Chapter XVI: Part 16

The attitude of Europe was the crowning bitterness of the war. In the beginning, Europe had loudly announced that she would tolerate no change in the _status quo_. How then did Europe come to acquiesce so quickly in the accomplished fact? Why did Germany, the friend of Abd ül Hamid, and England, the friend of Kyamil Pasha, and France, the friend of everybody, raise no finger to help? I am not the one to suggest that Europe should have done otherwise. There is a logic of events which sometimes breaks through official twaddle—a just logic drawing into a common destiny those who share common traditions and speak a common tongue. I make no doubt that Austria-Hungary, to mention only one example, will one day prove it to her cost. Nevertheless, I am able to see that there is a Turkish point of view. And my old lady’s question struck me as being so profound that I made no pretence of answering it.

I might, to be sure, have replied what so many other people were saying: “Madam, most certainly you have done no good in six hundred years. It is solely because of the evil you have done that you enjoy any renown in the world. You have done nothing but burn, pillage, massacre, defile, and destroy. You have stamped out civilisation wherever your horsemen have trod. And what you were in the beginning you are now. Your enemy the Bulgarian has advanced more in one generation than you have in twenty. You still cling to the forms of a bloody and barbaric religion, but for what it teaches of truth and humanity you have no ear. You make one justice for yourself and one for the owner of the land you have robbed. Your word has become a byword among the nations. You are too proud or too lazy to learn more than your fathers knew. You fear and try to imitate the West; but of the toil, the patience, the thoroughness, the perseverance that are the secret of the West you have no inkling. You will not work yourself, and you will not let others work—unless for your pocket. You have no literature, no art, no science, no industry, worth the name. You are incapable of building a road or a ship. You take everything from others—only to spoil it, like those territories where you were lately at war, like this city, which was once the glory of the world. You have no shadow of right to this city or to those territories. The graves of your ancestors are not there. You took them by the sword, and, like everything else that comes into your hands, you have slowly ruined them. It is only just that you should lose them by the sword. For your sword was the one thing you knew how to use, and now even that has rusted in your hand. You are rotten through and through. That is why Europe is against you. Go back to your tents in Asia, and see if you will be capable of learning something in another six hundred years.”

So might I have answered my old lady—had my Turkish been good enough. But I would scarcely have convinced her. Nor would I quite have convinced myself. For while it is a simple and often very refreshing disposal of a man to damn him up and down, it is not one that really disposes of him. He still remains there, solid and unexplained. So while my reason tells me how incompetent a man the Turk is from most Western points of view, it reminds me that other men have been incompetent as well, and even subject to violent inconsistencies of character; that this man is a being in evolution, with reasons for becoming what he is, to whom Dame Nature may not have given her last touch.

In this liberal disposition my reason is no doubt quickened, I must confess, by the fact that I am at heart a friend of the Turk. It may be merely association. I have known him many years. But there is something about him I cannot help liking—a simplicity, a manliness, a dignity. I like his fondness for water, and flowers, and green meadows, and spreading trees. I like his love of children. I like his perfect manners. I like his sobriety. I like his patience. I like the way he faces death. One of the things I like most about him is what has been perhaps most his undoing—his lack of any commercial instinct. I like, too, what no one has much noticed, the artistic side of him. I do not know Turkish enough to appreciate his literature, and his religion forbids him—or he imagines it does—to engage in the plastic arts. But in architecture and certain forms of decoration he has created a school of his own. It is not only that the Turkish quarter of any Ottoman town is more picturesque than the others. The old Palace of the sultans in Constantinople, certain old houses I have seen, the mosques, the _medressehs_, the _hans_, the tombs, the fountains, of the Turks are an achievement that deserves more serious study than has been given them. You may tell me that they are not Turkish because they were designed after Byzantine or Saracen originals, and because Greeks and Persians had much to do with building them. But I shall answer that every architecture was derived from another, in days not so near our own, and that, after all, it was the Turk who created the opportunity for the foreign artist and ordered what he wanted.

I have, therefore, as little patience as possible with the Gladstonian theory of the unspeakable Turk. When war ceases, when murders take place no more in happier lands, when the last riot is quelled and the last negro lynched, it will be time to discuss whether the Turk is by nature more or less bloody than other men. In the meantime I beg to point out that he is, as a matter of fact, the most peaceable, with the possible exception of the Armenian, of the various tribes of his empire. Arab, Kürd, and Laz are all quicker with their blades. To his more positive qualities I am by no means alone in testifying. If I had time for chapter and verse I might quote more than one generation of foreign officers in the Turkish service, and a whole literature of travel—to which Pierre Loti has contributed his share. But I do not hesitate to add that this is a matter in which Pierre Loti may be as unsafe a guide as Mr. Gladstone. For blind praise is no more intelligent than blind condemnation. Neither leads one any nearer to understanding the strange case of the Turk.

To understand him at all, I think one needs to take a long view of history. When we consider how many æons man must have lived on this planet and how short in comparison has been the present phase of Western civilisation, it does not seem as if we had good ground for expressing definitive opinions with regard to Eastern peoples. A hundred years ago there was no hint in the West of the expansion that was to come through the use of steam and electricity. Three hundred years ago communications in most of Europe were not so good as, and I doubt if life and property were more secure than, they are in Turkey to-day. For some reason the Turk has lagged in his development. He is to all practical purposes a mediæval man, and it is not fair to judge him by the standards of the twentieth century.

Why it should be that men who have a common origin should have followed such different roads, and at such an uneven pace, is in many ways an insoluble problem. But it should not be, by this time, an unfamiliar one. It would rather be strange, and the world would be much poorer than it is, if humanity had marched from the beginning in a single phalanx—if the world had been one great India, or one great Egypt, or one great Greece. The Turk, then, as I have no need of insisting, is a mediæval man. And one reason why he is so may be that he has a much shorter heritage of civilisation than the countries of the West. He is a new man as well as a mediæval one. In Europe and in Asia alike he is a parvenu who came on to the scene long after every one else. It is only verbally that the American is a newer man; for in the thirteenth century, when the warlike Turkish nomads first began to make themselves known, the different states which have contributed to make America were already formed, while India, China, and Japan had long before reached a high degree of civilisation.

It seems to me that this fact might well account for much of the backwardness of the Turk. He has a much thinner deposit of heredity in his brain cells. It is conceivable, too, that another matter of heredity may enter into it. Whether civil life originated in Asia or not, it is certain that of existing civilisations the Oriental are older than the Occidental. Perhaps, therefore, the Asiatic formed the habit of pride and self-sufficiency. Then as successive tides of emigration rolled away, Asia was gradually drained of everything that was not the fine flower of conservatism. He who believed whatever is is best stayed at home. The others went in search of new worlds, and found them not only in the field of empire but in those of science and art. This continual skimming of the adventurous element can only have confirmed Asia in the habit of mind so perfectly expressed by the Book of Ecclesiastes. And the Turk, who was one of the last adventurers to emerge from Asia, impelled by what obscure causes we hardly know, must have a profound racial bent toward the belief that everything is vanity and vexation of spirit. He asks himself what is the use, and lets life slip by.

Many people have held that there is something in Islam which automatically arrests the development of those who profess it. I cannot think, myself, that the thesis has been sufficiently proved. While no one can deny that religion, and particularly that Islam, is a great cohesive force, it seems to me that people have more to do with making religions than religions with making people. The principles at the root of all aspiring life—call it moral, ethical, or religious, as you will—exist in every religion. And organised religion has everywhere been responsible for much of the fanaticism and disorder of the world. For the rest, I find much in Mohammedanism to admire. There is a nobility in its stern monotheism, disdaining every semblance of trinitarian subtleties. Its daily services impress me as being a more direct and dignified form of worship than our self-conscious Sunday mornings with their rustling pews and operatic choirs. Then the democracy of Islam and much of what it inculcates with regard to family and civil life are worthy of all respect, to say nothing of the hygienic principles which it succeeded in impressing at a very early stage upon a primitive people. At the same time there can be no doubt that Mohammedanism suffers from the fact that it was designed, all too definitely, for a primitive people. Men at a higher stage of evolution than were the Arabs of the seventh century require no religious sanctions to keep themselves clean. For modern men the social system of Islam, with its degrading estimate of woman, is distinctly antisocial. And many of them must find the Prophet’s persuasions to the future life a little vulgar. The question is whether they will be able to modernise Islam. It will be harder than modernising Christianity, for the reason that Islam is a far minuter system. Is there not something moving in the spectacle of a people committed to an order which can never prevail? Even for this one little ironic circumstance it can never prevail in our hurrying modern world, because it takes too much time to be a good Mohammedan. But the whole order is based on a conception which the modern world refuses to admit. The word Islam means resignation—submission to the will of God. And there can be no doubt that the mind of Islam is saturated with that spirit. Why does one man succeed and another fail? It is the will of God. Why do some recover from illness and others die? It is the will of God. Why do empires rise or fall? It is the will of God. A man who literally believes such a doctrine has no chance against the man, however less a philosopher, who believes that his destiny lies in his own hand.

