dr. A. Keith, on coast-line of the globe, 337

Joule’s, Dr., experiments on the thermal effect of tension, 552

Judd, Mr., on boulders of Jurassic age in the Highlands, 302

Jukes, Mr., on warm climate of North Greenland during Oolitic period, 302

July, why hotter than June, 89

Kane, Dr., on mean temperature of Von Rensselaer Harbour, 62

Karoo beds, glacial character of, 301
〃 evidence of subtropical during deposition of, 301

Kelvin, ancient bed of, 481

Kielsen, Mr., excursion upon Greenland ice-sheet, by, 378

Kilmours, inter-glacial bed at, 248

Kirwan, Richard, on influence of eccentricity on climate, 529

Kyles of Bute, southern shell bed in, 253

Labrador, mean temperature of, for January, 72
〃 Mr. Packard on glacial phenomena of, 282

Lagrange, M., on eccentricity of the earth’s orbit, 54
〃 table of superior limits of eccentricity, 531

Land at equator would retain the heat at equator, 30
〃 radiates heat faster than water, 91
〃 elevation of, will not explain glacial epoch, 391
〃 submergence and emergence during glacial epoch, 368−397
〃 successive upheavals and depressions of, 391

Land-ice necessarily exerts enormous pressure, 274
〃 evidence of former, from erratic blocks on stratified
deposits, 269

Land-surfaces, remains of glaciation found chiefly on, 267
〃 (ancient) scarcity of, 268

Laplace, M., on obliquity of ecliptic, 398

Laughton, Mr., on cause of Gibraltar current, 215

Leith Walk, inter-glacial bed at, 246

Leverrier, M., on superior limit of eccentricity, 54
〃 on obliquity of ecliptic, 398
〃 table, by, of superior limits of eccentricity, 531
〃 formulæ, of, 312

Lignite beds of Dürnten, 240

Loess, origin of, 452

London, temperature of, raised 40° degrees by Gulf-stream, 43

Lomonds, ice-worn pebbles found on, 439

Lubbock, Sir J., on cave and river deposits, 252

Lucy, Mr. W. C., on glaciation of West Somerset, 463
〃 on northern derivation of drift on Cotteswold hills, 460

Lyell’s, Sir C., theory of the effect of distribution of land and
water, 8
〃 on action of river-ice, 280
〃 on tropical character of the fauna of the Cretaceous
formation, 305
〃 on warm conditions during Miocene period in Greenland, 307
〃 on influence of eccentricity, 324
〃 on sediment of Mississippi, 331
〃 on comparison of existing rocks with those removed, 362
〃 on submerged areas during Tertiary period, 392
〃 on change of obliquity of ecliptic, 418
〃 on climate best adapted for coal plants, 420
〃 on influence of eccentricity on climate, 529, 535

Mackintosh, Mr., observations on the glaciation of Wastdale Crag, 457

Magellan, Straits of, temperature at midsummer, 61

Mahony, Mr. J. A., on Crofthead inter-glacial bed, 248

Mälar Lake crossed by ice, 447

Man, Isle of, Mr. Cumming on glacial origin of Old Red Sandstone
of, 294

Mars, uncertainty as to its climatic condition, 80
〃 objection from present condition of, 79

Marine denudation trifling, 337

Markham, Clements, on density of Gulf-stream water, 129
〃 on motion of icebergs in Davis’ Straits, 133

Martins’s, Professor Charles, objections, 79

Mathews, Mr., on Canon Moseley’s experiment, 499

Maury, Lieutenant, his estimate of the Gulf-stream, 25
〃 his theory examined, 95
〃 on temperature as a cause of difference of specific gravity, 102
〃 on difference of saltness as a cause of ocean-currents, 103
〃 discussion of his views of the causes of ocean-currents, 104
〃 his objection to wind theory of ocean-currents, 211

McClure, Captain, discovery of ancient forest in Banks’s Land, 261

Mecham, Lieutenant, discovery of recent trees in Prince Patrick’s
Island, 261

Mechanics of gravitation theory, 145

Mediterranean shells in glacial shell bed of Udevalla, 253
〃 shells in glacial beds at Greenock, 254

Meech, Mr., on amount of sun’s rays cut off by the atmosphere, 26
〃 on influence of eccentricity on climate, 540

Melville Island, summer temperature of, 65
〃 discovery of recent trees in, 262
〃 plants found in coal of, 298

