Chapter XIII (4)

This, it is true, was the experience of a man of extraordinary genius, whose facility of invention was as marvelous as the ease and rapidity with which he wrote. But his experience was a very common one. It has been shared by persons of much more humble faculties. I am sure that persons in my own profession, who have been engaged in pursuits very different from those of the poet or the novelist, will, from their own experience, confirm what is assumed by Sophereus as a well-known mental phenomenon. I could describe in detail many instances in which I have gone through with the same fruition of new ideas, resulting from the acquisitions obtained during sleep, or following from the benefits of sleep. For example, when having to do with a complex state of facts, needing orderly arrangement and analysis, it has repeatedly happened to me to rise in the morning after a night of undisturbed sleep, with the whole of an entangled skein unraveled, whereas before retiring to rest the mass of facts lay in some confusion in the mind. In like manner the mind can often deal with a legal question of a new and difficult character. The rule that ought to be applied to a particular case has to be extracted from many precedents, and perhaps none of them exactly cover the case in hand. On such occasions, if one refrains from pushing the study of his subject while awake to the severest analysis, and postpones the effort until the next morning, the experience of Sir Walter is very likely to be repeated. "It was always," he says, "when I first opened my eyes that the desired ideas thronged upon me." I am persuaded, therefore, that although in the study of any subject omission to master all its elements and details, when alone one can accumulate them, is not to be recommended, there is undoubtedly much to be gained by relieving the mind from the continued effort, and allowing some hours of sleep to intervene, during which the mind can act independently of all the bodily organs.

The question is, then, as above suggested, whether there come to us during sleep acquisitions of new ideas with or without a simultaneous consciousness that we are thinking of the subject, or whether the new ideas follow from the benefits of sleep as a state of absolute rest and inactivity of the brain, and of the intellectual faculties, so that when we awake both the brain and the mental powers are in greater vigor. The expression used by Scott in describing his own experience is that as soon as he awoke the desired ideas _thronged_ upon him. This might happen upon the hypothesis that the desired ideas came because the brain and the mental powers, refreshed by sleep, were in greater vigor. But I incline to believe that his meaning was the reverse of this. At all events, it seems to me that the true explanation of the phenomenon is that during sound and undisturbed sleep of the body, including the brain, we do unconsciously think of the subject on which our waking thoughts had been previously employed; that in these states there are acquisitions of new ideas which we bring with us out of the state in which they were acquired, or, as Sir Walter expressed it, which _throng_ upon us as soon as we open our eyes. While, therefore, it may be said that this hypothesis assumes the existence of the mind as a spiritual or intellectual entity capable of action as a thinking being without any action of the bodily organs, the question is, on the other hand, whether the phenomena here considered have not a very strong tendency to prove that the mind is such a substantive and independent existence. When it is remembered how common is the experience here referred to, how various the phenomena are, how they are manifested on all kinds of subjects, in regard to lines of conduct, and to everything about which we are perplexed, and when we add these peculiar phenomena to the other evidence which tends to establish the same belief in the existence of the mind as something entirely apart from all its physical environment, it seems to me that the argument becomes very strong, and that I have not made my imaginary philosopher press it beyond its legitimate bounds.

[147] Do him every honor.

[148] By some commentators, this hint, given with female subtilty, is explained to mean that their copy-hold, or lease, by which Banquo and his son hold their lives, is not eternal. The more probable meaning is that, if they are cut off, nature will produce no more copies of their race. But in either meaning the hint that she gave was the same, and it included both Banquo and his son.

[149] When the unknowable power ceases to pulsate through our physical organism, this "mental state" ceases--nothing survives--continuity is ended.

[150] "Principles of Psychology," i, § 208, pp. 465-471.

[151] I have allowed Sophereus to follow in the main the writer to whom I have already referred in the note on page 471--Mr. Bishop, of Florida.

[152] Bishop.

[153] Introduction to Taine's "History of English Literature," translated by H. Van Laun. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1885.

GLOSSARY
OF
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN THIS WORK.

[The following definitions marked with an asterisk are borrowed from the glossary annexed to Darwin's "Origin of Species." The remainder of the definitions are taken from Webster's Dictionary.]

=*Aberrant.= Forms or groups of animals or plants which deviate in important characters from their nearest allies, so as not to be easily included in the same group with them, are said to be aberrant.

=*Abnormal.= Contrary to the general rule.

=*Aborted.= An organ is said to be aborted when its development has been arrested at a very early stage.

=Aërate= (Zoöl.). To subject to the influence of the air by the natural organs of respiration; to arterialize; especially used of animals not having lungs.

=Agnostic= (_a._). Professing ignorance; involving no dogmatic assertion; leaving a question or problem still in doubt; pertaining to or involving agnosticism.

=Agnostic= (_n._). One who professes ignorance, or refrains from dogmatic assertion; one who supports agnosticism, neither affirming nor denying the existence of a personal Deity.

=Agnosticism.= That doctrine which, professing ignorance, neither asserts nor denies; specifically, in theology, the doctrine that the existence of a personal Deity can be neither asserted nor denied, neither proved nor disproved, because of the necessary limits of the human mind (as sometimes charged upon _Hamilton_ and _Mansel_), or because of the insufficiency of the evidence furnished by psychical and physical data, to warrant a positive conclusion (as taught by the school of _Herbert Spencer_); opposed alike to dogmatic skepticism and to dogmatic theism.

