Chapter XXVII: Part 27

Had George Grenville lived many months longer, the friendly ties which, after years of estrangement and hostility, had been renewed between him and his brother-in-law would, in all probability, have been a second time violently dissolved. For now the quarrel between England and the North American colonies took a gloomy and terrible aspect. Oppression provoked resistance; resistance was made the pretext for fresh oppression. The warnings of all the greatest statesmen of the age were lost on an imperious court and a deluded nation. Soon a colonial senate confronted the British Parliament. Then the colonial militia crossed bayonets with the British regiments. At length the commonwealth was torn asunder. Two millions of Englishmen who, fifteen years before, had been as loyal to their prince and as proud of their country as the people of Kent or Yorkshire, separated themselves by a solemn act from the Empire. For a time it seemed that the insurgents would struggle to small purpose against the vast financial and military means of the mother country. But disasters, following one another in rapid succession, rapidly dispelled the illusions of national vanity. At length a great British force, exhausted, famished, harassed on every side by a hostile peasantry, was compelled to deliver up its arms. Those governments which England had, in the late war, so signally humbled, and which had during many years been sullenly brooding over the recollections of Quebec, of Minden, and of the Moro, now saw with exultation that the day of revenge was at hand. France recognized the independence of the United States; and there could be little doubt that the example would soon be followed by Spain.

Chatham and Rockingham had cordially concurred in opposing every part of the fatal policy which had brought the state into this dangerous situation. But their paths now diverged. Lord Rockingham thought, and, as the event proved, thought most justly, that the revolted colonies were separated from the Empire forever, and that the only effect of prolonging the war on the American continent would be to divide resources which it was desirable to concentrate. If the hopeless attempt to subjugate Pennsylvania and Virginia were abandoned war against the House of Bourbon might possibly be avoided, or, if inevitable, might be carried on with success and glory. We might even indemnify ourselves for part of what we had lost, at the expense of those foreign enemies who had hoped to profit by our domestic dissensions. Lord Rockingham, therefore, and those who acted with him, conceived that the wisest course now open to England was to acknowledge the independence of the United States, and to turn her whole force against her European enemies.

Chatham, it should seem, ought to have taken the same side. Before France had taken any part in our quarrel with the colonies, he had repeatedly, and with great energy of language, declared that it was impossible to conquer America; and he could not without absurdity maintain that it was easier to conquer France and America together than America alone. But his passions overpowered his judgment, and made him blind to his own inconsistency. The very circumstances which made the separation of the colonies inevitable made it to him altogether insupportable. The dismemberment of the Empire seemed to him less ruinous and humiliating, when produced by domestic dissensions, than when produced by foreign interference. His blood boiled at the degradation of his country. Whatever lowered her among the nations of the earth, he felt as a personal outrage to himself. And the feeling was natural. He had made her so great. He had been so proud of her; and she had been so proud of him. He remembered how, more than twenty years before, in a day of gloom and dismay, when her possessions were torn from her, when her flag was dishonored, she had called on him to save her. He remembered the sudden and glorious change which his energy had wrought, the long series of triumphs, the days of thanksgiving, the nights of illumination. Fired by such recollections, he determined to separate himself from those who advised that the independence of the colonies should be acknowledged. That he was in error will scarcely, we think, be disputed by his warmest admirers. Indeed, the treaty by which, a few years later, the republic of the United States was recognized was the work of his most attached adherents and of his favorite son.

The Duke of Richmond had given notice of an address to the throne, against the further prosecution of hostilities with America. Chatham had, during some time, absented himself from Parliament, in consequence of his growing infirmities. He determined to appear in his place on this occasion, and to declare that his opinions were decidedly at variance with those of the Rockingham party. He was in a state of great excitement. His medical attendants were uneasy, and strongly advised him to calm himself, and to remain at home. But he was not to be controlled. His son William, and his son-in-law Lord Mahon, accompanied him to Westminster. He rested himself in the Chancellor's room till the debate commenced, and then, leaning on his two young relations, limped to his seat. The slightest particulars of that day were remembered, and have been carefully recorded. He bowed, it was remarked, with great courtliness to those peers who rose to make way for him and his supporters. His crutch was in his hand. He wore, as was his fashion, a rich velvet coat. His legs were swathed in flannel. His wig was so large, and his face so emaciated, that none of his features could be discerned except the high curve of his nose, and his eyes, which still retained a gleam of the old fire.

When the Duke of Richmond had spoken, Chatham rose. For some time his voice was inaudible. At length his tones became distinct and his action animated. Here and there his hearers caught a thought or an expression which reminded them of William Pitt. But it was clear that he was not himself. He lost the thread of his discourse, hesitated, repeated the same words several times, and was so confused that, in speaking of the Act of Settlement, he could not recall the name of the Electress Sophia. The House listened in solemn silence, and with the aspect of profound respect and compassion. The stillness was so deep that the dropping of a handkerchief would have been heard. The Duke of Richmond replied with great tenderness and courtesy; but, while he spoke, the old man was observed to be restless and irritable. The Duke sat down. Chatham stood up again, pressed his hand on his breast, and sank down in an apoplectic fit. Three or four lords who sat near him caught him in his fall. The House broke up in confusion. The dying man was carried to the residence of one of the officers of Parliament, and was so far restored as to be able to bear a journey to Hayes. At Hayes, after lingering a few weeks, he expired in his seventieth year. His bed was watched to the last, with anxious tenderness, by his wife and children; and he well deserved their care. Too often haughty and wayward to others, to them he had been almost effeminately kind. He had through life been dreaded by his political opponents, and regarded with more awe than love even by his political associates. But no fear seems to have mingled with the affection which his fondness, constantly overflowing in a thousand endearing forms, had inspired in the little circle at Hayes.

Chatham, at the time of his decease, had not, in both Houses of Parliament, ten personal adherents. Half the public men of the age had been estranged from him by his errors, and the other half by the exertions which he had made to repair his errors. His last speech had been an attack at once on the policy pursued by the government, and on the policy recommended by the opposition. But death restored him to his old place in the affection of his country. Who could hear unmoved of the fall of that which had been so great, and which had stood so long? The circumstances, too, seemed rather to belong to the tragic stage than to real life. A great statesman, full of years and honors, led forth to the Senate House by a son of rare hopes, and stricken down in full council while straining his feeble voice to rouse the drooping spirit of his country, could not but be remembered with peculiar veneration and tenderness. The few detractors who ventured to murmur were silenced by the indignant clamors of a nation which remembered only the lofty genius, the unsullied probity, the undisputed services, of him who was no more. For once, the chiefs of all parties were agreed. A public funeral, a public monument, were eagerly voted. The debts of the deceased were paid. A provision was made for his family. The City of London requested that the remains of the great man whom she had so long loved and honored might rest under the dome of her magnificent cathedral. But the petition came too late. Everything was already prepared for the interment in Westminster Abbey.

