Chapter XIII: Section II: Cotton Weaving

The Examination in the Ordinary Grade will consist of a paper of questions only.

=I. Syllabus.=--The Examination will include questions founded on such subjects as the following:--

1. Winding Machines for warping and pirns.

2. Warping.--Mill, beam and sectional.

3. Sizing.--Ball, hank, dressing, slashing upon both cylinder and hot-air frames.

4. Beaming and Scotch Dressing.

5. Reeds and Healds (Counts Setting, &c.), Drawing in and Twisting.

6. Comparative merits of Hand and Power Looms.

7. The Power Loom--its parts, the principle governing each, with the relation and timing of each to the other.

8. Shedding Motions--as Tappets with their over and under motions. Dobbies or witches.

9. Picking motions, alternate and “pick and pick.”

10. Beating up, shuttle box, and minor motions.

11. Necessary calculations for the power loom.

12. The various makes of cloth produced by Tappets and Dobbies as plain cloth, twills, satins, and small figured effects, with one warp and weft, or with the addition of extra warp for figuring, as in Dhooties.

13. Method of making designs, drafts, and tie-ups for the above.

14. Colour and colour blending as applied to the coloured branches of the industry.

15. Calculations for warp and weft and method of costing goods.

* * * * *

The Examination for the Honours Grade will consist of more advanced questions on the preceding subjects, especially those enumerated in Sections 7 to 11; and, in addition, questions relating to the following:--

1. Construction of the various Jacquard machines in use, and their relative suitability to various goods, and the system of mounting Jacquard looms.

2. Construction, merits and uses of the hand loom.

3. Principles of cloth structure, and the mechanism required for the production of the following typical fabrics:--Plain cloth, twills, diapers, brocades, damasks, coloured stripes and checks, warp spots, repps, weft spots produced with circles, swivels or extra shuttles, backed cloths, double cloths, 3, 4, 5, &c., ply fabrics, tapestries, velveteens, cords, Terry fabrics, plain and figured gauze, lappets, plain and figured leno.

4. Principles of designing and card cutting involved in producing the above fabrics, giving preference to the actual designing and working of such patterns as shall be practically useful as articles of commerce.

5. Analysis of samples of woven fabrics to determine pattern, draft, tie-up, and counts of material used.

6. Composition of the various yarns used in the production of mixed fabrics.

7. Latent and other defects in fabrics caused by faulty construction and unequal balancing of warp and weft.

8. Selection of warp and weft yarns suitable for the fabrics required.

9. Proportioning of fabrics so as to maintain the original structure with an increased or diminished weight.

10. Method of calculating the cost of a fabric from given data of values of material and labour, by ascertaining the fibre, counts, ends, picks and weight.

11. Actual Weaving.--Each candidate will be required, during the year preceding the Examination, to design and execute in suitable material an original pattern, of not less than 200 ends and 200 picks in a complete pattern, and to forward the same (carriage paid) to London a fortnight prior to the day of the Examination, together with a certificate signed by his employer, or by the class teacher and a member of the School Committee, stating that the work has been executed by the candidate without assistance. The specimen of weaving, showing the complete pattern, must not be less than one yard in length and at least 24 inches in width: it must be properly dyed or finished, and constructed in such a manner as to be a saleable article.

=II. Full Technological Certificate.=--The candidate, who is not otherwise qualified (see Regulations 33 and 34), will be required, for the full Certificate in the Ordinary Grade, to have passed the Science and Art Department’s Examination, in the Elementary Stage at least, and for the full Certificate in the Honours Grade, in the Advanced Stage at least, in _two_ of the following Science subjects:--

II. Machine Construction and Drawing.
III. Building Construction.
VI. Theoretical Mechanics.
VII. Applied Mechanics.
XV. Elementary Botany.

Certificates, showing that the candidate has passed the Second Grade Examination of the Science and Art Department in Geometrical Drawing as well as in Freehand or Model Drawing, will be accepted in lieu of one of the above Science subjects for the full Technological Certificate in either grade of the Examination.

GLOSSARY OF TRADE TERMS.

_Am._--AMERICAN. _Sc._--SCOTCH.]

_Some words not mentioned here are explained in previous parts of the book, and will be found in the General Index._

=Apex=--The tip or point--_e.g._, of a cone or wedge.

=Backed Cloth=--Cloth which, in addition to the faced fabric,
bears bound underneath a layer either of extra weft, extra
warp, or of another cloth. The term is usually applied to the
first-named variety.

=Bar=--A term applied to a single strip of coloured weft, used
as heading or cross border.

=Beam=--The flanged roller on which the warp yarn is wound,
either at the beam, warping, sizing, or dressing machines; also
applied to the full beam.

=Beer=--Twenty dents or splits in a reed, also 40 ends--_i.e._,
two ends to each split.

=Bevel=--A cog wheel, having the teeth set at an angle with
the shaft on which it moves, but in the some plane, unless a
skew-gear bevel.

=Bitting=--Drawing in additional ends at the side of healds and
reeds in case of a wider warp having to be used.

=Bobbin=--A flanged wooden cylinder.

=Borders=--The stripe running along the side of a piece of
cloth--formed either by different colour, counts of yarn, or
weave, from the centre.

=Box Motion=--Arrangement for operating the shuttle boxes in
check weaving.

=Bracket=--An attachment bolted to a framing for the support of
other apparatus.

=Cam or Camb=--A plate revolving on a shaft, having its
circumference other than circular, thus giving a reciprocating
motion to any lever actuated by it.--Applied in some districts
to the shedding tappets and picking plates.

=Cellulose=--A botanical term referring to an organic
substance of which the cotton fibre principally consists, and
being composed of six atoms of carbon with five of water, or
C{6}H{10}O{5}.

=Cloth=--The technical name for woven cotton fabrics: although
cloth is the popular name for woollen and worsted fabrics, and
cotton is usually called calico, or some such name, yet in the
trade the name of cloth is always given to cotton goods.

=Compass Board=--Another name for the cumber board.

=Cop=--The cylindrical coil of yarn formed at the mule, or, in
the case of two-fold yarn, at the twiner.

=Cord=--The bands used in attaching the healds to the
heald-rollers, or lambs--_i.e._, heald cords; also a very
coarse thread, used as a heading or stripe border; a name given
to a cloth bearing a stripe, formed by using cord warp yarn;
and also a contraction of corduroy.

=Counts=--A system of indicating the fineness of yarn, written
by placing ’_s_ after the figures signifying the number of
hanks per lb.--thus, “40’s”; otherwise, _grist_ or _numbers_.