=Allantois=, =Allantoid=. A thin membrane, situated between the chorion and amnion, and forming one of the membranes which invest the fœtus.

=*Analogy.= That resemblance of structures which depends upon similarity of function, as in the wings of insects and birds. Such structures are said to be _analogous_, and to be _analogues_ of each other.

=Anthropomorphism.= The representation of the Deity under a human form, or with human attributes.

=*Articulata.= A great division of the animal kingdom, characterized generally by having the surface of the body divided into rings, called segments, a greater or less number of which are furnished with jointed legs (such as insects, crustaceans, and centipeds).

=Articulation= (Anat.). The joining or juncture of the bones of a skeleton.

=Ascidians.= A class of acephalous mollusks, having often a leathery exterior.

=Biology.= The science of life; that part of physiology which treats of life in general, or of the different forces of life.

=Brain.= The upper part of the head. 1. (Anat.) The whitish, soft mass which constitutes the anterior or cephalic extremity of the nervous system in man and other vertebrates, occupying the upper cavity of the skull; and (_b_) the anterior or cephalic ganglion in insects and other invertebrates.

2. The organ or seat of intellect; hence, the understanding.

3. The affections; fancy; imagination.

=*Branchiæ.= Gills, or organs for respiration in water.

=*Branchial.= Pertaining to gills or branchiæ.

=*Canidæ.= The dog family, including the dog, wolf, fox, jackal, etc.

=Cell.= A minute, inclosed space or sac, filled with fluid, making up the cellular tissue of plants, and of many parts of animals, and originating the parts by their growth and reproduction; the constituent element of all plants and animals (though not universal for all parts of such structure), much as a crystalline molecule is the element of a crystal. In the simplest plants and animals (as the _infusoria_), one single cell constitutes the complete individual, such species being called _unicellular_ plants or animals.

=Cephalopod= (Fr. _céphalopode_, from Gr., head and foot). (Zoöl.) An animal of the sub-kingdom _Mollusca_, characterized by a distinct head, surrounded by a circle of long arms or tentacles, which they use for crawling and for seizing objects. See MOLLUSK.

=*Cetacea.= An order of Mammalia, including the whales, dolphins, etc., having the form of the body fish-like, the skin naked, and only the fore-limbs developed.

=Chaos.= 1. An empty, infinite space; a yawning chasm.

2. The rude, confused state, or unorganized condition, of matter before the creation of the universe.

=Consciousness.= 1. The knowledge of sensations and mental operations, or of what passes in one's own mind; the act of the mind which makes known an internal object.

2. Immediate knowledge of any object whatever.

=*Crustaceans.= A class of articulated animals having the skin of the body generally more or less hardened by the deposition of calcareous matter, breathing by means of gills. (_Examples_, crab, lobster, shrimp, etc.)

=Dynamically.= In accordance with the principles of dynamics or moving forces.

=*Embryo.= The young animal undergoing development within the egg or womb.

=*Embryology.= The study of the development of the embryo.

=Ethics.= The science of human duty; the body of rules of duty drawn from this science; a particular system of principles and rules concerning duty, whether true or false; rules of practice in respect to a single class of human actions; as political or social ethics.

=*Fauna.= The totality of the animals naturally inhabiting a certain country or region, or which have lived during a given geological period.

=Fetichism=, =Feticism=. One of the lowest and grossest forms of superstition, consisting in the worship of some material object, as a stone, a tree, or an animal, often casually selected; practiced among tribes of lowest mental endowment, as certain races of negroes.

=*Flora.= The totality of the plants growing naturally in a country or during a given geological period.

=*Fœtal.= Of or belonging to the fœtus, or embryo in course of development.

=Fœtus=, same as =Fetus=. The young of viviparous animals in the womb, and of oviparous animals in the egg, after it is perfectly formed, before which time it is called _embryo_.

=*Ganoid Fishes.= Fishes covered with peculiar enameled bony scales. Most of them are extinct.

=Genus= (Science). An assemblage of species possessing certain characters in common, by which they are distinguished from all others. It is subordinate to _tribe_ and _sub-tribe_; hence, a single species having distinctive characters that seem of more than specific value may constitute a genus.

=*Germinal Vesicle.= A minute vesicle in the eggs of animals, from which the development of the embryo proceeds.

=Gravitation= (Physics). That species of attraction or force by which all bodies or particles of matter in the universe tend toward each other; called also _attraction of gravitation_, _universal gravitation_, and _universal gravity_.

=Gravity= (Physics). The tendency of a mass of matter toward a center of attraction; especially the tendency of a body toward the center of the earth, terrestrial gravitation.

=Gyrus=, pl. =Gyri= (Anat.). A convolution of the brain.

=*Habitat.= The locality in which a plant or animal naturally lives.

=Heredity.= The transmission of the physical and psychical qualities of parents to their offspring; the biological law by which living beings tend to repeat themselves in their descendants.

