Chapter IX: Front Matter (9)

It may be interesting to some readers to know where the best Opies are now to be found in Cornwall; and for information on this point I am indebted to the following extract from a letter from my friend Mr. Edward Opie, of Plymouth:

'As I have mentioned where Opies are _not_ to be found, I ought to
state where they _are_--I mean in Cornwall, if not removed lately. Sir
John St. Aubyn has the greatest number--I think seven or eight. These
include two portraits of his grandfather, Sir J. St. Aubyn; one of
his grandmother; one of Captain James; one of Miss Bunn;[130] one of
Dolly Pentreath; and one--the best of all--of Mrs. Bell, housekeeper
at Clowance. This last was much admired at one of the R.A. Winter
Exhibitions. Lady Falmouth told me she had three, if not four, Opies.
Mrs. Boscawen, you know, was an early patroness of the painter, and
invited him to breakfast, when old Mr. Polwhele sent him into the
kitchen. The Hon. Mrs. Gilbert has four, including a beggar;--another
beggar is at Enys. Mrs. J. M. Williams, at Carhayes, has two, both
fancy pictures. At Scorrier, Mr. G. Williams has two. At Penrose, Mr.
Rogers's, there are two or three. At Prideaux Place, Mr. Prideaux
Brune's, there are two; one being a dog's head, the other his own
portrait. At Tregullow there are two, one being his mother with
Bible;--there are several copies of this.'

FOOTNOTES:

[112] On an examination of the list of the members, it will be found that Cornwall has produced about the usual average of the English counties.

[113] Opie painted Bone's portrait, and presented it to him, 1795; also one of Bartolozzi, the engraver, which is preserved in the National Portrait Gallery.

[114] A blowing-house is a building where tin ore was smelted prior to the construction of the larger smelting-works. The first Mrs. Opie had the name changed to one more consonant with her notions of connubial felicity. Opie's second wife thus sketched it in a letter dated 'St. Agnes, 11th mo. 26th, 1832:' 'Yesterday I dined at Harmony Cot, where my husband and all the family were born and bred. It is a most sequestered cottage, whitewashed and thatched; a hill rising high above it, and another in front; trees and flower-beds before it, which in summer must make it a pretty spot. _Now_ it is not a tempting abode; but there are two good rooms, and I am glad I have seen it.'

[115] When Polwhele wrote, some seventy or eighty years ago, this picture was in the possession of Richard Hoskins, Esq., of Carennis.

[116] Mr. Rogers, in his 'Opie and his Works,' has thus classified the 760 works catalogued:

Portraits (counting each head in family groups) 508
Sacred Subjects 22
Historical 17
Shakespeare 11
Poetical and Fancy 134
Landscape 5
Supplementary and addenda (various) 63
----
760

He exhibited altogether 143 pictures at the Royal Academy.

[117] Writing to Southey, from Norwich, 3rd June, 1806, William Taylor says, 'Opie is soon to be knighted;' and in 1807 he says that Opie had been at the point of death from abdominal paralysis--probably caused by the absorption into his system of lead-vapours from his paints.

[118] Mrs. Gilbert says that her father got 250 guineas for engraving this picture.

[119] Opie painted a _replica_ of Mrs. Delany's portrait for the Countess of Bute, for which Horace Walpole designed a frame; and I confess these paintings appear to me to refute entirely the statement that Opie's female portraits were unsuccessful.

[120] Lonsdale the painter afterwards occupied it: it now forms part of an hotel.

[121] Betty Opie was a remarkably shrewd and sagacious old lady. She gave my father most entertaining accounts of her visit to London, when she went up to see 'Jan,' as she called her illustrious brother, and especially of an escapade of hers at the British Museum, where, having accidentally broken off the finger of a mummy, she brought it home to her brother, who ground it down into a fine brown paint.

[122] An old sweetheart of his, whose portrait he once painted in the act of milking a cow.

[123] When Opie was painting Charles James Fox's portrait, worried by many and various criticisms, Fox said, 'Don't attend to _them_; you _must_ know best.'

[124] In this year he contributed to the Exhibition six portraits, one of them being that of Dr. Samuel Parr.

[125] That on 'Design' was delivered on 16th Feb., 1807, the others followed on 23rd Feb., 2nd March, and 9th March.

[126] According to his sister's account, the _post-mortem_ examination disclosed 'a bladder on the brain'; but Dr. Sayer thought the patient's malady was a species of painter's colic.

[127] Another of his pupils was John Cawse, the well-known subject and portrait painter, of whose works the writer possesses an example. Theophilus Clarke, A.R.A., was another of Opie's pupils.

[128] I fancy, notwithstanding the thin disguise of the title of the poem, that Mrs. Opie must have been thinking of this portrait when she wrote the following lines:

'To me how dear this twilight hour,
Cheered by the faggot's varying blaze!
If this be mine, I ask no more
On morn's refulgent light to gaze:

'For now, while on HIS glowing cheek
I see the fire's red radiance fall,
The darkest seat I softly seek,
And gaze on HIM, unseen by all.

'His folded arms, his studious brow,
His thoughtful eye, _unmarked_, I see;
Nor could his voice or words bestow
So dear, so true a joy on me.'

[129] When a lad, Opie used to say that he loved painting 'better than bread and meat.' Northcote was himself another of our West-country artists; he was born at Plymouth, close to the Cornish border.

[130] Opie also painted his first wife's portrait with that of the famous Conjuror Chamberlain. It was at one time in Sir Joshua Reynolds's Collection ('The lost Opie'), and afterwards passed into the hands of Sir Charles Bell.

_THE ST. AUBYNS OF CLOWANCE AND THE MOUNT._

_THE ST. AUBYNS OF CLOWANCE AND THE MOUNT._

'A Wit's a feather, and a Chief a rod;--
An HONEST MAN'S the noblest work of God.'