=Cover=--A name given to the downy appearance of cloth or yarn.

=Cross-band=--Sometimes applied to yarns spun twist-way, in
contradistinction to _open-band_.

=Cross-border=--A heading to a piece of cloth or handkerchief,
either formed by coloured or other weft, or by a change in the
pattern.

=Cumber Board=--The perforated frame for the guidance of the
harness in the jacquard or some dobby shedding motions.

=Cutting=--The severance of the pile warp or pile weft in a
fabric which requires the slitting of some filament, so as to
produce a nap, formed by short threads presenting their section
on the face of the cloth.

=Cut=--A length of warp required to weave a piece of cloth;
also the piece when woven.

=Deliquescent=--A substance which tends to liquefy in the
air--thus, chloride of magnesium tends to retain dampness and
cause a fabric in which it is present to become moist.

=Dent=--A space between the wires of a reed, otherwise _split_.

=Draft=--A plan showing the order in which the ends are drawn
through the healds (_see_ page 94).

=Elongated Twills=--Twilled cloth, in which the wale extends a
greater distance than usual before reaching the other side of
the fabric, caused by weaving two or more picks before altering
the risen ends forming the wale. These twills do not run at an
angle of 45 degrees.

=End=--The technical name for a thread.

=Entering Draft=--The system of drawing the warp through the
healds (_see_ Draft).

=Fell (of Cloth)=--The edge of the fabric (in the loom) which
has most recently been woven.

=Filling=--_Am. for_ weft.

=Fixing=--_Am. for_ tackling.

=Flue=--One lap of the folded cloth.

=Flushing=--Bringing the warp or weft to the surface of the
cloth without interweaving.

=Fly-reed=--_Sc. for_ loose reed.

=Gaws=--_Sc. for_ goal.

=Gears=--_Sc. for_ healds.

=Goal=--A gap caused in a piece by the cloth being drawn
forward without the weft interweaving, especially when used to
mark the end of a piece.

=Grey=--Yarn or cloth in an undyed or unbleached state.

=Grist=--Synonymous with counts (_Sc._).

=Ground=--That portion of a fabric, usually of a simple weave,
which serves as a base on which to display a figure.

=Hank=--A measurement of yarn. In cotton, 840 yards.

=Harness=--The arrangement of leashes in a jacquard. (_Am. for_
a heald.)

=Heald=--The arrangement of top and bottom staves, carrying the
leashes with eyes for use in stave work.--_Sc._, heddle; _Am._,
harness.

=Lag=--A bar of the lattice used in dobby work.

=Lathe= (_South Lancashire_)--Synonymous with slay.

=Lay=--_Am._ and _Sc. for_ slay.

=Leaf=--A heald or a plate of the shedding tappet--_e.g._,
three-leaf twill = three-stave twill.

=Lingo=--The weight below the leashes in the jacquard.

=L.S.=--Abbreviation of “long stick.”

=Mail-eye=--The aperture in the harness for the reception of
the thread.

=Manufacturing=--(_Vide_ Chapter I.).

=Mash=--(_Vide_ Index).--Otherwise smash, or trap.

=Mitre Wheels=--Bevel wheels which gear with and are exactly
similar to each other.

=Open-band Yarn=--Yarn spun weft-way--that is, twisted over to
the right.

=P.C.=--Pin cop--_i.e._, weft size of cop.

=Pick=--The insertion of a thread of weft; the propulsion of
the shuttle through the shed; the time occupied in the opening
of the shed, the picking, and beating up.--A term used to
signify the number of picks in a quarter-inch.

=Pirn=--A wooden tube on which is wound the weft used for
headings, etc.

=Ply=--A thickness or layer of fabric--thus, two-ply,
three-ply, refer to double or triple cloth.

=Positive Motion=--A motion driven by gearing as distinct from
one driven by friction or some non-positive force.

=Pure Size=--Sizing with vegetable or animal substances, used
for light percentages.

=Range=--A series of cloths similar in style, but varying in
width or other dimensions.

=Reed=--(_Vide_ Chapter III.).--Also the number of ends per
quarter-inch.

=Run=--A stripe of colour in a fabric.

=Scobs=--_Sc. for_ slattering.

=Selvage=--The sides of a fabric.

=Sett=--The fineness of reeds--reed counts. Also signifying the
amount of warp on the beams which are sized at one time.

=Shaft=--A heald.

=Shed=--The opening made in the warp for the passage of the
shuttle; also, a weaving mill.

=Shot=--_Sc. for_ pick.

=Slay=--Otherwise _lay_ or _lathe_ (_vide_ Index).

=Smash=--Synonymous with mash or trap (_vide_ Index).

=Split=--Dent.

=S.S.=--Abbreviation of “short stick.”

=Stave=--Equivalent to shaft.

=Strip=--A narrow bar of heading.

=Stud=--A short projecting pin to carry a wheel or wheels.

=Tapes=--Borders of cramped or coarse warp.

=Tappet=--(_See_ Index).--_Sc. for_ wiper.

=Technical=--Specially appertaining to an industrial art,
business, or profession.

=Technology=--The branch of knowledge dealing with the
systematic study of the industrial arts.

=Terry=--Uncut or loop pile.

=Trap=--Synonymous with mash.

=Trevette=--A knife used in cutting the pile wires out of the
cloth.

=Tuning=--Tackling.

=Turns (per inch)=--The extent of the torsion in yarn.

=T.W.=--Twist-way yarn or thread, which, in being spun, has
been twisted over to the left--distinct from weft-way.

=Tweel=--_Sc. for_ twill.

=Twist=--Warp yarn.

=Up-taking=--_Sc. for_ the take-up motion.

=Warp=--The yarn arranged length-way of the cloth--the full
beam of warp yarn.

=Water T.=--Throstle twist.

=Waves=--Zigzag twill pattern.

=Wax=--Cotton wax is a substance coating the outside of cotton
fibres, and present to the extent of about 1/2 per cent. It is
a brownish horny vegetable wax.

=Weft=--The yarn arranged across the cloth.

=Weft-way=--Yarn twisted over to the right in spinning. Weft
may be either twist-way or weft-way.

=W.W.=--Weft-way.

=Whip-roll=--_Am. for_ back-rest.

=Whip-thread=--The crossing thread in gauze.

=Woof=--The weft.

=Wraith, Wrathe, or Rathe=--The reed comb used for guiding the
yarn to the beam.