=Homologous.= Having the same relative proportion, position, value, or structure; especially--(_a_) (Geom.) Corresponding in relative position and proportion. (_b_) (Alg.) Having the same relative proportion or value, as the two antecedents or the two consequents of a proportion. (_c_) (Chem.) Being of the same chemical type or series; differing by a multiple or arithmetical ratio in certain constituents, while the physical qualities are wholly analogous, with small relative differences, as if corresponding to a series of parallels; as, the species in the group of alcohols are said to be _homologous_. (_d_) (Zoöl.) Being of the same typical structure; having like relations to a fundamental type of structure; as, those bones in the hand of man and the fore-foot of a horse are _homologous_ that correspond in their structural relations--that is, in their relations to the type-structure of the fore-limb in vertebrates.

=Homology.= That relation between parts which results from their development from corresponding embryonic parts, either in different animals, as in the case of the arm of a man, the fore-leg of a quadruped, and the wing of a bird; or in the same individual, as in the case of the fore and hind legs in quadrupeds, and the segments or rings and their appendages of which the body of a worm, a centiped, etc., is composed. The latter is called _serial homology_. The parts which stand in such a relation to each other are said to be _homologous_, and one such part or organ is called the _homologue_ of the other. In different plants the parts of the flower are homologous, and in general these parts are regarded as homologous with leaves.

=Hypothesis.= 1. A supposition; a proposition or principle which is supposed or taken for granted, in order to draw a conclusion or inference for proof of the point in question; something not proved, but assumed for the purpose of argument.

2. A system or theory imagined or assumed to account for known facts or phenomena.

=Imago.= The perfect (generally winged) reproductive state of an insect.

=Implacenta= (_n._). A mammal having no placenta. (_a._) Without a placenta, as certain marsupial animals.

=Insectivorous.= Feeding on insects.

=Instinct= (_n._). Inward impulse; unconscious, involuntary, or unreasoning prompting to action; a disposition to any mode of action, whether bodily or spiritual, without a distinct apprehension of the end or object which Nature has designed should be accomplished thereby; specifically, the natural, unreasoning impulse in an animal, by which it is guided to the performance of any action, without thought of improvement in the method.

=Invertebrata=, or =Invertebrate Animals=. Those animals which do not possess a backbone or spinal column.

=Isomeric= (from Gr., equal and part). (Chem.) Having the quality of isomerism; as _isomeric_ compounds.

=Isomerism= (Chem.). An identity of elements and of atomic proportions with a difference in the amount combined in the compound molecule, and of its essential qualities; as in the case of the physically unlike compounds of carbon and hydrogen, consisting one of one part of each, another of two parts of each, and a third of four of each.

=Kangaroo.= A ruminating marsupial animal of the genus _Macropus_, found in Australia and the neighboring islands.

=Larva= (plural =Larvæ=). The first condition of an insect at its issuing from the egg, when it is usually in the form of a grub, caterpillar, or maggot.

=Lemuridæ.= A group of four-handed animals, distinct from the monkeys, and approaching the insectivorous quadrupeds in some of their characters and habits. Its members have the nostrils curved or twisted, and a claw instead of a nail upon the first finger of the hind hands.

=Lepidosiren.= An eel-shaped animal covered with rounded scales, having four rod-like members, and breathing water like a fish. It is found in ponds and rivers of intertropical Africa and South America. By some it is regarded as a fish, and by others as a batrachian.

=Mammal.= Belonging to the breast; from _mamma_, the breast or pap. An animal of the highest class of vertebrates, characterized by the female suckling its young.

=Mammalia.= The highest class of animals, including the ordinary hairy quadrupeds, the whales, and man, and characterized by the production of living young, which are nourished after birth by milk from the teats (_mammæ_, _mammary glands_) of the mother. A striking difference in embryonic development has led to the division of this class into two great groups: in one of these, when the embryo has attained a certain stage, a vascular connection, called the _placenta_, is formed between the embryo and the mother; in the other this is wanting, and the young are produced in a very incomplete state. The former, including the greater part of the class, are called _placental mammals_; the latter, or _aplacental mammals_, include the marsupials and monotremes (_ornithorhynchus_).

=Marsupials.= An order of Mammalia in which the young are born in a very incomplete state of development, and carried by the mother, while sucking, in a ventral pouch (_marsupium_), such as the kangaroos, opossums, etc. (see MAMMALIA).

=Molecule.= A mass; one of the invisible particles supposed to constitute matter of any kind.

=Mollusk.= An invertebrate animal, having a soft, fleshy body (whence the name), which is inarticulate, and not radiate internally.

=Monkey.= See SIMIA.

=Monogamy.= A marriage to one wife only, or the state of such as are restricted to a single wife, or may not marry again after the death of a first wife.

=Monotheism.= The doctrine or belief that there is but one God.

=Morphology.= The law of form or structure independent of function.

=Nascent.= Commencing development.

=Nexus.= Connection; tie.

=Nictitating Membrane.= A semi-transparent membrane, which can be drawn across the eye in birds and reptiles, either to moderate the effects of a strong light or to sweep particles of dust, etc., from the surface of the eye.

