Chapter III: Part 3

Relative to the willing sacrifices, unfaltering patriotism and loyalty of the millions of Colored people who remained at home in the United States during the World War, several books could be written but limited space herein will not permit but a few paragraphs covering their many activities.

After the white American men had enlisted or were drafted into the Army and Navy, there were left vacant thousands and thousands of responsible positions. The European foreigners who had previously immigrated here and were immediately given (even before they could understand the laws of the land or speak its language) full American opportunities and privileges, except the ballot, were now found unreliable. Great hordes of them showed their gratefulness to America for earlier throwing wide open her doors to them by refusing to come up to her test of one hundred percent Americanism. Even after all of the available mothers, wives, daughters and sisters of the departed white American soldiers were used in such places, there still remained many thousands of positions unfilled. All that time millions of Colored men and women who were loyally and willingly asking and waiting to fill such places were at first purposely ignored. Because of the lack of sufficient man power, the cog-wheels of industry all over the country began to stop. It seemed as though the American white sentiment of prejudiced feeling against the Colored people had become so bitter that the country was willing to commit industrial suicide while stopping to wallow in its mires of racial hatred.

But a certain good white sentiment (that usually turns up sooner or later, and in some cases more later (than sooner) after great sufferings have been caused) gently but firmly reminded America that there were millions of Colored people who were able and willing to fill those places. They were the people who had made and spent their money here to enrich and build up America as well as at all times and under all conditions had proved themselves most loyal and trustworthy citizens. That reminder although known to be wholly true was still laughed and sneered at by many until they were suddenly and painfully brought to realize that they must either employ Colored people in those positions or let the country go in starvation and ruin for want of sufficient and proper productions. Colored men and women were then at first reluctantly given employment in all parts of the country in almost all kinds of work. Thus for the first time since their forefathers and mothers had arrived in America nearly three hundred years before, Colored people were nationally allowed to use and enjoy many of the opportunities and privileges that had been stingingly withheld from them merely because they were Negroes and freely given to (many times forced upon) alien enemies just because they were Caucasians.

Leaving home in the morning long before dawn and returning late after twilight, Colored men faithfully dug coal in the mines of Alabama, Iowa, West Virginia and elsewhere in order that various kinds of industrial plants might continue to run in full blast and that transportation carriers might quicken their speeds to stations and sea ports. “A. J. Webster, a coal miner of Buxton, Iowa, is reported to have broken the record by earning $214.06 in 14 working days, during the last half of July, 1918. The wage was based on the amount of coal mined.”

In the shipyards along both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, where the long swift-keeled ocean grey hounds and the heavy big-bodied sea-pacing mastiffs were rapidly born into life, thousands of Colored men were busily helping to assemble the durable steel ribs into place and rivet the armorplate hides of those ferocious watch dogs that prowled back and forth sleeplessly guarding the front doors of their master and mistress--“Uncle Samuel” and “Aunt Liberty”. And among those Colored ship builders, it was Charles Knight and his crew of seven men, who on July 16, 1918, at the Bethlehem Steel Company’s Sparrow Point, Md., plant, drove 4,875 rivets in a 9 hour day. The highest previous record of 4,442 rivets for the same time had been made in Scotland. Knight and his men, therefore, were the first Americans (Colored or white) to break and bring that record to the United States. His regular services for the day earned him $102; he received a bonus of $50.00 for bringing the record to America, and twenty-five pounds sterling ($125.00) offered through the London Daily Mail by Mr. McLeod, the head of a London Shipbuilding Company, to the one who broke the record. Thus Knight received for his one day’s labor $277.00, besides having the honor of being the first American to break the European riveting record.

Many people have heard the time-worn expression “make bricks fly”, but it has been left for Alonzo Harshaw, a Colored artisan, to break a record by making bricks fly in laying them at the rate of sixty thousand paving bricks per day. It is said that Harshaw, who works for the Southern Paving & Con. Co., lays bricks with such rapidity and exactness that he has been photographed while at work by several moving picture firms.

In the rolling mills, steel and iron foundries, Colored men were there in thousands sweating away their strength and burning up their vitality before blistering metals in order that the best possible steel and iron might be made strong and durable enough to withstand the bursting shells and the snake gliding torpedoes from the submarines of the scientific Germans.

Pushing pens and pencils on top of desks, tapping keys of clicking typewriters, bending over buzzing sewing machines, plying needles over tailors’ benches, before the humming looms, by the dangerous railroad crossings, in the car-filled train yards, between the handles of loaded wheelbarrows, through the crops of farmerette fields, among the death-dealing explosives in munition and arsenal plants and in many other places, thousands of brave and willing Colored women were to be found either in yeowomen’s suits or overalls and blouses steadfastly working with cheery dispositions and hopeful smiles.

In December, 1918, two distinguished Colored Americans were sent to Europe on special missions as follows; Dr. Robert R. Moton, who was sent by the President of the United States and the Secretary of War to investigate the conditions of and talk to the Colored soldiers, and Dr. W. E. B. DuBois who went to Europe as the representative of the N. A. A. C. P. and The Crisis to collect historical data pertaining to the American Colored fighters in the World War and to call and form a Pan-African Congress.

At Home Buying Liberty Bonds

“The Biennial meeting of the National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs was held in Denver, Colorado in July, 1918. Among the important subjects considered at this meeting were: Temperance, Suffrage, Lynchings, Religious Work, Negro Women’s Problems, Food Conservation and what the Negro Women Were Contributing to War Work Service. It was pointed out that the Association had representation on the Women’s Committee of the Council of National Defense, that in the Third Liberty Loan, 7,000 Negro Women were at work and raised $5,000,000. It was also stated that, judging from the number of buttons sold through the colored women’s clubs, that about $300,000 had been contributed in Red Cross Drives.”

“David H. Rains, a wealthy Negro farmer, living near Shreveport, Louisiana, walked into the Liberty Loan Headquarters in that city and purchased $100,000 worth of the Fourth Liberty Loan Bonds and said that: ‘If they fell short of the quota he would make up the deficiency.’ (Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pages 48-49). According to an article on page 273 in the April 1921 issue of The Crisis, ‘Mr. Rains, who is reputed to be worth $1,500,000, owns 2,000 acres of land on which there are 40 producing oil wells; he pays a clerk $100 a day to check up his royalties.’”