=Wrap (Warper’s)=--_Vide_ index.

=Wyper or Wiper=--_Sc. for_ tappets.

=Yarn=--The thread of twisted fibres.

INDEX.

A

Accrington trade, 12
Adhesive substances, 34, 37
American cotton, 16
American trade terms, 165
Analysis of patterns, 90
Antiseptics, 34, 36
Area (circular), 159
Arrangement of looms, 71
Arrangement of shed, 19

B

Back beams, 40
Ball sizing, 48
Ball warping, 30
Ball warps, 29
Bare cloth, 81
Beaming or beam warping, 25
Beating up, 55, 61
Becks, 37
Blackburn dobby, 108
Blackburn pick, 59
Blackburn standard list, 154
Blackburn trade, 11
Black oil, 82
Bleaching, 83
Bobbin warpers, 22
Bolton quilts, 131
Bolton reed counts, 147
Bolton trade, 12
Bottoming, 73, 81
Bradford loom, 58
Brake, 69
Brocade, 130
Bullhide, 102
Burnley trade, 12
Bury trade, 13

C

Calculations for--
Cloth, 149
Counts, 143
Engines, 158
Healds, 148
Jacquards, 129
Reeds, 146
Sizing, 149, 152
Speeds, 76, 156
Capital invested, 9
Card cutting, 127
Carding, 17
Cards for drop-box, 140
_Cartwright’s_ loom, 4
Casting out, 129
Centre tie, 126
Checks, 133
Checked shirtings, 134
China clay, 36
Chloride of magnesium, 36
Chloride of zinc, 36
Circle swivels, 141
Circular boxes, 140
Circumference, to find, 158
Classification of fancy cloths, 89
Cloth, cotton, 80
Cloth, cover of, 81
Cloth, faults in, 81
Cloth looking, 80
Cloth, uneven, 81
Coal, 158
Cockly cloth, 81
Coloured spots, 141
Coloured warping, 28
Coloured winding, 24
Combing, 17
Common dobby, 108
Contraction, 149
Cop, 21
Cop bottoms, 21
Cop nose, 21
Cords, 87, 102
Cotton, 14
Cotton cloth, 80
Cotton cultivation, 14
Cotton districts, 16
Cotton fibre, 14
Cotton lands, 14
Cotton manufacture--syllabus, 161
Cotton plant, 14
Cotton, selection of, 16
Counterpanes, 131
Counts on beam, 153
Counts, reed, 146
Counts, single yarn, 143
Counts, two and three-fold, 145
Cracks, 81
Creel, 25
Cretonnes, 87
Cross borders, 82
Crossing thread, 111

D

Damask, 130
Darwen trade, 12
Designing, 93
Designs, 92
Dhootie marker, 48
Dhooties, 84
Dhooties, figured, 110
Diameter threads, 146
_Diggle’s_ chain, 135
Dimity, 130
Dividend of loom, 66
Divisions of the industry, 1
Dobbies, 100, 103
Dobby sides, 110
Domestics, 85
Double cloth, 109
Double lift, 104
Double yarn, 145
Doup, 77
Doup healds, 112
Draft for plain, 55
Drafting, 94
Drag take-up, 103
Drawing, 17
Drawing-in, 49
Dressing machine, 5
Dressing, old system, 5
Drop box, 134
Drying cylinders, 41
Dwell of slay, 62

E

Eccentricity of slay, 62
Engines, horse-power, 158
Examples wage calculations, 154
Expanding comb, 26, 42
Exports, cotton cloth, 10, 84, 85, 86, 87

F

Factory Acts, 7
Falling rods, 26
Fancy cloth, classification of, 89
Farina, 35
Fast reed, 64
Faults in cloth, 81
Feel, 32
Fermenting flour, 34, 39
Figured canvas, 130
Figured cloth, 90
Figured dhooties, 110
Figured gauze, 130
FIGURES:--
Frontispiece: Single-action jacquard loom
1 Perfect cotton fibre
2 Section of same
3 Imperfect fibre
4 Section of same
5 Seed and fibres
6 Section of fibres
7 Winding frame
8 Traverse (winding)
9 Warping, falling rods
10 Stop-motion warping, elev.
11 " " plan
12 Beam gearing, slasher, section
13 " " elev.
14 Presser " plan
15 " " section
16 Slow motion " plan
17 Dhootie marker
18 Heald
19 Metallic heald
20 Reed
21 Plain loom, front view
22 Plain loom (right hand), back view
23 Bradford loom
24 Diagram--eccentricity of slay
25 Shuttle-box and frog, fast reed
26 Take-up motion
27 Weft stop motion
28 Plain tappet
29 Point paper
30 Plain cloth
31 Plan of cloth
32 Design
33 Draft
34 Lifting plan and tie
35 Draft
36 Draft
37 Design, etc.
38 Draft and tie
39 Sateen
40 Plain
41 Sateen and plain
42 Plate, sateen tappet
43 _Smalley’s_ motion on loom
44 Four-leaf twill
45 Four-leaf twill
46 Velveteen
47 Constitution cord
48 Keighley dobby
49 Dobby lattice
50 Dobby pegging
51 Blackburn dobby
52 Dobby pegging
53 Gauze--sketch
54 Gauze--section
55 Leno--sketch
56 Draft--gauze
57 Doup heald
58 Netting
59 Netting
60 Figured gauze--sketch
61 Handkerchief loom
62 Jacquard--section, single-action
63 Needles, jacquard
64 Double-action jacquard--single cylinder
65 Double-action jacquard--double cylinder
66 London tie
67 Straight tie
68 Lay-over tie
69 Centre tie
70 Piano card-cutting machine
71 _Diggle’s_ chain
72 Chain links for ditto
73 _Wright Shaw’s_ drop box
74 Plates for ditto
_(Also vide Plates.)_
Finishing, 83
Floats, 81
Flour, 34
Flour, testing, 34
Fork and grid motion, 68
Friction--sizing, 43
Fustian, 102

G

Gaiting warps, 72
Gauze, 111
Gingham, 134
Goods made--1800-1860, 8
Goods made--present time, 83
Grist, 143
Ground for jacquard patterns, 109, 129

H

Handkerchiefs, 115, 134
Handkerchief loom, 116
Hands of looms, 71
Hank, 143
Hank, winding from, 25
Haslingden trade, 12
Headings, 82
Headles, 51
Heald counts, 148
Heald motions, 79
Healds, 51
Heck box, 30
Heddles, 51
Heddling, 94
History of trade, 3
Honeycomb, 95, 131
Hooking, 80
Horse-power, 158
Hydrometer, 38