It would be an interesting experiment to see what two generations, say, of universal education might do for the Turks. By education I mean no more than the three R’s, enough history and geography to know that Turkey is neither the largest nor the most ancient empire in the world, and some fundamental scientific notions. It is incredible how large a proportion of Turks are illiterate, and what fantastic views of the world and their place in it the common people hold. To nothing more than this ignorance must be laid a great part of Turkey’s troubles. But another part is due to the character of the empire which it befell the Turk to conquer. If he had happened, like ourselves, into a remote and practically empty land he might have developed his own civilisation. Or if he had occupied a country inhabited by a single race he would have stood a better chance. Or if, again, he had appeared on the scene a few centuries earlier, before Europe had had time to get so far ahead of him, and before the spread of learning and an increasing ease of communications made it increasingly difficult for one race to absorb another, he might have succeeded in assimilating the different peoples who came under his sway. Why the conquerors did not exterminate or forcibly convert the conquered Christians has always been a question with me. It may have been a real humanity on the part of the early sultans, who without doubt were remarkable men and who, perhaps, wished their own wild followers to acquire the culture of the Greeks. Or it may have been a politic deference to new European neighbours. In any case, I am convinced that it was, from the Turkish point of view, a mistake. For the Turk has never been able to complete his conquest. On the contrary, by recognising the religious independence of his subjects he gave them weapons to win their political independence. And, beset by enemies within and without, he has never had time to learn the lessons of peace.

Here, I think, we come very near the root of his difficulties. Not only has he paid, not only does he continue and will he long continue to pay, the price of the invader, incessantly preoccupied as he is with questions of internal order. He created a form of government which could not last. At its most successful period it depended on the spoils of war—not only in treasure but in tribute-boys, carefully chosen for the most famous corps of the army and for the highest executive posts in the empire. This form of government was highly efficient so long as the frontiers of the empire continued to advance. But it was not self-contained, and it kept the native-born Turk from developing normal habits and traditions of government. The traditions it chiefly fostered in him were those of plunder and idleness. Much of the proverbial readiness of Turks in office to receive “presents” is less a matter of dishonesty than the persistence of a time-honoured system of making a living in irregular ways. The system is one that naturally dies out with the disappearance of irregular sources of income. There must inevitably follow, however, a painful period of forming new habits, of creating new traditions. How radical this process had to be with the Turks can scarcely be realised by a country like England, for instance, which has been able to continue for a thousand years developing the same germ of government. The Turk himself hardly realises yet how little he can build on the foundations of his former greatness. And he has been the slower to come to any such realisation because circumstances have kept up an illusion of that greatness long after the reality was gone. If England, if France, if Germany, were to be left to-morrow without a bayonet or a battle-ship, they would still be great powers by the greatness of their economic, their intellectual, their artistic life. Could the same be said of the Ottoman Empire? For a century or more that empire has continued to play the rôle of a great power simply through comparison with smaller or the mutual jealousies of greater ones. It is a long time since the Turk has really stood on his own feet. He has too often been protected against the consequences of his own acts. And, the last comer into the land he rules, he has been too ready to ignore the existence of other rights. But now, stripped of his most distant and most ungovernable provinces, enlightened by humiliation as to the real quality of his greatness, he may, let us hope, put aside illusion and pretence and give himself to the humbler problems of common life. If he sincerely does he may find, in the end, that he has unwittingly reached a greatness beyond that won for him by the Janissaries of old.

MASTERS OF CONSTANTINOPLE

Byzas of Megara founded Byzantium _about_ B. C. 658
Darius Hystaspes, King of Persia 515
Pausanias of Sparta 478
First Athenian (Delian) League 477
Sparta 440
Alcibiades of Athens 408
Lysander of Sparta 405
Spartan League 404
Thrasybulus of Athens 390
Second Athenian League 378
League of Byzantium, Caria, Chios, Cos, and Rhodes 357
Alexander the Great 334
Rome 196
The Free City of Byzantium 64
Septimius Severus destroyed Byzantium and renamed it
Augusta Antonina A. D. 196

Constantine the Great 323
Dedicated New Rome 330
Constantius II 337
Julian the Apostate 361
Jovian 363
Valens 364
Theodosius I, the Great 378
Arcadius 395
Theodosius II 408
Marcian 450
Leo I 457
Leo II 474
Zeno 474
Anastasius I 491
Justin I 518
Justinian I, the Great 527
Justin II 565
Tiberius 578
Maurice 582
Phocas 602
Heraclius 610
Heraclius Constantine III and Heracleonas 641
Constans II 642
Constantine IV 668
Justinian II 685
Leontius 695
Tiberius III 697
Justinian II (restored) 705
Philippicus 711
Anastasius II 713
Theodosius III 715
Leo III, the Isaurian 717
Constantine V Copronymus 740
Leo IV 775
Constantine VI 779
Irene 797
Nicephorus I 802
Stauracius 811
Michael I Rhangabe 811
Leo V, the Armenian 813
Michael II, the Amorian 820
Theophilus 829
Michael III 842
Basil I, the Macedonian 867
Leo VI, the Wise 886
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus 912
Co-emperors:
Alexander 912-913
Romanus I Lecapenus 991-945
Constantine VIII and Stephanus reigned five weeks in 944
Romanus II 958
Basil II, the Slayer of the Bulgarians 963
Co-emperors:
Nicephorus II Phocas 965-969
John I Zimisces 969-976
Constantine IX 976-1025
Constantine IX (sole emperor) 1025
Romanus III Argyrus 1028
Michael IV 1034
Michael V 1042
Theodora and Zoe 1042
Constantine X Monomachus 1042
Theodora (restored) 1054
Michael VI Stratioticus 1056
Isaac I Comnenus 1057
Constantine XI Ducas 1059
Michael VII Ducas and Romanus IV Diogenes 1067
Nicephorus III Botoniates 1078
Alexius I Comnenus 1081
John II Comnenus 1118
Manuel I Comnenus 1143
Alexius II Comnenus 1180
Andronicus I Comnenus 1183
Isaac II Angelus 1185
Alexius III Angelus 1195
Isaac II Angelus (restored) and Alexius IV Angelus 1203
Nicholas Canabus 1204
Alexius V Ducas, Murtzuphlus 1204

Baldwin I (Count of Flanders) 1204
Henry 1205
Peter 1217
Robert 1219
John of Brienne 1228
Baldwin II 1237

Michael VIII Palæologus (fifth emperor of Nicæa; succeeded 1260) 1261
Andronicus II Palæologus 1282
Co-emperor: Michael IX 1295-1320
Andronicus III Palæologus 1328
John V Palæologus 1341
Co-emperor: John VI Cantacuzene 1341-1355
Manuel II Palæologus 1391
John VII Palæologus 1425
Constantine XII Palæologus 1448

Mehmed II, the Conqueror (seventh Ottoman sultan; succeeded
1451) 1453
Baïezid II 1481
Selim I 1512
Süleïman I, the Magnificent 1520
Selim II 1566
Mourad III 1574
Mehmed III 1595
Ahmed I 1603
Moustafa I 1617
Osman II 1618
Moustafa I (restored) 1622
Mourad IV 1623
Ibrahim 1640
Mehmed IV 1649
Süleïman II 1687
Ahmed II 1691
Moustafa II 1695
Ahmed III 1703
Mahmoud I 1730
Osman III 1754
Moustafa III 1757
Abd ül Hamid I 1774
Selim III 1788
Moustafa IV 1807
Mahmoud II, the Reformer 1808
Abd ül Mejid 1839
Abd ül Aziz 1861
Mourad V 1876
Abd ül Hamid II 1876
Mehmed V 1909

A CONSTANTINOPLE BOOK-SHELF

Abbott, G. F.: “Turkey in Transition.” 1909.