POPE: _Essay on Man_.

'This gentle and knightly family,' as Hals calls them, are amongst the few examples of eminent Cornishmen who, like the Bevills, the Grenvilles, the Lanyons, the Chamonds, the Bassets, and others, were of Norman, or at least of French, origin.

In the 'Chronicum Johannis Brompton' (quoted by John Henneker) we read:

'Vous que desyrez assaver
Le nons de Grauntz de la mer,
Que vindrent od le Conquerour,
William Bastard de graunt vigoure,

* * * * *

Seint Aubyn, et Seynt Omer,
Seynt Filbert Fyens, et Gomer.'

Leland says that St. Albin came out of Brittany; and Camden, in his 'Remains,' names Plaus as the place of their origin; according, however, to other authorities, St. Aubin du Cormier in Brittany enjoys this distinction. Of Armorican extraction, they were therefore akin to Cornishmen, though abiding in 'Little Britain.' Possibly the name was not an uncommon one; and either of the two above surmises may be correct. There are now upwards of thirty French Communes into which the name of St. Aubin enters: to say nothing of the picturesque little village in Jersey of that name, which fringes the shores of St. Aubin's Bay.

Their first English home seems to have been in Somersetshire; and here, in the middle of the fourteenth century, we find Guy de St. Aubyn, or Albin, settled at Alfoxton. It seems to have been he who, by his marriage with Eleanor Knoville, first obtained a footing on the Cornish soil; and, according to Tonkin, it was his grandson, Geffrey, who took up his abode at Clowance on the latter's marriage with Elizabeth Kymyell of Kymyell, the sole heir of Piers Kymyell and his wife, a daughter of--as Tonkin assures us, 'an old and notable Cornish family'--the house of Sergeaux, or Seriseaux. Their son Geffrey has a monument in Crowan church, thus inscribed:

'Hic jacent Galfridus Seynt aubyn, Et Alicia uxor ejus, filia et heres
Johannes Tremure de Iaunebet, Armigeri, qui quidem Galfridus obiit
tertio die mensis Octobris, Anno Domini, Mill'imo cccc^o; Alicia obiit
Anno Domini Mill'imo cccc^o; quorum Animabus propicietur deus, Amen.
Jhu mercy, lady help.'

Since the time of the first Geffrey, the St. Aubyns, for nearly thirty descents, have dwelt at their pleasantly situated seat[131] at Clowance, 'the ancient house of an ancient gentleman,' as Norden calls it; though the present mansion dates only from the early part of the present century.

From the days of Richard II., the St. Aubyns have frequently filled the post of High Sheriff of Cornwall, and have also served their country as Members of Parliament and Justices of the Peace. For several descents they have been Baronets, until at last the name of 'Sir John St. Aubyn, Bart., M.P.,' has become in Cornwall a 'household word.'

Of the earlier members of the family I have found little of interest, unless, indeed, it be the remarkable physique of one of them, Sir Mauger de St. Albin, who lived at Barnton; in Risdon's 'Devonshire,' it is stated that he was a man of enormous strength and stature, as is evidenced by a huge stone thrown by him to a great distance, and by his very large effigy on a tomb in the church.

On their settling in Cornwall, the St. Aubyns followed the accustomed (perhaps the almost inevitable) practice of intermarrying with the old county families--the Tremeres, the Trethurfes, the Trenowiths, the Grenvilles of Stow; and, in later times, with the Arundells, the Godolphins, the Pendarveses, the Killigrews, the Bullers, the Bassets, the Prideauxes, and the Molesworths.

Of the fruit of one of the pre-Reformation marriages--namely, that of Thomas St. Aubyn (who was Sheriff of Cornwall in 1545) with Mary, fourth daughter of Thomas Grenville of Stow, we have a touching little notice in the MSS. Lisle papers preserved at the Public Record Office. Thomas is writing to his sister-in-law, Honor Grenville, Viscountess Lisle; and the following passage occurs in his letter:

'My daughter Phelyp is departyd on Crstmas Day, Almyghtie (God) pardon
her soule; and my wyffe hath take grette discōfort therbye; but, I
thank our Lord, she doth take it better way, and thankyth god of his
sending.'

From this marriage of Thomas St. Aubyn with Mary Grenville, descended his grandson, Thomas,--the St. Aubyn of Carew's days--of whom that historian of his native county wrote thus:

'Saintabin, whose very name (besides the Conquest roll) deduceth his
first ancestors out of France. His grandfather married Greinvile;
his father, one of Whittington's coheirs: which latter couple, in
a long and peaceable date of years, exercised a kind, liberal, and
never-discontinued hospitality. He himself took to wife the daughter
of Mallet; and with ripe knowledge, and sound judgment, dischargeth
the place which he beareth in his country.'

I find nothing further of general interest touching the family until we come to the stirring times of the Civil War--a conflict in which Cornwall took, as is well known, a distinguished part. Until that period the St. Aubyns seem to have been a thriving and distinguished family, serving their country in the various capacities already mentioned, and 'gathering house to house, and vineyard to vineyard.' Their possessions were in almost every part of the county: for instance, Lysons (who was indebted to the fifth Sir John St. Aubyn for the loan of Borlase's MS. folio of notes on Cornwall) says that, amongst other properties, 'The manor of Godolphin is still held of Sir John St. Aubyn, as of his manor of Lambourne, by the payment of a gammon of bacon;' and, that the manors of Berippa and Penpons were in the possession of the St. Aubyns; also a moiety of the manor of Gaverigan in St. Columb Major, the manor of Argallez or Arrallas in St. Enoder, of Trelowith in St. Erth, of half of Treninick in St. Gorran, Kimiel and Butsava in Paul, and Mayon in Sennen; they were also impropriators of the great tithes of Crowan, and patrons of the Vicarage; and they held a moiety of the advowson of the rectory of Duloe. The revenues of the nunnery of Clares, which formerly stood near the junction of Boscawen and Lemon Streets, Truro, came (according to Hals) into the possession of Sir John Seyntaubin and others; and again, the Priory of Tywardreath, so Davies Gilbert tells us, 'was the joint property of the St. Aubyns, and the Pendarveses of Roscrow.'