I

ILLUSTRATIONS:--
Beam gearing, slasher, plan, 42
" " section, 43
Blackburn dobby, 107
Bradford loom, 59
Centre tie, 126
Chain links, _Diggle’s_ motion, 137
Constitution cord, 102
Cotton fibre, 15
" section, 15
Design, 92, 96, 98, 101 and 102
Dhootie marker, 47
_Diggle’s_ chain drop box, 136
Dobbies, 104, 107
Dobby pegging, 106, 108
Dobby lattice, 106
Double-action jacquard, Single cylinder, 123
Ditto, double cylinder, 124
Doup healds, 113
Drafts, 92, 94, 95
Eccentricity of slay, 62
Fast reed loom, 64
Figured gauze, 115
Four-leaf twill, 2
Gauze, 112
Handkerchief loom, 116
Healds, 50
Heald motions, 56
Imperfect cotton fibre, 15
" section, 15
Jacquard loom, single action, _Frontispiece_
Jacquard loom, single action, section, 119
Jacquard loom, double action, 123
Jacquard loom, double action, double cylinder, 124
Keighley dobby, 104
Lay-over tie, 126
Leno, 112
Lifting plan, 92, 97
Looms, 53, 59
London tie, 125
Metallic healds, 50
Needles, 122
Netting, 114, 115
Parts of loom, 56
Pegging for dobby, 106, 108
Perfect cotton fibre, 15
Piano card-cutting machine, 128
Plain cloth, 91
Plain loom, 53
Plain loom in parts, 56
Plain tappets, 75
Plates, _Wright Shaw’s_ loom, 140
Point paper, 90
Plan of cloth, 91
Plan of shed--Plate I., 19
Presser, slasher, plan, 45
" section, 45
Reed, 50
Sateen, 98
Sectional warping--Plate III., 29
Seed and fibre, 15
Shuttle box and frog, 64
Slasher sizing machine, 40
Slow motion, 46
_Smalley’s_ motion, 99
Stop motion, warping, plan, 27
" " section, 27
Straight tie, 125
Take-up motion, 26
Tappet plates, 75
Ties, 125, 126
Traverse motion, winding frame, 23
Velveteen, 101
Warping, falling rods, 24
" stop motion, 27
Weft stop motion, 68
Winding frame, 22
_Wright Shaw’s_ drop box, 138
Indian cotton, 16
Ingredients, size, 34
Introduction, 1
Inventions, 3
Ireland, cotton trade of, 14

J

Jacconetts, 86
Jacquard, 119
Capacity, 118
Cards, 120, 127
Cloth, 129
Weaving, 127

K

Keighley dobby, 104

L

Lappet weaving, 142
Lay-over tie, 126
Lease, 30
Leash, 110, 120
Legislation, 6
Length warps, 149, 152
Leno, 88, 112, 114
Liability for mildew, 37
Lifting plan, 96
Limited liability, 7, 9
Linen counts, 144
Long cloths, 85
Long stick, 167
Loom, 52
Loom fixing, 71
Looming, 49
Looms, number of, 11
Loose reed, 4, 63

M

Madapollams, 85
Madras muslin, 130
Manchester trade, 12
Mangle wheel motion, 23
Manufacturing, meaning of term, 1
Manufacturing processes, 19
Market town, 2
Marking motions, 47
Mashes, 81
Measuring motion--warping, 28
" " --weaving, 117
Merchandise Marks Act, 8
Metallic healds, 51
Metal size, 36
Mexicans, 85
Mildew , 36
Mildew, liability for, 37
Mildew, prevention of, 36
Milling up, 149
Mixings, cotton, 17
Mixings, size, 37
Mixings, light size, 39
Mixings, medium size, 39
Mixings, heavy size, 39
Movements of loom, 55
Mull, 86

N

Netting, 115
Non-positive take-up, 103
Number of machines in shed, 19

O

Oatmeal cloth, 109, 129
Oldham trade, 13
Opening, 17
Overlookers (loom), 72
Overpick, 59
_Osbaldeston, John_, 4

P

Packing, 83
Parts of a loom, 55, 56
Pattern pricking, 90
Pegging for dobby, 106, 109, 111
Percentages of size, 33, 38, 149, 153
Percentages of waste, 27, 154
Picking, 55, 59
Pile weaving, 101, 131
Pillow-slip weaving, 109
Plain cloth, 84, 90, 91
Plain drafting, 55
Plain loom, 52
Plaiting, 80
Plan of shed, 18
PLATES:--
I. Plan of shed, 19
II. Stop-motion warping, 27
III. Sectional warping, 29
IV. Slasher sizing machine, 40
V. Plain loom in parts, 56
VI. Heald top motions, 56
VII. Dobbied loom, 104
Point paper, 90
Position of warp, 58
Potato starch, 35
Preparatory processes, 19, 21
Pressers, 45
Preston trade, 12
Printers, 86
Processes, spinning, 17
Processes, weaving, 19

Q

Quilts, 131

R

Raising, 83, 103
Rating goods, 149
Reed and pick, 85
Reed counts, 146
Reeds, 51
Reed space, 79
Reed table, 148
Reedy cloth, 81
Repeating jacquard cards, 128
Rice starch, 35
Ring bobbins, 24
Rochdale trade, 13
Roving, 17

S

Sago, 35
Satin, 98, 100
Sateens, 87
Sateen motion, 99
Scotch reed counts, 147
Scotch trade, 13
Scroll pick, 78
Scutching, 17
Sea Island cotton, 16
Sectional warping, 28
Selection, warp, 21, 33
Selection, weft, 60
Selection, yarns, 21, 60
Shed, 19
Shedding, 57
Shedding motion, 79
Shed (warp), 54, 58
Shirtings, 84
Short stick, 168
Shuttle, 60
Shuttle flying, 73
Shuttle race, 60, 63
Side tappets, 58
Silk counts, 144
Site for shed, 20
Size of warp shed, 58
Sizing calculations, 149, 152
Sizing--drying, 41
Sizing headstock, 42
Sizing machinery, 5, 39
Sizing materials, 34
Sizing--object, 32
Sizing--percentages, 33, 38
Sizing rollers, 40
Sizing under pressure, 41
Slasher, 39
Slashing, 39
Slay, 60
Slow motion, 45
Slubbing, 17
_Smalley’s_ motion, 99
Smash, 81
Snarls, 22
Snicks, 22
Soap, 35
Soda, 36
Softener, 34, 35, 37
Sow box, 40
Specification shed, 19
Speed loom, 79
Speed shafts, 156
Speed tappet shaft, 76
Spindles, number of, 11
Spinning department, 16
Spinning--mule, throstle, ring, 18
Split motion, 78
Split rods, 42
Splits, 77
Standard goods, 88
Starches, 34, 37
Statistics, 9
Steeping flour, 34, 39
Stockport counts, 147
Stockport trade, 13
Stop motion, warping, 26
Straight tie, 125
Stripes, 101, 133
Surat cotton, 16
Syllabus--Cotton manufacture, 161
Syllabus--Weaving and pattern designing, 162

