Chapter I: Preface

In the present edition the original work has not only been carefully revised, but very considerably enlarged. The chapters on "The Progress and Present Position of Socialism" and "Russian Nihilism" contain a few sentences retained from the first edition, but otherwise they are entirely new--the former necessarily so on account of the nature of its subject, and the latter on account of the importance of the fresh materials that have been recently given to the world. A new chapter has been added on "Anarchism," and another, of considerable extent, on "State Socialism." No apology is required for the length of the latter, for though State socialism is only a growth of yesterday, it has already spread everywhere, and if it is not superseding socialism proper, it is certainly eclipsing it in practical importance, and to some extent even modifying it in character. Revolutionary socialism, growing more opportunist of late years, seems losing much of its old phrenzy, and getting domesticated into a shifty State socialism, fighting a parliamentary battle for minor, though still probably mischievous, changes within the lines of existing society, instead of the old war _a l'outrance_ against existing society in whatever shape or form. Anyhow the socialistic controversy in the immediate future will evidently be fought along the lines of State socialism. It is there the hostile parties meet, and it is well therefore to get, if we can, some more exact knowledge of the ground. Some of the other chapters in the work have been altered here and there for the purpose of bringing their matter, where necessary, down to date, or embodying fresh illustrative evidence, or occasionally of making the exposition itself more lucid and effective; but it is unnecessary to specify these alterations in detail.

_April, 1891._

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTORY.

Revival of Socialism, 1--Extinction of Old Types, 2--Main Surviving Type, Social Democracy, 3--Its Two Varieties, Socialist and Anarchist, 4--Its Relations to Political Democracy, 4--Definition of Socialism, 5--Cairnes on Mill's Profession of Socialism, 6--Ruling Characteristic common to Old and New Socialism, 9--State Socialism, 11--Conservative Socialism, 13--The Minimum of Socialism, 14--First Rise of Social Democracy, 15--Rousseau, 16--Baboeuf, 17--Connection of Socialism with Democracy, 18--The Danger to Free Institutions, 24--Necessity and Probability of Wider Diffusion of Property, 25.

CHAPTER II.

THE PROGRESS AND PRESENT POSITION OF SOCIALISM.

National Conditions Favourable to Socialism, 30--Germany, 30--Progress of Socialist Vote, 33--Action of Socialist Party in Reichstag, 34--Party Programme, 38--Halle Congress of 1891, 40--France, 45--Anarchists, 47--Socialist Revolutionary Party, 48--Possibilists, 50--Blanquists, 53--The Socialist Group in the Chamber, 53--Austria, 54--Italy, 57--Spain, 60--Portugal, 65--Norway and Sweden, 66--Denmark, 67--Belgium, 70--Holland, 72--Switzerland, 73--United States, 77--Boston Anarchists, 77--Mr. Henry George, 78--Mr. Bellamy's Nationalism, 79--Anarchists, 80--Socialistic Labour Party, 81--Knights of Labor, 82--England, 83--Social Democrats, 84--Anarchists, 86--Christian Socialists, 87--Fabians, 88--Land Nationalization, 89--Scotland, 90--Australia, 90.

CHAPTER III.

FERDINAND LASSALLE.

German Socialists before Lassalle, 93--Favourable Conditions for Socialist Agitation in Germany, 94--Character of Lassalle, 96--The Hatzfeldt Case, 99--Theft of the _Cassette_, 100--Trial for Sedition, 101--Literary Activity, 102--Letter to Leipzig Working Men, 103--Foundation of General Working Men's Association, 105--Lassalle's Agitation, 105--His Death, 106--Funeral, 108--Political Views, 109--Idea and Position of the Working Class, 109--Functions of the State, 111--Economic Doctrines, 113--Anarchic Socialism of the present Industrial _Regime_, 117--Ricardo's "Iron Law" of Wages, 119--A National, not an International Socialist, 124--Internationally not Peculiar to Socialist Parties, 126--Reason of Socialist Condemnation of Patriotism, 127.

CHAPTER IV.

KARL MARX.

Reception of his Work on Capital, 128--The Young Hegelians, 130--Feuerbach's Humanism, 131--"Young Germany," 136--Weitling and Albrecht, 137--Early Socialistic Leanings of Marx, 139--Marx in Paris, 141--in Brussels, 142--The Communist League, 142--Communist Manifesto of 1847, 144--_New Rhenish Gazette_, 146--Marx in London, 147--The International, its Rise and Fall, 149--Tendency to Division in Revolutionary Parties, 152--"Das Capital," 155--Historical Rise of Capitalism, 156--Origin of Surplus Value, 157--Theory of Value, 160--Price, 163--Criticism of his Theory of Value, 165--Wages, 166--Normal Day of Labour, 168--Machinery, 170--Piecework, 172--Relative Over-population, 174.

CHAPTER V.

THE FEDERALISM OF CARL MARLO.

Rodbertus, 179--Professor Winkelblech (Marlo), 180--His Awakening to Social Misery, 180--Application to Economic Study for Solution, 181--View of Social Problem, 182--Heathen Idea of Right (Monopolism) to be replaced by Christian Idea of Right (Panpolism), 183--Liberalism and Communism both Utopias, 184--Federalism alone realizes Christian Idea of Right, 188--Natural Right of all to Property, 189--Right to Labour and to Fruits of Labour, 191--Necessity of Controlling Increase of Population, 192--Of Suppressing Unproductive Acquisition, 193--Collectivization of Land and Productive Capital, 193.

CHAPTER VI.

THE SOCIALISTS OF THE CHAIR.

The Name, 195--Held's Vindication of it, 196--Objections to it, 197--Founders of the Historical School, 200--Their Departure from Manchester Party, 202--Eisenach Congress, 202--The Historical Method, 204--The Historical School a Realist School, 205--An Ethical School, 209--Their Theory of the State, 211--The Social Question, 212--Von Scheel, 215--Brentano, 215.

CHAPTER VII.

THE CHRISTIAN SOCIALISTS.

Socialism and Christianity, 218--Views of St. Simon and Cabet, 218--Irreligious Character of Contemporary Socialism, 219--The Christian Socialists of England in 1850, 220--Those of Germany now, 223--The Catholic Group, 223--Ketteler, 224--Moufang, 230--Protestant Group, 233--Stoecker, Todt, 234--Christian Social Working Men's Party, 239--The Social Monarchical Union, 241--The Evangelical Social Congress of 1890, 241--Is there a Specific Christian Social Politics? 242--Christian Socialism in Austria, 242--In France, 243--International Catholic Social Congress of 1890 at Liege, 243--The Pope's Encyclical, 245.

CHAPTER VIII.

ANARCHISM.

Recent Activity of Anarchists, 247--Individualist Anarchists and Communist Anarchists, 248--Latter are Ultra-Socialist, 249--Ultra-Democratic, 250--Proudhon's Anarchic Government, 250--No Representative Institutions, 251--Prince Krapotkin's Plan for Housing the Poor, 252--The Russian _Mir_ the Anarchist Model of Government, 252--Anarchism Atheistic, 254--Ultra-revolutionary, 255--Propaganda of Deed, 256--Disunity and Weakness of Anarchism, 257.