=Noumenon= (Metaph.). The of itself unknown and unknowable rational object, or _thing in itself_, which is distinguished from the _phenomenon_ in which it occurs to apprehension, and by which it is interpreted and understood; so used in the philosophy of Kant and his followers.

=Opossum.= An animal of several species of marsupial quadrupeds of the genus _Didelphys_. The common species of the United States is the _D. Virginiana_. Another species, common in Texas and California, is _D. Californica_, and other species are found in South America.

=Organism.= An organized being, whether plant or animal.

=Ovule.= An egg. (Bot.) The rudimentary state of a seed. It consists essentially of a nucleus developed directly from the placenta.

=Parasite.= An animal or plant living upon or in, and at the expense of, another organism.

=Pelvis.= The bony arch to which the hind-limbs of vertebrate animals are articulated.

=Placentalia=, =Placentata=, or =Placental Mammals=. See MAMMALIA.

=Protozoa.= The lowest great division of the Animal Kingdom. These animals are composed of a gelatinous material, and show scarcely any trace of distinct organs. The infusoria, foraminifera, and sponges, with some other forms, belong to this division.

=Phenomenon.= 1. An appearance; anything visible; whatever is presented to the eye; whatever, in matter or spirit, is apparent to, or is apprehended by, observation, as distinguished from its ground, substance, or unknown constitution; as _phenomena_ of heat or electricity; phenomena of imagination or memory.

2. Sometimes a remarkable or unusual appearance whose cause is not immediately obvious.

=Plexus.= Any net-work of vessels, nerves, or fibers.

=Polygamy.= A plurality of wives or husbands at the same time, or the having of such plurality; usually the condition of a man having more than one wife.

=Polytheism.= The doctrine of a plurality of gods or invisible beings superior to man, and having an agency in the government of the world.

=Proteine= (_n._ Lat., _proteinum_, from Gr., _first_--to be the first--the first place, chief rank, because it occupies the first place in relation to the albuminous principles). (Chem.) A substance claimed by Mulder to be obtained as a distinct substance from albumen, fibrine, or caseine, and considered by him to be the basis of animal tissue and of some substances of vegetable origin.

The theory of proteine can not be maintained.--_Gregory._

The theory of Mulder is doubted and denied by many chemists, and also the existence of _proteine_ as a distinct substance.

=Psychology.= A discourse or treatise on the human soul; the science of the human soul; specifically, the systematic or scientific knowledge of the powers and functions of the human soul, so far as they are known by consciousness.

=Quadrumane.= An animal having four feet that correspond to the hands of a man, as a monkey.

=Race.= 1. The descendants of a common ancestor; a family, tribe, people, or nation, believed or presumed to belong to the same stock; a lineage; a breed.

2. A root.

=Retina.= The delicate inner coat of the eye, formed by nervous filaments spreading from the optic nerve, and serving for the perception of the impressions produced by light.

=Rotifer= (_n._ Lat. _rotifer_, from Lat. _rota_, a wheel, and _ferro_, to bear. Fr. _rotifère_). (Zoöl.) One of a group of microscopic crustaceans, having no limbs, and moving by means of rows of cilia about the head or the anterior extremity.

=Rudiment= (Nat. Hist.). An imperfect organ, or one which is never fully formed.

=Sacral.= Belonging to the sacrum, or the bone composed usually of two or more united vertebræ to which the sides of the pelvis in vertebrate animals are attached.

=Sacrum.= The bone which forms the posterior part of the pelvis. It is triangular in form.

=Secularize.= To convert from spiritual to secular or common use; as to secularize a church, or church property.

=Segments.= The transverse rings of which the body of an articulate animal or annelid is composed.

=Simia= (plural =Simiadæ=) (Lat., an ape, from _simus_, flat-nosed, snub-nosed). (Zoöl.) A Linnæan genus of animals, including the ape, monkey, and the like; a general name of the various tribes of monkeys.

=Species= (Nat. Hist.). A permanent class of existing things or beings, associated according to attributes or properties which are determined by scientific observation.

=Spinal Cord.= The central portion of the nervous system in the vertebrata, which descends from the brain through the arches of the vertebræ, and gives off nearly all the nerves to the various organs of the body.

=Statical.= To stand. 1. Pertaining to bodies at rest, or in equilibrium.

2. Resting; acting by mere weight without motion; as _statical_ pressure.

=Sulcus.= A fissure of the brain, separating two convolutions, or _gyri_.

=Teleology= (Fr., _téléologie_, from Gr., the end or issue, and discourse). The science or doctrine of the final causes of things; the philosophical consideration of final causes in general.

=Variety= (Nat. Hist., Bot., and Zoöl.). Any form or condition of structure under a species which differs in its characteristics from those typical to the species, as in color, shape, size, and the like, and which is capable either of perpetuating itself for a period, or of being perpetuated by artificial means; also, any of the various forms under a species meeting the conditions mentioned. A form characterized by an abnormity of structure, or any difference from the type that is not capable of being perpetuated through two or more generations, is not called a variety.

=Vascular.= Containing blood-vessels.

=Vertebrata=; or =Vertebrate Animals=. The highest division of the animal kingdom, so called from the presence in most cases of a back-bone composed of numerous joints or _vertebræ_, which constitutes the center of the skeleton, and at the same time supports and protects the central parts of the nervous system.

