Chapter XVI: Appendix: Presidential Elections, 1876-1912

-----+--------------------+------+------+---------+---------+-----+
YEAR | | | | | | |
OF | CANDIDATES | |POLIT-| | |ELEC-|
ELEC-| FOR | | ICAL | POPULAR | |TORAL|
TION | PRESIDENT |STATES|PARTY | VOTE |PLURALITY|VOTE |
-----+--------------------+------+------+---------+---------+-----+
1876 |Samuel J. Tilden |N. Y. |Dem. |4,284,885| 250,935| 184 |
|Rutherford B. Hayes*|O. |Rep. |4,033,950| | 185 |
|Peter Cooper |N. Y. |Gre'nb| 81,740| | |
|Green Clay Smith |Ky. |Pro. | 9,522| | |
|James B. Walker |Ill. |Amer. | 2,636| | |
-----+--------------------+------+------+---------+---------+-----+
1880 |James A. Garfield* |O. |Rep. |4,449,053| 7,018| 214 |
|W. S. Hancock |Pa. |Dem. |4,442,035| | 155 |
|James B. Weaver |Iowa |Gre'nb| 307,306| | |
|Neal Dow |Me. |Pro. | 10,305| | |
|John W. Phelps |Vt. |Amer. | 707| | |
-----+--------------------+------+------+---------+---------+-----+
1884 |Grover Cleveland* |N. Y. |Dem. |4,911,017| 62,683| 219 |
|James G. Blaine |Me. |Rep. |4,848,334| | 182 |
|John P. St. John |Kan. |Pro. | 151,809| | |
|Benjamin F. Butler |Mass. |Gre'nb| 133,825| | |
|P. D. Wigginton |Cal. |Amer. | | | |
-----+--------------------+------+------+---------+---------+-----+
1888 |Grover Cleveland |N. Y. |Dem. |5,440,216| | 168 |
|Benjamin Harrison* |Ind. |Rep. |5,538,233| 98,017| 233 |
|Clinton B. Fisk |N. J. |Pro. | 249,907| | |
|Alson J. Streeter |Ill. |U. L. | 148,105| | |
|R. H. Cowdry |Ill. |U'd L.| 2,808| | |
|James L. Curtis |N. Y. |Amer. | 1,591| | |
-----+--------------------+------+------+---------+---------+-----+
1892 |Grover Cleveland* |N. Y. |Dem. |5,556,918| 380,810| 277 |
|Benjamin Harrison |Ind. |Rep. |5,176,108| | 145 |
|James B. Weaver |Iowa |Peop. |1,041,028| | 22 |
|John Bidwell |Cal. |Pro. | 264,133| | |
|Simon Wing |Mass. |Soc L.| 21,164| | |
-----+--------------------+------+------+---------+---------+-----+
1896 |William McKinley* |O. |Rep. |7,104,779| 601,854| 271 |
|William J. Bryan |Neb. |Dem. }|6,502,925| | 170 |
|William J. Bryan |Neb. |Peop.}| | | |
|Joshua Levering |Md. |Pro. | 132,007| | |
|John M. Palmer |Ill. |N Dem.| 133,148| | |
|Charles H. Matchett |N. Y. |Soc L.| 30,274| | |
|Charles E. Bentley |Neb. |Nat. | 13,969| | |
-----+--------------------+------+------+---------+---------+-----+
1900 |William McKinley* |O. |Rep. |7,207,923| 849,790| 292 |
|William J. Bryan |Neb. |Dem P.|6,358,133| | 155 |
|John G. Woolley |Ill. |Pro. | 208,914| | |
|Wharton Barker |Pa. |MP. | 50,373| | |
|Eugene V. Debs |Ind. |Soc D.| 87,815| | |
|Jos. F. Malloney |Mass. |Soc L.| 39,739| | |
|J. F. R. Leonard |Ia. |UC. | 1,059| | |
|Seth H. Ellis |O. |UR. | 5,698| | |
-----+--------------------+------+------+---------+---------+-----+
1904 |Theodore Roosevelt* |N. Y. |Rep. |7,623,486|2,545,515| 336 |
|Alton B. Parker |N. Y. |Dem. |5,077,911| | 140 |
|Eugene V. Debs |Ind. |Soc. | 402,283| | |
|Silas C. Swallow |Pa. |Pro. | 258,536| | |
|Thomas E. Watson |Ga. |Peop. | 117,183| | |
|Charles H. Corrigan |N. Y. |Soc L.| 31,249| | |
-----+--------------------+------+------+---------+---------+-----+
1908 |William H. Taft* |O. |Rep. |7,678,908|1,269,804| 321 |
|William J. Bryan |Neb. |Dem. |6,409,104| | 162 |
|Eugene V. Debs |Ind. |Soc. | 420,793| | |
|Eugene W. Chafin |Ariz. |Pro. | 253,840| | |
|Thomas E. Watson |Ga. |Peo. | 29,100| | |
|August Gillhaus |N. Y. |Soc L.| 13,825| | |
|Thos. L. Hisgen |Mass. |Ind. | 82,872| | |
-----+--------------------+------+------+---------+---------+-----+
1912 |Woodrow Wilson* |N. J. |Dem. |6,292,718|2,235,289| 435 |
|William H. Taft |O. |Rep. |3,369,221| | 15 |
|Theodore Roosevelt |N. Y. |Prog. |4,057,429| | 81 |
|Eugene V. Debs |Ind. |Soc. | 812,731| | |
|Eugene W. Chafin |Ariz. |Pro. | 170,626| | |
|Arthur E. Reimer |Mass. |Soc L.| 17,312| | |
-----+--------------------+------+------+---------+---------+-----+