To return to the family at the time of the great struggle between the King and his Parliament. Most of the Cornish gentry sided, as is well known, with the King, and behaved with such marked valour and success as to elicit from Charles the well-known letter of thanks which still hangs in many of the churches in the county. One of the St. Aubyns of the day,[132] however, seems, according to Hals, to have thrown in his lot with the Parliament; he was at the siege of Plymouth, in 1644; and was present at the defeat of his party at the battle of Braddock Down, near Lostwithiel.

Hals tells us that, after the rout of the Roundheads, 'it was resolved by Essex's council that he should desert his army, and, privately by night, in a boat, go down the river to Fowey, and from thence take ship for Plymouth; which expedient was accordingly put in execution, and the General Essex, the Lord Robartes, and some others, the next day got into Plymouth, being the 31st August, 1644. On the same day Sir William Balfour, with two thousand five hundred of the Parliament horse, with divers officers, viz., Colonel Nicholas Boscawen, his Lieutenant Colonel James Hals, of Merther, Henry Courtenay, of St. Bennet's in Lanyvet, _Colonel John Seyntaubyn, of Clowans_, and his Lieutenant Colonel Braddon, Colonel Carter, and several other officers and gentlemen of quality, early in the morning forced their passage over St. Winnow, Boconnock, and Braddock Downs, though the body of the King's army, which lay encamped on the heath in those places, maugre all opposition to the contrary; from thence they rode to Leskeard, from thence to Saltash Passage, and from thence to Plymouth safely the same day, amidst their own garrison and confederates.'

Whether from conviction, or from a wish to be well with either party in the State--whichever might succeed--it seems pretty clear that another member of the family, Thomas, espoused the cause of the Royalists. His monument in Crowan Church so describes him; and in the spring of 1882 I saw, on the walls of the principal staircase at Clowance, his portrait--hard, but apparently faithful--in Cavalier costume.

Of the second baronet I find nothing to note, except that he was Sheriff of Cornwall in 1705.

But the third[133] Sir John St. Aubyn, the sturdy little Cornish baronet--of whom Walpole said, 'all these men (his opponents in Parliament) have their price except him'--claims more of our attention than, perhaps, any other member of the family. He was born on 27th September, 1696, and we get a glimpse of his early life, when at Exeter College, Oxford, in the following extract from a letter written by his friend and fellow-collegian, Borlase, in 1772, to a lady in London. The MS. is amongst that collection at Castle Horneck, which formed the subject of an interesting article[134] in the _Quarterly Review_, vol. 139; and the following extract describes the homeward journey of the two young fellows. A hundred years ago this must have been a somewhat formidable undertaking; and we almost regret that the chronicler did not furnish us with more details than he has done:

'1772 * * * Sometimes,' writes Borlase, 'we met with a landlord in
men's clothes, but for the most part we discovered that the men had
dropt their prerogation, and we found the supreme authority over
the inns lodged in gowns and petticoats. Ordered by Sir John not to
write one word of the pretty black-ey'd girl at Bridport, but to
go on with the particulars of our journey. I think I am at liberty
to tell you of a misfortune which happened to me at Launceston. As
we were passing though that fatal town (I am heartily sorry I have
forgot what day of the month 'twas), but, however, as we were passing
through, whom should we see at the door of an inn but our landlord's
daughter! Whether Sir John was dry and thirsty or not I can't tell,
but we all agreed to take our pint at the door, and being men of no
little gallantry because just come from town, we were talking very
smartly, as you may imagine, to the girl who filled the wine, when
all of a sudden, my unfortunate eyes happened to fix upon a green
ribbon that hung playing to-and-fro with the air a little lower than
it should. As I was the only person that discovered it, I told the
lady I was apprehensive she would lose that pretty ribbon if she did
not withdraw. I was then on horseback, and, to my great confusion, had
not the presence of mind to alight and take care of it myself, upon
which Sir John has so teased and bantered me that I have had no rest
ever since. I beg you would write Sir John, and let him know that such
a misfortune deserves rather pity than upbraidings. And now, Madam, I
suppose you are almost as tired with our journey as we are, or (to go
as far as possible with the comparison) as three of Sir John's horses,
which we left upon the road.'

The writer of the article goes on to say:

* * * * *

'We must now turn away for a moment from the pleasant scenes at
Ludgvan, and follow Borlase's friend of college days as he enters
the chapel at St. Stephen's--the youngest member, perhaps, of that
distinguished assembly. Born in the year 1700, Sir John St. Aubyn was
only just of age when, in 1722, he was returned to Parliament for his
native county. Different indeed, yet in one respect alike, had been
the destinies of the friends since we left them after their journey
in the beginning of the year. Parting, the one to mix in the affairs
of State in times the most perplexing, the other to the peaceful
seclusion of his country parsonage; each had, nevertheless, marked
out for himself a path of mental activity. That the confidence of his
country, though entrusted to so young a man, had not been misplaced,
may be judged from an extract in the correspondence before us. Thus, a
gentleman writing from London, March 2nd, 1726, observes: "Sir R.----
[Sir Robert Walpole] this Session has met with a strong opposition in
the House of Commons; Sir John St. Aubyn has gained a great reputation
in that House, and the opinions of our politicians in relation to war
or peace are as different as their faces."