=Vesicle.= A bladder-like vessel; a membranous cavity; a cyst; a cell; especially (_a_) (Bot.) a small bladder-like body in the substance of a vegetable, or upon the surface of a leaf.--_Gray._ (_b_) (Med.) A small orbicular elevation of the cuticle containing lymph, and succeeded by a scurf or laminated scab; also, any small cavity or sac in the human body; as the umbilical vesicle.

=Vortices= (_verto_, to turn). 1. A whirling or circular motion of any fluid, usually of water, forming a kind of cavity in the center of the circle, and in some instances drawing in water or absorbing other things; a whirlpool.

2. A whirling of the air; a whirlwind.

3. (_Cartesian system._) A supposed collection of particles of very subtile matter, endowed with a rapid rotary motion around an axis. By means of these _vortices_ Descartes attempted to account for the formation of the universe.

INDEX.

Advocacy, maxim of, 132.

Affections, structural system of, 532.

Agnosticism, as defined by Huxley, 274.

Allantois, the, office of, 236 _et seq._, 245.

Almagest. See PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM.

Amphibians in the Darwinian pedigree of man, 71, 96, 98.

Amphioxus. See LANCELET.

Amputation before or after birth, 129, 130.

Anatomy, modern, great advance of, 40, 41.
Plato's knowledge of, 38.

Anatomy of the mind, 470.

Animals, origin of, according to Plato, 57 _et seq._
origin of, according to Darwin, 60 _et seq._

Anthropomorphic attributes not necessary to the conception of God, 293
_et seq._

Anthropomorphism, meaning, 293.

Antichthon, or counter-earth, invented by the Pythagoreans, 36.

Apes, varieties of, 71.
anthropomorphous, 100.

Apparitions, facts communicated by, 486-488.

Aquatic worm, 94.

Areas, effect of change of, 248.

Articulata, likeness of structure in, 205 _et seq._

Ascidians, larvæ of, 94.

Assassination, once employed with impunity, 165.

Associative faculty, what it is, 528.

Athenian, the, compared with a savage, 73, 74.

Authority, as affecting belief, 3.
ecclesiastic and scientific, 22, 23.
in science, 21.

Automatic machines, analysis of, 505.

Baboons, how different from monkeys, 71, _note_.

Belief, foundations of, 1-3.
antiquity of, how to be regarded, 132 _et seq._
grounds of, 274-277.

Birds, origin of, according to Plato, 57.
sexual selection among, 67, _note_.

Bishop, P. P., "The Heart of Man," 471, _note_.

Blood, similarity in the composition of, 122.
great change in, 122.

Body, natural and spiritual, 468.

Brain of men and apes compared, 191.
human, 518.
office of, 196.

Breaks in the organic chain, 103-106.

Buffon, accepted Mosaic account of creation, 368, 369.

Causation, ultimate, 386.

Cell, hypothesis of the single, 371, _note_.

Chaos, Plato's conception of, 45.

Classification, how it supports evolution, 200, 203.

Common stock, hypothesis of descent from, 209.

Composition, what occurs in, 473, 474.

Comte, Auguste, one of his suggestions, 387, 388.

Conduct, Spencer's view of, 427 _et seq._

Consciousness, what it is, 470, 471, 503.

Constitutions, political, supposed growth of, 168.

Conversations invented during sleep, 480, 481.

Conversion of organs, 67.

Copernicus, system of, 32.

Creation, special, contrasted with evolution, 1 _et seq._
absolute, unknown to the Greeks, 45.
influence of the belief in, 164, 165.
man's power of, 144.
Mosaic account of, 23.
poetical, 140, 141.
what it is, 136 _et seq._, 139, 140, 223.

Creator, the, postulate of, 115.
honoring or dishonoring the, not the question, 160 _et seq._
method of, 207.

Creator, methods of, in the two realms of spirit and matter, 537.
power of, boundless, 224, 232, 535.

Crosses not permissible between distinct species, 372.

Darwin, Charles, his theory of evolution, 7.
bearing of his theory on man's immortality, 12, 13.
candor and accuracy of, 101.
difference of, from Spencer, 43, 225.
his pedigree of man, 70-72, 87.
his view of human dignity, 10.
on primeval man, 375.
on the belief in God, 60, 61.
rejects an aboriginal pair, 406.
tabulated form of his pedigree of man, 93.

Dekad, the perfect number of the Pythagoreans, 35.

Delirium, explanation of, 499, 500.

Demiurgus, the, constructor of Plato's Kosmos, 46.

Descartes, his theory of vortices, 33.

Descent, must be unbroken, 211.

Design, when hypothesis of, necessary, 214.

Desires, mental system of, 532.

Domestic animals, breeding of, 89.

Distribution in space, how it affects evolution, 203, 247.
in time, 251.

Dreams, phenomena of, 479-490.

Earth. See SOLAR SYSTEM.

Economy of Nature, meaning of, 116, 126.

Elements, the four, in the Platonic Kosmos, 45, 46.

Eliphaz and Zophar. See JOB.

Embryonic development, resemblances in, 111, 120.