Mer de Glace, Professor Tyndall’s observations on, 498

Meteoric theory of sun’s heat, 347

Method of measuring rate of denudation, 329

Miller, Hugh, on absence of hills in the land of the Coal period, 431

Migration of plants and animals, how influenced by ocean-currents, 231
〃 across equator, 234

Millichen, remarkable section of drift at, 483

Miocene glacial period, 286

Miocene period, glacial epoch of, in Italy, 306

Miocene, warm period of, in Greenland, 307

Miocene and Eocene periods, date of, 357

Mississippi, amount of sediment in, 330
〃 volume of, 330

Mitchell, Mr., on cause of Gulf-stream, 131

Molecular theory of origin of 〃Crevasses,” 521
〃 modification of, 523

Moore, Mr. J. Carrick, on ice-action of Silurian age in
Wigtownshire, 293

Moore, Mr. Charles, on grooved rocks in Bath district, 464

Morlot, M., on inter-glacial periods of Switzerland, 240

Moseley, Canon, experiment to determine unit of shear, 498
〃 on motion of glaciers, 498
〃 unit of shear uncertain, 504
〃 his theory examined, 507

Motion of the sea, how communicated to a great depth, 136

Motion in space, origin of sun’s heat, 353

Mühry, M., on circumpolar basin, 133, 556

Mundsley, freshwater beds of, 250

Muncke on the expansion of sea-water, 118

Murchison, Sir R., on southern shells at Worcester, 253
〃 on trees in arctic regions, 262
〃 on striation of islands in the Baltic, 448

Murphy’s, Mr., theory, 66

Musselburgh, section of contorted drift near, 465

Nares, Captain, on low temperature of antarctic regions, 64
〃 discovery of great depth of warm water in North Atlantic, 198
〃 estimate of volume and temperature of Gulf-stream, 198
〃 temperature soundings by, 119, 222
〃 thermal condition of Southern Ocean, 225

Natal, boulder clay of, 300

Newberry, Professor, on inter-glacial peat-bed of Ohio, 249
〃 on boulder of quartzite found in seam of coal, 296

Nicholson, Dr., on Wastdale Crag, 457

Nicol, Professor, on inter-glacial buried channel, 244

Nordenskjöld, Professor, on inland ice of Greenland, 379

North Sea rendered shallow by drift deposits, 443

Northern seas probably filled with land-ice during glacial period, 438

Northern hemisphere, condition of, when deprived of heat from
ocean-current, 68

Norway, southern species in glacial shell beds, 253

Norwich Crag, its glacial character, 249

Norwich fluvio-marine beds, 250

Norwich inter-glacial beds, 250

Obliquity of ecliptic, its effects on climate, 398−419
〃 change of, influence on sea-level, 403
〃 Lieutenant-Colonel Drayson on, 410
〃 Mr. Belt on change of, 415
〃 Sir Charles Lyell on change of, 418

Ocean, imperfect conception of its area, 135
〃 condition of, inconsistent with the gravitation theory, 136
〃 low temperature at bottom a result of under currents, 142
〃 circulation, pressure as a cause of, 187
〃 antiquity of, 367

Ocean-currents, absolute heating power of, 23
〃 influence of, on normal temperatures overlooked, 40
〃 maximum effects of, reached at equator and poles, 49
〃 compensatory at only one point, 49
〃 heating effects of, greatest at the poles, 50
〃 cooling effects of, greatest at equator, 50
〃 earth not habitable without, 51
〃 result of deflection into Southern Ocean, 68
〃 palæontological objections against influence of, 53
〃 deflection of, the chief cause of changes of climate, 68
〃 how deflected by eccentricity, 69
〃 deflected by trade-winds, 70
〃 temperature of southern hemisphere lowered by transference of
heat to northern hemisphere by, 92
〃 take their rise in the Southern Ocean, 92
〃 cause of, never specially examined by physicists, 95
〃 if due to specific gravity, strongest on cold hemisphere, 97
〃 if due to eccentricity, strongest on warm hemisphere, 97
〃 if due to specific gravity, act only by descent, 99
〃 mode by which specific gravity causes, 100, 101
〃 the true method of estimating the amount of heat conveyed by, 207
〃 due to system of winds, 212
〃 system of, agrees with the system of the winds, 213
〃 how they mutually intersect, 219
〃 in relation to climate, 226
〃 direction of, depends on direction of winds, 227
〃 causes which deflect, affect climate, 228
〃 in relation to distribution of plants and animals, 231
〃 effects of, on Greenland during glacial period, 260