Though men of all parties had concurred in decreeing posthumous honors to Chatham, his corpse was attended to the grave almost exclusively by opponents of the government. The banner of the lordship of Chatham was borne by Colonel Barre, attended by the Duke of Richmond and Lord Rockingham. Burke, Savile, and Dunning upheld the pall. Lord Camden was conspicuous in the procession. The chief mourner was young William Pitt. After the lapse of more than twenty-seven years, in a season as dark and perilous, his own shattered frame and broken heart were laid, with the same pomp, in the same consecrated mould.

Chatham sleeps near the northern door of the Church, in a spot which has ever since been appropriated to statesmen, as the other end of the same transept has long been to poets; Mansfield rests there, and the second William Pitt, and Fox, and Grattan, and Canning, and Wilberforce. In no other cemetery do so many great citizens lie within so narrow a space. High over those venerable graves towers the stately monument of Chatham, and from above, his effigy, graven by a cunning hand, seems still, with eagle face and outstretched arm, to bid England be of good cheer, and to hurl defiance at her foes. The generation which reared that memorial of him has disappeared. The time has come when the rash and indiscriminate judgments which his contemporaries passed on his character may be calmly revised by history. And History, while, for the warning of vehement, high, and daring natures, she notes his many errors, will yet deliberately pronounce that, among the eminent men whose bones lie near his, scarcely one has left a more stainless, and none a more splendid name.

FOOTNOTES:

[21]

1. Correspondence of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. 4 vols. 8vo. London: 1840.

2. Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford, to Sir Horace Mann. 4 vols. 8vo. London: 1843-4.

[22] In the reign of Anne, the House of Lords had resolved that, under the 23rd article of Union, no Scotch peer could he created a peer of Great Britain. This resolution was not annulled till the year 1782.

END OF THE CRITICAL AND
HISTORICAL ESSAYS

INDEX TO THE ESSAYS

_A priori_ reasoning, defects of, i. 385.
Absolute uselessness of in political science, 394.

Abbe and Abbot, difference between, ii. 129.

Absalom and Achitophel, Dryden's, i. 231.

Academy, the, character of its doctrines, ii. 450.

Addison, Joseph, birth and education, iii. 400.
Life at Magdalen College, 401.
Knowledge of the Latin poets, 402.
Poems of, 406.
Complimented by Dryden, 408.
Drawn into political life by Charles Montague, 409.
Pensioned and sent abroad to study, 411.
Introduced to Boileau, 413.
Travels in Italy, 416.
Loses his pension, 422.
Returns to England through Germany, 423.
Writes The Campaign, 426.
Publishes his Narrative of Travels in Italy, 430.
Opera of Rosamond, 431.
Not fitted for prominence in Parliament, 433.
Conversational gifts, 436.
His timidity, 437.
His friends, 438.
Goes to Ireland as Chief Secretary, 441.
Contributes to the Tatler, 443.
His humor compared to that of Swift and Voltaire, 445.
Value of his essays in elevating literary taste, 447.
Dismissed from office, 450.
Enters Parliament again, 451.
His Spectator papers, 454.
Contributes to the Guardian; his tragedy of Cato, 457.
Again Chief Secretary of Ireland, 465.
Friendship with Swift, 466.
His comedy The Drummer played; starts the Freeholder, 467.
His quarrel with Pope, 469.
Accused of retaliating on Pope, 474.
Marries the Dowager Countess of Warwick, 476.
Becomes Secretary of State, 477.
His troubles with Steele, 479.
Answers Steele's arguments against the bill for limiting the number
of the Peers, 481.
Dedicates his works to Craggs, 482.
His piety, 483.
Death, 484.
His services to literature, 486.

Addison, Rev. Lancelot, life, iii. 399.

Adiaphorists, the, ii. 68.

Aeschylus, Quintilian's opinion of, i. 42.
His use of the supernatural, 106.

Afghanistan, monarchy of, analogous to that of England in the
sixteenth century, ii. 80.

Aikin, Lucy, her life of Addison reviewed, iii. 396.

Aix, island of, captured, ii. 276.

Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, iii. 270.

Akenside, his Epistle to Curio, ii. 222.

Albigensian Crusade, iii. 9-11.

Alexander the Great, compared with Clive, ii. 760.

Alfieri, Vittorio, first to appreciate Dante, i. 6.
Influenced by the school of Plutarch, 256.
Comparable to Cowper, 591.

Alphabetical writing, the greatest of human inventions, ii. 460.
Comparative views of its value by Plato and Bacon, 460, 461.

Anabaptists, their origin, ii. 72.

Anacharsis, reputed contriver of the potter's wheel, ii. 447.

Anaverdy Khan, governor of the Carnatic, ii. 685.

Angria, his fortress of Gheriah, reduced by Clive, ii. 700.

Anne, Queen, her political and religious inclinations as Queen,
ii. 176.
Changes in her government in 1710, 177.
Relative estimation by the Whigs and the Tories of her reign,
178-186.

Annus Mirabilis, Dryden's, i. 215.

Anytus, first briber of Athenian judges, ii. 431.

Apostolical succession, claimed by Mr. Gladstone for the Church of
England, ii. 645.

Aquinas, Thomas, ii. 482.

Archimedes, his slight estimate of his inventions, ii. 457.

Archytas, rebuked by Plato, ii. 457.

Arcot; Nabob of, his relations with England, ii. 685-692.
His claims recognized by the English, 687.

Argyle, Duke of, secedes from Walpole's administration, ii. 241.

Ariosto, rises above Petrarch's influence, i. 5.

Aristotle, his unrivalled excellence in analysis and combination,
i. 40.
Value of his general propositions, 41.
His enlightened and profound criticism, 41.
His authority impaired by the Reformation, ii. 454.

Arithmetic, comparative estimate of, by Plato and by Bacon, ii. 456.

Arlington, Henry Bennet, Lord, his character, ii. 523.
His coldness for the Triple Alliance, 530.
His impeachment, 546.

Arragon and Castile, their old institutions favorable to public
liberty, ii. 137.

Arrian, authenticity his only merit as an historian, i. 251.

Art, rise of, in Italy, i. 148. Need of skill for perfection in, 200.

Art of War, Machiavelli's, i. 175.

Arundel, Earl of, ii. 443.

Asaph-ul-Dowlah, prince of Oude, taxed by Hastings, iii. 188.
Agrees to plunder the Begums, 189.
Method used, 191.

Assemblies, deliberative, ii. 273.

Astronomy, comparative estimate of, by Socrates and by Bacon, ii. 459.