Embryology, cautions respecting, 241.
how it supports evolution, 229.

Emotions, system of, 530-532.

Energy. See POWER, CAUSATION.

Evidence, rules of circumstantial, 14-17.
applicable to scientific investigation, 17, 18.
missing links in chain of, 18-20.
process of, 67, 68.

Evil, rational explanation of, 148 _et seq._

Evolution, assumptions in the theory of, 18-20.
general reasons for, 102.
law of, limited, 210.
of man, 373.
principle of, 377.
process reversed, 252-256.

Experts, true office of, 21, 22.

Extemporaneous speaking, what is, 474.

Eye, the, formation of, 68-70, 83, 84.

Faunas of different areas, 247.

Fetichism. See SPENCER.

Fishes, origin of, according to Plato, 58.
most lowly organized, 95.
shell, the lowest form of, 58.

Fœtus, growth of the, 234 _et seq._

Galen, mistakes of, in anatomy, 39, 40.
how he differed from Plato, 39.

Galileo, confirms and rectifies Kepler's laws, 32.
Papal condemnation of, 20, 21, _note_.

Ganoids, description of, 96.

Genealogical trees of no value in zoölogy, 202, _note_.

General laws and special creations, 127, 128.

Germ, ante-fœtal, how formed, 234.

Gladiatorial shows, part of Roman civilization, 164.

God, existence of, how proved, 11, 12.
a necessary postulate, 402.
a personal, denied by Spencer, 433.
consciousness of, how to be lost, according to Spencer, 285 _et seq._
existence and attributes of, how deduced, 300 _et seq._
his dealing with Abraham, 425.
probable methods of, 63, 64, 82-85, 102.
unlike Plato's Demiurgus, 85.

Gods, the, origin of, among the Greeks, 50.
genesis of, according to Plato, 46, 48-50, _note_.
office of, in the formation of Plato's Kosmos, 49.

Gravitation, law of, how deduced, 20.

Greek philosophy, account of, 24 _et seq._
encounters monotheism at Alexandria, 287.
how hampered by the mythology, 138.
schools of, before Plato, 28.

Grote, his Plato cited and followed, 27-40, 287, 288, 290.

Harvey discovers the circulation of the blood, 40.

Heat, origin of, 386, 387.

Hebrews receive divine commands, 418.

Heredity, law of, limited, 225.

Homologous organs, meaning of, 97.
See SWIM-BLADDER AND LUNG.
meaning of, 215, _note_.

Human life, peculiar sacredness of, 164-166.

Huxley, Professor, on the brain of man and apes, 192.

Huxley, Professor, quoted, 121.

Ideal persons, are creations, 140, 141.

Ideal plan, objection to, 114, 118.

Ideas in Plato's system, coeval with primordial matter, 45, 46.
how acquired, 506-508.

Idiocy, absolute, probably does not exist, 526.
what it is, 526-528.

Idiot. See IDIOCY.

Immortality, what is proof of, 41, 540.
belief in, 61, 62.
fanciful explanation of, 543.

Improvisation, what is, 474.

Infinite goodness consistent with the existence of suffering, 156.

Instinct, genesis of, according to Plato, 60.
genesis of, according to Darwin, _ib._

Intellectual faculties, system of, 525.

Interbreeding. See SPECIES.

Introspective faculty, power of the, 529.

Intuitive faculty, office of, 525, 526.

Invention in mechanics, 475.

Invention is creation, 142.

Job and his friends, 25 _et seq._

Kangaroos, structure of, 98.

Kepler, his laws of the planetary motions, 32.

Knowledge not limited to scientific demonstration, 392.
of ourselves, 520, 521.

Kosmos, the. See PLATO.

Lancelet, visual organ of the, 68.

Languages, origin of, 168, 397, 398.

Lemuridæ in the Darwinian pedigree of man, 71.
characteristics of, 99.

Logic, abuse of, 136 _et seq._
right use of, 220.
use and misuse of its forms, 145.

Lung in vertebrates, supposed homologue with a swim-bladder, 67.
conversion of, from swim-bladder, 97.

Macaulay, Lord, his depreciation of natural theology, 24 _et seq._

Macbeth, Lady, her sleep-walking analyzed, 491-499.

Man, dignity of, how to be treated, 9, 10.
bodily structure of, 109.
common ancestor of, and the apes, 71, 100.
constructive faculty of, 346.
immortality of, 12, 13.
liability to certain diseases, 110.
moral accountability of, 9, 10.
origin of, 348.
pedigree of, according to Darwin, 70-72.
rank of, in scale of being, 101.

Marriage, scientific view of, 381.

Marsupials in the Darwinian pedigree of man, 71.
ancient, 98.

Matter, primordial, according to Plato, 45.

Matter and spirit contrasted, 477.

Medium, effect of change of, 248, 249.

Mind, origin of, 8, 9.
a created being, 407 _et seq._
a spiritual creation, 401-404.
contrasted theories of, 533 _et seq._
evolution origin of the, 538.
evolution theory of origin of, 394 _et seq._
is an organism, 476.
of animals below man, 80, 81.
origin and nature of, 467-546.
origin of, according to Darwin, 78.
origin of, according to Plato, 79, 80.
structure of, 502.
substance of, 509.
systems of, 523 _et seq._
the human, placed under certain laws, 389, 390.