Œpinus on influence of eccentricity on climate, 529

Ohio inter-glacial beds, 249

Old Red Sandstone, evidence of ice-action in conglomerate of, 294, 295

Oolite of Sutherlandshire, 454

Oolitic period, evidence of ice-action during, 301−303
〃 warm climate in North Greenland during, 302

Organic remains, absence of, in glacial conglomerate of Upper Miocene
period, 286

Organic life, paucity of, a characteristic of glacial periods, 287

Orkney Islands, glaciated by land-ice, 444

Osborne, Captain, remarks on recent forest trees in arctic
regions, 262, 263

Oudemans, Dr., on planet Mars, 80

Overton Quarry, inter-glacial bed in, 247

Pacific Ocean, depth of, 147

Packard, Mr., on glacial phenomena of Labrador, 282

Page, Professor, on temperate climate of Coal period, 422
〃 on character of coal plants, 421
〃 on old watercourse at Hailes quarry, 490

Palæontological objections against influence of ocean-currents, 53

Palæontological evidence of last glacial period, 285

Parry, Captain, discovery of recent trees in Melville Island by, 262

Peach, Mr. C. W., on inter-glacial bed at Leith Walk, 246
〃 on boulder clay of Caithness, 436
〃 on striated rock surfaces in Cornwall, 464

Peach, Mr. B. N., on striation of Caithness, 453

Pengelly, Mr. W., on raised beaches, 407

Perigee, nearness of sun in, cause of snow and ice, 74

Perihelion, warm conditions at maximum when winter solstice is at, 77

Permian period, evidence of ice-action in, 298−303

Perthshire hills, ice-worn surfaces at elevations of 2,200 feet on
the, 440

Petermann, Dr. A., on Dr. Carpenter’s theory, 138
〃 on thermal condition of the sea, 138
〃 chart of Gulf-stream and Polar current, 219
〃 _Geogr. Mittheilungen_ of, list of papers in relation to arctic
regions, 556

Phillips, Professor, on influence of eccentricity on climate, 539

Poisson’s theory of hot and cold parts of space, 7

Polar regions, effect of removal of ice from, 64
〃 influence of ice on climate, 64
〃 low summer temperature of, 66

Polar cold considered by Dr. Carpenter the _primum mobile_ of
ocean-currents, 173
〃 confusion of ideas regarding its influence, 180
〃 influence of, according to Dr. Carpenter, 180

Polar ice-cap, displacement of the earth’s centre of gravity by, 368

Port Bowen, mean temperature of, 63

Portobello, striated pavements near, 255, 256

Post-tertiary formations, hypothetical thickness of, 366

Pouillet, M., on the amount of the sun’s heat, 26
〃 on amount of sun’s rays cut off by the atmosphere, 26

Pratt, Archdeacon, on glacial submergence, 387

Prestwich, Professor, on Hoxne inter-glacial bed, 241

Pressure as a cause of circulation, 187

Principles of geology, nature of, 4

Prince Patrick’s Island, discovery of recent tree in, 261

Radiation, rate of, increases with increase of temperature, 37
〃 of gases, 38
〃 the way by which the earth loses heat, 39
〃 how affected by snow covering the ground, 58
〃 how affected by humid air, 59
〃 accelerated by increased formation of snow and ice, 75

Raised beaches, date of, 407
〃 Mr. Pengelly on, 407

Ramsay, Professor, on glacial origin of Old Red Sandstone of North
of England, 294
〃 on Old Red Sandstone, 367
〃 on geological time, 343
〃 on ice-action during Permian period, 298
〃 on boulders of Permian age in Natal, 301
〃 on thickness of stratified rocks of Britain, 267, 361

Redhall Quarry, inter-glacial bed in, 247

Red Sea, why almost rainless, 30

Regelation, _rationale_ of, 520, 554
〃 Professor James Thomson on cause of, 554
〃 Professor Faraday on cause of, 554