Athenian Orators, On the, i. 40-55.

Athenians, oratory unequalled, i. 45.
Their taste and knowledge, 46.
Method of education, 47.

Athens, eloquence at, i. 51.
Progress of her oratory kept pace with her decay, 52.
Ostracism at, 64.
Her freedom and happiness, 68.
Cruelty excusable, 69.
Evil of slavery, 71.
Permanent effect of her intellectual power, 80.

Attainder, act of, ii. 39, 40.

Aubrey, charges Bacon with corruption, ii. 425.
Bacon's decision against him after his present, 440.

Aurungzebe, his policy, iii. 680.

Baber, founder of the Mogul Empire, iii. 679.

Bacon, Lady, mother of Francis Bacon, ii. 368.

Bacon, Francis, review of Basil Montagu's new edition of his works,
ii. 357-497.
His father, 362-368.
His mother distinguished as a linguist, 368.
His early years, 371-374.
His services refused by Government, 374, 375.
His admission at Gray's Inn, 375.
His legal attainments, 375, 376.
Sat in Parliament in 1593, 377.
Part he took in politics, 378.
His friendship with the Earl of Essex, 382-389.
Examination of his conduct to Essex, 390-397.
Influence of King James on his fortunes, 399.
His servility to Lord Southampton, 400.
Influence his talents had with the public, 400.
His distinction in Parliament and in the courts of law, 402.
His literary and philosophical works, 402.
His "Novum Organum," and the admiration it excited, 403.
His work of reducing and recompiling the laws of England, 403.
His tampering with the judges on the trial of Peacham, 404-408.
Attaches himself to Buckingham, 410.
His appointment as Lord Keeper, 413.
His share in the vices of the administration, 414.
His animosity towards Sir Edward Coke, 419.
His town and country residences, 420, 421.
His titles of Baron Verulam and Viscount St. Albans, 421, 422.
Report against him of the Committee on the Courts of Justice, 424.
Nature of the charges, 425.
Overwhelming evidence to them, 426, 427.
His admission of his guilt, 427.
His sentence, 428.
Examination of Mr. Montagu's arguments in his defence, 429-440.
Mode in which he spent the last years of his life, 441, 442.
His death, 443.
Chief peculiarity of his philosophy, 444-455.
His views compared with those of Plato, 456-465.
To what his wide and durable fame is chiefly owing, 469.
His frequent treatment of moral subjects, 472.
His views as a theologian, 474.
Vulgar notion of him as inventor of the inductive method, 475.
Estimate of his analysis of that method, 475-484.
Union of audacity and sobriety in his temper, 484.
His amplitude of comprehension, 485.
His freedom from the spirit of controversy, 487.
His eloquence, wit, and similitudes, 487, 488.
His disciplined imagination, 490.
His boldness and originality, 491.
Unusual order in the development of his faculties, 492.
Specimens of his two styles, 493.
Value of his Essays, 494.
His greatest performance the first book of the Novum Organum, 495.
Contemplation of his life, 496, 497.

Bacon, Sir Nicholas, ii. 362-368.
Character of the class of statesmen to which he belonged, 363.
Classical acquirements of his wife, 368.

Baconian philosophy, its chief peculiarity, ii. 444.
Its essential spirit, 448.
Its method and object, 455, 456.
Comparative views of Bacon and Plato, 456-465.
Its beneficent spirit, 462, 465, 468, 469.
Its value compared with ancient philosophy, 465-478.

Banim, Mr., defends James II. as a supporter of toleration, ii. 330.

Barcelona, captured by Peterborough, ii. 161-164.

Barere, Bertrand, Memoires de, reviewed, iii. 487-590.
Approached nearest to the idea of universal depravity, 489.
His natural disposition, 490.
Greatest liar known, 493.
His false account of Marie Antoinette's death, 494.
Of the proceedings against the Girondists, 497.
Birth and education, 499.
Marriage, 500.
First visit to Paris, 501.
Elected to the States General, 502.
Position there, 503.
Becomes a justice, 507.
Chosen to the second convention, 510.
At first a Girondist, 515.
Accused of royalist sympathies, 518.
A federalist, 520.
Opposes the Jacobins, 521.
On the Committee of Public Safety, 522.
Supports the Girondists against the Paris authorities, 523.
Feeling of parties toward, 526.
Goes over to the Jacobins and accuses the prominent Girondists, 527.
Raves against Marie Antoinette, 528.
Style of oratory, 529.
His bloodthirsty ferocity, 539.
Sensual excesses, 541.
His delight in murder, 543.
Urges war without quarter, 546.
Admitted to the Jacobin club, 547.
Urges the strengthening of the Revolutionary Tribunal, 553.
Deserts Robespierre, 554.
Attacked in the convention, 559.
Arrested, 561.
Enmity shown him on his way to the prison at Oleron, 563.
Escapes, 564.
The Council of Five Hundred refuses to seat him, 565.
Scorned but employed by Bonaparte, 568.
Perhaps employed as a censor, 571.
His role of spy, 573.
Reports on public opinion, 575.
His newspaper, 576.
His reports refused a reading, 579.
His double treason, 580.
Becomes a royalist in 1814, 580.
Exiled, 582.
Turns Jacobin under Louis Philippe, 583.
His ignorance and hatred of the English, 587.
His professions of Christianity, 589.

Barillon, M., French ambassador, his opinion of the council proposed
by Sir William Temple, ii. 556, 564.

Barwell, Mr., made councillor in India, iii. 144.
Supports Hastings, 148.

Baxter, Richard, his testimony to the excellence of Hampden, ii. 4.

Beatrice, Dante's devotion to, i. 11.

Beaumarchais, his suit before the Parliament of Paris, ii. 440, 441.

Bedford, Duke of, head of a Whig faction, iii. 600.
Opposed to Pitt's war policy, 613.
His party compared to Rockingham's, 654.

Bedford, Earl of, invited by Charles I. to form an administration,
ii. 40.

Bellasys, General, ii. 156.

Belphegor, Machiavelli's, i. 168.

Benares, its wealth, iii. 178, 179.
Relation of the English to, 180.
Revolution in, on the arrest of Cheyte Sing, 185.
Conquered and added to British dominion, 187.

Benevolences, Oliver St. John's opposition to, and Bacon's support of,
ii. 403.

Bengal, its resources, ii. 700, 701.
Internal government of, iii. 127-129.
Competition for minister-ship, 129.
Character of its people, 130.
Hastings gains control of, 134.