“A report from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was that the Negro school children subscribed for $27,000 worth of Third Liberty Loan Bonds. Through a Negro bank in that city, over $400,000 worth of Bonds were bought, and it was stated that the total amount of Third Liberty Loan Bonds purchased by the Negroes of Philadelphia was more than $1,000,000.”

“At the close of the Third Liberty Loan Drive, the United States Treasury Department awarded first place among all the banks of the country to a Negro bank, the Mutual Savings, Portsmouth, Virginia. This bank was given a quota of $5,700 to raise. A total of over $100,000, almost twenty times the stipulated quota was raised. This bank was assigned $12,500 as its quota of the Fourth Liberty Loan. Its total subscription for this loan was reported to have been $115,000.”

“The Negroes of Jacksonville, Florida, were awarded the first honor flag given to Negroes for exceeding their quota in the Third Liberty Loan Drive. They were asked to raise $50,000; they raised $250,000. In the Fourth Liberty Loan Drive, they were assigned a quota of $500,000 and raised over $100,000 more than this amount. The following are additional examples of subscriptions of Negroes to the Fourth Liberty Loan: Mobile, Alabama, $250,000; Norfolk, Virginia, $250,000; Kansas City, Missouri, $500,000; Savannah, Georgia, $500,000; Memphis, Tennessee, $700,000; Chicago, Illinois, $1,000,000; Birmingham, Alabama, $1,155,000; Maryland, $2,000,000.”

“When Secretary McAdoo visited Little Rock, Arkansas, in the interest of the First Liberty Loan, he was presented with a certified check for $60,000 as the Mosaic Templars’ bit toward financing the war. This society’s subscriptions were added to for subsequent loans until a total of $135,000 was invested in Liberty Bonds.”

Not only rich Colored people gave freely of their wealth, but poor Colored people sacrificed to extents that are not imaginable in giving their last few dollars to help end that world strife, as soon as possible.

“Mary Smith, a colored cook in Memphis, Tennessee, was asked by her mistress if she would not undertake to buy a $100 Bond. Mary said: “No. I don’t want no little $100 Bond. I want a $1000 and I am going to pay cash for it.” She gave her lifetime’s savings to help the United States carry on the war.”

“The Chicago Illinois Post, in an editorial headed: “The Widow’s Mite,” among other things said: “We should like to tell the story of an old Negro woman, who, with seamed face and knotted hands, lives on the South Side and works for $7 a week. ‘Out of these meager wages,’ says the Favorite Magazine, ‘this daughter of a race that has traveled the road of trials and tribulations, has purchased three Liberty Bonds and $25 worth of War Savings Stamps. She contributes $5 a month to her church--before the war it was $10--belongs to the N. A. A. C. P. and a Court of Calanthe, subscribed to three Negro periodicals and contributes a dollar a month to the Home for the Aged. She does not knit, but she sits sometimes in the sunset, dreaming of the two stalwart sons that she has given the nation to fight its battles across the sea’.””

“Warner Brown, of Brenham, Texas, an ex-slave, seventy-five years old, had accumulated $50 by chopping wood and doing other jobs. He invested this in a Liberty Bond.” “Gilbert Denman, an eighty-seven year old Negro of Greenville, Alabama after listening to an appeal of speakers from a war relic train, tendered his entire worldly wealth, fifteen cents, to the cause of the United States Government.”

Since a large percentage of the loyalty and patriotism of American citizens was weighed on the Roosevelt standard testing machine of 100 per cent Americanism with weights of paper, silver and gold money; then surely the two hundred twenty-five million dollars and more in cash that was dumped into the American scales of Liberty Loan Campaigns, Thrift Stamps, Red Cross Drives and other War Work activities, by the Colored people in the United States, pushed high above the level the opposite scales that contained Negro one hundred per cent Americanism.

Thus did the Colored people at home give their over-flowing measure and extra weight of money toward the putting down of a threatened world autocracy and the establishment of a hopeful universal democracy. And justly may those Colored people, who stayed at home in America during the World War and so unselfishly gave of their strength and money, truthfully and consolingly repeat that beautiful, fifty-fifty and “square deal” law of King David’s found in First Samuel, thirtieth chapter, twenty-fourth verse: “But as his part is that goeth down to the battle, so shall his part be that tarrieth by the stuff; they shall part alike.”

(All quotations, facts and figures contained in this chapter titled
“In The World War At Home”, unless otherwise stated herein, are
extracts taken from Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition,
pages 14-45-46-47-48-49-50.)

IN THE CHURCHES

FRESH AIR RELIGION

The preachers of to-day now seek
Fresh air within God’s House to keep;
And not hot rooms with germ-filled airs
In sermons and their church affairs.
--_Harrison._

Even during the Revolutionary War, George Leile, a Baptist slave who had been freed by his owner, preached to slaves in Savannah, Ga. From that time on up the Negro pulpit has been wielding among the masses of Colored people in America an influence for good that is the first of all influences that has the greatest hold upon the Race.

Some of the other early preachers who helped to lay the rock foundation of this ruling influence were Lemuel Haynes of Connecticut, a wonderful orator and honored veteran of the Revolutionary War; Richard Allen and Absolem Jones of Pennsylvania, Allen having founded the famous old Bethel Church in Philadelphia and was ordained in 1816 the first bishop of the A. M. E. Church; Amanda Smith of Maryland, who won thousands of Colored and white converts over to God as a result of her powerful sermons and temperance lectures in England, Scotland, Africa and India as well as in America; John Chavis of North Carolina, who on account of his superior education won fame and recognition as a school teacher of rich white Southern boys and girls and also as a powerful pulpit preacher to enslaved men and women of his own race; and John Gloucester of Tennessee and Pennsylvania, who was the first Colored minister of a Presbyterian church in the United States. Thus were the ways those early God-Fearing men and women of days before and right after the Civil War blazed the plain guiding marks in the forests of ministry, in order that the clear-sighted and sure-footed gospel leaders who have since followed them might have no trouble in choosing the right paths through which to lead their trusting and loyal congregations.

The following is an article quoted from the August 6, 1921, issue
of the _Chicago Defender_:

“_C. T. Walker, Noted Pastor, Dies in South._”--“Augusta, Ga., Aug. 5--The Rev. Charles T. Walker, often referred to as the greatest preacher of his time, died Friday July 29, at his home here.