T

Tackling, 72
Take-up motions, 65, 103
Tallow, 35
Taping, 39
Tappets, 55, 57, 75, 97
Tappets, construction, 57, 99
Tappets, plain, 55, 57
[T]-cloth, 85
Terry towels, 132
Temple rollers, 4, 69
Testing yarn, 146
Thick sets, 102
Throstle bobbins, 24
Tie, 97
Tie for jacquard, 124
Toilet cloth, 131
Top motions, 79
Timing, 70
Tooth, 28
Traverse, 23
Treading plan, 97
Turkey-reds, 86
Turkish towels, 132
Twaddle, 38
Twill shaft speed, 76, 157
Twist, 21, 33
Twisting, 49
Two and three-fold yarn, 145

U

Under pick, 78
Uneven cloth, 81
Uplands cotton, 16

V

Varieties of goods, 83
Velveteens, 87, 101

W

Wages--looming, 50
Wages--weaving, 74
Wages--winding, 24
Wages--standard list, 154
_Ward’s_ dobby, 105
Warp, 21, 33
Warping (beam), 25
Warping calculations, 28, 29, 30, 152
Warping mill, 30
Warping several counts, 28
Warping stop motion, 26
Warp line, 58
Warp pile, 90, 131
Waste, 27, 74
Waste, weaver’s, 74
Wax, 35
Weavers, 74
Weaving, 52
Weaving and pattern designing syllabus, 162
Weft, 61
Weft pile, 101
Weft stop motion, 4, 67
Weight-giving size, 36
Weight piece, 149
Weight size in piece, 149, 153
Weight warp in piece, 149
Weight weft in piece, 149
Winding, 22
Winding frame, 22
Witch machine, 108
Working design, 97
Workpeople, number of, 11
Worsted counts, 144
Woven pile, 90, 101, 131
Wrap reel, 144
Wrap, warpers’, 28
Wrapping, 144
_Wright Shaw’s_ drop box, 138

Y

Yarn calculations, 143
Yarn measure, 143
Yorkshire loom, 58

Z

Zinc, muriate of, 36

PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO.
EDINBURGH AND LONDON

ADVERTISEMENTS.

FLEMING’S “STANDARD” OAK TANNED
MAIN DRIVING BANDS. ANY WIDTH OR THICKNESS. DELIVERED AT A DAY’S NOTICE
IF REQUIRED.

BELTING FOR ALL REQUIREMENTS.
ORDINARY WIDTHS IN STOCK.

_CAMEL HAIR BELTING. COTTON BELTING. LINK BELTING. LACES. PICKERS.
PICKING BANDS. MILL LEATHERS._

MULE BELTING. A Speciality.

JOINTS CEMENTED ONLY, AND GUARANTEED EQUAL TO ANY BELTING OF THIS
DESCRIPTION IN THE MARKET.

Apply for Catalogue, Contains Valuable Commercial Information.
Post free.

BELTING.

Comprising Firms established 100 years.
FLEMING, BIRKBY & GOODALL, LIM^{D.}..
Belting, &c., Manufacturers,
WEST GROVE MILL, HALIFAX, ENGLAND.
BRANCHES AT LIVERSEDGE AND BRIGHOUSE, YORKS.

_Cloth, Crown 8vo. Second Edition. 3s. 6d._

Weaving
Calculations.

BY THE SAME AUTHOR.

A Volume on all Varieties of Calculations Required in the Weaving and
Preparatory Processes, Standard Lists of Wages, &c.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

"Mr. BROOKS is well and favourably known in the textile industries as a writer of excellent text-books in connection with the cotton trade.... In this book he has succeeded in doing the work, avoiding on the one hand intricate mathematical problems, which are discarded in practice, and on the other giving clear and simple rules for making all the calculations required in the spinning and manufacturing of cotton goods."--_Textile Recorder._

"Hitherto the books published on weaving calculations have lacked the thorough instruction which characterises Mr. BROOKS’S brochure, and many cotton students will find it a decidedly useful guide. The chapters on cloth and yarn calculations will be found decidedly useful and interesting. Mr. Brooks is to be congratulated on placing before the trade a _vade mecum_ of considerable merit."--_Textile World._

"This is one of the most useful works connected with cotton manufacturing that we have ever seen. No overseer or any one having to do with calculations in a cotton-mill should be without it."--_Boston Journal of Commerce, U.S.A._

"The author of this book is well known for his excellent work on ‘Cotton Manufacturing,’ which deals very fully with all operations involved in the industry. These calculations will also be found extremely useful to those for whom it is intended. It has been carefully written, and should have a place on every weaving bookshelf."--_Textile Manufacturer._

&c. &c.

ASA LEES & CO.,
Limited,

Soho Iron Works,
OLDHAM.

_Address for Telegrams_--ASA, OLDHAM.

Constructors of
ALL KINDS OF MACHINERY

_for_
_Preparing, Spinning & Doubling_
COTTON AND WOOL.

NEW AND IMPORTANT TECHNICAL WORKS.

THE “STUDENTS’ COTTON SPINNING,”

By JOSEPH NASMITH,

Associate Institution Mechanical Engineers; Member Manchester
Association Engineers; Editor of “Textile Recorder;” Author of “Modern
Cotton Spinning Machinery.”

"A book which, viewed as a whole, is admirably adapted for its purpose."--_Manchester Guardian._

"‘The Student’s Cotton Spinning’ is a work we can unhesitatingly recommend."--_Textile Manufacturer._

"The information is derived from the most modern sources, and will be found of permanent value to those connected with the cotton industry."--_Industries._

"The work appears to cover the whole field, even to the minutest detail."--_Manchester City News._

"Its pages abound in practical hints."--_Wool and Cotton Reporter_ (Boston, U.S.A.).