Bentham, Jeremy, his character, i. 424.
His defence of James Mill, 425.
His argument over despotism, 426.
Refuted, 427.
His condemnation of the theory of saturation met, 430.
His evasion of the power of public opinion displayed, 432.
Charges the "Edinburgh Review" with evasion, 435.
On Woman Suffrage, 438.
On the poor plundering the rich, 439.
Defence of a theory of government founded on certain propensities
of human nature, 442.
Refutation of the same, 445.
His "greatest happiness principle," 448.
His authorship of the defence of Mill denied, 458.
His greatness; his literary partnership with Dumont, ii. 96-98.
On the French Revolution, 294.

Bentinck, Lord William, his memory cherished by the Hindoos, ii. 762.

Bentivoglio, Cardinal, on the state of religion in England in the
sixteenth century, ii. 84.

Bentley, Richard, his quarrel with Boyle, and remarks on Temple's
Essay on the Letters of Phalaris, ii. 593-595.

Berwick, Duke of, checks the allies, ii. 158.
His retreat before Galway, 166.

Bible, the English, its excellence, i. 210.

Bishops, claims of those of the Church of England to apostolical
succession, ii. 246.

Black Hole of Calcutta, described, ii. 704.
Retribution of the English for its horrors, 706, 710, 712-715.

Blackstone, Sir William, ii. 356.

Bodley, Sir Thomas, ii. 403, 443.

Boileau, Nicolas, introduced to Addison, iii. 413.
His contempt for modern Latin poetry, 414.

Bolingbroke, Lord, proposes to strengthen the royal prerogative,
ii. 211.
His method of reform, iii. 610.

Bonaparte, Napoleon, becomes first consol, iii. 566.
His scorn of Barere, 568.
Employs Barere as a writer and a spy, 569.
His opinion of Barere as a writer, 577.
Refuses to accept his reports, 579.

Book of the Church, Southey's, i. 500.

Borgia, Caesar, his triumph and failure, i. 170.

Boroughs, rotten, abolition of, ii. 220.

Boswell, James, his life of Johnson, ii. 691.
His work expurgated by Croker, 707.
And interpolated with extracts from other authors, 708.
His mean character, 711.
Lack of talent, 714.
Not ill-natured, 716.

Bourbon, House of, its vicissitudes in Spain, ii. 148-175.

Boyle, Charles, nominal editor of the Letters of Phalaris, ii. 236,
237.
"Boys," the, oppose Sir R. Walpole, ii. 216, 252.

Brahmin, fable of a pious, i. 546.

Breda, treaty of, ii. 527.

Brihuega, siege of, ii. 174.

"Broad Bottom Administration, The," ii. 255.

Brown's Estimate, ii. 266.

Brussels, seat of a viceregal court, ii. 526.

Buchanan, character of his writings, ii. 455.

Buckingham, Duke of, the "Steenie" of James I., ii. 14.
Bacon's early discernment of his influence, 410.
His expedition to Spain, 411.
His return for Bacon's patronage, 412.
His corruption, 415.
His character and position, 415, 420.
His marriage, 423, 424.
His visit to Bacon, and report of his condition, 426.

Budgell, Eustace, a relation of Addison, iii. 458.

Bunyan, John, Southey's life reviewed, i. 743-758.
His Pilgrim's Progress, 745-749.
An excitable man in an age of excitement, 751.
Not vicious, 752.
His internal conflicts, 753.
Style delightful. 757.

Burgoyne, General, chairman of the committee of inquiry on
Lord Clive, ii. 756.

Burgundy, Louis, Duke of, ii. 116, 117.

Burke, Edmund, his imagination and sensibility, i. 497.
His opinion on the war with Spain, ii. 252.
Development of his mental powers, 492.
Effect of his speeches on the House of Commons, 601.
Investigates Indian affairs, iii. 194.
His vehemence against Hastings, 210.
Knowledge of India, 211.
Begins the impeachment of Hastings, 214.
Chairman of the impeachment committee, 221.
His opening speech at the trial, 227.
Attempts to force him to relinquish the prosecution, 231.

Burleigh, William Cecil, Lord, review of Rev. Dr. Nares's memoirs of,
ii. 63-94.
His early life and character, 65-70.
His death, 70.
Importance of the times in which he lived, 71.
The great stain on his character, 89.
His conduct towards Bacon, 374-376, 383.
His apology for having resorted to torture, 407.
Bacon's letter to him upon the department of knowledge he had
chosen, 486.

Burnet, Bishop, on Sir William Temple, ii. 597.

Burney, Dr. Charles, parentage, iii. 334.
Society in his home, 337.
Urges his daughter to accept the Queen's offer, 361.
Consents at last to her retirement, 374.

Burney, Fanny. _See_ D'Arblay, Madame.

Bussy, his conduct in India, ii. 695.

Bute, Earl of, influence over George III., iii. 606.
Character, 607.
His kind of Toryism, 608.
Brought into the government, 611.
Becomes Secretary of State, 618.
Error of dismissing Newcastle, 621.
Detested on several grounds, 626.
Resigns, 635.
His career, 636.

Byng, Admiral, was he a martyr to political party? i. 696.
His failure at Minorca, ii. 266.
His trial, 269.
Opinion of his conduct, 269.
Chatham's defence of, 270.

Byron, Lord, Moore's Life of, i. 569.
His character and surroundings unfortunate, 571.
Petted and persecuted, 572.
Condemned unheard, 575.
His excesses in Italy, 577.
Goes to Greece and dies, 579.
Lot cast in a literary revolution, 580.
Largely contributed to the emancipation of literature, though
naturally a reactionary, 594.
A creature of his age, 596.
The reverse of a great dramatist, 597.
Lacked diversity in characterization, 600.
Tendency to soliloquy, 600.
Lack of dramatic effect, 601.
Excelled in description, 602.
His morbidness, 603.
Influence largely due to his egotism, 605.
His popularity among young readers, 605.

Byron, Lady, quarrel with her husband, i. 573.

Cabal, the, its designs, ii. 538, 544, 548, 549.

Cadiz, exploit of Essex at the siege of, ii. 156, 385.
Pillaged by the British, 157.

Caesar, Claudius, resemblance of James I. to, ii. 12.

Caesars, the, parallel between them and the Tudors, not applicable,
ii. 81.

Caesar's Commentaries, i. 259.
Calcutta, its position on the Hoogley, ii. 702.
Scene of the Black Hole of, 704.
Resentment of the English at its fall, 766.
Again threatened by Surajah Dowlah, 709.
Revival of its prosperity, 720.
Its sufferings during the famine, 750.

Cambridge, University of, superior to Oxford in intellectual activity,
ii. 364.
Disturbed by the Civil War. 510.

Cambyses, punishes a corrupt judge, ii. 434.

Campaign, The, Addison's, iii. 426-430.

Canada, subjugated by the British, ii. 277.

Cape Breton, reduction of, ii. 276.

Carlisle, Lady, warns Pym, ii. 46.