-----+---------------------+------+------+-----
YEAR | | | |
OF | CANDIDATES | |POLIT-|ELEC-
ELEC-| FOR | | ICAL |TORAL
TION | VICE PRESIDENT |STATES|PARTY |VOTE
-----+---------------------+------+------+-----
1876 |T. A. Hendricks |Ind. |Dem. | 184
|William A. Wheeler* |N. Y. |Rep. | 185
|Samuel F. Cary |O. |Gre'nb|
|Gideon T. Stewart |O. |Pro. |
|D. Kirkpatrick |N. Y. |Amer. |
-----+---------------------+------+------+-----
1880 |Chester A. Arthur* |N. Y. |Rep. | 214
|William H. English |Ind. |Dem. | 155
|B. J. Chambers |Tex. |Gre'nb|
|H. A. Thompson |O. |Pro. |
|S. C. Pomeroy |Kan. |Amer. |
-----+---------------------+------+------+-----
1884 |T. A. Hendricks* |Ind. |Dem. | 219
|John A. Logan |Ill. |Rep. | 182
|William Daniel |Md. |Pro. |
|A. M. West |Miss. |Gre'nb|
| | | |
-----+---------------------+------+------+-----
1888 |Allen G. Thurman |O. |Dem. | 168
|Levi P. Morton* |N. Y. |Rep. | 233
|John A. Brooks |Mo. |Pro. |
|C. E. Cunningham |Ark. |U. L. |
|W. H. T. Wakefield |Kan. |U'd L.|
|James B. Greer |Tenn. |Amer. |
-----+---------------------+------+------+-----
1892 |Adlai E. Stevenson* |Ill. |Dem. | 277
|Whitelaw Reid |N. Y. |Rep. | 145
|James G. Field |Va. |Peop. | 22
|James B. Cranfill |Tex. |Pro. |
|Charles H. Matchett |N. Y. |Soc L.|
-----+---------------------+------+------+-----
1896 |Garret A. Hobart* |N. J. |Rep. | 271
|Arthur Sewall |Me. |Dem. | 149
|Thomas E. Watson |Ga. |Peop. | 27
|Hale Johnson |Ill. |Pro. |
|Simon B. Buckner |Ky. |N Dem.|
|Matthew Maguire |N. J. |Soc L.|
|James H. Southgate |N. C. |Nat. |
-----+---------------------+------+------+-----
1900 |Theodore Roosevelt* |N. Y. |Rep. | 292
|Adlai E. Stevenson |Ill. |Dem P.| 155
|Henry B. Metcalf |O. |Pro. |
|Ignatius Donnelly |Minn. |MP. |
|Job Harriman |Cal. |Soc D.|
|Valentine Rommel |Pa. |Soc L.|
|John G. Woolley |Ill. |UC. |
|Samuel T. Nicholson |Pa. |UR. |
-----+---------------------+------+------+-----
1904 |Charles W. Fairbanks*|Ind. |Rep. | 336
|Henry G. Davis |W. Va.|Dem. | 140
|Benjamin Hanford |N. Y. |Soc. |
|George W. Carroll |Tex. |Pro. |
|Thomas H. Tibbles |Neb. |Peop. |
|William W. Cox |Ill. |Soc L.|
-----+---------------------+------+------+-----
1908 |James S. Sherman* |N. Y. |Rep. | 321
|John W. Kern |Ind. |Dem. | 162
|Benjamin Hanford |N. Y. |Soc. |
|Aaron S. Watkins |O. |Pro. |
|Samuel Williams |Ind. |Peo. |
|Donald L. Munro |Va. |Soc L.|
|John Temple Graves |Ga. |Ind. |
-----+---------------------+------+------+-----
1912 |Thomas R. Marshall* |Ind. |Dem. | 435
|Herbert S. Hadley |Mo. |Rep. | 15
|Hiram W. Johnson |Cal. |Prog. | 81
|Emil Seidel |Wis. |Soc. |
|Aaron S. Watkins |O. |Pro. |
|August Gillhaus |N. Y. |Soc L.|
-----+---------------------+------+------+-----
* The candidates starred were elected. This table is from the
_World Almanac_. The figures are in some cases slightly different
from those used in the text, which are taken from Stanwood, _History
of the Presidency_.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

_Guide to Literature of Current History_

The best general bibliography for handy use is Channing, Hart, and Turner, _Guide to the Study and Reading of American History_ (new ed. 1912).