"The book should be in the hands of every wide-awake manufacturer and spinner."--_Boston Journal of Commerce._

"A volume which will be found valuable, not only to the student, but to the men who know something but want to learn more of the art of spinning and to study the subject in a practical way."--_Textile Record_ (Philadelphia, U.S.A.).

"After careful study of the work, our reviewer is of opinion that it is unequalled by any other book of cotton literature."--_Indian Textile Journal._

"The book we cannot recommend too warmly, not only to students, but also to all technical men, and spinning managers engaged in practice."--_Oesterich’s Wollen und Lienen Industrie._

The Book contains 448 Pages and 100 Illustrations, and forms a Complete
Handbook on the subject. =PRICE 6s.=

By the same Author.

“MODERN COTTON SPINNING MACHINERY,”

ITS PRINCIPLES AND CONSTRUCTION.

232 Detailed Drawings of the Latest Types of Machines.

_Price 15s., delivered free in the United Kingdom._

"The best and most complete book extant on the machinery employed in cotton spinning."--_Textile Manufacturer_, September 15, 1890.

"No student or spinner should be without it."--_Textile Manufacturer_, October 15, 1890.

"Cannot fail to be the standard authority for many years."--_Textile Recorder_, November 15, 1890.

"Has the essential merit of attaining what it aims at--namely, completeness."--_Manchester Examiner and Times._

"A work of great value to all who are interested in the manufacture or use of cotton spinning machinery."--_Manchester Guardian._

MANCHESTER: JOSEPH NASMITH, 61 Barton Arcade.

Established 1791.

JOHN WHITELEY & SONS, Limited,
BRUNSWICK MILLS,
HALIFAX, ENGLAND.

Manufacturers of Card Clothing in Mild, and Hardened and Tempered Steel Wire, for Cotton, Wool, Worsted, and Silk, with Round, Flat, Flat-to-Bend, Angular, and Convex Wire, Plated Wire, Music Wire, and GROUND NEEDLE POINTS.

PATENT SPECIAL
POLISHED _PLOUGH-GROUND_ CARD CLOTHING.

The Sides of the Teeth of the _Plough-Ground_ Card Clothing made by JOHN WHITELEY & SONS, Limited, are so smooth that it is being used extensively on the Finest Cottons. We shall be glad to furnish Users with enlarged Micro-Photographs illustrating the remarkable smoothness attained.

IMPROVED TAKERS-IN AND DIRT ROLLERS.

Card Tacks. Gauges for Setting Cylinders, Doffers, Flats,
&c. Flats Re-cut and Clothed with Whiteley’s Patent Clasp,
Ashworth’s Methods or Lead Rivets, and Trued, Tested, and
Ground ready for use.

WHITELEY’S IMPROVED TENSION MACHINE FOR MOUNTING FILLETS.
NEEDLE-POINTED STRIPPING ROLLERS, BURNISHING BRUSHES, SPIRAL FLAT
STRIPPING BRUSHES.
CARDING ENGINES CLOTHED, GROUND, AND STARTED BY EXPERIENCED MEN.
_Samples and Estimates on Application._

JAMES BRIGGS & SONS,
LION OIL WORKS,
BLACKLEY, MANCHESTER.

MANUFACTURERS OF
ALL CLASSES OF OILS
for

MACHINERY,
SPINDLES AND LOOMS.

OILS
for
MARINE AND STATIONARY ENGINES.

OILS for SHAFTING, CYLINDERS, AND VALVES.

_As Used by some of the Largest Mills, Steamships, &c._

Cable and Telegraphic Address--“SAMOHT, MANCHESTER.”

GEO. THOMAS & CO.,
28 DEANSGATE, MANCHESTER,

_ENGINEERS, CONTRACTORS, and EXPORTERS of all Classes of MACHINERY and
ACCESSORIES, &c._
N.B.--Representatives in all the Industrial Centres of the World.

MACHINERY for SPINNING and WEAVING Cotton, Wool, Worsted, Flax, Hemp, Jute, Silk, &c. BLEACHING, DYEING, PRINTING, FINISHING Textile Fabrics.

Steam Boilers, Steam Engines, Economisers, Turbines, Mill
Gearing, Electric Lighting and Gas Plant; Hoists, &c.

Ironwork for Mills from A to Z--Fireproof, &c., Roofing and
Patent Glazing; Heating and Ventilating Apparatus.

Paper, Rice, Sugar, Ice, Flour, Oil, Chemical, Distillery, Iron
and Steel Plants.

Portable and Permanent Railway Plant, Rolling Stock,
Locomotives, Steam Ships, Steam Launches, Dredgers, &c.
Hydraulic Machinery and Tools.

SOLE MAKERS AND PROPRIETORS OF THE
PATENT UNIVERSAL YARN ASSORTING BALANCES.

British Patent, No. 6,703, 1886. U.S.A. Patent, No. 380,826, 1888. New
Patents, No. 15,454 1889, and No. 9,264, 1890.=

_N.B_.--These Balances or Yarn Testers (indispensable to
Spinners, Manufacturers, and Merchants) indicate the Counts of
Yarn in small lengths, or from bits of cloth, in either Cotton,
Woollen, Worsted, Linen, Jute, or other Fibre.

“SIMPLEX” BALANCE.

_Crown 8vo. Paper Covers. One Shilling._
Weaving Examination Questions.

CONTENTS.--Six Years’ Weaving and Pattern Designing
Questions.--Lists of Examiners, Rules of Examination, &c.--The
Syllabus for Study in each of the following Subjects:--Woollen
and Worsted Cloth Weaving, Cotton Weaving, Linen Weaving, Silk
Weaving, and Jute Weaving.

_Post Free, 1s. 1d._

C. P. BROOKS, THE MOUNT, BLACKBURN.

BOBBINS, TUBES, SKEWERS, SHUTTLES, &c.

WILSON BROTHERS, LIMITED.
Cornholme Mills, TODMORDEN.
Telegrams--WILSONS, CORNHOLME. Telephone, No. 7.

ORIGINAL INVENTORS AND MAKERS OF STEEL AND BRASS PLATED
BOBBINS AND TUBES.

We make a speciality of =Light Cardroom Tubes= with small diameters for fine counts. We have excellent facilities for cutting, seasoning, and partially preparing both Tubes and Bobbins before turning. We have large stocks of regular sizes always seasoning, the process occupying from two months up to two years. We are thus enabled to guarantee =exact and uniform diameters=.