“Dr. Walker was vice-president of the National Baptist convention of the United States and pastor of the Tabernacle Baptist church here for the past forty years, excepting five years when he was pastor of the Mount Olivet Baptist church, New York City.

“He founded the Y.M.C.A. in New York City for our people, traveled extensively in Europe and the Holy Land, and was the author of a number of books of travel as well as sermons.

“As an evangelist, he was widely known, and no other minister ever drew larger crowds when he spoke. His church in this city was often visited by Northern winter tourists, among them former President Taft and John D. Rockefeller. It was the latter who paid an artist to paint pictures of the Christ Child on the walls of Rev. Walker’s church.”

“To Pastor A Large White Church”

“Toronto, Can.--To fill the pulpit of one of the largest Presbyterian churches (white) in Toronto for five weeks with one of our ministers is the interesting departure from the general rule of supply for the summer months that Knox church is making this year. For last week and all of August, Rev. Joseph J. Hill of Roawohe Baptist Church, Hot Springs, Ark., will occupy Knox church pulpit. Dr. Hill has been a professor of science in a southern university, and is a graduate of the Academy of Music. He is a quiet, appealing and persuasive preacher with a message all his own, which he delivers with great eloquence. During the summer holidays, last year, he preached in the Moose Jaw Methodist church, with a seating capacity of 1,000 which was crowded at all services.”

The above is extracted from the Cleveland Gazette issued August 6, 1921.

As soon as Sunday School children of the Race have grown old and large enough to understand and bear more weighty religious burdens, they are at once invited to join the present four million Colored church members, who are only too anxious to take in new members under the Divine leadership and protection of the fourty-three thousand churches owned by people of the Race in the United States. When it is proved by facts and figures that about one-third of the Colored people in this country are members in churches and that they have put over eighty-five million dollars of their hard earned money into these present church properties they own; it is plainly seen that people of the Negro race still have perfect faith and trust in and are continuing to work for and with the God, Who inspired the immortal Abraham Lincoln to free their slave working and hopeful praying foreparents.

(Ref.: Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pgs. 1-234-5-6-7).

Colored ministers of today, on account of their all-around advancements have been able to bring about a better understanding and knowledge of the true teachings of the Bible. For instance, they are teaching their congregations that the timely, proper and equal uses of emotional and practical religion are necessary. Thus the masses of people attending Colored churches are fast learning from their pulpits that there is just as much needs for Christianity in practical business and social dealings with each other on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday, as there is for Christianity in their church emotional ceremonies conducted among themselves before the altars on Sunday. Also ministers of today have long since come to differ from most of those “old school” ministers (God blessed them for doing the best they knew how) who taught their people to live, think and say, to other races, “Give us Jesus and you can take the dollar.” So the “new school” and more businesslike ministers of these times are patiently teaching, fast convincing and gradually converting their congregations in the belief and truth that it is just as much Christianity in the honest earning, the frugal saving, the fair investment, the wise spending and the merciful sharing of a dollar with the poor and needy, as there is need for Christianity in the saving of their souls and the spreading of the gospel.

Along other practical lines these gospel leaders are having remarkable success, especially in large cities where many Colored people live. It is wonderful to see how these practical ministers have taught their congregations that they are showing as much reverence to God when they pass out of their churches after services and go quietly and orderly to their homes (instead of great numbers of them stopping right in front of their church doors with loud talk and laughter and blocking the whole pavement, against people who wish to go by, for fifteen and twenty minutes) as they do when sitting quietly and dignified in their church pews listening to the sermons. Such gospel leaders in every instance finally win their members over to their sides in such matters by pleasantly and plainly pointing out that people of other races seldom attend Colored churches of today and see the polished and refined ways people of the Race deport themselves. But if just two or three dozen members of a church come out after services and thoughtlessly block the side walks, go along the streets or ride in the trolley cars roughly laughing and loudly talking their church and private affairs to each other from one end of the car to the other; they are seen and heard by other races who class not only the church but the whole Negro race with those few loud-mouthed, absent-minded and sometimes vain Colored people who often use such shameful public manners to attract attention to themselves and their clothes; just like the same class of uncouth white people do.

Of course, when white men and women appear in public places acting and talking in noisy, unrefined and vulgar ways, the Colored man or woman (no matter how little learning he or she may have) who sees and hears such actions, never judges and stamps the intelligent, refined and well-behaved portion of the Caucasian race as a whole group of people also to be ignored and discriminated against. But when a person of color sees and hears such vulgar actions on the part of a white person, that Colored person merely comments to himself; “There is a human being who is a sample of the worse element among the white people and is far from being a fair and pure sample of the best people in the white race.” Then that broad-minded Colored person will at once throw the incident off his mind. He will then turn his back on the uncouth white person with disgust and in facing about will the very next moment give the fullest consideration, the most humane treatment, the most polite manners and the deepest respect to the white lady or gentleman whose Christian speech and civilized actions warrant and deserve such courtesies. And this is only one of the countless (big) little instances in which the American Colored people are daily showing their practical use of the Golden Rule; (cornerstone in the foundation and keystone in the archway of the white man’s Christianity).

Thus the brotherhood actions and manners of the masses of Negroes, (from the hod-carrier to the president of a university and from the scrub woman to the president of a national organization) in being broad-minded and big-hearted enough to fair-mindedly apply the Golden Rule to the Caucasian race, so as to mentally separate and treat accordingly the good white people from the bad, are certainly proving that the Colored people as a whole are daily putting into practical usages the Lord’s Golden Rule in much more Christlike ways than the white race is itself. Of course, there are exceptions in both races, but considering both from the standpoint of masses the above assertion cannot be truthfully denied.