American, an (J. E. De Kay?): “Sketches of Turkey.” 1833.

Amicis, Edmondo de: “Costantinopoli.” 1877.

Andréossy, Comte A. F.: “Constantinople et le Bosphore.” 1820.

Antoniades, E. M.: “Sainte Sophie.” 1905.

Ashmead-Bartlett, Ellis: “With the Turks in Thrace.” 1913.

Baedeker, Karl: “Konstantinopel und Kleinasien.” 1905.

Baring, Maurice: “Letters from the Near East.” 1912.

Bayet, Ch.: “L’Art Byzantin.” 2d ed. 1904.

Belin, M. A.: “Histoire de la Latinité de Constantinople.” 2d ed. 1894.

Bérard, Victor: “La Révolution Turque.” 1909.

Beylié, L. de: “L’Habitation Byzantine.” 1902.

Bode, Dr. Wilhelm: “Altpersische Knüpfteppiche.” 1904.

⸺ “Vorderasiatische Knüpfteppiche.”

Boppe, A.: “Les Peintres du Bosphore au Dixhuitième Siècle.” 1911.

Brown, John B.: “The Dervishes.” 1868.

Brown, B. M.: “Foreigners in Turkey.” 1914.

Bury, J. B.: “A History of the Later Roman Empire.” 1889.

⸺ Notes to Gibbon.

⸺ “The Ottoman Conquest.” Cambridge Modern History, 1, 3.

Busbecq: “Life and Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq.” Translated by C. T. Forster and F. H. B. Daniell. 1881.

Byron, George Gordon, Lord: “Childe Harold,” 1812, and “Don Juan.” 1824.

Cervantes, Miguel: “Don Quixote de la Mancha.” 1605-15.

Choiseul-Gouffier, Comte de: “Le Voyage Pittoresque de la Grèce.” Illustrated. 1782.

Choisy, A.: “L’Art de Bâtir chez les Byzantins.” 1884.

Crawford, F. Marion: “Paul Patoff.” 1887.

Creasy, E. S.: “History of the Ottoman Turks.” 1878.

Diehl, Charles: “Études Byzantines.” 1905.

⸺ “Figures Byzantines.” 2 series.

⸺ “Manuel d’Art Byzantin.”

Djélal Essad: “Constantinople—de Byzance à Stamboul.” 1909.

Djelal Noury: “The Sultan.” 1912.

Dwight, Henry O.: “Constantinople and Its Problems.” 1901.

⸺ “Turkish Life in War Time.” 1879.

Ebersolt, Jean: “Le Grand Palais de Constantinople.” 1910.

⸺ “Églises Byzantines de Constantinople.” 1914.

Edhem Pacha: “L’Architecture Ottomane.” 1873.

Eliot, Sir Charles (Odysseus): “Turkey in Europe.” 2d ed. 1908.

Eliot, Frances: “The Diary of an Idle Woman in Constantinople.”

Epstein, M.: “The Early History of the Levant Company.” 1908.

Evlia Chelibi: “The Voyages of Evlia Chelibi.” Translated from the Turkish.

Falke, Otto von: “Majolica.”

Farrère, Claude: “L’Homme qui Assassina.”

Fazy, Edmond, and Abdul Halim Memdouh: “Anthologie de l’Amour Turque.”

Finlay, G.: “A History of Greece.” 1877.

Fouquet, Dr.: “Contribution à l’Etude de la Céramique Orientale.” 1900.

Gallaway, James: “Constantinople Ancient and Modern.” Published London, 1797.

Gardner, Alice: “Theodore of Studium.”

Garnett, Lucy M. J.: “Mysticism and Magic in Turkey.” 1912.

⸺ “The Turkish People.” 1909.

⸺ “The Women and Folklore of Turkey.”

Gautier, Théophile: “Constantinople.” 1854.

Gibb, E. J. W.: “A History of Ottoman Poetry.” 5 vols. 1900-8.

Gibbon, Edward: “The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.” Edited by J. B. Bury. 7 vols. 1896.

Goodell, William: “Forty Years in the Turkish Empire.” 1876.

Grelot: “Rélation Nouvelle d’un Voyage de Constantinople.” Illustrated 1680.

Grosvenor, Edwin A.: “Constantinople.” Illustrated. 2d ed. 1900.

Gurlitt, Cornelius: “Die Baukunst Konstantinopels.” 1907-12.

Hagopian, H. H.: “Ottoman-Turkish Conversation Grammar.” 1907.

Hakluyt, Richard: “The Principall Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation....” 1598-1600.

Halidé Edib Hanoum: “Handan.” 1913.

Hamlin, Cyrus: “Among the Turks.” 1878.

Hamlin: “My Life and Times.” 1893.

Hammer, Joseph von, Purgstall: “Constantinopolis und der Bosporos.” 1822.

⸺ “Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches.” 10 vols. 1827.

⸺ “Histoire de l’Empire Ottoman....” Traduit par J.-J. Hellert. 18 vols. and atlas. 1835.

Harrison, Frederic: “Nicephorus,” 1906, and “Theophano.” 1904.

Hatch, Dr.: “The Organization of the Early Christian Churches.” 1880.

Hawley, Walter: “Oriental Rugs, Antique and Modern.” 1913.

Hichens, Robert: “The Near East.” 1913.

Hutton, W. H.: “Constantinople.” (Mediæval Towns Series.) 2d ed. 1904.

Jackson, Sir T. G.: “Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture.” 1912.

James, Lionel: “With the Conquered Turk.” 1913.

Jannaris, A. N.: “A Concise Dictionary of the English and Modern Greek Languages.” 1895.

Jenkins, Hester D.: “Behind Turkish Lattices.” 1912.

Johnson, Mrs. (Susannah Willard): “A Narrative of Captivity.” 1796; reprinted 1907.

Knolles, Richard: “A Generall Historie of the Turks.” 1603. Continuation by Sir Paul Ricaut. 1687.

Kondakov: “Les Émaux Byzantins.” 1892.

Koran, The. Translated by George Sale. 1734.

Krumbacher: “Geschichte der Byzantinischen Litteratur.” 2d ed. 1897.

Kúnos, Ignace: “Forty-four Turkish Fairy Tales.” 1913.

La Barte, Jules: “Le Palais Impérial de Constantinople.” 1861.

Lamartine, Alphonse de: “Voyage en Orient.” 1835.

Lane-Poole, Stanley: “Life of Lord Stratford de Redcliffe.” 1888.

⸺ “Oriental Coins in the British Museum.” 10 vols. 1875-90.

⸺ “Saracenic Arts.” 1886.

⸺ “Turkey.” (Story of the Nations Series.) 1886.

Lawson, J. C.: “Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion.” 1910.

Leclerq, H.: “Manuel d’Archéologie Chrétienne.” 1907.

Le Comte, Prétextat: “Les Arts et Métiers de la Turquie et de l’Orient.” 1902.

Le Hay: “Engraved Costumes of the Levant.” Paris, 1714.

Lethaby and Swainson: “Sancta Sophia.” 1894.

Lewis, G. G.: “The Practical Book of Oriental Rugs.” 2d ed. 1913.

Loti, Pierre: “Aziyadé.” 1876.

⸺ “Les Désenchantées.” 1906.

⸺ “Fantôme d’Orient.” 1892.

⸺ “Turquie Agonisante.” 1913.

Lybyer, Albert H.: “The Government of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Süleïman the Magnificent.” (Harvard Historical Studies.) 1913.

Mahmud Mukhtar Pascha: “Meine Führung im Balkankriege, 1912.” 1913.

Margoliouth, D. S.: “Mahommed and the Rise of Islam.” 1906.

McCabe, Joseph: “The Empresses of Constantinople.” 1913.

McCullagh, Francis: “The Fall of Abdul Hamid.” 1910.

Melek Hanoum and Grace Ellison: “Abdul Hamid’s Daughter.” 1913.

Melling: “Le Voyage Pittoresque de Constantinople et des Rives du Bosphore.” (Plates.) 1819.

Midhat Bey, Ali Haydar: “The Life of Midhat Pasha.” 1903.

Miller, William: “The Costumes of Turkey.” 1802.

Miller, William: “The Latins in the Levant.” 1908.