G. E. Howard, _Present Political Questions_ (1913)--a valuable syllabus of current questions with discriminating and full bibliographies (published by the University of Nebraska).

The Library of Congress publishes useful bibliographies on special topics of current political and historical interest. A list may be obtained by addressing the Librarian, Washington, D.C.

An important annual review of the current literature of American history is to be found in _Writings on American History_; published by Macmillan, 1906-1908; by the American Historical Association, 1909-1911; and now by the Yale University Press.

Excellent topical bibliographies are to be found in each of the volumes in Hart, American Nation Series. The four volumes by Dunning, Sparks, Dewey, and Latane should be consulted for the period here covered.

_General Works_

The best general treatment of the period from 1877 to 1907 is to be found in the four volumes of the American Nation Series edited by A. B. Hart: W. A. Dunning, _Reconstruction: Political and Economic_; E. E. Sparks, _National Development, 1877-1885_; D. R. Dewey, _National Problems; 1885-1897_; J. H. Latane, _America as a World Power, 1897-1907_. Each of these volumes contains an excellent bibliography of political and economic materials.

H. T. Peck, _Twenty Years of the Republic_ (1906)--readable work covering the period from Cleveland's first administration to 1905.

Edward Stanwood, _History of the Presidency_ (1896 ed.). A second volume (1912) brings the work down to 1909 and contains the platforms of 1912--useful for political sketches and the platforms and election statistics.

_The American Year Book_, published since 1910, contains an annual survey of American political history and constitutional and social development.

For political and economic matters see the current publications and proceedings of the American Political Science Association, the American Economic Association, and the American Sociological Society.

_Personal and Biographical Works_

J. P. Altgeld, _Live Questions_ (1890)--valuable for the radical movement within the Democratic party.

F. Bancroft, _Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers of Carl Schurz_ (1913), 6 vols.

John Bigelow, _Life of Samuel J. Tilden_ (1896).

G. S. Boutwell, _Reminiscences of Sixty Years_ (1902).

Grover Cleveland, _The Independence of the Executive_ (1900); _Presidential Problems_ (1904)--particularly valuable for the Chicago strike and the bond issues; G. F. Parker, _Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland_ (1892); A. E. Bergh, _Addresses, State Papers, and Letters of Grover Cleveland_ (1909).

J. A. Garfield, _Currency Speeches in the House, 1868-1870_; B. A. Hinsdale, _Works of J. A. Garfield_ (1882-1883) 2 vols.; _Great Speeches of J. A. Garfield_ (1881).

Benjamin Harrison, _Public Papers and Addresses_ (Govt. Printing Office, 1893); _This Country of Ours_ (1897)--a popular view of the national government; J. S. Shriver, _Speeches of Benjamin Harrison_ (1891); M. L. Harrison, _Views of an Ex-President_ [Harrison] (1901).

G. F. Hoar, _Autobiography of Seventy Years_ (1903).

R. M. La Follette, _Autobiography_ (1913)--particularly valuable for the history of the radical movement within the Republican party and the origin of the Progressive party.

Wm. McKinley, _Speeches and Addresses from Election to Congress to the Present Time_ (1893); _Speeches and Addresses, 1897-1900_ (1900); _The Tariff--a Review of Its Legislation from 1812 to 1896_ (1904); J. S. Ogilvie, _Life and Speeches of McKinley_ (1896).

L. A. Coolidge, _An Old-Fashioned Senator_ [O. H. Platt] (1910).

Thomas C. Platt, _Autobiography_ (1910).

Theodore Roosevelt, _The New Nationalism_ (1910) contains the famous speech on that subject and other essays; _An Autobiography_ (1913)--an intimate view of his political career.

John Sherman, _Recollections of Forty Years_ (1897).

Edward Stanwood, _James G. Blaine_ (1905).

W. H. Taft, _Political Issues and Outlooks_ (1909); _Presidential Addresses and State Papers_ (1910).

Woodrow Wilson, _The New Freedom_ (1913). An edited collection of President Wilson's campaign speeches arranged to exhibit in systematic form his political and economic doctrines.

_Topical Bibliography_

THE ECONOMIC REVOLUTION: Coman, _Economic History of the United States_ (1911 ed.)--several useful chapters on the period since the Civil War; R. T. Ely, _Evolution of Industrial Society_ (1906).

TARIFF: Edward Stanwood, _American Tariff Controversies in the Nineteenth Century_ (1903); F. W. Taussig, _Tariff History of the United States_ (1910 ed.).