Carnatic, the, resources of, ii. 685.

Carnot, Hippolyte, editor of Barere's Memoirs, iii. 487.
Blamable for misstatements in the Memoirs, 494.
Finds two virtues in Barere, 586.

Carteret, Lord (afterwards Earl Granville), his ascendency after the
fall of Walpole, ii. 223.
Sir Horace Walpole's stories about him, 226.
His defection from Sir Robert Walpole, 239.
Succeeds Walpole, 254.
Created Earl Granville, 255.

Carthagena, surrender of the arsenal and ships of, to the Allies,
ii. 167.

Cary, Rev. Henry Francis, translator of Dante, i. 12. 22.

Casti, his Animali Parlanti characterized, i. 6.

Castile, Admiral of, ii. 157.

Castile and Arragon, their old institutions favorable to public
liberty, ii. 137.

Castilians, their character in the sixteenth century, ii. 133.
Their conduct in the War of the Succession, 168.

Castracani, Castruccio, Machiavelli's life of, i. 183.

Catholics, persecution of, under Elizabeth, unjustifiable, i. 291.
Not necessarily opposed to her, 293.
Southey's hostility towards, 530.
Former treatment of, compared with present condition of Jews, 651.
Their earnestness against Protestantism, iii. 27.
_See also_ Rome, Church of.

Catiline, his plot unwarrantably condemned, i. 260.

Cato. Addison's, iii. 457.

Cavendish, Lord, in the new council of Sir William Temple, ii. 567.
Retires, 581.

Cecil, Robert, rival of Francis Bacon, ii. 374, 375, 383.
Fear and envy of Essex, 380.
Increase of his dislike for Bacon, 382.
Conversation with Essex, 383.
His interference to obtain knighthood for Bacon, 399.

Cecilia, Fanny Burney's, iii. 355.
Change of style apparent in, 388.

Censorship, ii. 351.

Cervantes, i. 193; ii. 134, 359.

Chalmers, Dr., his defence of the Church, ii. 605.

Champion, Colonel, sent to help Sujah Dowlah against the Rohillas,
iii. 141.

Chandernagore, French settlement on the Hoogley, ii. 701.
Captured by the English, 709, 710.

Charles, Archduke, his claim to the Spanish crown, ii. 140.
Takes the field in support of it, 158.
Accompanies Peterborough in his expedition, 161.
His success in the northeast of Spain, 165.
Is proclaimed king at Madrid, 167.
His reverses and retreat, 170.
His reentry into Madrid, 173.
Concludes a peace, 177.
Forms an alliance with Philip of Spain, 183.

Charles I., justification of the Great Rebellion against,
i. 112 _et seq._
Charges against him upheld, 117.
His execution an error, 122, 341.
His conduct toward Strafford, 315.
His early mistakes, 317.
Attempts to seize the five members, 318.
His deceit toward the Commons, 320.
Uses force unsuccessfully, 321.
Loses the loyalty of his people, 322.
Attempted absolute monarchy, 327.
Clings to the control of the army, 333.
Falls into the hands of the army, 340.
Inconsistent attitude toward the Established Church, 344.
Hampden's opposition to him and its consequences, ii. 16, 27-20.
Resistance of the Scots to him, 30.
His increasing difficulties, 35.
His conduct, towards the House of Commons, 44-49.
His flight, 50.
Review of his conduct and treatment, 51-55.
Reaction in his favor during the Long Parliament, 326.
Cause of his political blunders, 422.
Effect of the victory over him on the national character, 503, 504.

Charles II., his unfitness for the English throne, i. 211.
Disgrace of his reign, 353.
Licentiousness of his court, 358.
Pecuniary transactions in a measure excusable, 363.
Lack of national feeling under, 365.
His situation in 1660 contrasted with that of Louis XVIII.,
ii. 310, 311.
His character, 317-319, 524, 538, 568.
His position towards the king of France, 322.
Consequences of his levity and apathy, 325.
His court compared with that of his father, 523.
His extravagance, 526.
His subserviency to France, 530, 535, 536.
His renunciation of the dispensing power, 547.
His relations with Temple, 548-553, 583.
His system of bribery of the Commons, 559.
His dislike of Halifax, 576.
His dismissal of Temple, 586.

Charles II. of Spain, unhappy condition of, ii. 139, 144-148.
His difficulties in respect to the succession, 139-143.

Charles VIII. of France, ii. 487.

Charles XII. of Sweden, compared to Clive, ii. 760.

Chatham, William Pitt, Earl of, character of his public life,
ii. 234, 235.
His early life and travels, 236.
Enters the army, 237.
Obtains a seat in Parliament, 237.
Attaches himself to the Whigs in Opposition, 243.
His qualities as an orator, 246-250.
Is made Groom of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales, 251.
Declaims against the ministers, 253.
His opposition to Carteret, 254.
Legacy left him by the Duchess of Marlborough, 254.
Supports the Pelham ministry, 255.
Appointed Vice-Treasurer of Ireland, 256.
Averse to subsidizing foreign powers, 264.
Overtures made to him by Newcastle, 264, 267.
Made Secretary of State, 268.
Defends Admiral Byng, 270.
Coalesces with the Duke of Newcastle, 273.
Success of his administration, 275-281.
His appreciation of Clive, 728, 753.
Breach between him and the great Whig connection, 752.
Review of his correspondence, iii. 591-687.
Forms a coalition with Newcastle, 596.
His war policy attacked, 612.
Resigns, 616.
Rewarded for his services, 617.
Speech against the French treaty, 633.
Invited to succeed Grenville, 640.
His legacy from Pynsent, 645.
Refuses to take the ministry without Grenville, 650.
Supports the repeal of the Stamp Act, 658.
His position toward Rockingham's ministry, 664.
Attempts to form a ministry, 668.
Loss of popularity on accepting a peerage, 670.
Errors in policy, 672.
Taken ill, 674.
His recovery, 677.
His relations with Rockingham and Grenville, 680.
Attitude on the American Revolution, 683.
Final speech in the House of Lords, 684.
Death, 685.
Public funeral, 686.

Cherbourg, guns taken from, ii. 276.

Cheyte Sing, Prince of Benares, iii. 179.
Hastings demands money from, 183.
Arrested, 184.

Chillingworth, William, on apostolical succession, ii. 650.

Chinsurah, Dutch settlement on the Hoogley, ii. 701.
Its siege by the English and capitulation, 727.

Christchurch, Oxford, its repute after the Revolution, ii. 592.
Issues a new edition of the Letters of Phalaris, 592, 593.

Chunar, treaty of, iii. 189.