'A year or two later an incident in Cornish history gave him an
opportunity of making himself more than ever beloved at home. In
1727, when, as Hume tells us, "the Courts of France and Spain were
perfectly reconciled, and all Europe was freed from the calamities of
war, the peace of Great Britain was disturbed by tumults amongst the
tinners of Cornwall, who, being provoked by a scarcity of corn, rose
in arms and plundered the granaries of the county." At this time it
happened that Sir John had just completed a new pier at the Mount,
to facilitate the exportation of tin, which was shipped in large
quantities at that place.[135] The consequence was that the tinners
congregated in considerable numbers; the place became a rendezvous
for malcontents, and fresh riots broke out. Very serious consequences
were apprehended, and what might actually have happened none can say,
had it not been that the magnanimous spirit and unselfish patriotism
of the young statesman showed itself in a measure of local policy
which doubly endeared him to his countrymen. He "forthwith advanced
a considerable sum of money to the tinners, by which they were saved
from starving, or the necessity of plundering their neighbours."
"Constant in his attendance and application to the business of the
House of Commons," writes Borlase, in a note attached to the St.
Aubyn pedigree, "he soon learnt to speak well, but spoke seldom, and
never but on points of consequence. He was heard with pleasure by
his friends, and with respect by others." In 1734 he seconded the
repeal of the Septennial Act, in a speech which will be found in the
"Handy Book of British Eloquence."'

And here we must leave the _Quarterly_ Reviewer for awhile, in order to give a sample of Sir John's oratorical powers. I quote from the report, in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1734, of his speech of the 13th March, on seconding Mr. Bromley's motion.

Sir John began by vigorously sketching the characters of those monarchs who were fond of 'Long Parliaments,' and thus referred to the Parliaments of Charles II., who, he said, 'naturally took a surfeit of Parliaments in his Father's time, and was therefore extremely desirous to lay them aside. But this was a scheme impracticable. However, in effect he did so, for he obtained a Parliament, which by its long Duration, like an army of Veterans, became so exactly disciplined to his own Measures, that they knew no other command but from that Person who gave them their Pay.

'This was a safe and a most ingenious way of enslaving a Nation. It
was very well known that Arbitrary Power, if it was open and avowed,
would never prevail here. The people were therefore amused with the
Specious Form of their Antient Constitution; it existed, indeed, in
their Fancy; but, like a mere Phantom, had no Substance nor Reality
in it, for the Power, the Authority, the Dignity of Parliament were
wholly lost. This was that remarkable Parliament which so justly
obtained the opprobrious Name of "Model," from which, I believe, some
Later Parliaments have been exactly copied.'

He then went on to describe the evils of Long Parliaments, saying:

'But this must be the Work of Time. Corruption is of so base a
Nature, that at first sight it is extremely shocking. Hardly anyone
has submitted to it all at once. His Disposition must be previously
understood; the particular Bait must be found out with which he is to
be allured; and, after all, it is not without many struggles that he
surrenders his Virtue. Indeed, there are some who will at once plunge
themselves over Head and Ears into any base Action; but the generality
of mankind are of a more cautious Nature, and will proceed only by
some leisurely Degrees. One or two perhaps have deserted their Colours
the first Campaign; some have done it in a second. But a great many
who have not that eager Disposition to Vice will wait till a Third.

'For this reason, Short Parliaments have been less Corrupt than Long
Ones; they are observed, like Streams of Water, always to grow more
impure the greater Distance they run from the Fountain-head.'

The independent speaker finished with this spirited peroration:

'The Power of the Crown is very justly apprehended to be growing to a
monstrous--I should have said, too great--a Size, and several Methods
have been unsuccessfully proposed for restraining it within due Bounds.

'But our Disease, I fear, is of a complicated Nature, and I think
that this Motion is wisely intended to remove the first and Principal
Disorder. Give the people their antient Right of frequent new
Elections; That will restore the decay'd Authority of Parliament, and
will put our Constitution into a natural Condition of working out
her Cure. Sir, upon the whole I am of opinion that I can't express a
greater Zeal for his Majesty, for the Liberties of the People, or the
Honour and Dignity of this House, than in seconding the Motion which
the Hon. Gentleman has made you.'

It should be remembered that such sentiments as these were uttered to an audience--not of his constituents, whom he might have felt bound to please, but to a thoroughly corrupted House of Commons, at a period when '_not_ to be corrupted was the shame;' and in the presence of a powerful Minister, whom few men of the day were either strong or virtuous enough to dare to thwart. The chubby, youthful-faced portrait of the little Sir John hangs in the dining-room at Clowance: childish the face may be; but, as if in apology for his small, juvenile presence, he points with his right hand to the Mount, to indicate that his principles were as firm and unshaken as that 'hoar rock.'[136]

The _Quarterly_ Reviewer (from whom we again quote), after concluding his observations on Sir John's speech in 1734, goes on to say:

'In the same year a curious incident occurred in the neighbourhood
of his seat at Clowance, with which Sir John was only indirectly
connected in his capacity of Justice of the Peace, but which was
ultimately attended with very serious consequences to himself and
his family. A certain Henry Rogers, by trade a pewterer, having some
fancied claim to an estate called Skewis, seized the manor house,
and, surrounding himself with a band of cut-throats, organized a
rebellion on his own account, and bade defiance to the country round.
Having beaten off from his house, not without bloodshed, first the
sheriff, next the constables, and finally the military themselves,
the villain succeeded in making good his escape. He was subsequently
arrested at Salisbury, and brought to Launceston for trial, where the
grand jury found five bills of murder against him, and Lord Chief
Justice Hardwicke publicly returned thanks to Sir John "for his steady
endeavours to bring him to justice."[137]