FINANCE: See the annual review in the _American Year Book_; D. R. Dewey, _Financial History of the United States_ (1903); A. B. Hepburn, _History of Coinage and Currency in the United States_ (1903); J. L. Laughlin, _History of Bimetallism in the United States_ (1897); W. H. Harvey, _Coin's Financial School_ (1894)--the famous work which did so much to stir up popular sentiment in favor of free silver; W. J. Bryan, _The First Battle_ (1897)--invaluable for the political aspects of the question.

TRUSTS: I. M. Tarbell, _The History of the Standard Oil Company_ (1904); G. H. Montague, _The Rise and Progress of the Standard Oil Company_ (1903)--more favorable to trusts than the preceding work; H. D. Lloyd, _Wealth against Commonwealth_ (1894)--a critical attack on the evil practices of trusts; J. W. Jenks, _The Trust Problem_ (1905 ed.)--study of the methods and causes of trusts; John Moody, _The Truth about the Trusts_ (1904)--full of valuable historical and statistical data; W. Z. Ripley, _Trusts, Pools, and Corporations_ (1905)--a useful collection of historical and descriptive materials.

RAILWAYS: W. Z. Ripley, _Railroads: Rates and Regulation_ (1913)--a monumental and scholarly treatise; E. R. Johnson, _American Railway Transportation_ (1903); H. S. Haines, _Restrictive Railway Legislation in the United States_ (1905); B. H. Meyer, _Railway Legislation in the United States_ (1903).

CIVIL SERVICE: C. R. Fish, _Civil Service and the Patronage_ (1905, Harvard Studies); L. G. Tyler, _Parties and Patronage_ (1888).

POPULISM: S. J. Buck, _The Granger Movement ... 1870-1880_ (1913, Harvard Studies)--important for all aspects of agrarianism for the period; F. L. McVey, _The Populist Movement_ (1896).

LABOR: R. T. Ely, _The Labor Movement in America_ (1902); T. V. Powderly, _Thirty Years of Labor_ (1889); John Mitchell, _Organized Labor_ (1903); T. S. Adams and H. Sumner, _Labor Problems_ (1906).

IMMIGRATION: Frank Warne, _The Immigrant Invasion_ (1913); Peter Roberts, _The New Immigration_ (1912)--a study of the social and industrial life of Southeastern Europeans in America; H. P. Fairchild, _Greek Immigration_ (1911), and _Immigration: a World Movement and its American Significance_ (1913); P. F. Hall, _Immigration and Its Effects on the United States_ (1908); I. A. Hourwich, _Immigration and Labor_ (1912)--a study of the economic aspects of immigration and favorable to a liberal immigration policy; J. W. Jenks and W. J. Lauck, _The Immigration Problem_ (1912)--particularly valuable for the data presented.

SOCIALISM: Morris Hillquit, _History of Socialism in the United States_ (1910); W. J. Ghent, _Mass and Class_ (1904); J. W. Hughan, _American Socialism of To-day_ (1912); W. E. Walling, _Socialism as It Is_ (1912). On the newer aspects of socialism and trades-unionism: John Spargo, _Syndicalism, Industrial Unionism, and Socialism_ (1913); A. Tridon, _The New Unionism_ (1913); J. G. Brooks, _American Syndicalism_ (1913); W. H. Haywood and F. Bohn, _Industrial Socialism_ (1911); James O'Neal, _Militant Socialism_ (1912).

WOMEN: Edith Abbott, _Women in Industry_ (1909); E. D. Bullock, _Selected Articles on the Employment of Women_ (1911); E. B. Butler, _Women in the Trades_ (1909); R. C. Dorr, _What Eight Million Women Want_ (1910); I. H. Harper, _Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony_ (1899-1908), _History of the Movement for Woman Suffrage in the United States_ (1907); E. R. Hecker, _Short History of Woman's Rights_ (1910); G. E. Howard, _A History of Matrimonial Institutions_ (1904); Helen Sumner, _Equal Suffrage_ (1909)--a study of woman suffrage in Colorado; C. P. Gilman, _Woman and Economics_ (1900).

CONTROVERSY OVER THE JUDICIARY: Gilbert Roe, _Our Judicial Oligarchy_ (1912)--a criticism of recent tendencies in the American judicial system; B. F. Moore, _The Supreme Court and Unconstitutional Legislation_ (1913)--a historical survey; W. L. Ransom _Majority Rule and the Judiciary_ (1912); F. R. Coudert, _Certainty and Justice_ (1913); G. G. Groat, _Attitude of American Courts in Labor Cases_ (1911); C. G. Haines, _The American Doctrine of Judicial Supremacy_ (1914).

POPULAR GOVERNMENT: G. H. Haynes, _The Election of Senators_ (1906)--valuable for the question of popular election; C. A. Beard and Birl Shultz, _Documents on the Initiative, Referendum and Recall_ (1912); E. P. Oberholtzer, _Initiative, Referendum, and Recall in America_ (1911); Walter Weyl, _The New Democracy_ (1912); H. Croly, _The Promise of American Life_ (1909).