Church of England, moderation and loyalty, i. 303.
Its sophisms at the time of the Revolution, 368.
Mr. Gladstone's work in defence of it, ii. 600.
His arguments for its being the pure Catholic Church of Christ, 641.
Its claims to apostolical succession discussed, 645-655.
Views respecting its alliance with the state, 659-668.
Its rejection of enthusiasts, iii. 31.

Churchill, John, Duke of Marlborough, his rise the result of
conditions, i. 360.
His infamous treason, 369.
Converted to Whiggism, ii. 176.
Addison's mention of, in The Campaign, iii. 429.

Cicero, partiality of Dr. Middleton towards, ii. 360.
The most eloquent and skilful of advocates, 361.
His epistles in his banishment, 379.
His opinion of the study of rhetoric, 477.

Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of, defects in his History, i. 277.
Too good for his age, 361.
His virtues and faults, 362.
His testimony in regard to Hampden, ii. 5, 6, 19, 21, 26-28, 37, 41,
56, 59, 61.
His literary merit, 358.
His position at the head of affairs, 522-530.
His faulty style, 541.
His opposition to the growing power of the Commons, 561.
His temper, 562.

Classical literature, indiscriminate praise of, i. 44.
Should be justly estimated, 45.

Clavering, General, made Councillor for India, iii. 144.
Opposes Hastings, 148.
Dies, 163.

Clement VII., Pope, i. 184.

Clifford, Lord, his character, ii. 538, 539.
His retirement, 545.
His talent for debate, 561.

Clive, Lord, review of Sir John Malcolm's Life of, ii. 670-762.
His family and boyhood, 672, 673.
His shipment to India, 673.
His arrival at Madras, and position there, 675.
Obtains an ensign's commission in the Company's service, 678.
His attack, capture, and defence of Arcot, 688-692.
His subsequent proceedings, 693-696.
His marriage and return to England, 696.
His reception, 697.
Elected to Parliament, 698.
Returns to India, 700.
His subsequent proceedings, 700, 706-708.
His conduct towards Omichund, 709-719.
His transactions with Meer Jaffier, 711-713, 715, 716, 723.
His pecuniary acquisitions, 720.
Appointed Governor of the Company's possessions in Bengal, 723.
His dispersion of Shah Alum's army, 725.
Responsibility of his position, 727.
His return to England, 728.
His reception, 728.
His proceedings at the India House, 731, 732, 736.
Nominated Governor of the British possessions in Bengal, 736.
His arrival at Calcutta, 737.
Suppresses a conspiracy, 741, 742.
Success of his foreign policy, 742.
His return to England, 745.
His unpopularity and its causes, 745-750.
His speech in his defence, and its consequence, 753, 757.
Invested with the Grand Cross of the Bath, 756.
His life in retirement, 758.
Failing of his mind, and death by his own hand, 758-760.
Reflections on his career, 760.
Notices Warren Hastings, iii. 120.

Clodius, bribery at the trial of, ii. 432.

Cobham, Lord, his malignity toward Essex, ii. 397.

Coke, Sir E., his conduct towards Bacon, ii. 376, 418.
His opposition to Bacon in Peacham's case, 404, 405.
His experience in conducting state prosecutions, 406.
His removal from the Bench, 418.
His reconciliation with Buckingham, and agreement to marry his
daughter to Buckingham's brother, 419.
His reconciliation with Bacon, 420.
His behavior to Bacon at his trial, 437.

Coleridge, S. T., Byron's attitude towards, i. 594.

Collier, Jeremy, character, iii. 85.
Outlawed for absolving traitors, 87.
Attacks the immorality of the stage, 88.
Replies to Congreve, 93.

Colloquies on Society, Southey's, reviewed, i. 496-545.
Plan of, 505.
Absurdity of, 507.

Comic Dramatists of the Restoration, Leigh Hunt's, iii. 47-100.

Comines, Philip de, testimony to the good government of England,
ii. 7.

Commons, House of, commencement of the practice of buying of votes in,
ii. 209.
Corruption in, not necessary to the Tudors, 209.
Increase of its influence after the Revolution, 210.
How kept in order, 211.
Increased in power by the Revolution, 348.

Comus, modelled on the Italian Masque, i. 97.

Conde, Marshal, compared with Clive, ii. 761.

Conflans, Admiral, defeated by Hawke, ii. 277.

Congreve, William, birth and education, iii. 80.
His literary work, 81-84.
Attempts to answer Jeremy Collier, 91.
Produces The Way of the World, 94.
Political impartiality, 95.
Place among literary men, 96.
Friendship with the Duchess of Marlborough, 98.
Death, 99.
Compared to Wycherley, 100.

Constitutional government, in England and on the Continent, i. 323.
Conversion of, into despotism, on the Continent, 326.
Dangers to, in England, 327.

Cooke, Sir Anthony, his learning, ii. 368.

Coote, Sir Eyre, sent to India, iii. 166.
His military reputation, 167.

Correctness, as a canon in art, i. 581.
Folly of, 587.

Council of York, abolished, ii. 38.

Country Wife, Wycherley's, iii. 70, 77.

Courtenay, Rt. Hon. T. P., review of his Memoirs of
Sir William Temple, ii. 498-599.
His concessions to Dr. Lingard in regard to the Triple Alliance,
533.
His opinion of Temple's proposed council, 554, 556.
His error as to Temple's residence, 585 note.

Covenant, the Scotch, ii. 30.

Covenanters, the Scotch, their treaty with Charles I., ii. 30, 31.

Cowley, Abraham, his wit, ii. 204.
Admired Bacon, 495.

Cowper, William, forerunner of literary revival in England, i. 591.
Schoolmate of Warren Hastings, iii. 117.

Coxe, Archdeacon, eulogizes Sir R. Walpole, ii. 214.

Craggs, Secretary, ii. 238, 261.

Cranmer, Archbishop, his time-serving character, i. 299.

Crebillon, the younger, ii. 198.

Crisp, Samuel, iii. 340.
His dramatic aspirations, 343.
Failure and retirement, 345.

Criticism, cannot exist in perfection with the creative faculty,
i. 190.
Effect on critical poetry, 202.

Croker, John Wilson, his edition of Boswell's Johnson reviewed,
i. 691-742.
Misstatements in the notes, 691.
Classical errors, 700.
Want of perspicacity, 704.
Triviality of his comments, 705.
His style, 706.
Omissions, 707.
Additions, 708.

Cromwell, Henry, ii. 512.

Cromwell, Oliver, wisdom of his government, i. 124.
His great opportunity, 345.
Compared with Napoleon, 347.
His service to justice, 348.
His army, 348.
His administration, 349.
His foreign policy, 351.
Weakness of his son, 352.
Compared with Charles II., 353.
His qualities, ii. 29, 61.
His administration, 313, 319.
His abilities displayed in Ireland, 519-521.