'The terror, however, which this ruffian caused in the neighbourhood
can scarcely be realized nowadays, and the menacing letters received
by Lady St. Aubyn so preyed upon her mind, that they brought on a
"sensible decay," or, as we should call it now, a rapid decline, from
the effects of which, in 1740, she died.[138]

'With the death of his wife, Sir John's interest in country life came
to an end; and leaving his son to the care and instruction of his old
friend at Ludgvan, he set out for a foreign land. Meanwhile, however,
the parliamentary horizon was rapidly clouding over; a crisis was
clearly imminent; and, on his return to England, it was to find that,
for the present at least, his sorrow must be drowned in more work,
in a redoubled attention to those duties which his early reputation
now pointed to him to fulfil. And thus, as the Walpole Administration
draws on to its close, the figure of Sir John St. Aubyn--the "little
baronet," as he was called--comes prominently to the front as one of
the most vigorous, as he certainly was the most conscientious, of the
opponents of the then unpopular Prime Minister. On the subject of
the vote of thanks, including an approbation of the manner in which
the Spanish War had been prosecuted, which was carried by a small
majority in the House of Commons early in 1741, he writes (April 9th)
as follows: "I believe ye Folks in ye country are very much puzzled
abo^t many of our Proceedings, and I don't wonder at y^r doubts about
that unseasonable vote of Innocence; especially when ye Opportunity
was so fairly given, w^{ch} ye Nation has been so long expecting us to
take ye advantage of." But the country party the while felt that no
opportunity must be lost, and no vigour spared in the attack. Contrast
the tone of the following extract from a letter dated May 5th, and
note how the space of one single month had served to fan the flame.
Sir John now inveighs against "such Insolence in Administration, such
wantonness in Power, w^{ch} surely nothing could produce but that
mistaken vote of Innocence, w^{ch} so lately happen'd. And yet," he
continues, "this is y^e Man ag^t whom we want evidence to advise his
Removal, when at my very door there are such glaring Proofs, which,
in less corrupt times, would deprive Him of his Head." Day by day the
enemies of the Ministry acquired fresh strength: the elections were
against the Court interest, even Westminster returning two members
hostile to it. Walpole tottered on the brink of ruin, and had it
not been that, during a short adjournment of the House in 1742, he
resigned his office and was elevated to the peerage, he might, as we
know, even have been committed to the Tower.

'No sooner had Parliament reassembled than a measure was brought in
by Lord Limerick, and seconded by Sir John St. Aubyn, to inquire into
the conduct of the last twenty years. This was lost by two votes; but
another, also proposed by Lord Limerick on the 23rd of March, for
an inquiry into the conduct of Robert, Earl of Orford, was carried,
and a Select Committee appointed by ballot. And now came Sir John's
political triumph. To this committee he was appointed by every vote
in the House of Commons, to the number of 518. "An honour," says the
MS. from which we quote, "neither then nor before (as far as the
Records of Parliament can reach) ever conferred on any member, as Mr.
Speaker Onslow on the spot observed to Sir John's great commendation."
When the committee was appointed he declined the offer of the chair,
and Lord Viscount Limerick was chosen chairman. The following is an
extract from a letter of Sir John's, dated from the Secret Committee
Chamber, June 22nd, 1742: "We are now," he writes, "winding up our
bottoms as well as we can under y^e disabillitys which we have been
fetter'd with, nothwithstanding which, we shall show the world
enough to convince if not convict. I am sorry there has been so much
unconcern in y^e Gentlemen of our country; I wish I could say in some
an unconcern only. We have had, and I wish we mayn't for ever now have
lost, y^e only opportunity which may happen to retrieve y^e Honour and
establish y^e National Institutions of y^e Country.... The Town is in
high spirits at present, upon the accounts we have from Germany and
Italy. This turn is not owing to y^e merit of y^e new Administration,
but to y^e Vigour of this Parliament, which has had Its free Operation
during this Inter-Regnum of Power, and whenever that happens, England
must have Its due Influence upon y^e Continent; and if she had acted
as she ought for some years past, what might have been brought about,
when y^e bare expectation of her acting has produc'd such great
events?"

'"About this time," says Dr. Borlase, "Sir John being offer'd to take
place as one of the Lords of the Admiralty, he was ready, he said,
to serve his King and country, but would take no place unless upon
the express condition that his freedom and independency in Parliament
should remain unquestioned and uncontroll'd. These were not times to
endure, much less shake hands with such inflexible Virtues; as he
coveted no place, he never had one, 'though capable of any.'"

'On the 31st March, 1744, when war was declared with France, the
inhabitants of Mount's Bay became alarmed for the safety of their
trade. Two things were required; a stationary armed vessel to protect
their shores and fisheries from privateers (for three of the principal
fishermen had already been taken prisoners), and a cruiser to convey
the exports and imports necessary for working the mines. For the
part he took in obtaining these advantages, Sir John received the
thanks of the gentlemen of the neighbourhood, assembled as usual in
their Parliament at the Bowling Green at Marazion. St. Michael's
Mount he had restored from a ruined monastic cell to a comfortable
dwelling-house; but he never lived to visit it again, dying of fever,
at Pencarrow, on his way home in the year 1744, at the early age of
forty-four; "to the great regret of all who knew him; and to his
country's loss of a most faithful friend."

'"The dignity of this ancient family," writes Borlase in the brief
memoir attached to his pedigree, "owes much to this gentleman;" and
Dr. Oliver, of Bath, in a letter of sympathy on the occasion of
his death, speaks of him as "one who had bravely withstood all the
temptation that honours or profit could lay in his way, and dared
to stand almost single on the field of Purity, while thousands fell
on his right hand and ten thousands on his left, the easy Prey of
corruption." Farther on he adds, "Let us thank Heaven who lent us
the great, good man so long, and neither wonder nor murmur at his
being taken from us so soon, especially when we consider how little
Influence his Example had upon Earth." There is something in a
character like his which renders it worthy of the admiration and the
love of generations; nay, of centuries, far beyond his own.'