A present day exception on the white side may be cited as follows:--During the summer of 1920 when Southern white savages turned Paris, Texas into a human slaughter house by lynching, torturing and burning alive of human beings, Rev. R. P. Shuler, (white) a prominent Methodist minister living in that community fearlessly denounced the mob at the time of its heathenish actions and at the risk of his own life. Later, when speaking of a former statement he had made regarding the lynching, according to an article in the July 24, 1920 issue of the Chicago Defender, he said:

“The above statement, I make in the face of the advice that has come to me from many friends that such a policy is and will be at present unsafe for me. I am informed that my life has been numerously threatened if I make such a statement. I am told that the mob used my name repeatedly in such a manner as to very much concern my friends. I can truthfully say that the attitude of this mob toward me does not in the least concern me. Better men than myself have died when far less was at stake. I am only concerned in doing my God-appointed duty in this situation. Therefore, without apology or plea for quarter, I unhesitatingly condemn the burning of these men in our city as an act of lawlessness, which if carried to its legitimate ends, would destroy our government and damn our civilization. And in making this statement I ask for neither the protection of my friends nor the mercy of my enemies.”

If all other white ministers were to take such fearless and open stands against such savage doings, that are heaping as much shame and stain on the United States as such crimes in Europe ever heaped on Turkey, they could in a few years make these United States a truly Christian land. And in taking such stands such ministers (if they showed the same kind of faith in God as Rev. Shuler did who is still living and preaching) they would also be delivered from a threatening mob. But where within the recent past or the present have there stepped out from the white ministry two Rev. Shulers? Among all the nationally famed white evangelists, which one or three of recent times have in preaching in all parts of the United States proved himself a second Henry Ward Beecher, an Elijah P. Lovejoy or a C. T. Torry, who fearlessly and fruitfully preached against all national as well as local sins, crimes and lawlessness that came under their notice?

Among all the white ministers in the United States, only they themselves can tell how many of them peacefully feel within their secret hearts and contentedly feel within their reasoning minds that they are giving full reverences to God, full honor to their calling and full service toward all weak and suffering humanity through their Sunday preachings against all sins and crimes? And among them only they can tell how many of them, through advising words in reasoning talks, are trying each Sunday (if only for five minutes) to blow out and drown the sinful sparks of jealousy, envy, malice and hate that instantly flame up in the breasts of so many of their church members as soon as they see a Colored person, even if that person is well-behaved, well-educated, well-dressed and well-to-do. Such feelings merely on account of color are not natural and God has not meant for such to be; for if He had, He would have made the brown earth white, the green grass white, the blue sky white, the yellow sun white. These are the greatest things in the world and all of them are colored. Even the water, that covers three-fourths of the earth (while it is supposed to be colorless) is more colored than it is white. Those white people who wish that there were no colored on earth should remember that God in His infinite wisdom fully realized in making the universe that if He made all things white the glare would be so great and intense that every seeing thing would be driven totally blind. So God put soft and blending colors on earth in order that humanity might retain its sight to see His works and learn to love them but not to look upon any of His works with scorn and hatefulness.

While intelligent preachers of the Race upon quietly and carefully looking about them see that practically the entire earth is one mass of colors--the majority of internal and external earth elements, the foods, the clothes, inside and outside building materials and furnishings are colored; yet these Negro ministers teach their congregations that the white color God has placed here has as much right on earth as the big majority of colors. And there are such advising and logical talks going on every Sunday from the Colored pulpits in order to keep down race prejudice and friction. And Colored ministers are silently and hopefully praying to God that He will finally soften, melt and move the hearts of the white ministers so that they will at last come forward and do their parts by logic reasonings with their white congregations a few minutes every Sunday regarding the rights of all colors of peoples to live unmolested and progress unhindered here on earth. It has been left for the white press to come forward and take the lead (which it is nobly and increasingly doing) in this movement of reasoning with the masses of white people in America regarding racial discriminations and injustices. But the entire world, including the American white press itself, is looking on in puzzled and wondering silence as it continues to hopefully wait for the American white ministry to dutifully and courageously come forward in a mass and take its rightful lead in this Christian movement to help bring about a closer brotherhood co-operation, a truer Christlike understanding and a smoother racial adjustment between the white and Colored people living in the United States. The influence of the white church is the greatest human power in the world--it unintentionally encourages mobs and rioting in America by continuing to keep silent on the question, but it can intentionally discourage and prevent in a very short time the occurence of a second Arkansas, Atlanta, Chester, Chicago, Duluth, East St. Louis, Houston, Philadelphia, Tulsa, Washington and other race riots, if it will come out as a whole all over the country and speak to its congregations Sunday after Sunday against such barbarism and heathenism being constantly carried on here in the United States.

According to notices that have recently appeared in the white press, The Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, spurred on by the barbarisms carried on at the riot of Tulsa, Okla. of a few months ago, has boldly come forward and denounced such sins and crimes. In order to bring about better relations between the two Races and help to prevent such future occurences, this Council has already appointed a Commission that has held a meeting in Washington, D.C. It is planned to hold conferences, composed of white and Colored clergymen, all over the country, and an effort will be made to have the white churches to educate their audiences regarding the sins of race prejudice and the crimes resulting therefrom. So just as God in His own time answered the prayers of American slaves that they and their children would some day become free; He is gradually and surely answering the prayers of persecuted Negroes of today that the white ministry will come forward and take its proper place as a leader in helping to swing into the right channels the public sentiments of white people regarding their Christlike treatments of Colored neighbors. Colored people must continue to work and pray and be hopeful that out of this movement will eventually come a second Henry Ward Beecher of modern times.

On the following pages are named some of the highest men in the Colored ministry, who have been for years using every Christlike means within their powers to help bring about more mutual understandings and feelings between the two races:

Bishops J. W. Alstork, W. W. Beckett, G. L. Blackwell, P. A. Bouldin, I. P. Brooks, W. S. Brooks, C. S. Brown, R. B. Bruce, J. S. Caldwell, A. J. Carey, R. A. Carter, W. D. Chappelle, E. W. Chaver, N. C. Cleaves, G. C. Clement, G. W. Clinton, J. M. Connor, L. J. Coppin, M. W. Clair, E. Cottrell, Archdeacons H. B. Delaney and E. T. Denby, Bishops Derrick, J. A. Ellison, J. S. Flipper, W. A. Fountain, A. Grant, J. S. Green, T. L. Griffiths, C. R. Harris, W. H. Heard, J. J. Higgs, L. H. Holsey, John Hurst, J. A. Johnson, W. D. Johnson, Wyatt Johnson, J. H. Jones, R. E. Jones, L. W. Kyles, Isaac Lane, B. F. Lee, W. L. Lee, J. W. Lee, C. A. Moore, R. P. Morgan, H. B. Parks, C. H. Phillips, J. F. Ramsey, I. N. Ross, B. T. Ruley, Archideacon J. S. Russell, Bishops C. S. Smith, B. T. Tanner, P. Taylor, E. Tyre, W. T. Vernon, A. J. Warner, R. S. Williams, W. N. Winston and P. H. Wright.