We are the largest makers of =Ring Twist Bobbins= and =Ring Weft Pirns=. Every Bobbin is carefully balanced. =Rabbeth Ring Twist Bobbins, with Wilson Brothers’ Patent “G” Shield=, are the strongest Bobbins in the market, and capable of resisting 50 per cent. more pressure than any other protected Bobbins, and 150 per cent. more than Bobbins without metal Protectors.

=Warping and Winding Bobbins= fitted with =Wilson Brothers’ Patent Flange Binders= cannot open at the Joints, and are so made that it is almost impossible for them to be broken with ordinary usage.

We have put down a plant for making =Wood= Bobbins and Skewers =Damp and Steam Proof=. We Enamel Rabbeth Ring Twist and Ring Weft Pirns, also Lancewood Cop Skewers, so that Yarn can be conditioned on the Bobbin or Skewer without damage.

_THE OLDEST JACQUARD MACHINISTS IN THE WORLD._

DEVOGE & CO.
Works--SYCAMORE STREET, OLDHAM ROAD,}
City Office--15a YORK STREET, } MANCHESTER.

MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF
JACQUARD MACHINES.

Single-Lift, Double-Lift, Double-Cylinder, and Compound Jacquards; Double-Shed Jacquards; Lace Jacquards; Wood Machines for Hand-loom; Jacquard Dobbies; Driving Motions; all kinds of Wire and Wire Work; Lead and Iron Wire Lingoes; Comberboards and Slips; Glass, Brass, and Steel Mails; Couplings and Leashes; Harness Thread; Springs, &c., and every requisite for Fancy Weaving.

NEW PATENT LENO JACQUARD.

JACQUARD HARNESS BUILDERS.
_ALL KINDS OF HARNESSES, INCLUDING PATENT EXPANDING HARNESS._
NEW PLANT RECENTLY ERECTED FOR BORING COMBERBOARD SLIPS.

MAKERS OF ALL KINDS OF
Card-Cutting Machines.

Piano Machines to cut from design; Table Repeaters, with Vertical and Railway Presses; Card Cutting Plates and Punches of every kind; and Devoge’s celebrated Self-Acting Repeater, which cuts 40 Cards per minute.

_Illustrations of three of our Machines may be seen on pages 123, 124,
and 128 of this work._

An Illustrated Circular will be sent on application.

JAMES WALMSLEY & SONS
(ESTABLISHED 1848),
Leather Curriers, Strapping Manufacturers, and Mill Furnishers
WORKS:--AVENUE PARADE,
ACCRINGTON.

MAKERS OF ALL KINDS OF

ROLLER SKINS,
SINGLE LEATHER BELTING,
DOUBLE LEATHER BELTING,
GREEN PICKING BANDS,
OAK-TANNED PICKING BANDS,
LEATHER PICKERS, LACES,
BUFFALO SKIPS AND PICKERS,
LOOM FITTINGS, &c.

And all other kinds of =LEATHER GOODS= used in the Spinning and
Manufacturing of Cotton, Woollen, Silk, or Jute.

Telegrams--“Abbey, Accrington.”
Telephone--No. 23.

JOSEPH CASARTELLI,
MANUFACTURER OF ALL KINDS OF
_INSTRUMENTS FOR USE IN MILLS, MANUFACTORIES, ENGINEERING WORKS, &c._

NEW MICROSCOPE CLOTH COUNTING GLASS OF HIGH POWER, suitable for
counting all Cloths and Coloured Borders.
FOLDING CLOTH COUNTING GLASSES, English and Foreign Measurements, of
_Guaranteed Accuracy_

_PATENT IMPROVED RICHARDS’ STEAM ENGINE INDICATORS AND SPRINGS._
PRESSURE AND VACUUM GAUGES, ENGINE COUNTERS, THERMOMETERS, HYGROMETERS,
PYROMETERS, &c., &c.

_Illustrated Price List Post Free._

43 MARKET STREET, MANCHESTER.
Established upwards of Seventy Years.

SIZING INGREDIENTS
AND
FILLING MATERIALS

Used by Sizers, Manufacturers, Finishers, &c.

Solid and Liquid Chloride of Zinc. } _Pure_
Chloride of Calcium and Magnesium. } _Anti-Septics._
China Clay, French Chalk, and Barytes.
Epsom and Glauber Salts. Hard and Soft Soaps.
Paraffin, Spermaceti and Japan Wax.
Sizing Grease, Composition, and Tallow.
Cocoa Nut, Palm, Castor, and Olive Oils.
Soluble Oil, Oleine, Glycerine, and Glucose.
Soluble Blue, Colours, and Irish Moss.
Sago, Rice, Tapioca, and Wheat Sizing Flour.
Scotch and Foreign Farina. Dextrine and Gum.
Maize, Wheat, Potato, and Rice Starch.
Gum Tragacanth, Gelatine, and Bone Size.

SOLE MAKERS OF LANCASHIRE ACME SIZE.
SOLE AGENTS FOR THE GLOY MANUFACTURING CO.
STOCKS KEPT FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY.
Shipping Orders Carefully Packed.
A long experience among Sizers and Finishers often enables us to
materially help our clients to get at results they specially want.

For Prices, Samples, Particulars, &c., apply to
ADLEY, TOLKIEN, & CO.,
Chemical Manufacturers, Drysalters, and Produce Merchants,
NOVAS CHEMICAL WORKS,
Paterson Street, BLACKBURN.

Telegraphic Address:--"ADTOLCO, BLACKBURN. Telephone No. 184.
Manchester Royal Exchange:--Box 40 and Pillar 12, every Tuesday and
Friday.
London Office:--14 to 20 St. MARY AXE, e.c.
London Works:--Penton Street, PENTONVILLE, n.

Established 1843.
Telegrams--“KERSHAW, HOLLINWOOD.”

JOSEPH KERSHAW & CO.’S

_NON-CONDUCTING COMPOSITION_

IS pronounced by practical Civil, Gas, Mining, and other Engineers, and a large number of Firms who have tested its value, to be the =Best=, =Most Durable=, and =Cheapest Non-Conducting Material= in the market, effecting a considerable saving in fuel by preventing the radiation of heat. Saves cost in a few weeks. Will not burn. Numerous Testimonials, and over Nine Thousand References.

Some idea may be gathered of the saving effected by our Composition from the fact that in scores of cases extending over a period of twenty years, where concerns have been worked by four boilers, after being coated with our Composition they have been enabled to work the concern with three boilers, and allow one to be at rest.

Will Last Twenty Years. Does not Shrink.