The year before he died the following verses appeared in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ (vol. xiii.) in allusion to the firm patriotism and self-reliant character of our hero:

THE CORNISH MOUNT:--A PARALLEL.

'"Si fractus illabatur orbis
Impavidum ferient ruinæ."

HOR.

'Oft have I seen, from fam'd St. Michael's height,
The ocean's rage, with wonder and delight;
Whilst foaming waves the lordly bulk surround,
Lashing its bulwarks with a hideous sound:
Thetis in vain the lofty pile assails;
But all her force and clangour nought avails;
The pile majestic scorns the pond'rous shock;
Her basis is an Adamantine rock.
Just so (in worst of times) its _owner_ stood,
Serenely great and resolutely good.
His virtues early to the world were known;
He makes his country's int'rest still his own.
Nor Courts, nor tyrants can his soul affright,
Who dares to vindicate his country's right.
On him Cornubia's happiness depends;
The best of patriots and the best of friends.
Guard him, kind Heav'n, to bless his native shore,
When truth shall stand, and traytors be no more.'

The friend of Pope,[139] I cannot help thinking that the poet may have had the unassailable integrity of his Cornish acquaintance in his mind when he wrote the last line of the couplet which I have prefixed by way of motto to this chapter.

Of the fourth baronet it will suffice to record that, having taken the degree of M.A. at Oriel College, Oxon, in 1747, he became a member for Cornwall in 1761, and continued to sit for the county for eleven years. His monument in Clowance Church sums up, sufficiently for our purpose, his character and his career:

'To the memory of Sir John St. Aubyn, Baronet, who, by his descent
from a long line of worthy ancestors, and a father distinguished by
honest zeal and prudent moderation, was recommended to the important
trust of representing in Parliament the county of Cornwall; and
justified the confidence of his electors by unshaken constancy of
principle, uniting with the dignity of his public character the
domestic virtues of tenderness and friendship. This monument was
erected by his disconsolate widow. He was born the 12th of Nov., 1726.
He died 12th Oct., 1772.'

But the fifth baronet of the same familiar name will demand somewhat more of our time and attention. He was the son of the last-mentioned Sir John St. Aubyn, was born on the 17th May, 1758, and was educated at Westminster; where, when a lad of seventeen, he had an amusing escapade. He and another hopeful young gentleman, his schoolfellow, joined in a bond for raising money to enable them to obtain the delights and luxuries which the discipline of the school and the extent of their pocket-money denied. The inevitable day came for repayment of the moneys advanced. It was in vain that 'infancy' was pleaded against the suit of the London money-lender; the precocious financier was ordered to pay back the sums he had borrowed, and interest at four per cent. A lad of so much enterprise was evidently designed to make some figure in the world, and we accordingly find him, when only twenty-six years old, contesting the county in 1784. He made another unsuccessful attempt six years afterwards; but, nothing daunted, once more essayed to obtain a seat in Parliament, and on this occasion succeeded in securing his election for Penryn. He afterwards sat for Helston from 1807 to 1812.

But it does not appear that he took any very prominent part in political life, his tastes leading him rather to the pursuit of the arts and sciences; and accordingly we find that he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, of the Society of Antiquaries, and of the Linnæan Society. In 1804, in conjunction with others, he proposed to establish, at the Royal Institution, at a cost of £4,000, a mineralogical collection and an Assay Office, on a large scale, for the improvement of the study of mineralogy and metallurgy; but the scheme failed for want of funds, although Sir Humphry Davy, Lord Dartmouth, and one or two more took great interest in the matter, and contributed valuable collections of minerals, etc. Here it may be mentioned that Dr. Wm. Babington dedicated to Sir John[140] his 'New System of Mineralogy.' It was, in fact, a catalogue of the Baronet's own collection, much of which had previously belonged to the Earl of Bute.

As evidencing his fondness for art, it may be observed that he was from first to last the discriminating friend and patron of his fellow-countyman, John Opie, R.A.; and it may be added that he was one of the pall-bearers at the artist's funeral. To Opie he entrusted the painting of his portrait (mezzotinted by W. Barney), which now hangs in the Town Hall of Devonport. In this town the family of St. Aubyn has long held large possessions, the value of which the fifth baronet is said to have increased three or fourfold, although he is said to have embarrassed the family estates for many years by the singular provisions of his will. When Sir John's collection of engravings and etchings were sold at Phillips's Auction Rooms, in April, 1840, the sale attracted the presence of most of the principal connoisseurs in the kingdom; and to give some idea of the vastness of the collection, it may be added that the sale lasted for seventeen days.

It is not surprising to find that, with such tastes as his, Sir John St. Aubyn found London a more congenial place of abode than Cornwall. In the metropolis, therefore--at 63, Portland Place--or in its vicinity--as at Short Grove, Saffron Walden, or at Woolmers, Hertford--he lived; and, close to London he died--at Putney, on the 10th August 1839--at the good old age of eighty-one. He was noted for his beneficence, and for his refined and courteous manners; and these virtues and graces are suitably recorded on his monument at Crowan. On the occasion of his funeral, advantage was taken of his popularity (especially amongst the Freemasons, of which body he was a prominent member) for his body to 'lie in state' at St. Austell, Truro and Clowance; and his remains were followed to the grave by between 20,000 and 30,000 persons--a multitude as numerous as their sorrow was sincere.