From among the thousands of Colored ministers all over the country, the names below are those sent to the author from the following large cities, where immense congregations are ministered unto by their spiritual leaders, who are also Sunday after Sunday calmly pacifying and patiently advising their congregations in order to keep them on peaceful and frictionless relations (without sacrificing their citizenship rights) with the white people with whom they daily come in contact:

Alexandria, Va.: Revs. H. A. Haynes, L. A. King, S. B. Ross.

Atlanta, Ga.: Revs. R. S. Brown, P. J. Bryant, H. W. Evans, E.
Hall, J. A. Lindsay, H. C. Lyman, R. H. Singleton, S. D. Thorn.

Atlantic City, N. J.: Revs. J. W. Brown, J. N. Deaver, J. P.
Gregory, W. E. Griffen, A. L. Martin, L. C. Scott, W. Tyler.

Augusta, Ga.: Revs. Dorsett, C. Floyd, C. T. Walker, R. S. Williams.

Baltimore, Md.: Revs. G. F. Bragg, J. T. Colbert, M. H. Davis, W.
H. Deane, J. R. L. Diggs, J. H. Dovey, J. Gray, J. W. Hill, Harvey
Johnson, Earnest Lyons, C. E. Stewart, J. H. Dorsey, C. R. Uncles.

Birmingham, Ala.: Revs. C. W. Brooks, L. G. Duncan, J. W. Goodgame,
R. N. Hall, F. W. Riley, T. W. Sherrill.

Boley, Okla.: Revs. J. S. Dawson, T. C. Martin, N. J. Johnson.

Boston, Mass.: Revs. A. R. Cooper, L. Ferguson, D. S. Klugh, W. D.
McLain, A. L. Scott, M. M. Shaw, B. W. Swain, C. A. Ward.

Buffalo, N. Y.: Revs. E. R. Bennett, H. Durham, E. J. Echolson, H.
A. Garcia, J. Nash.

Brooklyn, N. Y.: Revs. J. B. Adams, N. P. Boyd, W. C. Brown, W. S.
Carpenter, G. F. Miller, H. H. Procter, W. P. Wallace, A. K. Warren.

Camden, N. J.: Revs. J. S. Braithwaite, H. W. Cummings, G. Morris,
W. S. Saunders, J. R. White.

Charleston, S. C.: Revs. E. L. Baskerville, J. E. Beard, C. A.
Harrison, D. J. Jenkins, W. J. Jones, R. Kemp, T. D. Nelson, J. R.
Pearson, C. H. Uggams.

Charleston, W. Va.: Revs. M. W. Johnson, E. H. Whitefield, C. H.
Woody.

Charlotte, N. C.: Revs. F. L. Brodie, G. D. Donowa, J. E. King, A.
Mason, M. D. Melodona, W. M. Miller, R. P. Wyche.

Chattanooga, Tenn.: Revs. C. G. Bell, W. H. Heath, J. H. Henderson,
J. L. B. Johnson, C. M. Robins, C. C. Stewart, C. C. Tucker.

Chester, Pa., Revs. J. R. Bennett, E. E. Durant, H. J. Ryder, T. M.
Thomas, H. Tyree.

Chicago, Ill.: Revs. W. M. Bennett, S. L. Birt, C. H. Clarke, W. D.
Cook, J. M. Henderson, H. M. Jackson, J. H. Simon, H. E. Stewart,
J. G. Walker, L. K. Williams.

Cincinnati, Ohio.: Revs. J. P. Blackburn, W. L. Brean, E. H. Oxley,
Wilbur Page.

Cleveland, Ohio: Revs. H. C. Bailey, C. G. Fishback, J. S. Jackson,
L. C. Jefferson, P. O’Connell, R. H. Suthern.

Columbia, S. C.: Revs. J. F. Green, M. F. Haygood, M. G. Johnson,
J. R. Jones, H. M. Moore, J. Perry, D. F. Thompson, C. M. Young.

Columbus, Ohio: Revs. J. W. Carter, E. A. Clarke, H. W. Cooper, G.
L. Davis, R. D. Phillips, J. B. Pius, H. W. Smith.

Danville, Va.: Revs. W. E. Carr, J. R. Cooper, G. W. Goods, A.
Murray, J. A. Valentine.

Dayton, Ohio: Revs. J. D. Anderson, D. E. Bass, J. N. S. Belbader,
O. W. Childers, W. H. Riley, T. J. Smith.

Denver, Colo. Revs. W. H. Thomas, S. A. Strippling, I. S. Wilson.

Des Moines, Iowa: Revs. S. Bates, S. L. Birb, D. W. Claybrook, E.
S. Hardge, E. A. Liles, G. W. Robinson.

Detroit, Mich: Revs. T. J. Askew, F. Begnall, R. L. Bradby, A.
Gomez, C. A. Hill, W. R. Rutledge.

Durham, N. C.: Revs. W. C. Cleland, J. E. Kiklaird, J. H. Pacheal,
J. Smalls, R. Spiller, J. L. White.

Evansville, Ind: Revs. F. P. Baker, J. S. Haddison, H. B. Mayes, M.
McIntyre, J. Rouse.

Fort Smith, Ark.: Revs. W. E. Guy, E. D. Hill, J. T. Jones, Wm.
Jones, C. H. Whitted.

Fort Worth, Texas: Revs. A. L. Dotson, S. A. Nelson, S. R. Prince,
M. H. Spencer, W. G. Upshur.

Gary, Ind.: Revs. M. Bolden, A. Kittrell, W. H. Saunders, W. T.
Whitsett.

Greenville, S. C.: Revs. A. R. Burk, C. H. Copeland, C. F. Gandy,
J. H. McAdams, C. F. Rice, S. J. Simkin.

Hampton, Va.: Revs. J. D. Baker, J. W. Brown, E. H. Hamilton, J. W.
Patterson.

Harrisburg, Pa.: Revs. C. H. Fareira, G. W. Cregg, A. J. Greene, W.
Parchment, C. F. Jenkins.

