Chapter III: Practical Reforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143

Criminal sociology and penal legislation, 143--Classification of punishments, 144--The reform of criminal procedure, 145--The two principles of judicial procedure, 147--Principles determining the nature of the sentence, 147--Present principles of penal procedure a reaction against medi<ae>val abuses, 147--The ``presumption of innocence,'' 148--The verdict of ``Not Proven,'' 149--The right of appeal, 151--A second trial, 151--Reparation to the victims of crime, 152--Need for a Ministry of Justice, 153-- Public and private prosecutors, 154--The growing tendency to drop criminal charges, 155--The tendency to minimise the official returns of crime, 156--Roman penal law, 156--Revision of judicial errors, 158--Reparation to persons wrongly convicted, 158-- Provision of funds for this purpose, 160--Reparation to persons wrongly prosecuted, 161--Many criminal offences should be tried as civil offences, 162--The object of a criminal trial, 163. II. The crime and the criminal, 164--The stages of a criminal trial, 165-- The evidence, 166--Anthropological evidence, 166--The utilisation of hypnotism, 168--Psychological and psycho-pathological evidence, 168--The credibility of witnesses, 168 Expert evidence, 169--An advocate of the poor, 172--The judge and his qualifications, 172-- Civil and criminal judges <p xii>should be distinct functionaries, 173--The student of law should study criminals, 174--Training of police and prison officers, 174--The status of the criminal judge, 175--The authority of the judge, 176. III. The jury, 177--Origin of the jury, 178--Advantages of the jury, 179--Defects of the jury, 180--The jury as a protection to liberty, 182--The jury and criminal law, 184--Juries untrained and irresponsible, 186-- Numbers fatal to wisdom, 188--Defects of judges, 193--Difference between the English and Continental jury, 194--Social evolution and the jury, 196--The jury compared to the electorate, 197--How to utilise the jury, 198. IV. Existing prison systems a failure, 201--Defects of existing penal systems, 201--The abuse of short sentences, 202--The growth of recidivism, 203--Garofalo's scheme of punishments, 204--Von Liszt's scheme of punishments, 206--The basis of a rational system of punishment, 207--The indeterminate sentence, 207--Flogging, 210--The indefinite sentence for habitual offenders, 211--Van Hamel's proposals as to sentences, 212--The liberation of prisoners on an indefinite sentence, 213--The supervision of punishment, 213--Conditional release, 215--Good conduct test in prisons, 216--Police supervision, 216-- Indemnification of the victims Of crime, 217--The duty of the State towards the victims of crime, 222--Defensive measures must be adapted to the different classes of criminals, 225--Uniformity of punishment, 225--The prison staff, 227--Classification of prisoners, 227--Prison labour, 228. V. Asylums for criminal lunatics, 230--The treatment of insane criminals, 232--Crime and madness, 234--Classification of asylums for criminal lunatics, 237--The treatment of born criminals, 238--The death penalty, 239--Extension of the death penalty, 243--Inadequacy of the death penalty, 245--Imprisonment for life, 246--Transportation, 248-- Labour settlements, 249--Establishments for habitual criminals, 250--Criminal heredity, 251--Incorrigible offenders, 252-- Cumulative sentences, 253--Uncorrected or incorrigible criminals, 254--Cellular prisons, 256--Solitary confinement, 257--The progressive system of imprisonment, 257--The evils of cellular imprisonment, 260 --The cell does not secure separation, 262-- Costliness of the cellular system, 263--Labour under the cellular system, 264--Open-air work the best for prisoners, 265--The treatment of habitual criminals, 266--The treatment of occasional <p xiii>criminals, 267--The treatment of young offenders, 268-- Futility of short sentences, 268--Substitutes for short sentences, 269--Compulsory work without imprisonment, 271 --Conditional sentences, 271--Conditional sentences in Belgium, 273--Conditional sentences in the United States, 275--Objections to conditional sentences, 276--When the conditional sentence is legitimate, 282-- The treatment of criminals of passion, 282--Conclusion, 284.