⸺ “The Ottoman Empire: 1801-1913.” 1913.

Millingen, Alexander van: “Byzantine Churches in Constantinople.” 1912.

⸺ “Byzantine Constantinople: The Walls....” 1899.

⸺ “Constantinople.” 1906.

Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley: “Letters.” 1763 _et al._

Mordtmann, Dr.: “Esquisse Topographique de Constantinople.” 1892.

Mour, J. van: “Recueil de Cent Estampes Représentant Différentes Nations du Levant.” (Plates.) 1712.

Muir, Sir William: “The Life of Mohammad.”

Mumford, J. K.: “Oriental Rugs.” 1901.

“Murray’s Handbook for Travellers in Constantinople....” 1900.

Neale, J. M.: “The Fall of Constantinople.”

Norden, W.: “Das Papsttum und Byzanz.” 1903.

d’Ohsson, Ignatius Mouradgea: “Tableau Général de l’Empire Ottoman.” Illustrated. 1824.

Oman, C. W. C.: “The Byzantine Empire.” (Story of the Nations Series.) 1892.

Pardoe, Miss, and W. H. Bartlett: “The Beauties of the Bosphorus.” Illustrated. 1832.

Pears, Sir Edwin: “The Destruction of the Greek Empire.” 1903.

Pears: “The Fall of Constantinople.” 1885.

⸺ “Turkey and Its People.” 1911.

Racine, Jean: “Bajazet.” 1672.

Ramsay, Sir William M.: “Studies in the History and Art of the Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire.” 1906.

⸺ “The Revolution in Constantinople and Turkey.” 1909.

Redhouse, Sir James: “Turkish-English and English-Turkish Dictionary.”

Rémond, Georges: “Avec les Vaincus.” 1913.

Rosedale, H. G.: “Queen Elizabeth and the Levant Company.” 1904.

Saladin, H., and G. Migeon: “Manuel d’Art Musulman.” 1907.

Schiltberger, Johann: “Bondage and Travels.” Translated by J. B. Telfer. 1879.

Schlumberger, Gustave: “Un Empereur Byzantin au Dixième Siècle.” 1890.

⸺ “L’Épopée Byzantine.” 1896-1905.

⸺ “Les Îles des Princes.” 1884.

Sélim Bey: “Carnet de Campagne d’un Officier Turc.” 1913.

Smith, Francis: “Eastern Costumes.” 1769.

Stanley, Dean: “The Eastern Church.” 1861.

Strzygowski: “Die Byzantinischen Wasserbehälter von Konstantinopel.”

⸺ “Orient oder Rom.” 1901.

Thalasso, A.: “Karagueuz.”

⸺ “Le Théâtre Turc.” 1884.

Tinayre, Marcelle: “Notes d’une Voyageuse en Turquie.” 1909.

Townsend, Meredith: “Asia and Europe.” 3d ed. 1909.

Twain, Mark: “The Innocents Abroad.” 1869.

Vambéry, Arminius: “Manners in Oriental Countries.” 1876.

⸺ “The Story of My Struggles.” 1904.

⸺ “Travels in Central Asia.” 1864.

⸺ “The Turkish People.” 1885.

Vandal, A.: “Une Ambassade Française en Orient sous Louis XV.”

Villehardouin, Geoffroi de: “De la Conqueste de Constantinople....” Translated by Sir Frank Marzials. (Everyman’s Library.)

Vincent and Dickson: “A Handbook of Modern Greek.” 1904.

Wallace, Lew: “The Prince of India.” 1893.

Walsh, Robert: “Constantinople and the Seven Churches of Asia.” Illustrated. 1840.

Walsh: “A Residence in Constantinople.” 1836.

Washburn, George: “Fifty Years in Constantinople and Recollections of Robert College.” 1909.

Whitman, Sidney: “Turkish Reminiscences.” 1913.

Willis, N. P.: “Pencillings by the Way.” 1844.

Wratislaw, A. H., M.A.: “Adventures of Baron Wenceslas Wratislaw of Mitrowitz; what he saw in the Turkish Metropolis, Constantinople; experienced in his captivity; and after his happy return to his country, committed to writing in the year of our Lord 1599.” Literally translated from the original Bohemian. 1862.

Young, George: “Corps de Droit Ottoman.” 7 vols. 1905.

Zanotti, Angelo: “Autour des Mûrs de Constantinople.” 1911.

Zeyneb Hanoum: “A Turkish Woman’s European Impressions.” 1913.

INDEX

References in italics are chiefly to illustrations.

Abraham, 287, 297.

Admirals:
Haïreddin Pasha Barbarossa, 139, 169, 170.
Hassan Pasha, 368.
Kîlîj Ali Pasha, 129, 166.
Pialeh Pasha, 130, 140, 163.
Sokollî Mehmed Pasha, 139.
Süleïman Pasha, 376.

Adrianople, 40, 69, 210, 525.

Aïvan (Eïvan) Seraï, 87.

Ak Bîyîk, 367, 370.

Ak Seraï, 364, 381.

Albanians, 30, 159, 298, 325, 334, 392, 394, 397, 406, 429, 431, 446,
449, 450, 461, 470.

_Alem_, 301, 312, 316, 359, 376, 380.

Alexander the Great, 197, 259.

Algiers, 166, 169.

Ali, 310, _311_, 313.

Ali Bey Souyou, 142, 143.

Ambassadors and Ambassadresses, xi, 24, 60, 84, 109, 110, 134, 143,
156, 160, 170, 173, 174, 175, 176, 210, 229, 238 _et seq._,
243, 254, 289, 293, 329, 385, 418, 419, 431, 432, 473, 474,
478, 497, 517, 520, 527. See also Lady Mary Montagu.

Americans, xi, 16, 80, 81, 192, 193, 237, 240, 352, 362, 394, 395,
403, 431, 438, 440, 473, 474, 478, 497, 529, 541.

Amsterdam, 162.

Anadolou Hissar, 245, 251, 383.

Anemas, 88.

Apollo, 149, 197, 285, 341, 344.

Appian Way, 75.

Aqueducts, 80, 142, 197, 363, 364, 483, _484_.

Arabic numerals, 104, 369.

Arabs, 9, 14, 20, 88, 128, 135, 159, 200, 215, 227, 265, 266, 270,
274, 286, 292, 295, 411, 417, 419, 431, 453, 537, 540.

Architects:
Christodoulos, 508.
Haïreddin, 41.
Kemaleddin Bey, xi, 41.
Sinan, 41, 42, 49, 50, 53, 60, 61, 65, 139, 165, 182, 200, 206,
210, 356, 369, 377, 486, 523.
Vedad Bey, 41.
Zia Bey, xii, 41.

Architecture:
Byzantine, 9, 40, 76, 77, 78, 88, 89, 94, 95, 100, 106, 508. See
also Churches and Palaces.
Romanesque, 77.
Turkish, 7, 8, 39, 41, 42 _et seq._, 143, 353, 357, 365, 369, 370,
371, 393, 536. See also Fountains, _Hans_, Houses, Mosques,
Palaces, _Türbehs_, etc.

Ardebil, 48.

Argonauts, 86, 149, 238, 240, 245, 347.

Armenians, 18, 81, 134, 176, 179, 192, 193, 195, 256, 268, 272, 330,
332, 393, 416, 417, 460, 504, 516, 537.

Arnaout-kyöi, 245, 251, _252_, _321_, 344, 345.

Arsenal, 119, 128, 129, 130, 140, 163, 376.

Artillery, 164.

Ash Wednesday, 324.

Athens and Athenians, 75, 76, 78, 99, 157, 197, 216, 469, 545.

Avret Bazaar, 369, 381.

_Áyazma_, 87, 149, 333, 336 _et seq._, 345, 346, 350.

Azap Kapou, 107, 124, 128, 151, 154, 157, 182, 380.

Aziz Mahmoud Hüdaï, 224.

Bagnio, 163, 164.

_Baïram_: _see_ High Days and Holidays.

_Baise-main_ (_mouayedeh_), 289 _et seq._

“Bajazet,” 58.

Balat, 48, 87.

Balîklî, 332 _et seq._, 515, 520.

Balio, 128, 152, 153, 160, 164, 173, 174, 502.

Barbarossa: _see_ Admirals.

Barbyses: _see_ Kiat Haneh Souyou.

_Basma haneh_, 213, 214.