Hartford, Conn.: Revs. R. R. Ball, O. H. Brown, W. Byrd, C. L.
Fisher, C. N. Gibbons, W. B. Reed, J. A. Wright.

Helena, Ark.: Revs. L. S. Arnold, W. E. Briett, H. W. Holloway, E.
C. Morris, D. S. Shadd.

Hopkinsville, Ky.: Revs. M. Brooks, T. H. Copeland, M. Kirby, W. M.
Newell, E. Williams.

Houston, Texas: Revs. C. K. Brown, J. R. Burdett, E. H. Bolden, F.
L. Lights.

Indianapolis, Ind.: Revs. J. S. Bailey, C. S. Dusenberry, B. H.
Ferrell, A. H. Maloney, G. W. Ward, B. J. Westbrook, C. S. Williams.

Jackson, Miss.: Revs. S. C. Greer, R. Isabelle, B. T. McEween, M.
L. Vonadore.

Jacksonville, Fla.: Revs. W. W. Carter, J. E. Ford, E. J. Gregg, J.
K. Salterwhite, S. H. Savage, W. R. Stephens.

Jersey City, N.J.: Revs. W. A. Byrd, A. Carter, A. C. Sanders, W.
S. Smith.

Kansas City, Kan.: Revs. W. A. Boran, J. F. Griffin, D. A. Holmes,
W. A. Johnson.

Kansas City, Mo.: Revs. S. A. Bacote, G. H. Daniels, D. A. Homes,
J. B. Isaacs, J. W. Lowe, W. T. Osborne, M. E. Spatches.

Leavenworth, Kan.: Revs. Curtis, Hayes, Scott, and Wright.

Little Rock, Ark.: Revs. J. A. Booker, F. H. Cook, J. M. Mitchell,
R. B. Porter, J. M. Reed, J. P. Robinson.

Los Angeles, Cal.: Revs. W. B. Butler, W. T. Cleghorn, J. D.
Gordon, N. P. Cregg, A. P. Shaw, A. M. Ward, J. H. Wilson.

Louisville, Ky.: Revs. J. H. Frank, E. G. Harris, C. H. Parrish, W.
H. Sheppard, W. P. Stanely, C. C. Steward, N. H. Williams.

Lynchburg, Va.: Revs. G. E. Curry, L. O. Lewis, B. Whitlock.

Memphis, Tenn.: Revs. J. Bell, R. L. Campbelle, T. O. Fuller, S.
E. Griggs, J. Q. Johnson, W. J. McMichael, H. L. Patterson, R. B.
Roberts, F. G. Snelson, A. M. Townsend, M. I. Warfield.

Milwaukee, Wis.: Revs. J. O. Morley, R. Russell.

Minneapolis, Minn.: Revs. J. A. Breedlove, V. S. Cooper, J. J.
Evans, F. Leatled, T. J. J. Merritt, G. W. Mirchell, T. A. Smith,
C. H. Thomas.

Mobile, Ala.: Revs. W. E. D. Claybrook, C. F. Johnson, G. W.
Johnson, H. D. Parker, W. D. Speights.

Montgomery, Ala.: Rev. I. Champney, W. M. Madison, A. J. Stokes, P.
W. Walls.

Mound Bayou, Miss.: Revs. A. A. Cosen, F. Morgan, J. R. Powe.

Muskogee, Okla.: Revs. T. M. Greene, S. S. Jones, J. Johnson, A. R.
Norris, J. Roker, A. Wells.

Nashville, Tenn.: Revs. G. W. Allen, H. A. Boyd, R. H. Boyd, W.
Haynes, E. P. Jones, W. Beckham, R. P. Russell, P. Taylor.

Newark, N.J.: Revs. Bonfield, Brown, Derrick, Ellerson, Flipping,
Hubbard, Ricks, and Welcher.

New Orleans, La.: Revs. W. G. Alston, J. L. Burrell, H. H. Dunn, A.
Hubbs, T. F. Robinson, A. Simmons, C. C. Smith, E. A. Wittenberg,
E. A. White.

Newport News, Va.: Revs. J. W. Brown, A. A. Galvin, G. D.
Jimmerson, C. E. Jones, J. T. McDuffie, W. H. Sayles, W.
Scarborough, E. E. Smith, J. H. Smith, S. A. Snuggs, C. A. Ward.

New York City, N.Y.: Revs. H. C. Bishop, W. H. Brooks, J. W. Brown,
F. A. Culler, E. W. Daniels, W. P. Hayes, F. Howard, F. M. Hyder,
J. W. Johnson, W. R. Lawton, A. C. Powell.

Norfolk, Va.: Revs. W. H. Bowling, J. D. Lee, S. S. Morris, L. E.
B. Rosser, B. W. White, F. W. Williams, C. P. Madison.

Oakland, Cal.: Revs. J. M. Brown, C. C. Carter, G. C. Coleman, L.
S. Goolsby, J. B. Holmes, D. R. Wallace, A. O. Newman.

Omaha, Neb.: Revs. W. F. Botts, J. A. Broadnax, T. A. Taggart, R.
Taylor, M. H. Wilkinson, J. A. Williams.

Philadelphia, Pa.: Revs. M. Anderson, F. H. Butler, W. A. Creditt,
W. F. Graham, W. A. Hannum, W. A. Harrod, L. G. Jordan, S. J.
Jones, J. R. Logan, J. M. Moses, W. G. Parks, H. L. Phillips, C. A.
Tindley, M. Winston, R. G. Williams, E. C. Young.

Phoebus, Va.: Rev. A. A. Graham.

Phoenix, Arz.: Revs. C. H. Gilmore, T. J. Sanford.

Pine Bluff, Ark.: Rev. A. W. Clark, A. H. Hill, I. C. Hodges, S. A.
Mosely, H. W. Savage.

Pittsburgh, Pa.: Revs. J. C. Austin, S. H. Bishop, H. W. Childs, G.
W. Gaines, C. Y. Trigg, C. H. Trusty.

Portland, Oregon: Rev. J. W. Anderson, J. R. Fox, J. E. Reynolds,
W. W. Howard, A. C. Yearwood.

Princeton, N. J.: Revs. A. E. Bennett, A. George, W. H. Hicks.