THE SOUTH: A. B. Hart, _The Southern South_ (1910); E. G. Murphy, _Problems of the Present South_ (1904); H. W. Grady, _The New South_ (1890); W. G. Brown, _The Lower South_ (1902).

THE NEGRO PROBLEM: The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science for September, 1913, is devoted to articles on the progress of the negro race during the last fifty years. A. P. C. Griffin, _Select List of References on the Negro Question_ (1906, Library of Congress); R. S. Baker, _Following the Color Line_ (1908)--valuable for the handicaps imposed on the negro in the South; J. M. Mathews, _Legislative and Judicial History of the Fifteenth Amendment_ (1909); M. W. Ovington, _Half a Man_ (1911)--status of the negro in New York; T. N. Page, _The Negro_ (1904)--viewed as a Southern problem; A. H. Stone, _Studies in the American Race Problem_ (1908)--discouraging view of the economic capacities of the negro; B. T. Washington, _The Negro in the South_ (1907)--useful for economic matters; and _The Future of the Negro_ (1900); A. B. Hart, _Realities of Negro Suffrage_ (1905); G. T. Stephenson, _Race Distinctions in American Law_ (1910).

THE GROWTH OF THE WEST: H. H. Bancroft, _Chronicles of the Builders of the Commonwealth_ (1891-1892), 7 vols.; J. C. Birge, _The Awakening of the Desert_ (1912); C. C. Coffin, _The Seat of Empire_ (1871); Katharine Coman, _Economic Beginnings of the Far West_ (1912), 2 vols.--exploration and settlement; J. H. Eckels, _The Financial Power of the New West_ (1905); F. V. Hayden, _The Great West_ (1880)--resources, climate, Mormons, and Indians; J. S. Hittell, _The Commerce and Industries of the Pacific Coast_ (1882); R. P. Porter and others, _The West_ (1882)--review of social and economic development from the census of 1880; L. E. Quigg, _New Empires in the Northwest_ (1889)--Dakotas, Montana, and Washington; Julian Ralph, _Our Great West_ (1893)--survey of conditions; Joseph Schafer, _A History of the Pacific Northwest_ (1905); W. E. Smyth, _The Conquest of Arid Arizona_ (1900).

MONROE DOCTRINE: J. B. Moore, _History of American Diplomacy_ (1905); J. W. Foster, _A Century of American Diplomacy_ (1901); J. H. Latane, _Diplomatic Relations of the United States and Spanish America_ (1900); A. B. Hart, _Foundations of American_ _Diplomacy_ (1901); Hiram Bingham, _The Monroe Doctrine_ (1913)--a severe criticism of the Doctrine.

THE SPANISH WAR: F. E. Chadwick, _Relations of the United States and Spain_--excellent for diplomatic affairs; H. C. Lodge, _The War with Spain_ (1899)--an interesting popular account; H. D. Flack, _Spanish-American Diplomatic Relations Preceding the War of 1898_ (1906)--a careful analysis of the causes of intervention; George Dewey, _Autobiography_ (1913).

IMPERIALISM: D. C. Worcester, _The Philippines: Past and Present_ (1914), 2 vols.--a great and authoritative work by the former Secretary of the Interior in the Philippines; H. P. Willis, _Our Philippine Problem_ (1905)--a study of American Colonial policy; J. A. Leroy, _The Americans in the Philippines_ (1914)--a large and authoritative work on the early stages of American occupation; F. C. Chamberlin, _The Philippine Problem_ (1913); J. G. Schurman, _Philippine Fundamentals_ (1901); Elihu Root, _Collection of Documents Relating to the United States and Porto Rico_ (1898-1905, Washington); L. S. Rowe, _The United States and Porto Rico_ (1904); E. S. Wilson, _Political Development of Porto Rico_ (1906); W. F. Willoughby, _Territories and Dependencies of the United States_ (1905)--a general work on the government of the territories.

THE PANAMA CANAL: J. B. Bishop, _The Panama Gateway_ (1913)--an authoritative general account; W. F. Johnson, _Four Centuries of the Panama Canal_ (1906).

THE PEACE CONFERENCES: Joseph Choate, _The Two Hague Conferences_ (1913); J. B. Scott, _The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907_ (1909).

AMERICAN INTERESTS IN THE ORIENT: F. F. Millard, _The New Far East_ (1906)--special reference to American interests in China; P. S. Reinsch, _World Politics_ (1900).

INDEX

Aguinaldo, 217

Alabama, disfranchisement of negroes in, 11

Aliens, proportion of, 248

Altgeld, Governor, 108, 160

American Civic Federation, 251

American Federation of Labor, 250

Anti-monopoly party, 138

Anti-trust cases, 331 ff.