Regnault, M., on specific heat of sandstone, 86

Reynaud, Jean, on influence of eccentricity on climate, 541

Rhine, ancient, bed in German Ocean, 480

Ridge between Capes Trafalgar and Spartel, influence of, 167

Rink, Dr., on inland ice of Greenland, 380

River-ice, effect of, 279

River-ice does not produce striations, 279

River systems, carrying-power measure of denudation, 336

River valleys, how striated across, 525

Robertson, Mr. David, on Crofthead and Hillhead inter-glacial
beds, 247, 248
〃 on foraminifera in red clay, 485

Rock-basins, how excavated by ice, 525

Rocks removed by denudation, 361

Ross, Capt. Sir James, on South Shetland, 61
〃 on temperature of antarctic regions in summer, 63

Sandwich Land, description by Capt. Cook, 60
〃 cold summers of, not due to latitude, 64

Salter, Mr., on carboniferous fossils of arctic regions, 298
〃 on warm climate of North Greenland during Oolitic period, 302

Saltness of the ocean, difference of, as a cause of motion, 103
〃 in direct opposition to temperature in producing
ocean-currents, 104

Scandinavian ice, track of, 447

Scandinavian ice-sheet in the North Sea, 444

Scoresby, Dr., on condition of arctic regions in summer, 58, 62
〃 on density of Gulf-stream water, 129

Scotland, inter-glacial beds of, 243−249
〃 evidence of ice-action in carboniferous conglomerate of, 296
〃 buried under ice, 439
〃 ice-sheet of, in North Sea, 442
〃 why ice-sheet was so thick, 452

Sea, height of, at equator above poles, 119
〃 rise of, due to combined effect of eccentricity and obliquity, 403
〃 bottoms not striated by icebergs, 272

Sea and land, present arrangement indispensable to life, 52

Sea-level, oscillations of, in relation to distribution, 394
〃 oscillations of, during formation of coal measures, 424
〃 raised, by melting of antarctic ice-cap, 388
〃 influence of obliquity of ecliptic on, 403

Section of Mid-Atlantic, 222

Section across antarctic ice-cap, 377

Sedimentary rocks existing fragmentary, 361
〃 of the globe, mean thickness of, hitherto unknown, 361
〃 how mean thickness might be determined, 362
〃 mean thickness of, over-estimated, 364

Shearing-force of ice, 496
〃 momentary loss of, 518

Shetland islands glaciated by land-ice from Scandinavia, 450

Shetland, South, glacial condition of, 61

Shell-beds, evidence of warm inter-glacial periods from, 252

Shells of the boulder clay of Caithness, 450

Shore-ice, striations produced by, in Bay of Fundy, 280

Silurian period, ice-action in Ayrshire during, 293
〃 evidence in Wigtownshire of ice-action during, 293

Slitrig, inter-glacial bed of, 243

Slope of surface of maximum density has no power to produce
motion, 120
〃 from equator to pole, erroneous view regarding, 120

Smith, Mr. Leigh, temperature soundings, 129

Smith, Mr., of Jordanhill, on striated pavements, 256

Snow, how radiation is affected by, 58
〃 common in summer in arctic regions, 62
〃 rate of accumulation of, increased by sun’s rays being cut off by
fogs, 75
〃 formation increased by radiation, 75

Somerset, West, glaciation of, 463

Somerville, Mrs., on influence of eccentricity on climate, 540

South Africa, glaciation of, 242
〃 boulder clay of Permian age in, 300

South of England ice-sheet, 463

South Shetland, glacial condition of, at mid summer, 61

South-west winds, heat conveyed by, not derived from equatorial
regions, 28
〃 heat conveyed by, derived from Gulf-stream, 28

Southern hemisphere, present extension of ice on, due partly to
eccentricity, 78
〃 why colder than northern, 81−92
〃 absorbs more heat than the northern, 90
〃 lower temperature of, due to ocean-currents, 92
〃 surface currents from, warmer than under currents to, 92
〃 glacial and inter-glacial periods of, 242

Southern Ocean, thermal condition of, 225

Specific gravity can act only by causing water to descend a slope, 99
〃 mode of action in causing ocean-currents, 100
〃 inadequacy of, to produce ocean-currents demonstrated by Sir John
Herschel, 116

Spitzbergen, Gulf-stream and under current at, 134
〃 Miocene flora of, 309

Stellar space, temperature of, 35
〃 received temperature of, probably too high, 39

Stewart, Professor Balfour, experiment on radiation, 37
〃 on cause of glacial cold, 79