Crown, the, ii. 75.
Curtailment of its prerogatives, 210, 211.
Its power predominant at the beginning of the 17th century, 557.
Decline of its power during the Pensionary Parliament, 560.
Its long contest with the Parliament put an end to by the
Revolution, 566.
_See_ Prerogative.

Culpeper, Mr., a leader of the Constitutional Royalists, ii. 43.

Cumberland, Duke of, single victory of, ii. 729.
Hated by Scots, iii. 628.
Opposes the French treaty, 630.
His character, 649.
Tries to induce Pitt to succeed Grenville, 650.
Advises a Whig ministry without Pitt, 653.
Death, 656.

D'Adda, quoted, ii. 333.

Danby, Earl of, ii. 210.
His connection with Sir William Temple, 547.
Unjust charges against, 551.
Impeached and sent to the Tower, 553.
Owed his dukedom to his talent in debate, 561.

Dante, criticism on, i. 1.
His first adventure in the popular tongue, 2.
Influences of the times in which he lived upon his works, 3, 4.
His love of Beatrice, 11.
His despair of happiness on earth, 12.
Close connection between his intellectual and moral character, 12.
Compared with Milton, 13, 99-101.
His metaphors and comparisons, 15, 16.
Little impression made by the forms of the external world upon him,
16, 19.
Fascination revolting and nauseous images had for his mind, 18.
His use of ancient mythology in his poems, 19.
His idolatry of Virgil, 20.
Excellence of his style, 20, 21.
Remarks upon the translations of the Divine Comedy, 21, 22.
His use of the supernatural, 105.
His character as expressed in his poetry, 107.
His veneration for lesser writers, 194.

D'Arblay, M., a French refugee, marries Fanny Burney, iii. 378.

D'Arblay, Madame, Diary and Letters reviewed, iii. 331-395.
Family, 333.
Education, 335.
Shyness, 339.
Writes Evelina, 347.
Its success, 349.
Johnson's affection for, 351.
Writes a poor play, 353.
Publishes Cecilia, 354.
Loss of friends, 355.
Meets the king, 357.
Invited to be a keeper of the Queen's robes, 358.
Drawbacks to the position, 359.
Accepts it, 361.
Slavery of the service, 362.
Visits Oxford, 364.
Attends the trial of Warren Hastings, 366.
Her prejudice against his accusers, 367.
Feeling on the king's illness, 369.
Respect for the queen, 371.
Leaves the court on account of ill-health, 375.
Recovers, 377.
Marries, 378.
Lives in Paris, 379.
Her character-drawing, 385.
Her style, 387.
Quotations to illustrate the changes in her style, 390-392.
Her real service to English literature, 394.

D'Argens, Marquess, iii. 280.

Daun, an Austrian general, defeats Frederic the Great at Kolin,
iii. 306.
At Hochkirchen, 319.
Driven from before Dresden, 320.
Defeated at Buckersdorf, 327.

David, M., editor of Barere's Memoires, iii. 487.

Davila, one of Hampden's favorite authors, ii. 22.

De Augmentis Scientiarum, Bacon's, ii. 402, 443.

Declaration of Right, ii. 341.

Defensio Populi, i. 85.

Delhi, splendor of, ii. 679.

Democracy, the ideal government, i. 62.
Requires an educated constituency, 63.
Reaction induced by the violence of its advocates, ii. 72.

Democritus, reputed inventor of the arch, ii. 365.
Bacon's estimate of, 448.

Demosthenes, transcribes Thucydides six times, i. 47.
Falsely described by Mitford, 73.

Denham, Sir John, satire on Hampden, ii. 58.

Despotism, Mill's condemnation of, i. 388.
The Westminster Reviewer's defence of Mill's position on, 426.

Devonshire, Duke of, forms an administration after the resignation of
Newcastle, ii. 268.
Lord Chamberlain under Bute, iii. 623.
Opposes the treaty with France, 630.

Dionysius, his critical ability, i. 41.
Confines himself strictly to things Grecian, 267.

Diplomacy, requirements of, in the Italian service, i. 169.

Discourses on Livy, Machiavelli's, i. 176.

Dissenters, exclusion of, from civil offices, ii. 624.

Divine Comedy, Dante's, its reality, i. 12.
Translations of, 21, 22.
Literalness of the descriptions, 99.
Comparable to Gulliver's Travels, 101.
Character of the spirits in, 105.

Division of labor, necessity of, ii. 606.

Donne, John, his wit compared with Horace Walpole's, ii. 204.

Dorset, Lord, his poetical ability, i. 212.

Double Dealer, Congreve's, iii. 82.

Dover, Lord, review of his edition of Horace Walpole's Letters to
Sir Horace Mann, ii. 181-231.

Drama, real object of, i. 163.
Delightful character of the old English, 207.
Unnaturalness of the French, 207.
Affected by the closing of the theatres, 209.
Rhyme introduced into, 212.
Folly of the preservation of the unities, 583.
Immorality of the English, at the Restoration, iii. 48.

"Drunken Administration, The," ii. 225.

Dryden, John, essay on, i. 187-234.
His rank among poets, 187.
Affected by circumstances, 187.
Greatest of the critical poets, 214.
His Annus Mirabilis, 215.
His plays, 217.
Unnaturalness of his characters, 220.
Tendency to rant, 222.
The improvement of his work in later life, 225.
Founds the critical school of poetry, 227.
His power of reasoning in verse, 228.
His use of the flattery of dedication, 229.
His characteristics, 230.
Satirical works, 231.
A connecting link between two literary periods, 597.
Admits the justice of Jeremy Collier's attack, iii. 91.

Dumont, M., review of his Souvenirs sur Mirabeau, ii. 95-127.
Services rendered by him to society, 96.
The interpreter of Bentham, 96-98.
His view of the French Revolution, 98-103, 294.
His opinion that Burke's work on the Revolution had saved Europe,
101, 294.
His efforts to instruct the French in political knowledge, 103.
His pen-portrait of Mirabeau, 125.
His revelation of his own character, 127.

Dundas, Henry, investigates Indian affairs, iii. 194.
Sides with Hastings, 208.
Defends him on the first charge, 215.
Follows Pitt on the second, 219.

Dupleix, governor of Pondicherry, his gigantic schemes for
establishing French influence in India, ii. 677, 683, 685, 693,
695, 700.
His death, 700, 758.

East India Company, the, its absolute authority in India, ii. 277.
Its condition when Clive first went to India, 674, 675.
Its war with the French East India Company, 677.
Increase of its power, 693.
Its factories in Bengal, 702.
Fortunes made by its servants in Bengal, 733, 734.

Ecclesiastical Commission, the, of Queen Elizabeth's time, ii. 76.