Providence, R. I.: Revs. P. M. Brown, R. A. Carroll, W. S. Holland,
W. J. Moss, I. S. Sisco, J. S. Blake.

Raleigh, N. C.: Revs. C. C. Asken, A. D. Avery, A. C. Cochran, L.
A. Fairley, A. W. Pegnes, J. W. Walker.

Richmond, Va.: Revs. M. E. Davis, A. Gill, A. A. Rector, W. F.
Johnson, Z. D. Lewis, T. J. Ring, W. H. Stokes, J. L. Taylor.

Roanoke, Va.: Revs. L. L. Downing, J. H. Hatcher, A. L. James, W.
E. Lee, H. Mapson, Jr., B. G. Whitlock.

Sacramento, Cal.: Revs. J. A. Allen, T. A. Collins, T. A. Harvey,
A. Prior.

San Antonio, Texas: Revs. G. F. Curry, S. J. Johnson, I. H. Kelley,
L. H. Richardson.

San Francisco, Cal.: Revs. W. J. J. Byers, J. A. Dennis, J.
Washington.

Salt Lake City, Utah: Rev. X. C. Runyon.

Saratoga Springs, N. Y.: Rev. T. R. Brown.

Savannah, Ga.: Revs. W. G. Alexander, J. H. Brown, T. J. Goodall,
S. T. Redd, J. A. Richie, D. Wright.

Seattle, Wash.: Revs. J. B. Barbour, W. D. Carter, D. A. Graham.

Shreveport, La.: Revs. L. Allen, Jr., J. M. Carter, G. W. Mills, G.
T. Stinson.

St. Louis, Mo.: Revs. B. F. Abbott, D. R. Clark, S. A. Mosely, S.
W. Parr, B. G. Shaw, G. E. Stevens, C. A. Williams.

St. Paul, Minn.: Rev. J. A. Anderson, G. W. Camp, T. J. Carr, B. H.
Hodge, A. H. Lealted, S. L. Theobold, J. S. Strong.

Tampa, Florida: Revs. W. J. Ballan, W. O. Barley, M. T. Culmer, G.
Griffin, T. Gurley, S. A. Williams.

Terre Haute, Ind.: Revs. O. H. Banks, C. M. C. Hammonds, W. S.
Hodge, C. L. Upthegrove.

Washington, D.C.: Revs. W. H. Brooks, T. J. Brown, W. H. Carey,
M. W. Clair, F. J. Grimke, J. R. Hawkins, W. H. Jernagin, C. L.
Mitchell, W. D. Norman, C. M. Turner.

Wichita, Kan.: Revs. S. B. Butler, E. F. Fishback, E. P. Geiger, J.
R. Ransom.

Wilberforce, Ohio: Rev. T. G. Steward.

Wilmington, Del.: Revs. H. Y. Arnett, H. C. Jones, J. U. King, B.
F. Moore.

Wilmington, N. C.: Revs. J. R. Bormes, W. H. Moore, J. A. Jackson,
A. Williet, A. Wilson.

Aside from the foregoing list of Colored ministers, there are many thousands of others whose names the writer did not get in his research but who are known to be faithfully serving on similar or smaller but none the less important scales in the above or smaller cities, towns, villages and country districts all over the United States.

_Eastertide and Springtime_

From spring does Easter get its blend
In new-born life of plants and men,
And thus the two will ever trend,
While God with love the world does tend.

New life and hope in spring are seen,
As fields unfold their rugs of green
Where robins bold in songs serene
Strut forth in cheer that is supreme.

Fresh is the air with fragrant smell;
Calm are the creeks of winter swell;
And pious men will always tell
Of peace they hear in Easter’s knell.

Young crops on farms have just begun
To feel the warmth of golden sun
That sends its beams to dance and run
With little babes in play and fun.

Up from the mire of earth’s black room
White lilies rise in purest bloom
To drive away all tainted gloom
And leave on earth their sweet perfume.

Thus did our Christ from manger start
And served the role of Jesus’ part--
Thence on the cross to give His heart
In pay for sins that must depart.

So to our minds is always borne
That every man can shed his thorn
As did our Christ so bruised and torn
From earth arose on Easter morn.
--William Henry Harrison, Jr.,
820 Wyandotte St.
]

IN THE SUNDAY SCHOOLS

In no surroundings of childhood, except the home life, is there a more suitable or fruitful place in which to spiritually nourish and grow up Colored youths than in the forty-six thousand or more Colored Sunday Schools where over two million boys and girls are regularly having impressed upon their tender and open minds the religious teachings of the Bible.

As a step toward further broadening the Sunday School work among American Colored children and at the same time enabling them to get better teachings about the Christian religion, The International Sunday School Association began in 1911 to organize classes for specially training Sunday School teachers among the young men and women attending Colored colleges and large schools. Many white friends to the Race became interested in this good movement, especially Mr. W. N. Hartshorn of Boston, Mass., who gave of his own personal money $15,000 to pay the expenses of a fair trial of the work. This Christian effort has aroused so much interest and has grown so rapidly that at present upward of two hundred Colored universities, colleges and large schools have accepted and given this Sunday School Teachers’ Course a regular place in their class room studies.

Some of the foremost religious leaders who are helping to direct and carry on this much needed work among American Colored children are Bishop Geo. W. Clinton and Dr. R. H. Boyd, both life members of the International Sunday School Association; Prof. Wm. B. Matthews, member of the Executive Committee of the above association, Dr. H. G. Lyman, Supt. of work among Colored people, and Mr. M. L. Finckel, President of the American Sunday School Union. (Ref.: Work’s Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pgs. 1-257-8).

THE YOUNG WOMEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION

THE GIRL RESERVE

If she’s a three-angled, true “Y” Girl Reserve;
The world she is willing to Christlike serve:
Her sunshine smiles will come thru rains;
Her kind heart will guide her fertile brains:
She will love to work as well as play;
She will have “good times” but not too gay:
She will swim the streams and camp the woods;
She will love all sports that are pure and good:
And thus she learns “the simple life” reader
To make her some day a great woman leader.
--_Harrison._

Under the sisterly and wise supervision of Miss Eva D. Bowles, as the first salaried Y. W. C. A. Colored branch secretary in New York City and since then Executive of Colored Work, the Young Women’s Christian Association for Colored girls and women has made wonderful progress, since 1907 when Mrs. Wm. A. Hunton was appointed by the National Board to investigate and arouse interest in the work. As Special Student Worker, Miss Catherine Lealted greatly aided in building up and strengthening this work in Colored schools until she took up work in another field of uplift.