Battles and Sieges:
Adrianople, 525.
Algiers, 169.
Bed’r, 377.
Byzantium, 107, 197, 545.
Cairo, 278, 302.
Chatalja, 481 _et seq._, 514.
Chios, 130.
Chrysopolis, 197.
Constantinople, 80, 85, 92, 97, 99, 108, 128, 132, 135, 140, 154,
163, 164, 170, 195, 215, 333, 330, 347-383 _et seq._, 404, 425
_et seq._, 502.
Famagusta, 140.
Kerbela, 310, 311, 314, 362, 366, 377.
Kîrk Kil’seh, x, 467, 469, 472, 520, 525.
Lepanto, 128, 129, 166.
Lüleh Bourgass, 469, 473, 490.
Malta, 130.
Platæa, 107, 404.
Szigeth, 139.
Vienna, 25, 31.

Bazaars: _see_ Markets.

Bebek, _23_, 247, 248, 355, 434.

Beehive, 206.

Beïkos, 240, 244, 373, 375.

Beïlerbeï, 217, 255, 375.

Belgrade forest, 238.

Bellini, Gentile, _iv_.

Benedictines, 161.

Benozzo Gozzoli, 502, _505_.

Beshiktash, _121_, 149, 150, 169, 170, 298, 420, 434, 443.

_Bezesten_: _see_ Markets.

Bible House, 80, 82.

Bird-house, _72_, _135_, 218, _313_.

Black Sea, 3, 30, 114, 122, 124, 127, 210, 238, 240, 243, 350, 369,
384, 391, 459.

Boats and Shipping, _23_, 85, 114 _et seq._, _115_, _118_, _119_,
_121_, _122_, _123_, 129, 132, _145_, 146, 157, 175, 182, 184,
187, 188, 323, 396, _397_, 399, 417, 522.

Borgia, Alexander, 92.

Bosphorus, 113, 128, 130, 196, 197, 198, 200, 212, 216, _217_, 218,
228 _et seq._, _243_, _249_, _252_, _321_, 322, 340, 344, 382,
384, 390, 391, 393, 394, 396, _397_, 417, 458, 450.

Bragadin, Marcantonio, 140.

Brangwyn, Frank, 4, 77.

Bridge, 29.

Broussa, 15, 40, 48, 61, 146, 195, 251, 289, 302, 358, 408.

Bulgaria and Bulgarians, 98, 150, 334, 335, _336_, 417, 429, 446,
473, 480, 481, 487, 488, 500, 511, 514, 517, 521, 531, 535.

Büyük Chekmejeh, 486, 487.

Büyük Dereh, 238, 240.

Byron, 79, 243, 549.

Byzantium, 74, 77, 107, 142, 196, 197, 216, 259, 545.

Byzas, 142, 216.

“Cage,” _263_, 264, 354.

Calendars:
Byzantine, 104.
Gregorian, 99, 179.
Hebrew, 179.
Julian, 99, 178, 318, 348, 408.
Mohammedan, 179, 265, 277, 279, 284, 286.

Caliphate, 260, 277, 279, 302, 310.

Calligraphers and Calligraphy, 13, 46, 131, 140, 166, _167_, 366.

Camels, 142, 301, 306, _307_, 324, 417, 483.

_Campagna_, 79, 142, 391, 482, 483.

Capitulations, 152, 176, 504, 511.

Capuchins, 161, 164, 172.

Carnival, 323.

Catherine de’ Medici, 174.

Ceilings, 12, 191, 202, 212, 251, 252, _253_, 262, 380.

Cemeteries, 8, 107, _109_, _111_, 132, 140, _141_, 163, _181_, 182,
189, 199, 218 _et seq._, _221_, _223_, 315, 331, 334, _384_,
389, 390, 395, 483, 489, 520.

Cervantes, 166.

Chalcedon, 196, 197, 216.

Chamlîja, 216 _et seq._, 248.

Charles II, 24.

Chatalja, 426, 427, _428_, 433, 445, 454, 481, 486, 488, 490, 514,
521.

Chénier, André, 148, 161, 183.

Chibouklou, 245, 372.

Chinili Kyöshk: _see_ Palaces.

Cholera, 486, 489, 491 _et seq._, _498_, 520, 526.

Christmas: _see_ High Days and Holidays.

Chronograms, 61, 221, 367 _et seq._, 380.

Chrysopolis, 113, 195 _et seq._

Churches:
Byzantine—
Archangel Michael, 245, 347.
Blacherne, 87.
Chora—“Our Saviour in the Fields” (Kahrieh Jami), 96 _et seq._,
_97_, _98_, _102_, _104_, 160.
Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, 338.
Holy Apostles, 150, 507, 514.
Myrelaion (Boudroun Jami), _83_.
Pammakaristos—“All-Blessed Virgin” (Fetieh Jami), 96, 507, 514,
_515_.
Pantocrator (Zeïrek Kil’seh Jami), 160, 502, _503_.
Pege (Balîklî), 333.
SS. Cosmas and Damian, 142.
St. Euphemia, 197.
St. Irene, 96, 128, 259.
St. Irene (Galata), 150.
St. Mamas, 150.
St. Mary the Mongolian, 508.
SS. Sergius and Bacchus (Küchük Aya Sofya), 84, 359.
St. Sophia (Aya Sofya), 40, 46, 62, 63, 75, _77_, 81, 82, 90, 92,
96, 152, 160, 180, 282, 298, 358, 360, 378, 423, _447_, 451,
460, _465_, 502, 507, 514, 518, 526.
Studion (Imrahor Jamisi), 91 _et seq._, 93.
Greek—
Balîklî, “Our Lady of the Fishes,” 333, 520.
Metamorphosis (Kandilli), 345.
St. George (Phanar), 133, 327 _et seq._, 514, 516.
St. George (Prinkipo), 342.
St. Stephen, 349.
Taxyarch (Arnaout-kyöi), 322, 350.
Latin—
Sant’ Antonio, 159, 172.
S. Benoît, 157, 161, 184.
San Francesco (Yeni Valideh Jamisi), 158, 172, 205.
St. George, 149.
S. Louis, 172.
Sta. Maria Draperis, 172.
San Paolo (Arab Jami), 159, 186.
S. Pierre, 157, 159, 160.
Trinitarians, 173.

Cimabue, 105.

Cisterns, 81, 82, 93.

Climate, 3, 231, 238, 244.

_Cloaca_, 82.

Clocks, 201.

Coffee and Coffee-Houses, 2, 20 _et seq._, _23_, _26_, _27_, _29_,
_31_, 35, 140, 187, 199, 219, 268 _et seq._, 275, 334, 396,
_397_, 398, 400.

Colour, 3, 15, 114, 390.

Columns:
Constantine (Burnt Column), 72, 107, 173, 424.
Claudius Gothicus, 259.
Marcian, 83.

Committee of Union and Progress, 406, 408, 409, 425, 512.

Conqueror: _see_ Sultan Mehmed II.

Constitution, 30, 136, 255, 277, 284, 332, 402, 406, 410, 413.

Convents, 83, 132, 159.

Conventuals, 158, 172, 205.

Corbels, _5_, 10, _11_, _12_, _13_, _72_, _133_, 158, _199_, 251,
_252_, 264, _313_, 358, 393, 394, _399_.

Costumes, 30, 117, 146, 159, 177, 181, 220, 269, 272, 273, 283, 290
_et seq._, _299_, 303, _305_, 307, _311_, 312, 314, 315, 322,
325, 327, 328, _331_, 332, 342, 343, 392, 419, 423, 427, 431,
435, 448, _451_, 452, 460, _462_, _485_, _517_, _523_, _526_,
530, 531, 532, _533_.

Courts, 7, _40_, 42, 63 _et seq._, _64_, _69_, 70, 72, 77, 94, _135_,
136, 139, 152, _153_, 160, 164, 165, 183, 200, _201_, 206, 211,
212, 260, 261, 262, _263_, 264, 288, _289_, 311, 312, 315, 358,
_359_, _360_, _361_, 523.

Crete, 88, 173.

Croats, 130, 177, 394.

Crusades:
First, 142.
Fourth, 77, 80, 85, 89, 92, 132, 150, 152, 491, 507.

Cut-Throat Castle, 347, 364, 383 _et seq._, _384_, _387_, 390.

Cydaris: _see_ Ali Bey Souyou.