Miracles, meaning of, 129.

Miraculous interposition not necessary, 163.

Modern civilization, what it owes to belief in special creation,
164-166.

Monkeys, two great stems of, 71.
Catarrhine, or Old-World, 100.

Monotheism, its influence on philosophy, 138.
origin of, 342.

Monotremata, division of the mammalian series, 98.

Moral injunctions, sacred origin of, 418.

Moral injunctions, Spencer's denial of, 427 _et seq._, 433.

Moral law, capacity of human beings to receive, 420.
scientific view of the, 420 _et seq._

Moral purposes in the phenomena of nature, 387, 388.

Moral sense, origin of, 86.

Morphology, how it supports evolution, 202.

Mosaic account of creation, rationality of, 366 _et seq._

Murder, punishment of, moral foundation for, 166.

"Music of the spheres," origin of the phrase, 37.

Nascent organs, meaning of, 111, 112.

"Natural," meaning of, 214.

Natural theology, progress of, from Thales to Plato and Aristotle, 28,
29.
importance of, 43.

Nervous organization, Spencer's view of, 409 _et seq._

Newton, Sir Isaac, discovers the law of universal gravitation, 33.
deduces a personal God from nature, 331, _note_.
his General Scholium, 332.

Noumenon, an invented word, 269.

Number. See DEKAD, and PYTHAGORAS.

Opossums, structure of, 98.

Orthodoxy, Plato's idea of, as suggested in his "Republic," 296, 297.

Oviparous animals, 98.

Pairs, of animals, opposite views of, 405.

Pairs, assumed existence of, 537.

Parasites, how to be viewed, 151 _et seq._

Pattern of structure, argument concerning, 204.

Pedigree, rule for tracing, 185-187.

Pedigree of man, Darwinian, 70 _et seq._

Phenomenon and noumenon, 268.

Philolaus as quoted by Grote, 35.

Philosophy, modern and ancient compared, 24 _et seq._

Physicians in Plato's time, 40.

Placental mammals, 99.

Plato, period of, 28, _note_.
as given in "Timæus," 298.
his Demiurgus, 287, 288.
his genealogy of the gods, 298, _note_.
his Kosmos and Darwin's hypothesis compared, 44-86.
his origin of religious beliefs as given in "Republic," 296.
his triplicity of souls, 39.
his view of rudiments, 74, 75.
originality of, 289, 290.

Polytheism, origin of, 342.

Power, distinct from substance, 226, 233, _note_; 339 _et seq._
an attribute of mind, 386.
of nature, limited, 343-345.

Primitive beliefs, not necessarily wrong, 132 _et seq._

"Principle" of construction, 106, 107.

Probability, force of, in reasoning, 7.

Psychology, needs a new birth, 546.

Ptolemaic system, description of, 31.

Pyramids, why referable to mind, 390, 391.

Pythagoras, school of, 34 _et seq._

Quadrumana, in the Darwinian pedigree of man, 71.
and other mammals, 99.

Races, what are, 372.

Raphael, created images, 143.

Religion, what is, 11, 12.
natural, 23.
when in conflict with science, 11-13, 399.

Religious consciousness, Spencer's origin of, 284.

Reproduction, two grand systems of, 107, 108.

Reproductive process, parallel in the, 110.

Reptiles, Plato's origin of, 58.

Resurrection, St. Paul's doctrine of the, 468.

Revelation, how treated in this work, 23.
purpose of, 540.

Roman civilization, lacked belief in creation, 164.
law, slavery under, 165.

Rudiments, Plato's view of, 74, 75.
instances of, 111-114, 124, 125.

Sacrum, analysis of the human, 215.
structure of the female, 220.

Savages, beliefs of, 60, 61.

Science, domain of, 391, 392.
present tendency of, 352.
tendencies of, 127.
values of, 291.
when in conflict with religion, meaning of, 11, 12.
wrong aims of, 545.

Scott, Sir Walter, his reliance on thoughts obtained during sleep,
490, _note_.

Secularization of morals discussed, 434 _et seq._

Segments. See ARTICULATA; VERTEBRATES.

Selection, natural, 65, 72, 89.
limitations to, 91.
office of, 72.
sexual, 66, 72, 89.

Senses, the corporeal, 503.

Sexes, origin of, in Plato's Kosmos, 55.
in Nature, 221, 354 _et seq._, 378.

Sexual love, in men and brutes, 379.
moral and social phenomena of, 382.

Sexual union, operation of, 234 _et seq._

Sexual unions, purpose of, 384, 385.

Shakespeare, created imaginary persons, 140, 141.

Simiadæ, general term for monkeys, 99.

Simonides, poetical theologies of, 24 _et seq._

Sixteenth century, intellectual habits in the, 21.

Sin, how to be viewed, 148, _note_.

Slavery, under the Roman law, 165.

Sleep, phenomena of, 479 _et seq._
better thoughts during, 489.

Society, phenomena of, 334 _et seq._

Solar system, how viewed by the Greeks, 31 _et seq._
origin of, 168, 172, 301.

Somnambulism, phenomena of, 491.