Stirling, Mr., on old watercourse near Grangemouth, 481

St. John’s River, action of ice on banks of, 279

St. Lawrence, action of ice on bank of river, 279

Stockwell, Mr., on eccentricity of earth’s orbit, 54
〃 on obliquity of ecliptic, 399
〃 table of superior limits of eccentricity, 531

Stone, Mr., on eccentricity of the earth’s orbit, 322

Stow, G. W., on glacial beds of South Africa, 242
〃 on Karoo beds, 301

Striæ, direction of, show the clay of Caithness came from the sea, 436

Striations obliterated rather than produced by icebergs, 274

Striated pavements why so seldom observed, 256
〃 evidence of inter-glacial periods from, 255

Striated stones found in conglomerate of Lower Carboniferous age by
Professor Geikie, 296
〃 in Permian breccias, 299
〃 in the glacial conglomerate of the Superga, Turin, 306

Stratified rocks may be formed at all possible rates, 360
〃 rate of formation of, as estimated by Professor Huxley, 363

Struve, M., formula of obliquity of ecliptic, 404

Subaërial denudation, rate of, 331

Submarine forests, 409
〃 (ancient), coal seams the remains of, 428

Submergence, physical causes of, 368
〃 coincident with glaciation, 389
〃 of land resulting from melting of antarctic ice-cap, 389
〃 how affected by fluidity of interior of the earth, 395
〃 necessary for preservation of coal plants, 423
〃 frequent during formation of coal beds, 426

Subsidence insufficient to account for general submergence, 390
〃 necessary to accumulation of coal seams, 427

Sun supposed by some to be a variable star, 8
〃 maximum and minimum distance of, 55
〃 rays of, cut off by fogs in ice-covered regions, 60
〃 nearness in perigee a cause of snow and ice, 74
〃 total amount of heat radiated from, 346
〃 age and origin of, 346
〃 source of its energy, 347
〃 heat of, origin and chief source of, 349
〃 originally an incandescent mass, 350
〃 energy of, may have originally been derived from motion in
space, 355

Surface currents which cross the equator warmer than the compensatory
under currents, 92

Surface currents from poles to equator, according to Maury, produced
by saltness, 108

Sutherland, Dr., observations by, on stranding of icebergs, 275
〃 testimony, that icebergs do not striate rocks, 278
〃 on the boulder clay of Natal, 300

Sutherland, boulder conglomerate of Oolitic period of, 302

Sweden, Southern, shells in glacial shell beds of, 253

Switzerland, inter-glacial period of, 239
〃 M. Morlat on inter-glacial periods of, 240
〃 gravels of, by Mr. James Geikie, 268
〃 Eocene glacial epoch in, 305

Table of June temperatures in different latitudes, 65
〃 soundings in temperate regions, 222

Tables of eccentricity, 314−321
〃 of eccentricity, explanation of, 322

Tay, valley of, striated across, 526
〃 ancient buried channel of, 490

Temperate regions, cold periods best marked in, 258

Temperature of space, 532
〃 reasons why it should be reconsidered, 39

Temperature (mean) of equator and poles compared, 41
〃 why so low in polar regions during summer, 66
〃 how difference of specific gravity is caused by, 102
〃 higher, of the waters of Gulf-stream considered by Lieutenant
Maury as the real causes of its motion, 111
〃 of sea at equator decreases most rapidly at the surface, 119
〃 of Greenland in Miocene period, 310
〃 of poles when obliquity was at its superior limit, 402

Tension, effect of, on ice, 522
〃 the cause of the cooling effect produced by, 552

Tertiary period, climate of, error in regard to, 288

Thermal condition of Southern Ocean, 225

Thibet, table-land of, 418

Thomson, Professor James, on cause of regelation, 554
〃 theory of glacier-motion, 512

Thomson, Mr. James, on glacial conglomerate in Arran, 299
〃 on ice-action in Cambrian conglomerate of Islay, 292

Thomson, Professor Wyville, on Dr. Carpenter’s theory, 129
〃 cited, 130
〃 thermal condition of the sea, 138

Thomson, Sir W., amount of internal heat passing through earth’s
crust, 142
〃 on limit to age of the globe, 343
〃 on influence of ice-cap on sea-level, 372
〃 climate not affected by internal heat, 6
〃 earth’s axis of rotation permanent, 7
〃 on volume and mass of the sun, 347