Cypress: _see_ Trees.

Cyprus, 129, 140.

Dancers and Dancing, 145, 248, 249, 258, 269, 270, 273, 274, 294,
325, _331_, 332, 335, _336_, _337_, 343, 344.

Demeter, 347.

Derivatives, 19, 23, 118, 123, 128, 151, 163, 244, 246, 257, 269.

Dervishes:
Bektashi, xii, 390.
Halveti, 223.
Mevlevi, xii, 108, 148, 171.
Roufaï, 222 _et seq._, 316, 394.
Sünbüllü, 394.

Diehl, 103, 549.

Doges’ Palace, 89.

Dogs, 127, 389, 402, 403.

Dominicans, 159.

“Don Quixote,” 166.

Doors, 9, 12, _37_, _40_, _41_, 55, 62, _64_, _65_, _69_, _70_, _71_,
_135_, 165, _204_, _209_, _213_, _252_, _253_, 254, 260, _261_,
262, _281_, _313_, _377_.

Doria, 157, 166, 245.

Earthquakes, 17, 85, 96, 110, 157.

Easter: _see_ High Days and Holidays.

Eastern Church, 92, 113, 318 _et seq._, 500 _et seq._, 553.

Eaves, _5_, 10, _11_, _13_, _64_, _135_, 136, _183_, _199_, _213_,
260, _263_, 264, 360, 366, 370, 373, _375_, _379_, 380, 381,
393.

Egypt, 163, 244, 246, 247, 260, 278, 302, 303.

Eleusinian Mysteries, 326.

Elijah: _see_ St. Elias.

Embassies, 134, 171, 172, 173, 175, 238 _et seq._, _241_, _243_, 386,
438, 473, 474.

Embroidery, 57, 146, 301, 312, 328, 531, _532_.

Emirgyan, 245, 246, 251, 372.

Emperors and Empresses, 545 _et seq._:
Alexius II, 152.
Anastasius I, 87.
Andronicus I, 483.
Andronicus II, 99, 100.
Andronicus III, 99.
Baldwin I, 160, 547.
Basil II the Slayer of the Bulgarians, 152.
Caracalla, 107.
Constans, 80.
Constantine I the Great, 4, 75, 82, 84, 85, 92, 107, 150, 197, 363,
424, 501, 507.
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, 84, 88.
Constantine X Monomachus, 92.
Constantine XII, 81.
Eudoxia, 92.
Hadrian, 82, 363.
Heraclius, 87, 383.
Isaac Angelus, 88.
John V Cantacuzene, 86, 157.
John VII Palæologus, 502, _505_.
Justinian I the Great, 4, 78, 85, 90, 96, 97, 98, 132, 142, 150,
259, 363, 507.
Leo I the Great, 150.
Leo III the Isaurian, 96, 259.
Manuel I Comnenus, 215.
Manuel II Palæologus, 92.
Martian, 83, 87.
Michael VII Palæologus, 85, 92, 154, 508.
Nicephorus Phocas, 85, 88.
Pulcheria, 87, 92, 338.
Septimius Severus, 107.
Theodosius I the Great, 109.
Theodosius II, 92, 108, 109, 142, 404.
Valens, 197, 363.

Empress Eugénie, 255.

England and English, 4, 24, 76, 79, 151, 157, 173 _et seq._, 189,
192, 197, 233, 238, 239, 246, 250, 293, 394, 402, 403, 414,
415, 420, 434, 436, 440, 445, 454, 467, 474, 478, 481, 488,
497, 513, 521, 527, 529, 531, 534, 537, 542. See also Byron,
Gibbon, and Lady Mary Montagu.

Epiphany: _see_ High Days and Holidays.

Epirus and Epirotes, 171, 325, _331_.

Escutcheons, 157, 160.

Evil Eve, 248, 298, 325, 463.

_Evkaf_: _see_ Ministry of Pious Foundations.

Excavation, 78, 80, 94, 198.

Exiles, 416.

Eyoub, 135 _et seq._, 452, 521 _et seq._

Fasting, 265, 266, 319, 324, 325, 346.

_Fatih_: _see_ Sultan Mehmed II.

Ferdinand and Isabella, 159.

Fez, 1, 220, 269, 291, 328, 343.

Fîndîklî, 171, 182, 381.

Fireplaces, 12, 55, 134, 261, 262.

Fires, 2, 8, 19, 36, 82, 83, 134, 157, 158, 160, 161, 181, 240, 250,
256, 354, 378, 400, 490.

Flagellants, 312 _et seq._

Florence and Florentines, 55, 85, 107, 151, 502. See also Benozzo
Gozzoli, Cimabue, and Giotto.

Flowers, 7, 28, 110, 111, 136, 140, 143, 172, 193, 206, 227, 228,
230, 232, 233, 257, 258, 264, 326, 340, 341, 389, 392.

_Fondaco dei Turchi_, 19, 89.

Fountains, viii, 352 _et seq._, 536:
House and Garden Fountains—
Bubbling, _357_.
Cascade (_chaghleyan_), 236, _239_.
Dripping (_selsebil_), 235, _236_, _237_, 354, _355_, 356, 370.
Jetting (_fîskieh_), 152, _153_, 233, _235_, 251, _253_, 254,
255, 260, 355, 356.
Wall, 11, _233_, 234, 262, 353 _et seq._, _354_.
Mosque Fountains—
Interior, 358.
Exterior—
Applied, 35, _135_, 358.
Detached (_shadrîvan_), 63, _64_, 65, 72, _77_, _135_, 139,
200, _201_, 205, 358 _et seq._, _359_, _360_, _361_.
Street Fountains—
Applied (_cheshmeh_), 130, 183, _185_, _199_, _205_, 206, 219,
336, 361 _et seq._, _365_, _368_, _371_, 495.
Detached—
_Cheshmeh_, _165_, 183, 361, 372, 373, _374_, _375_, 404, 456.
_Sebil_, _71_, 72, 136, 183, _205_, 206, 361, 376 _et seq._,
_377_, _379_.

France and French, 46, 48, 143, 156, 160, 162, 172, 229, 239, 240,
255, 262, 416, 473, 485, 534, 542. See also Chénier, Gautier,
Loti, Louis, and Paris.

Franciscans, 158, 172.

Frescoes, 100, 103, _191_.

Friends of Stamboul, 70, 85.

Gabriel, 124, 265, 279, 303, 366.

Galata, 124, 141, 148 _et seq._, 180, 182 _et seq._, 415, 416, 436,
448, 490.

Galata Tower, 148, 154, 156, 160, 183, 370.

Gardens, viii, 2, 10, 54, 134, 143, 169, 170, 173, 190, 227 _et
seq._, _230_, _239_, _241_, _243_, 393, 456, 457.
Design, 228, 229, 230, 234, 235, 236, 258, 264.
Marbles, _232_, _233_ _et seq._, _235_, _236_, _237_, _239_.
Mosaic, 228.

Gautier, Théophile, 267, 550.

Genoa and Genoese, 124, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, _155_, 156, 157,
158, 188, 245, 323, 384, 502.

Germans and Germany, 124, 239, 404, 406, 414, 419, 448, 456, 457,
471, 474, 475, 486, 534, 542.

Giant’s Mountain (_Yousha Daghi_), 243.

Gibbon, 79, 195, 341.

Giotto, _102_, 103, 104, 105.

Gipsies, 269, 294, 316, 332, 334.

Gladstone, 402, 537.

_Goeben_, 486.

Golden Gate, 92, 108, _109_, 110, 113, 339.

Golden Horn, 4, 39, 87, 88, 106, 107, 112, 113 _et seq._, _115_,
_119_, _123_, _141_, _145_, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 157,
_181_, 188, 189, 259, 284, 330.

Grand Bazaar: _see_ Markets.

Grand Logothete, 99, 329.

Grand Vizier:
Daoud Pasha, 365.
Ferid Pasha, 406.
Hafîz Ahmed Pasha, 378.
Hüsseïn Hilmi Pasha, 292.
Ibrahim Pasha (Mourad III), 62.
Ibrahim Pasha (Ahmed III), 143, 256, 372, 379.
Kyamil Pasha, 534.
Kyöprülü Hüsseïn Pasha, 71 _et seq._, 253.
Kyöprülü Mehmed Pasha, 72.
Mahmoud Pasha, 48.
Mahmoud Shefket Pasha, x, 428, 433, 440, 444, 453, 454, 512.
Midhat Pasha, 255.
Rüstem Pasha, 49, 62, 200.
Sokollî Mehmed Pasha, 65, 128, 139, 140, 182.
Tevfik Pasha, 431.