Soul, meaning of, 478.

Souls, of men, genesis of, in Plato's Kosmos, 51, 76, 77.
transmigration of, 78.
triplicity of, 51, 76, 77.

Space, illimitable, concepts of, 260 _et seq._

Species, finality of, 157 _et seq._
meaning of, 372 _et seq._

Spencer, Herbert, his theory of animal evolution, 7, 8.
answers to his objections, 145 _et seq._
attacks "the current creed," 434.
creation is something made out of nothing, 136.
creation incapable of being conceived, 136.
creation not supported by any proof, 135.
his agnosticism examined, 257 _et seq._
his argument from parasites, 151 _et seq._
his denial of the possibility of knowing mind, 508.
his doctrine of evolution, 131.
his ethical system, 427 _et seq._
his ghost-theory, 284 _et seq._
his origin of man, 348-351, 357.
his psychological system, 408 _et seq._
his psychology criticised, 470, 504.
his theory of mind, 510-516.
his theory of the moral sense, 418, 423.
his treatment of the divine attributes, 293.
his "unknown cause," 163, 166.
how his theory differs from Darwin's, 225.
on the evolution of mind, 64.
on the evolution of animals, 179.
on universal law of evolution, 167.
special creations presumptively absurd, 132 _et seq._

St. Paul, his doctrine of the resurrection, 468.

Struggle for existence, meaning of, 88.

Substance, distinct from power, 233.
of mind, 469.

Substitution and suppression of organs, 236 _et seq._

"Supernatural," meaning of, 214.

"Survival of the fittest," meaning of, 65, 66.

Swim-bladder, supposed homologue of a lung, 67.
conversion of, 96.

Taine, M., his views of the objects of history, 545.

Telescope, formation of the, 68-70.

Thales, philosophy of, 24, 27, 28.
period of, 28, _note_.

Theology, the current, not to be considered, 145.

Time, beginning of, in Plato's Kosmos, 48.
conception of endless, 262 _et seq._

Transmigration, from animal to animal, 54-59.

Typical plan, concealed in the ante-fœtal germ, 238.

Uniformity. See PATTERN.

Varieties, what are, 372.

Vertebral column, analysis of, 215.

Voltaire, saying of, 25.

Von Baer, his embryologic law, 229.

Vortices. See DESCARTES.

Women, origin of, in Plato's Kosmos, 55.

THE END.

BY GEORGE TICKNOR CURTIS.

=LIFE OF DANIEL WEBSTER.= By GEORGE TICKNOR CURTIS. Illustrated with Steel Portrait and Woodcuts. Two vols., 8vo. Cloth, $4.00; sheep, $6.00; half morocco, $10.00.

A most valuable and important contribution to the history of American parties and politics, and to the best class of our literature. It is a model biography of a most gifted man, wherein the intermingling of the statesman and lawyer with the husband, father, and friend, is painted so that we feel the reality of the picture.

"We believe the present work to be a most valuable and important contribution to the history of American parties and politics."--_London Saturday Review._

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"This 'Life of Webster' is a monument to both subject and author, and one that will stand well the wear of time."--_Boston Post._

"Mr. Curtis, it will be remembered, was one of the literary executors named by Mr. Webster, in his will, to do this work; and owing to the death of two of the others, Mr. Everett and President Felton, and the advanced age of Mr. Ticknor, Mr. Curtis has prepared the biography himself, and it has passed under Mr. Ticknor's revision. We believe the work will satisfy the wishes of Mr. Webster's most devoted friends."--_Boston Journal._

=THE LAST YEARS OF DANIEL WEBSTER.= A MONOGRAPH. By GEORGE TICKNOR CURTIS. 8vo. Paper, 50 cents.

"Laying aside, so far as I may be able, the partiality of a friend and biographer, I shall subject to the scrutiny of reason and good sense the accusation that, in Mr. Webster's later years, for the sake of attaining the Presidency, by bidding for the political support of the Southern States, he renounced the principles which he had professed all his life on the subject of slavery."--_The Author._

=McCLELLAN'S LAST SERVICE TO THE REPUBLIC=, together with a Tribute to his Memory. By GEORGE TICKNOR CURTIS. With a Map showing the Position of the Union and Confederate Forces on the Night of November 7, 1862. 12mo. Paper, 30 cents.

"Every statement of a fact, contained in these pages, which was not founded on General McClellan's official report of his campaigns, or derived from some other public source, was given to me by the General in the spring of 1880, and was written down by me at the time. At my request he superintended the preparation of the map which shows his position and that of the Confederate troops on the 7th and 8th of November, 1862, and compared it with the military maps issued by the Government after the close of the civil war."--_From the Author's Prefatory Note._

New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.

* * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. Variations in spelling, punctuation, accents and hyphenation remain as in the original.

In Chapter 12, Page 526, the sentence: "This is a power that can belong to and inhere in a spiritual organism alone. We must, therefore, recognize in the infant this original implanted endowment, the capacity to be mentally convinced of realities; and while, in order to the first exercise of this capacity there must be a physical organism which will conduct the sensory impressions to the brain ..."

Has been amended to read "... in order to meet the first exercise of this capacity ..."