Tidal wave, effect of friction, 336

Tides, supposed argument from, 184

Time, geological, 311−359
〃 as represented by geological phenomena, 326
〃 represented by existing rocks, 361

Torrid zone, annual quantity of heat received by, per unit of
surface, 194

Towncroft farm, section of channel at, 474

Towson, Mr., on icebergs of Southern Ocean, 383

Trade-winds (anti), heat conveyed by, over-estimated, 28
〃 (anti) derive their heat from the Gulf-stream, 32
〃 of warm hemisphere overborne by those of cold hemisphere, 70
〃 causes which determine the strength of, 70
〃 strongest on glaciated hemisphere, 70
〃 reaction upon trade-winds by formation of snow and ice, 76
〃 influence of, in turning ocean-currents on warm hemisphere, 97
〃 do not explain the antarctic current, 211

Tiddeman on North of England ice-sheet, 458
〃 displacement of, 230

Transport of boulders and rubbish the proper function of icebergs, 281

Trafalgar, effect of ridge between Capes Spartel and on Gibraltar
current, 167

Turner, Professor, on arctic seal found at Grangemouth, 485

Tylor, Alfred, on denudation of Mississippi basin, 333

Tyndall, Professor, on heat in aqueous vapour, 29
〃 on sifted rays, 47
〃 on diathermancy of air, 59
〃 on glacial epoch, 78

Udevalla, Mediterranean shell in glacial shells, bed of, 253

Under currents to southern hemisphere colder than surface currents
from, 92
〃 produced by saltness, flow from equator to poles, 106
〃 account for cold water at equator, 124, 142
〃 in Davis’ Strait, 134
〃 take path of least resistance, 130
〃 why considered improbable, 135
〃 difficulty regarding, obviated, 217
〃 theory of, 217

Underground temperature, Professor J. D. Forbes on, 86

Underground temperature exerts no influence on the climate, 88
〃 absolute amount of heat derived from, 142
〃 supposed influence of, 176

Uniformity, modern doctrine of, 325

United States’ coast survey of Gulf-stream, 24
〃 hydrographic department, papers published by, 556

Unstratified boulder clay must be the product of land-ice, 437

Upsala and Stockholm striated by Baltic glacier, 447

Vertical circulation, Lieutenant Maury’s theory of, 108
〃 according to Dr. Carpenter, 153

Vertical descent of polar column caused by extra pressure of water
upon it, 154
〃 effects of, and slope, the same, whether performed simultaneously
or alternately, 159
〃 of polar column illustrated by diagram, 160

Vertical distribution of heat in the ocean, Mr. Buchanan’s theory, 550

Vogt, Professor, on Dürnten lignite bed, 241

Warm hemisphere made warmer by increased reaction of physical
causes, 76

Warm periods best marked in arctic regions, 258
〃 in arctic regions, evidence of, 261
〃 better represented by fossils than cold periods, 288
〃 evidence of, during Cretaceous age, 304

Warm inter-glacial periods in arctic regions, 258−265

Water at equator the best means of distributing heat derived from the
sun, 30

Water, a worse radiator than land, 91

Wastdale granite boulders, difficulty of accounting for transport
of, 456

Wastdale Crag glaciated by continental ice, 457

Weibye, M., striation observed by, 280

Wilkes, Lieutenant, on cold experienced in antarctic regions in
summer, 63

Wellington Sound, ancient trees found at, 265

Winter-drift of ice on coast of Labrador, 276

West winds, moisture of, derived from Gulf-stream, 29

Wind, work in impelling currents, 219

Winds, ocean-currents produced by, 212
〃 system of, agrees with the system of ocean-currents, 213

Wind theory of oceanic circulation, 210
〃 crucial test of, 220

Wigtownshire, ice-action during Silurian age, 293

Work performed by descent of polar column, 157

Wood, Mr. Nicholas, on buried channel, 488

Wood, Jun., Mr. Searles, middle drift, 250
〃 on occurrence of chalk _débris_ in south-west of England, 460

Woodward, Mr. H. B., on boulder clay in Devonshire, 463

Wunsch, Mr. E. A., on glacial conglomerate in Arran, 299

Yare, ancient buried channel of, 489

Young, Mr. J., objection considered, 482

Yorkshire drift common in south of England, 460

Zenger, Professor, on the moon’s influence on climate, 324

THE END.

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THE GREAT ICE AGE,
AND ITS RELATION TO THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN.

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