Anti-trust law (1890), 134

Arbitration in labor disputes, federal law, 102

Arbitration, treaties, 1911, 329

Archbald, Judge, impeachment of, 326

Arizona, 41 ff.;
contest over recall of judges, 287

Army. _See_ Spanish War

Arthur, Chester A., nomination, 95;
administration, 97

Ballinger, R. A., 328

Blaine, James G., 95;
candidacy in 1884, 98;
on silver question, 121

Bland-Allison bill, 123

Bonds, sales under Cleveland, 106

Bourne, Senator, attacks on convention system, 353 ff.

Bryan, W. J., speech in Democratic convention of 1896, 180;
nomination of, 187;
acceptance speech in 1896, 188;
favors initiative and referendum, 284;
candidacy in 1900, 227;
candidacy in 1908, 318 ff.;
program in 1908, 318;
attacks Taft's judicial appointments, 330

Campaign funds, 239, 240 ff.;
controversy over, in 1904, 268;
in 1908, 320;
in 1912, 357

Campaign, 1896, 195

Canada, reciprocity with, 342

Cannon, Speaker, overthrow of, 336 ff.

Capital, influence of, in politics, 33

Capitalism, in South, 48; evolution of, 229 ff.
_See_ Industry _and_ Labor.

Cervera, Admiral, 210 ff.

China, opening of, 203;
American interests in, 224

Chinese coolies, 35

Cities, growth of population, 34, 247

Civil rights act, 14 ff.

Civil rights cases, 15

Civil service, and Theodore Roosevelt, 104;
law of 1883, 130

Clark, Champ, candidacy of, 365

Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 276

Cleveland, Grover, career of, 97;
nomination and first administration, 98 ff.;
second administration, 105 ff.;
tariff message of 1887, 110;
and income tax, 139;
bond issues, 162;
supports Gold Democrats, 193;
and Venezuela affair, 199;
and negotiations with Spain, 206

Coastwise vessels, exemption of, 276

Colombia, failure of negotiations with, 278

Combinations, in business, origin of, 36

Commerce, growth of, 202;
interstate, 312

Conkling, Roscoe, sketch of, 51 ff.;
and Grant's candidacy, 95

Conservation, Roosevelt's policy, 275

Consolidated Gas case, 81

Constitution, provisions relative to money, 119;
criticism of, 305 ff.

Convention, presidential, attacks on, 353 ff.

Corporations, growth of, 235;
regulation of, 310.
_See_ Trusts.

Court, commerce, 326

Courts, criticism of, 89

Coxey's army, 107

Credit Mobilier affair, 31

Cuba, conditions in, 204;
war over, 209 ff.;
settlement of, after the war, 221;
interference in (1906), 222

Currency, law of 1908, 197

Dakota, 41 ff.

Daniel, J. W., temporary chairman of Democratic convention, 171

Debs, E. V., imprisonment of, 108;
and injunctions, 160;
candidate for President, 298

Debt, national, refunding of, 117

De Lome incident, 207

Democrats, contest against election laws, 4 ff.;
party platforms, 108 ff.;
convention of 1896, 168 ff.;
platform of 1896, 172;
Gold, convention of 1896, 192 ff.;
convention and platform of 1904, 267;
victory in 1910, 339;
in 1912, 372

Dewey, victory at Manila, 209

Dingley tariff, 229

Direct primary, 289

Due process. _See_ Fourteenth amendment.

Economy and efficiency commission, 328

El Caney, 211

Election laws, federal, contest over repeal of, 4 ff.

Employers' liability, federal, 274

Erie Railway, capitalization of, 39

Farmers, discontent of, 162

Farmers' Alliance, 151

Farm population, 40

Farms, increase in number, 40;
size of, in South, 47

Fifteenth amendment, nullification of, in the South, 1;
schemes to avoid, 9 ff.

Finance, high, early experiments in, 39

Fourteenth Amendment, interpretation of, 54 ff.

Free silver, discussion by W. J. Bryan, 180 ff.

Free silver. _See_ Bryan, W. J.

Garfield, nomination and administration of, 94 ff.;
assassination, 96

Georgia, disfranchisement of negroes in, 11

Gold Democrats, 192 ff.

Gold standard, Republicans favor in 1896, 166;
established by law (1900), 197;
Parker telegram on, 267

Gompers, Samuel, 251

Gould, Jay, 38

Granger cases, 67 ff.

Granger movement, 147

Grant, third term contest, 94

Great Britain, and Venezuela affair, 199

Greenback party, on income tax, 137;
doctrines of, 150

Greenbacks, amount of, 117;
reissue of, 123

Guiteau, assassinates Garfield, 96

Hague conference, 281

Hancock, General, candidate for the Presidency, 96

Hanna, M. A., convention of 1895, 165;
and campaign of 1900, 227;
career and policies of, 239 ff.

Harriman, E. H., and controversy with Roosevelt, 270

Harrison, Benjamin, candidacy and administration, 103 ff.

Hawaiian Islands, 203

Hayes, and the South, 1 ff.;
vetoes repeal of election laws, 5;
administration of, 92 ff.