Grapes, 345, 346.

Grape-vines, 19, _21_, 28, 65, _72_, _135_, _153_, 187, _213_, _271_,
358, 386.

Gravestones, 8, 34, _109_, _111_, 139, _141_, 218, 219, 220 _et
seq._, _221_, _223_, _384_, 389.

Greeks, 18, 55, 105, 113, 117, 121, 122, 123, 124, 132, 133, 154,
156, 160, 161, 162, 169, 175, 176, 177, 178, 205, 268, 269,
272, 318, _321_, 325, 330, 331, 334, _337_, 338, 339, 344, 345,
350, 393, 401, 407, 411, 418, 426, 429, 446, 460, 483, 500,
_501_, 504, 509, 511, 512, _517_, 537.

Grilles, 7, _9_, _35_, 39, 65, _71_, 72, _133_, 136, _183_, 199,
_205_, 212, 224, _207_, _263_, 360, _361_, _375_, 376, 378,
_379_, 381.

Guilds, 19, 30, 117, 118, 119, 120, 124, 284, 325, 332, 362, 400, 412.

Gyök Sou, 146, 245, 346, _385_, 456.

Hagar, 366.

Haïdar Pasha, 196, 214, 444.

Halcyons, 239.

Hannibal, 197.

_Hans_, 16, 19, 20, 81, 82, 152, _153_, 173, 311, 312, _313_, 315,
536.

Hass-kyöi, 159, 324, 369.

High Days and Holidays:
Greek—
Annunciation, 325.
Ascension, 350.
Assumption, 346.
Balîklî Day (Our Lady of the Fishes), 332 _et seq._, _336_.
Carnival, 323.
_Apokreá_, 324.
Cheese Sunday, 324.
Christmas, 157, 179, 319, 323.
Easter, 92, 179, 327 _et seq._
Easter Monday, 330.
Epiphany (Great blessing), 320 _et seq._, _321_.
Exaltation of the Cross, 346.
Forty Martyrs (_Aï Saránda_), 338 _et seq._
Lent, 324 _et seq._
Clean Monday (Tatavla Day), 324 _et seq._, _331_.
Great Week (Holy Week), 325 _et seq._
Little Blessing, 320.
May Day, 350.
Nativity of the Virgin, 346.
New Year (_Aï Vassíli_), 319.
_Panayía Mavromolítissa_, 350.
St. Demetrius (_Aï Thimítri_), 347.
St. Elias, 285, 341, 344.
St. George, 285, 341 _et seq._
St. John, 350.
St. Stephen, 348.
Transfiguration, 345.
Mohammedan—
Accession Day, 248, 284.
_Arifeh_, 286.
_Ashoureh_ (Death of Hüsseïn), 200, 308 _et seq._
_Baïram_—
Greater or _Kourban Baïram_, 287, 288, 297 _et seq._, _299_,
303.
Lesser or _Sheker Baïram_, 64, 287, 288 _et seq._, _289_.
_Berat Gejesi_ (Revelation of Prophet’s Mission), 287, 303.
Hîd’r Eless (Hîzîr), 144, 213, 285, 341.
_Hirkaï Sherif_ (the Noble Robe), 277.
_Kad’r Gejesi_ (Night of Power), 265, 279 _et seq._, _281_, 287
Kassîm, 213, 347.
Liberty Day, 284, 408.
_Mevloud_ (Prophet’s Birthday), 286, 287, 304.
_Miraj Gejesi_ (Ascension), 224, 287.
New Year, 179, 285.
Nevrouz (No-rouz), 285, 339.
_Ramazan_, 39, 64, 223, 247, 265 _et seq._, _271_, _275_, 287, 288,
400.
_Reghaïb Gejesi_ (Prophet’s Conception), 287.

Hippodrome, 56, 75, 83, 152, 403, _465_.

Hîzîr, 202, 203, 285, 341, 366. See also High Days and Holidays.

Holagou, 508.

Holy Week: _see_ High Days and Holidays.

Holy Wells: _see_ _Áyazma_.

Horse Tails, 129.

Hospitals, 66, 467, 472 _et seq._, _480_, 497 _et seq._

Houses:
“Genoese,” 158.
Phanariote, _133_, 134.
Turkish, viii, 2, _5_, 8, _72_, _138_, 139, _155_, _199_, _213_,
_295_, _387_, _399_, _447_, 536.
_Konak_, 9 _et seq._, _11_, _12_, _13_, 133, 191, 353, 393.
_Kyöshk_ (Kiosk), 48, 246, 247, 250, 251 _et seq._, _253_, 255,
258, 260, 356, _357_.
_Yalî_, 240, 245, 250, 251, _252_, 256, 354, 372, 382, 393, _397_.

Howells, W. D., vii.

Hungary and Hungarians, 139, 162.

Hüsseïn, 310, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 362, 366, 377.

Iconoclasts, 91, 96, 97.

Icons, 333, 349, 516.
_Panayía Mavromolítissa_, 350.
Shower of the Way, 92, 97, 160, 502.

_Iftar_, 247, 266, 277, 279.

Illuminations, 143, 248, 257, 258, 267, 280, 282, 284, 287.

Inscriptions:
Greek, 100, 108.
Latin, 108, 109, 110, 157, 161.
Turkish, 10, 13, 46, 47, 61, _63_, _67_, 73, _131_, _167_, _203_,
220, 221, 224, 243, _261_, _357_, 366 _et seq._, 373, 380.

Io, 142, 216.

Ishmael, 297.

Islam, 34, 66, 246, 260, 267, 282, 284, 286, 287, 292, 303, 366, 481,
496, 539 _et seq._

Issa Kapoussou, 108, 360.

Izzet Pasha, 414.

Janissaries, 130, 198, 385, 426, 484, 543. Also Sinan.

Jesuits, 161.

Jews, 134, 159, 369, 429, 435, 446, 504, 517.

Jihangir Soultan, 61, 171.

Joshua, 243.

Judas, 233, 327, 350.

Kaaba, 57, 277, 302, 303.

Kabatash, _118_, _187_, 188.

Kadi-kyöi, 196, 198, 219.

Kalafat Yeri, 188.

_Kallikántzari_, 322.

Kandilli, 248, _249_, 345, 356.

Kanlîja, 371.

Kara-gyöz, 270 _et seq._, _271_.

Kassîm Pasha, 128, 130, 140, 163, 180, 187, 368, 443.

Kazlî, _356_, 364.

Kemer Altî, 184.

Keroessa, 142.

Khedives, 244, 245, 246, 247.

Kiat Haneh, 143 _et seq._, 236, 285, _373_.

Kiat Haneh Souyou, 142, 143, 144, _145_, 146, 147, 236.

Kilios, 238.

Kiosk: _see_ Houses.

Kîrk Cheshmeh, 364.

Kîrk Kil’seh: _see_ Battles and Sieges.

Knockers, 9, 62.

Konia, 30, 40, 48.

Koran, 23, 47, 57, 66, 73, 127, 131, 220, 265, 277, 278, 279, 283,
303, 310, 366, 367, 393, 410.

Kourou Cheshmeh, 347, _348_.

Küchük Chekmejeh, 486, 489.

Kürds, 214, 294, 332, 412, 537.

Kütahya, 47, 205, 288.

Kyöprülü: _see_ Grand Vizier.

Kyössem: _see_ Sultana.

Lady Lowther, 474, 520, 527.

Lady Mary Montagu, 79, 175, 230, 233, 238, 250, 531.

Lady of Light: _see_ Sultana.

Lady of the Fishes, Our: _see_ Balîklî.

Lady of the Mongols, 508.

_Lanterna_, 184, 334, 336, _337_, 343, 345.

Lanterns, _115_, 129, 130, 166, 170, 268, 281, 282, 320, _321_, 322,
323, 392, 490, 515, _517_, 519.

Latins, 92, 105, 151, 154, 156, 162, 171, 172, 504, 508. See also
Genoese, Venetians, etc.

Laz, 117, 121, 294, 331, 344, 461, 537.

Lazarists, 161.

Leander’s Tower: _see_ Maiden’s Tower.