It has not been my practice to refer to any of the living representatives of the families whose histories I am endeavouring to sketch, but it can hardly be out of place on this occasion to observe that Sir John St. Aubyn, the present baronet, has also been for more than a quarter of a century a Member of Parliament for Cornwall; and that, to say the least, he is not likely to tarnish the lustre which surrounds the names of the past St. Aubyns of Clowance and the Mount.

FOOTNOTES:

[131] There is a view of Clowance House in Borlase's 'Natural History of Cornwall,' 1758.

[132] John St. Aubyn, grandfather of the first baronet; it was he who purchased St. Michael's Mount from John Basset of Tehidy in 1657 or 1660, and died in 1679.

[133] The first baronetcy dates from 11th Dec., 1671.

[134] I quote very fully from this article with little reluctance, because the writer is believed to be a gentleman who is not only master of the subject of which he treats, but who also enjoys peculiar facilities for elaborating it. 'I do not _count_ what I borrow, but I _weigh_ it,' said Montaigne in his essay on 'Books.'

[135] He rebuilt the pier in 1726-27. In 1811 there were fifty-three houses on St. Michael's Mount, whereas before the year 1700 the place had so decayed that there was, it is said, only one cottage, and that inhabited by a poor widow. The present baronet has spared neither pains nor expense to enlarge and beautify the domestic buildings of the Mount, under the professional guidance of his relative, the well-known West-country architect, James Piers St. Aubyn; and Sir John has also much improved the causeway which gives access for foot-passengers at low tide.

[136] It may be noted here that the family portraits are at present distributed between the Mount, Trevethoe near St. Ives, and Clowance; but the majority are at the latter place.

[137] A well-known engraving of Rogers's portrait is familiar to the collector.

[138] This lady was Catherine, the pretty daughter of Sir Nicholas Morice of Werrington. The country story runs that her fortune was £10,000, which was conveyed to Clowance in two huge wagons--the whole of the amount having been paid in half-crowns!

[139] Writing to Dr. Borlase, in May, 1744, Sir John St. Aubyn mentions that 'I doubt your friend Mr. Pope can't last long. He sent to desire Lord Oxford and myself to dine with him t'other day, and I thought he would have dy'd then; he has a dropsie which has almost drowned him.'

[140] Thos. Hogg's poem of 'St. Michael's Mount' was also appropriately dedicated to him.

_TREVITHICK_,

THE ENGINEER.

'I exult,
Casting reserve away, exult to see
An intellectual mastery exercised
O'er the blind elements; a purpose given;
A perseverance fed; almost a soul
Imparted--to blind matter. I rejoice,
Measuring the force of those gigantic powers,
That, by the thinking mind have been compelled
To serve the will of feeble-bodied Man.'

WORDSWORTH'S '_Excursion_.'

_TREVITHICK_,

THE ENGINEER.

'Soon shall thy arm, unconquered Steam, afar
Drag the slow barge and drive the rapid car.'

DARWIN.

It would not be unreasonable to inquire how it can be necessary now to write an account of Richard Trevithick, seeing that only nine or ten years ago two elaborate volumes on the subject were published by his son Francis.[141] But, apart from the propriety of including so remarkable a man in the _fasciculus_ of our Cornish worthies, it may be observed that the very amplitude of the 'Life' to which I have referred renders it inaccessible to the general reader; and moreover it is (as the talented civil engineer who wrote that valuable and interesting work himself observes), almost as much a technical history of the development of the steam-engine as a memoir of him who was so intimately associated with its rise and progress. Our purpose is biography; and, unless I am grievously mistaken, this aspect of the subject will be found full of interest.

The steam pumping-engine is to a mine what the heart is to a man: were its action to cease, or to be inefficiently performed, the mine would be flooded, and would cease to be. It is therefore not to be wondered at if, so soon as men ceased to find the precious ores in granules on the surface, washed down by mountain streams from the denuded veins which seam the hillsides, attention should be directed towards finding the coveted treasures in the bowels of the earth itself. But here a difficulty met the searchers. As they sunk their pits they often tapped the sources of streams, which, gushing out, at once put an end to their quest. Rude expedients were at first employed to remedy this; wooden pumps, worked by the hand, and such-like feeble attempts at getting over the difficulty. But it was not until 1702 that, according to some accounts, the first steam pumping-engine was erected in Cornwall, by Savery. Newcomen, whose name will always be honourably associated with the improvement of this invaluable machine, very soon was able to increase its efficiency, and erected one of his best engines in 1720, at the mine-works of Ludgvan-lez, near Penzance. By 1756 there were _several_ steam-engines at work in Cornwall; but their defects, especially as regards their low power, and their extravagant consumption of coal, were inconveniently felt. It was at length perceived that the solution of the difficulty lay in a diminution of the size of the boiler, and an increase in the elastic force of the steam; and for the accomplishment of these objects we are mainly indebted to the subject of this memoir, as well as, in some degree, also to his father. The circumstances which surrounded them were by no means encouraging. Coal, of course, had to be imported, and also iron plates for the boilers; and the latter it was necessary, in those days, to make of small size, on account of the indifferent condition of the Cornish roads, along which (as no heavy wheeled-traffic was practicable), the burdens had to be transported from the ports to the mines, and _vice versa_, on the backs of mules. Now-a-days the huge boilers are moved entire, and there are few more gladsome as well as picturesque sights to be seen in Cornwall than the transit of a gigantic new boiler through the streets of one of the West-country towns. It means that mining enterprise, which has flagged of late years, owing to the increased importation of foreign ores, and has caused deep depression and cruel poverty in many a Cornish home, is awakening once more; and the teams of thirty or forty horses, with their noisy conductors, and the ponderous mass which slowly toils along the weary road, are hailed with shouting and songs. We see, then, of what vital interest to a mining county, such as Cornwall, must ever be all that is connected with that seemingly prosaic structure, the steam-engine; and how full of interest, to Cornish folk at least, should be the story of any Cornishmen who have been prominently connected with its development and history. Such certainly were the Trevithicks, especially the younger.