Awarded Certificate of Merit at the Industrial and Art Exhibition, Manchester, 1880. The only Award given in this Department, after a severe competition with other competitors, and Honourable Mention at Manchester Smoke Abatement Exhibition, 1882. See page 182 of the Official Report of the Smoke Abatement Committee, held at Grosvenor House, Grosvenor Square, London, on Friday, July 14, 1882, under the Presidency of His Grace the Duke of Westminster, K.G.

ASBESTOS COATING, SILICATE COTTON OR SLAG WOOL COATING.

WHEEL GREASES.
LOCOMOTIVE AND WATER WHEEL GREASES.
Rope Driving Composition.
Black and Brown Banding Compositions.

RED, BLACK, AND OTHER COLOURED VARNISHES.
DETERGENT COMPOSITION,
For Removing and Preventing Scale in Steam Boilers.

Lead Ore. Engine and Bolton Polishes. White Curd Soap.
White Soft Soap, for Cop Bottoms. Soft Soap. Belting Syrup.
White Lead. Oxide and Other Coloured Paints.

_In Extra Strong Casks for Exportation._

GREASE, VARNISH, COMPOSITION, AND SOAP WORKS,
HOLLINWOOD, near OLDHAM.

HOWARD & BULLOUGH, Limited,
ACCRINGTON (England),

MAKERS OF

Cotton Spinning and Manufacturing
MACHINERY

Of the most modern and approved principle, with all Brackets and
Seatings milled by Special Machinery to Standard Templets.

_SPECIALITIES_:

ANGLO-AMERICAN OPENERS AND SCUTCHERS.

New Patent REVOLTING FLAT CARDING ENGINE,
With =rigid= bend--110 Flats--43 working. Over 6000 Cards at work.

DRAWING FRAMES, with Electric Stop Motion.
Reliable--quick--not liable to get out of order. Already applied to
over 35,000 deliveries.

SLUBBING, INTERMEDIATE, & ROVING FRAMES,
With Patent Differential Motion, Patent Cone Lifting Motion, Patent Cap
Bars, and Patent Method of Balancing Top Rail, &c., &c.

We have applied Electric Stop Motion to over 200,000 Intermediate
Spindles with marked success for the prevention of “Single.”

RING SPINNING FRAME.
THE LARGEST MAKERS IN THE WORLD.
Over 4,500,000 Spindles supplied.

RING WEFT FRAMES.
References given on application, comprising leading and extensive mills
where the Weft Ring has entirely displaced the Mule.

RING DOUBLING FRAMES,
Made on either the English or Scotch System,
For Ordinary Doubling or for Sewing Cottons.

COMPOUND SIZING MACHINES.
One 9 ft. Cavity Cylinder and 3 to 7 Fans.

=Howard & Bullough’s Air-Drying and Cylinder Sizing= Machines
of all sizes from 3 ft. to 9 ft., in Tin and Copper, with
some or all of the following improvements, are found in all
countries wherever Cotton Manufacturing is carried on.

=Hitchon’s Patent Safety Compound Friction Motion= for coarse
or fine counts.

=Hitchon’s Patent “Self-Traversing” Yarn Beam Presser.=

=Hitchon’s Patent "Self-Expanding and Contracting"= Double
Roller Yarn Beam Presser.

=Hitchon’s Patent Adjustable Measuring Indicator=, will mark
any length of yarn from 1/4 to 200 yards or metres (REQUIRES NO
CHANGE WHEELS).

=Hitchon’s Patent "Self-Regulating"= High Pressure Size Boiler.

=Hitchon’s Patent Yarn Relieving Motion= for size box.

=New Patent Light Running Beaming Machine= (“Improved
Singleton”), with Patent Self-Stopping Measuring Motion,
adjustable for any number of yards.

This machine has so rapidly superseded all others--our own six patents included--as to be practically the =only one recognised in the market=.

HOWARD & BULLOUGH, Limited,
ACCRINGTON, LANCASHIRE.
Accrington is distant from Manchester only 20 miles. Frequent
trains run daily from Victoria or Salford Stations on the
Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway.

Attend Exchange, Manchester, every Tuesday and Friday, No. 10 Pillar,
One to Two o’clock.

ESTABLISHED 1863.

Practical Experience in Weaving and Loom Making for 36 Years.

HENRY LIVESEY, Limited,
BLACKBURN,
MAKERS of LOOMS

For Weaving Printers, Shirtings, T Cloths, Domestics, Linen and Sail
Cloths, Double Lift Dobbies up to 40 Shafts.

Makers of the Improved “Slasher” Sizing, Cop and =Ring Winding= and Self-stopping =Beaming= Machines, =Plaiting= Machines, =Looming= and =Drawing-in= Frames, &c. =Drum= Winding and =Spooling= Machines for Coloured Yarns, =Hydraulic= Cloth Presses, &c., &c. Makers also of =Bobbins=, =Tubes=, =Shuttles=, =Pickers=, &c., &c. Loom Sides Planed and Cross Rails cut to exact length.

CRANK and TAPPET SHAFT BUSHES, also BEARINGS of PICKING SHAFTS, with their respective SEATINGS on Loom Sides, are Planed; these improvements secure more solidity in build of Loom, and thereby effect a great saving in wear and tear, require less power, and give more uniform working with greater speed.

_Illustrated Catalogues on Application._

Plans and Estimates furnished for every description of Weaving
Machinery.

Transcriber’s notes:

In the text version, italics are represented by _underscores_, and bold and black letter text by =equals= symbols. Superscripts are represented by ^{} and subscripts by _{}.

Missing or incorrect punctuation has been repaired. Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation have been left. This book uses both high level and standard "." in decimal numbers.

In the html version, dittos have been replaced by the repeated text so that text alignes for easier reading.

The following mistakes have been noted:

p. 12. Egyptain changed to Egyptian.
p. 18. Symbol [C] represents a C rotated by +90deg.
p. 25. Symbol [V] represents a large V symbol.
p. 56. Labels, 31, 133 and 156 - 162 are missing.
p. 85. Symbol [T] represents a large T.
p. 86. similiar has been changed to similar.
p. 93. tranferred has been changed to transferred.
p. 109. thus-- changed to :-- to match next paragraph.
p. 153. For the calculation on actual size at the bottom of this page to make
sense, 2600 should be 26000. This has been left unchanged

Adverts. p. 13. Telegraphic Address:--"ADTOLCO, BLACKBURN. Telephone No. 184.
has no closing quote, this has been left.