Hay-Pauncefote treaty, 276

Haywood, W. D., 301

Hepburn act, 271

Hill, D. B., in Democratic convention of 1896, 170 ff.

Hobson, R. P., 210

Idaho, 41 ff.

Immigration, 34, 248

Imperialism, 199 ff.;
in American politics, 227

Income tax, law of 1894, 127; 137 ff.;
annulled by Supreme Court, 152 ff.;
W. J. Bryan on, 189;
advocated by Roosevelt, 262;
amendment to federal constitution, 325

Industry, in 1860, 29;
in South, 48. _See_ Labor.

Industrial Workers of the World, 301

Initiative and referendum, origin and growth of, 284 ff.;
in Progressive platform, 371;
favored by Wilson, 380

Injunctions, use of, in labor disputes, 36;
an issue in politics, 158 ff.

Insular cases, 218 ff.

Insurance, regulation of, 310

Japan, opening of, 203;
American interests in, 224

Jenks, J. W., on trusts, 238

Jim Crow cars, 19

Judicial review, growth of doctrine of, 67 ff.

Judiciary. _See_ Supreme Court and Recall.

Knights of Labor, 35, 249

Ku Klux Klan, 1

Labor, number of wage earners, 34;
in South, 48;
in party platforms, 114;
and tariff, 115;
regulation of, 249 ff., 304, 308

Labor legislation and the courts, 87 ff.;
Federal, 141

Labor movement, 249

Labor problem, rise of, 35

Labor, Knights of, 35, 249

Labor Reformers, 35, 145 ff.

La Follette, R. M., candidacy of, 344 ff.

_Laissez faire_, and the Constitution, 54 ff.;
Gold Democrats defend, 192;
decline of, 304;
Wilson's view of, 377

Liberal Republicans, 109

Lincoln, on social equality for the negro, 21

Lochner v. New York, 87

Louisiana, Republican rule in, overthrown, 1 ff.;
disfranchisement of negroes in, 11

_Maine_, the battleship, 207

Manila, naval battle of, 209

Massachusetts, primary law in, 356

McKinley, Wm., tariff bill, 126;
and the gold standard, 167;
election of, 197;
administration of, 199 ff.;
and Spanish war, 206 ff.;
renomination in 1900, 227;
election, 228;
campaign funds of, 241

Merritt, General, 212

Mexico, relations with, 342

Miles, General, 212

Mills, tariff bill, 126

Minnesota rate case, 73 ff.

Mississippi, disfranchisement of negroes in, 10

Mitchell, John, 250

Money question. _See_ Silver question.

Monroe Doctrine, 199 ff.;
Roosevelt on, 262; 280

Montana, 41 ff.

Morgan, J. P., 231

Mormons, 42 ff.

Morrison, W. R., and tariff, 126

Mugwumps, 99

Munn v. Illinois, 67 ff.

Nebraska, primary law in, 356

Negro, disfranchisement of, 1 ff., 7 ff.;
social discriminations against, 14 ff.;
attitude of the North toward, 19 ff.;
problem, 22 ff.; education of, 23;
in industries, 24;
movement, 25

New Mexico, 41 ff.

New nationalism, 314 ff.

North Carolina, disfranchisement of negroes in, 11

North Dakota, 41 ff.

Northern Pacific, 42

Oregon, primary law in, 354

Palmer, J. M., candidate for President, 192

Panama, canal, sketch of, 275 ff.;
revolution in, 278

Paper money. _See_ Greenbacks.

Parcels post, 327

Parker, Alton B., nomination and candidacy of, 267 ff.

Payne-Aldrich tariff, 323 ff.

Pensions, vetoes by Cleveland, 101;
law of 1890, 105

Philippines, military operations in, 209 ff.;
revolt against the United States, 217;
government of, 223;
in American politics, 227;
Republican platform of 1904 on, 265;
Democratic platform of 1904 on, 267

Platt amendment, 221

Poll tax, to disfranchise negroes, 9

Populist party, origin of, 149 ff.

Populists, and disfranchisement of negroes, 9;
on income tax, 138

Porto Rico, conquest of, 212;
government of, 222

Postal savings banks, 326

Primary, direct, origin and growth of, 288;
presidential, 352 ff.;
presidential, in 1912, 358

Progressive party, origin of, 357 ff.; 370 ff.

Progressive Republican League, 344

Prohibition party, 144 ff.

Pullman strike, 107

Pure food law, 273

Railways, construction of, 29 ff.;
land grants to, 30;
frauds connected with, 31;
anarchy among, 39;
state regulation of, 67 ff.;
party platforms on, 113 ff.;
regulation, federal, 133;
state regulation of, 149;
and stock watering, 234;
regulation of, 272;
physical valuation of, 273;
consolidation of, 306

Reagan _v._ Farmers' Loan and Trust Company, 76 ff.