Lent: _see_ High Days and Holidays.

Lepanto: _see_ Battles and Sieges.

Lepers, 219.

Levant Company, 24, 174, 175.

Levantines, 161, 176.

Libraries, 66, 70, 73, 139, 177, 259, 263.

London, 24, 76, 175.

Loti, Pierre, 141, 148, 521, 537.

Louis XIV, 25, 143, 161.

Louis XV, 143, 162, 206.

Lüleh Bourgass: _see_ Battles and Sieges.

Macedonia and Macedonians, 36, 197, 216, 259, 325, 335, 394, 406, 426
_et seq._, 511.

_Magnifica communità di Pera_, 155, 156.

Maiden’s Tower, 214.

Malta and Maltese, 117, 130, 166.

Manuscripts, 57, 70, 91, 150, 202, 259.

Markets, 15, 18, 34, 199, _399_.
Bazaars (Grand Bazaar), 15.
_Bezesten_, 15.
Copper market, 18.
Dried Fruit Bazaar, 18, 120, 152.
Egyptian (Spice) Bazaar, 17.
Fish market, 18.
Flower market, 18, 200.
Friday market, 187, 206.
Fruit market, 120.
Monday market, 19.
Rug market, 16.
Thursday market, 184.
Tuesday market, 187.
Vegetable market, 18.
Wood market, 122, 152.

Marquetry, 16, 36, 55, 57, _59_, 130, 134, _203_, 251, _253_, 254,
_261_, 262, 295.

Mary Ducas, 98, 103.

Mary Palæologus: _see_ Lady of the Mongols.

Master of Flowers, 257.

Mecca and Medina, 39, 57, 200, 251, 266, 302, 303, 304, 306, 394.

Medea, 117, 238, 347.

_Medresseh_, 17, 66 _et seq._, 358.
Ali Pasha, 73.
Feïzoullah Effendi, 69, _70_, 366.
Hassan Pasha, _72_.
Ibrahim Pasha, 379.
Kefenek Sinan, 152.
Kyöprülü Hüsseïn Pasha, _71_, _359_.
Shemsi Pasha, 209 _et seq._, _211_.
Sokollî Mehmed Pasha, _65_, 66, _69_, _361_.

Megara, 107, 142, 196.

Mehmed Soultan, 60, 61.

Melling, 220, 250, 254, 256, 373.

_Meltem_, 238, 244.

_Mese_: _see_ Streets.

_Mihrab_, 30, 46, 50, _51_, 53, _67_, 95, 130, _131_, 166, _167_,
202, 204, 206, _207_, 224.

Mihrîmah Soultan, 200.

_Mimber_, 39, 50, _67_, _131_, 166, _167_, 202, 212.

Ministry of Pious Foundations, xi, xii, 42, 66, 94, 206, 292, 362.

Mirror stone, 354, 358, 364.

Missions, 80, 157, 158 _et seq._, 164, 172, 173.

Mitylene, 169.

Moda, 196, 214.

Mohammed, xi, 14, 57, 66, 73, 127, 135, 139, 219, 251, 266, 267, 277,
278, 279, 286, 287, 288, 293, 303, 304, 307, 309, 310, 352,
450, 479, 540.

Monasteries, 91, 93, 96, 157, 158 _et seq._, 332, 342, 383, 502, 508,
509, 510, 520.

Montagu: _see_ Lady Mary.

Mosaic:
Glass, 77, 78, 84, 95, 96, _98_, 100 _et seq._, _102_, _104_, 161,
259, 282.
Marble, 55, 89, _90_, 94, 95.
Pebble, 228.

Mosques:
Bebek, _23_.
Galata and Pera—
Arab Jami (San Paolo): _see_ Churches.
Asmalî Mesjid, 171.
Fîndîklî, 182.
Hamidieh, 280, 282, 410, 431, 444.
Jihangir, 171.
Kîlîj Ali (“Don Quixote”), _165_, _167_, 182.
Nousretieh, 165, 182.
Pialeh Pasha, 130, _131_, 163.
Sokollî Mehmed Pasha, 182.
Yeni Valideh Jamisi (San Francesco): _see_ Churches.
Giant’s Mountain, 243.
Kourou Cheshmeh, 347, _348_.
Roumeli Hissar, 394, 398.
Scutari—
Ahmedieh, _209_.
Áyazma, 209, _213_, 371.
Chinili Jami, _204_.
Mihrîmah, 200, _201_.
Roum Mehmed Pasha, 209, 224.
Selimieh, 209.
Shemsi Pasha, 209, _211_, 212.
Valideh Atik, 202, _203_, 316.
Valideh Jedid (Yeni Valideh), 45, 205, _207_, 249, 360, 370.
Stamboul—
Aïvas Effendi, 88.
Atik Ali Pasha, 41.
Aya Sofya (St. Sophia): _see_ Churches.
Boudroun Jami (Myrelaion): _see_ Churches.
Eyoub Soultan, _135_, 136, 141, 358, 452.
Feïzoullah Effendi, 70.
Fetieh Jami (Pammakaristos): _see_ Churches.
Hafîz Ahmed Pasha, 378.
Hasseki, 369.
Hekim-zadeh Ali Pasha, _35_, 279.
Imrahor Jami (Studion): _see_ Churches.
Jerrah Pasha, _37_.
Kahrieh Jami (Chora): _see_ Churches.
Koumrülü Mesjid, 364.
Küchük Aya Sofya (SS. Sergius and Bacchus): _see_ Churches.
Kyöprülü Hüsseïn Pasha, 73.
Laleli Jami, 42, 381.
Mahmoud Pasha, 35.
Nouri Osmanieh, 42, 358.
Ramazan Effendi, 108, _360_.
Rüstem Pasha, 49 _et seq._, _50_, _51_, _52_, 200, 206.
Shah-zadeh, 35, 60, 275.
Sokollî Mehmed Pasha, _65_, _67_, _69_, 360.
Sultan Ahmed I, _21_, 45, 49, _53_, 75, 84, 206, 358, 404.
Sultan Baïezid II (“Pigeon Mosque”), 35, _40_, 41, 64, 288, 298,
358.
Sultan Mehmed II, 35, _64_, _289_, 295, 298, 358, 508.
Sultan Selim I, 64, 82, 358.
Sultan Süleïman I, _41_, 42, 46, 47, 58, 197, 360.
Yeni Jami, 18, 35, 42, _43_, 45, 46, 53, 54, 56, 63, 107, 119,
122, 151, 159, 206, 298, _299_, 360.
Zal Mahmoud Pasha, 523 _et seq._
Zeïneb Soultan, 42.
Zeïrek Kil’seh Jami (Pantocrator): _see_ Churches.

Mount Athos, 509, 510.

Moustafa Soultan, 59, 61, 369, 523.

_Müezin_, 35, 280, 431, 483.

Museum, xi, 48, 85, 157, 258, 259.

Music:
Bulgarian, 335.
Byzantine, 319, 327, 328, 329, 518.
Greek, 325, 331, 334, 336, 343, 345, 346, 518.
Persian, 246.
Turkish, 145, 172, 246, 268, 269, 272, 273, 276, 280, 282, 283,
291, 294, 301, 305, 307, 312, 314, 331, 332, 334, 390, 464.

Mutiny of 1909, 404, 425, 452, 454, 458.

Names, xi, 527.

“Nations” (_millet_), 30, 151, 154, 156, 162, 175, 176, 293, 332,
504, 511, 516, 541.

New Year: _see_ High Days and Holidays.

New York, 10, 33, 114, 172, 177, 189, 342, 383, 394, 403, 446.

Nicæa, 48, 49, 99, 202, 204, 508.

Nicephorus Gregoras, 99.

Night of Power: _see_ High Days and Holidays.

Noah, 124, 308.

Nyazi Bey, 445.

Observants (_Padri di Terra Santa_), 161, 173.

Odoun Kapan, 122, 152.

Omar, 128, 310.

Orta-kyöi, 255, 435.

Padua, 103, 104.

Painters and Painting, 78, 100, 103 _et seq._, 134, 162, 191, 229,
250, 237.
Byzantine, 77, 91, 100. See also Icons.
Turkish, 66, 202, 212, 237, 250, 251, 252, _253_, 262, 263, 354,
_357_, 370, 373, 380.

Palace Camarilla, 119, 411, _412_.