Though in later times they settled in the western part of the county, the family seems to have sprung, in the sixteenth or seventeenth century, from Trevemeder, a 'town place' in the seaboard parish of St. Eval, four or five miles north-west of St. Columb Major, a parish which contains some of the finest cliff scenery in Cornwall, at the far-famed Bedruthan Steps and Sands. Some of the family monuments are still to be found in the church, which lies two miles south of Trevemeder.

The elder Trevithick, who, like his more illustrious son, was christened Richard, was born in 1735; and that he was a man of sound judgment and much force of character may be surmised from his having been appointed, when only thirty years of age, manager of some of the leading Cornish mines, in days when mine-managers were expected to be their own engineers. In 1760 he married Ann Teague, one of a family (said to be of Irish extraction) distinguished for many a long year past in the annals of Cornish mining. By her, a woman of large and portly figure,[142] he had a tall stately family of four daughters and one son, all of whom were, I believe, born in an unpretending house amongst the mine-heaps which lie between Dolcoath and North Crofty, in sight of the noble hill of Carnbrea crowned with its old castle, and still more antique remains of ancient Britons.

An example of the elder Richard's inventive skill as an engineer was given when he repaired, or rather, almost reconstructed, about 1775, Newcomen's old Carloose, or Bullan Garden engine; especially by adding thereto a strong top of new form to the boiler, a drawing of which is given in the Appendix to Price's 'Mineralogia Cornubiensis,' 1778. The old boiler-tops were scarcely more than kettle-lids, and were actually weighted down in order to keep them in their places; indeed, there is a tradition that the first Cornish boilers were nothing more than stone fire-places! In effecting this improvement Richard Trevithick, senior, was assisted by one John Harvey,[143] the founder of the celebrated firm of Harvey and Co., of Hagle Foundry, of whom we shall hear more by-and-by.

But about 1777 Watt, the celebrated 'low-pressure' engineer, appeared on the scene with his improvements in the steam-engine; travelling into Cornwall for the purpose of obtaining orders, erecting his first engine at Wheal Busy, and exciting the most angry jealousy on the part of all the local mine-managers and engineers--and notably our Richard: who, however, had the magnanimity and good sense at length to acknowledge and to adopt many of his illustrious rival's improvements.

The old man, who was a pious Methodist, a 'class-leader,' and an intimate friend of John Wesley, died when sixty-two years old at Penponds, near Camborne, on the 1st August, 1797, and, I believe, was buried on the summit of Carn Brea, but no monumental stone marks the spot. The whole of his life was spent amongst mines and steam-engines, an industry which was deeply depressed at the time of his death; and Richard, the younger (who had married Jane, John Harvey's tall and buxom daughter, shortly prior to his father's decease), may be said to have succeeded to a 'heritage of woe: 'not one in ten of the steam-engines which his father had contributed so much towards putting into operation being at that time at work, and our hero had almost to begin the work anew.

So much as the foregoing seemed necessary in order to rightly estimate Trevithick's position and surroundings when he had arrived at the age of twenty-six. But it will now be desirable to retrace our steps, and begin at the beginning. He was born in the centre of a group of some of our most important Cornish mines, in the parish of Illogan, on the 13th April, 1771, one of a family of five, of whom Richard was the only surviving son, and, as a matter of course, his mother's pet. One can picture the tall, sturdy lad, 'creeping reluctantly' to the little school at Camborne, where he was reputed a lazy, inattentive, and obstinate pupil, always drawing upon his slate lines and figures, unintelligible to any but himself, but, likely enough, containing the germs of those inventions which were destined hereafter to contribute largely to the success of Cornish mining, and make his own name famous. As he grew up he seems to have been more noted as a wrestler, and for his feats of strength, than for anything else, except, perhaps, for his rapid power as a mental arithmetician. He was a great hand at throwing the sledge-hammer, and could lift half-a-ton. A huge mass of iron of about this weight, which tradition says Trevithick used to lift, is still shown at the Patent Museum, South Kensington. He would climb the mine-shears--a height of fifty or sixty feet--stand, balancing himself on the summit, and then and there swing round his sledge-hammer 'to steady his head and foot.' There is a story told of his being attacked by pickpockets while walking with his friend, Captain Andrew Vivian, in London; but Trevithick seized two of them, knocked their heads together, and then flung them away from him in opposite directions, not to return to the Tartar whom they had caught! The mark was long shown on the ceiling of Dolcoath account-house, which was imprinted by the _heels_ of one Captain Hodge, who had dared Trevithick to try a fall with him, but who found himself first flying through the air, and then flat on his back on the table, before he knew what had happened!

But Richard Trevithick was endowed with something more than mere physical strength; for, having first received some instruction in his calling from an engineer, well-known in Cornwall, of the name of Bull, he at length got to work, in 1790, at Stray Park Mine, at 30s. a month. Whilst here he was selected, when only twenty-one years of age, to report upon the relative merits of Watt's and Hornblower's engines, a fact which, surely, speaks volumes for his powers of observation, and for the solidity of his judgment.

In 1795 he erected at Wheal Treasury, when his pay was 3s. 6d. a day, his double-acting steam-engine--a model of which is still, I believe, in operation at Battersea--and in 1796 or 1797, he removed to Ding Dong Mine, near Penzance. It was about this time that he, fortunately for himself, met with Davies Gilbert, of Tredrea, afterwards President of the Royal Society, whose impressions of Trevithick are recorded in the following letter to J. S. Enys, Esq., of Enys:

'Eastbourne, April 29, 1839.

'MY DEAR SIR,