Recall, of judges, origin of, 89;
origin and growth of, 287;
Wilson on, 380

Reciprocity with Canada, 341

Reed, T. B., speakership, 104;
candidate for President, 165

Republicans, platform of 1876, 2;
radical school, 2;
favor new "force" bill, 20;
favor enforcing the Civil War amendments, 21;
doctrines of, 1880-1896, 90 ff.;
party platforms, 108 ff.;
convention of 1896, 164 ff.;
convention of 1900, 226;
convention of 1904, 265;
convention of 1912, 357 ff.

Resumption act, 118

Rockefeller, J. D., 37

Roosevelt, at San Juan Hill, 211;
nominated for Vice President, 227;
succeeds to the Presidency, 228;
administrations of, 254 ff.;
doctrines of, 255 ff.;
characterization of, by Republicans in 1904, 266;
Democratic criticism of, in 1904, 268;
Parker charges as to campaign funds of, 269;
La Follette's criticism of, 347;
candidacy of, in 1912, 349 ff.;
new nationalism, 350;
breaks with Republicans, 360

Rough Riders, 211

Rules committee, powers of, 337

Russo-Japanese war, Roosevelt's part in ending, 281

Samoan Islands, 203

San Juan Hill, 211

Santiago, military and naval operations near, 210 ff.

Santo Domingo, affair of, 279

Senators, U. S., direct election of, 290 ff.;
popular election favored by Wilson, 380

Shafter, General, 211 f.

Sherman, silver purchase act, 124;
anti-trust law, 134

Silver question, party platforms on, 116, 162;
origin and development of, 119 ff.;
in campaign of 1896, 165 ff.

Sixteen to one. _See_ Silver question.

Slaughter-House cases, 59 ff.

Smyth _v._ Ames, 78

Socialism, opposition to, 251;
rise and growth of, 296 f.

Socialist Labor party, 147, 297

Socialist party, rise of, 298;
vote in 1912, 372

Socialists, vote of, increase in 1904, 271

South, Republican rule in, 1 ff.;
new constitutions providing for disfranchisement of negroes, 10 ff.;
over-representation of, in Congress, 20;
economic advance of, 46 ff.;
Republican delegates from, 354

South Carolina, Republican rule in, overthrown, 1 ff.;
disfranchisement of negroes in, 11

South Dakota, 41 ff.;
initiative and referendum in, 284

Southern Pacific, 42

Spain, war with, 204 ff.

Spanish War, close of, 212 ff.

Speakership. _See_ Reed _and_ Cannon.

Standard Oil Company, 37

State socialism, 252

Steel trust, 230

Stock watering, 234

Strikes, of 1877, 35;
Pullman, 107

Suffrage, woman, growth of, 294

Sugar trust, 239

Supreme Court, declares parts of election laws invalid, 6 f.;
and disfranchisement of negroes, 13;
civil rights cases, 15;
and Fourteenth Amendment, 54 ff.;
criticism of, 86;
and income tax, 152;
Democratic attack on, in 1806, 173 ff.;
defense of, 178;
W. J. Bryan on, 189;
Gold Democrats defend, 193;
Taft's appointments, 329

Taft, W. H., on recall of judges, 287;
in Philippines 223;
nomination and election of, 317 ff.;
administration of, 322 ff.;
nomination of, in 1912, 362;
acceptance speech, 364;
Progressive criticism of, 345

Tariff, in Cleveland's first administration, 103;
Wilson bill, 108;
party doctrines on, 1877-1896, 108 ff.;
legislation, 1877-1896, 124 ff.;
Republican platform of 1908 on, 318;
Payne-Aldrich act, 323 ff.;
board, 339 f.;
Democratic attacks on in 1911-1912, 341

Third term contest, 94

Tillman, on negro suffrage, 8;
attack on Cleveland in Democratic convention of 1896, 175

Trusts, origin of, 37;
party platforms on, 112;
law against (1890), 134;
growth of, 229 ff.;
views as to cause of, 237;
Roosevelt on, 257 ff.;
Bryan on, in 1908, 319;
Republican platform of 1912, 363;
Progressive party's platform, 371;
Wilson's view of, 375 ff.

Unemployment, in 1894, 107

Union Labor party, 138, 146

Union Pacific, scandal of, 31

Unions, Trade, 301 ff.

United Labor Party, 146

United States _v._ Cruikshank, 7

United States _v._ Harris, 7

United States _v._ Reese, 7

Utah, 41 ff.;
initiative and referendum in, 285

Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 38

Venezuela affair, 199

Vetoes, by Cleveland, 101 f.

Vilas, Senator, in Democratic convention of 1896, 179

Virginia, disfranchisement of negroes in, 11;
_ex parte_, 17

Wage earners, number of, 34

Washington, state of, 41 ff.

West, development of, 41

Wilson, Wm., tariff bill, 127

Wilson, Woodrow, candidacy of, 365;
acceptance speech, 367;
policies of, 373 ff.

Women in industries, 248

Woman suffrage, growth of, 294 ff.;
endorsed by Progressives, 371

Wyoming, 41 ff.

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