Today there are over fifty city Y. W. C. A. Colored Branches in as many cities in 23 states and the District of Columbia; while there are at least 100 such branches in Colored schools located in 18 States and the District of Columbia. Just as the school branches are the means of helping to build up and fortify the practical Christian minds of the girls who join them; the city branches prove sheltering havens and protections for self-respecting and self-supporting Colored single girls and women when they leave such schools and respectable homes to embark upon the rough oceans of life and desire to nightly anchor in places of moral protection, social uplift, mental development, sanitary conditions, congenial companionships, pleasures of innocence and Christian influences. For the safe arrival and calm anchorage of such Colored girls and women, the writer assures them that the following list of addresses is a true compass needle that will, when they set-sail for a new city port, safely guide them into any of the following beacon-lighted Y. W. C. A. Christian Harbors:

Atlanta, Georgia, Y. W. C. A., 196 Piedmont Avenue.
Augusta, Georgia, Y. W. C. A., 1104 Gwinnett Street.
Baltimore, Maryland, Y. W. C. A., 1200 Druid Hill Avenue.
Bridgeport, Conn., Y. W. C. A., 70 Beach Street.
Brooklyn, N. Y., Y. W. C. A., 45 Ashland Place.
Camden, N. J., Y. W. C. A., 829 Kaighn Avenue.
Charleston, S. C., Y. W. C. A., 106 Coming Street.
Chattanooga, Tenn., Y. W. C. A., 411 East 9th Street.
Chicago, Ill., Y. W. C. A., 3541 Indiana Avenue.
Cincinnati, Ohio, Y. W. C. A., 704 Eighth Street.
Columbia, S. C., Y. W. C. A., 1323 Assembly Street.
Columbus, Ohio, Y. W. C. A., 495 East Long Street.
Dayton, Ohio, Y. W. C. A., 800 West Fifth Street.
Des Moines, Iowa, Y. W. C. A., 728 Walnut Street.
Detroit, Mich., Y. W. C. A., 2111 St. Aubin Avenue.
East St. Louis, Mo., Y. W. C. A., 826 East Broadway.
Fort Worth, Texas, Y. W. C. A., 415 East 6th Avenue.
Germantown, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 6128 Germantown Avenue.
Harrisburg, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 804 Cowden Street.
Houston, Texas, Y. W. C. A., 806 Clay Avenue.
Jersey City, N. J., Y. W. C. A., 31 Ege Avenue.
Kansas City, Mo., Y. W. C. A., 1501 East 19th Street.
Little Rock, Ark., Y. W. C. A., 924 Gaines Street.
Los Angeles, Cal., Y. W. C. A., 1108 West 12th Street.
Louisville, Ky., Y. W. C. A., 1021 W. Madison Street.
Lynchburg, Va., Y. W. C. A., 613 Monroe Street.
McKeesport, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 317 Tenth Street.
Montclair, N. J., Y. W. C. A., 159 Glenridge Avenue.
Nashville, Tenn., Y. W. C. A., 436 Fifth Avenue, North.
Newark, N. J., Y. W. C. A., 71 Wilsey Street.
Newcastle, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 140 Elm Street.
Newport News, Va., Y. W. C. A., 2300 Madison Avenue.
New York City, N. Y., Y. W. C. A., 179 West 137th Street.
Oakland, Cal., Y. W. C. A., 828 Linden Street.
Omaha, Neb., Y. W. C. A., 2306 No. 22nd Street.
Orange, N. J., Y. W. C. A., 78 Oakwood Avenue.
Petersburg, Va., Y. W. C. A., 457 Harding Street.
Philadelphia, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 756 South 16th Street.
Pittsburgh, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 2215 Wylie Avenue.
Portland, Oregon, Y. W. C. A., Broadway and Taylor Streets.
Richmond, Va., Y. W. C. A., 515 South 7th Street.
San Antonio, Texas, Y. W. C. A., 328 North Pino Street.
St. Joseph, Mo., Y. W. C. A., 1021 Francis Street.
St. Louis, Mo., Y. W. C. A., 703 North Garrison Street.
St. Paul, Minn., Y. W. C. A., 598 West Central Avenue.
Springfield, Ohio, Y. W. C. A., 134 West Clark Street.
Warren, Ohio, Y. W. C. A., 132 North Park Avenue.
Washington, D.C., Y. W. C. A., 901 Rhode Island Avenue.
Williamsport, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 429 Walnut Street.
Winston-Salem, N. C., Y. W. C. A., 717 East Depot Street.
Youngstown, Ohio, Y. W. C. A., 248 Belmont Avenue.

Among the foremost Y. W. C. A. Colored leaders who are so nobly and ably assisting Miss Eva D. Bowles in the smooth and efficient supervision of the above named branches are Misses May B. Belcher, Crystal Bird, Mabel Brady, Mary E. Jackson, Josephine Pinyon, Lucy B. Richmond, Adele F. Ruffin, Clayda Williams, Mrs. Charlton Wallace, and Mrs. Cordella A. Winn. Before her death on December 31, 1919, Mrs. Marie A. Wilder was one of the most faithful and hardest workers in the above group.

But the main stream of success connected with this work has come about through the “working together” “branch relationship” co-operation on the parts of Mrs. Samuel J. Broadwell, Treasurer; Miss Mable Cratty, Gen’l Sec’y; Mrs. Jas. S. Cushman, 1st Vice-Pres.; Mrs. John French, Chairman Execu. Com.; Mrs. Lewis H. Lapham, Sec’y; Mrs. Wm. W. Rossiter, 2nd Vice-Pres.; and Mrs. Robt. E. Speer, President, who compose the National Board (white) of The Young Womens Christian Association of the United States of America. And in the different cities where they are established the white and Colored branch workers are carrying on the above co-operations. During the World War, the War Work Council showed its co-operation by appointing a Colored Work Committee with Miss Eva D. Bowles as Executive and Mrs. Charlton Wallace as Chairman and, The War Work Council, “recognizing the loyalty and need of the colored girls and women in this country, appropriated $400,000 for the work.”