Ecclesiastics, fondness of the old dramatists for the character of,
ii. 88.

Education, in England in the 16th century, ii. 373.
Duty of the government in promoting it, 661.

Egerton, brings charge of corruption against Bacon, ii. 425.
Bacon's decision against him, after receiving his present, 440.

Egotism in conversation and literature considered, i. 23, 24.

Elephants, use of, in war in India, ii. 691.

Eliot, Sir John, ii. 18-20.
His Treatise on Government, 21.
A martyr to liberty, 22.

Elizabeth, Queen, her unjustifiable persecution of non-conformists,
i. 291.
Her use of the church to increase her power, 303.
Condition of the working classes in her reign, 534.
Her rapid advancement of Cecil, ii. 69, 70.
Character of her government, 76, 77, 80, 90.
A persecutor, though herself indifferent, 89, 90.
Her early notice of Lord Bacon, 372.
Her favor toward Essex, 379.
Factions at the close of her reign, 380, 381, 398.
Her pride and temper, 387, 398.
Her death, 398.

Elphinstone, Lord, ii. 761.

England, under Elizabeth, i. 291.
Reformation in, a political move, 297.
Under Henry VIII., 302.
In 1640, 306.
Under Charles I., 317.
Change of feeling in, after the attempt on the Five Members, 319.
Representative government in, preserved, 327.
Disgraceful condition of, under Charles II., 354.
Decay of statesmanship, 355.
Corruption of the bar, 360.
National feeling displaced by party loyalty, 364.
Fortunate that the Revolution was effected by men of small calibre,
367.
Perfidy of William III.'s statesmen, 368.
Review of constitutional history of, from Henry VII., 371.
Condition of the common people in, at various periods, 534.
Prophecy of its future prosperity, 543.
Her periodic fits of morality, 573.
Theories deduced from her population, 617 _et seq._
Fecundity of the nobility, 632.
Disability of Jews in, 646.
Her physical and moral condition in the 15th century, ii. 7.
Never so rich and powerful as since the loss of her American
colonies, 135.
Her conduct in reference to the Spanish succession, 152, 153.
Successive steps of her progress, 307-310.
Influence of her Revolution on the human race, 309, 344.
Her situation at the Restoration compared with that of France at the
restoration of the Bourbons, 311, 312.
Her situation in 1678, 317, 319-327.
Character of her public men in the latter part of the 17th century,
507.
Difference in her situation under Charles II. and under the
Protectorate, 525.
Restoration immorality the reaction from Puritanism, iii. 58.
Diminished prestige of, in 1785, 195.
Upholds Prussia against all Europe, 302.
Subsidies paid, 318.
Withdraws her aid from Prussia, 326.
State of parties in, 592.
Factions sink into repose, 595.
Corruption in the House of Commons, 609.
Terminates her continental alliances, 623.
War with America, 682.

England, Constitution of, how preserved, i. 322 _et seq._
Development of, from Henry VII.'s reign, 371.
Recent attacks on, 375.
Proposed reform of, 380.
A standing refutation of James Mill's reasoning, 399.

English, the, in the 16th century, a free people, ii. 78.
Their character, 319, 320.

English Common Law, not suited to India, iii. 168.

Epicureans, their peculiar doctrines, ii. 452.

Epicurus, the lines on his pedestal, ii. 452.

Erasmus, quoted, ii. 286.

Ercilla, Alonzo de, soldier as well as poet, ii. 133.

Essay on Government, James Mill's, review of, i. 381-422.

Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of, ii. 93.
His character, popularity, and favor with Elizabeth, 379, 380, 382,
389.
His political conduct, 382.
His friendship for Bacon, 383, 385, 412.
His conversation with Robert Cecil, 382, 383.
His expedition to Spain, 384.
Pleads for Bacon's marriage with Lady Hatton, 385.
Decline of his fortunes, 385.
His faults, 387, 410, 411.
His administration in Ireland, 386.
Ingratitude of Bacon towards him, 386-396, 412.
His trial and execution, 388, 389.
Feeling of King James towards him, 399.
His resemblance to Buckingham, 410, 411.

Essex, Earl of (time of Charles I.), ii. 56-59.

Euripides, how regarded by Quintilian, i. 42.

Europe, state of, at the Peace of Utrecht, ii. 182.
Want of union in, to arrest the designs of Louis XIV., 528.
The distractions of, suspended by the Treaty of Nimeguen, 550.

Evelina, Fanny Burney's, iii. 347.
Johnson's admiration for, 351.

Evelyn, John, ii. 524, 539.

_Ex post facto_ punishments considered, i. 312.

Falkland, Lucius Cary, Viscount, deceived by Charles, i. 320.
A friend of liberty, 329.
At the head of the Constitutional Royalists, ii. 43.

Family Compact, the, between France and Spain, ii. 183.

Fenelon, standard of morality in his Telemachus, ii. 115-117.
The book not immoral, iii. 54.

Ferdinand VII., resemblance between him and Charles I. of England,
ii. 55.

Feudal nobles, unimportant in Italy, i. 146.

Fielding, Henry, his description of Partridge at the play, quoted,
i. 196.

Finch, Lord Keeper, a humble tool of Charles I., ii. 26.
His impeachment and flight to Holland, 37.

Fine arts, the, their decline in England after the civil war, ii. 199.
Government should promote them, 660.

Florence, its commercial preeminence, i. 148.
Its superiority of learning, 151.
Military reform in, 173.
Return of the Medici to, 174.
Machiavelli's History of, 184.
Last struggle for liberty of, 185.

Foote, Charles, his stage character of an Anglo-Indian grandee,
ii. 747

Forde, Colonel, ii. 724, 727.

Fox, Henry (afterwards Lord Holland), his personality, ii. 258.
Accepts office, 264.
Relations with Newcastle, 261-267.
Directed to form an administration in concert with Chatham, 268.
Early history and career, iii. 104.
Made paymaster by Chatham, 601.
Continued by Bute, 623.
Employed by Bute to carry the Commons, 628.
Methods used, 631.
Made a peer, 637.

Fox, Charles James, son of the above, his success as a debater,
ii. 249.
Comparison of his History of James II. with Mackintosh's History of
the Revolution, 284.
His style, 285, 286.
Characteristic of his oratory, 287.
Championship of arbitrary measures and defiance of public opinion,
iii. 106.
Change in his attitude after his father's death, 107.
Brings forward the Benares charge against Hastings, 216.
Speaks on the course of proceedings, 228.

France, from Louis XIV. to the Revolution, ii. 118-122.
Condition in 1712 and 1832, 180.
At the restoration of Louis XVIII., 311.
Austerity in, under Louis XIV., produces the immorality of the
regency, iii. 59.
Turns to Prussia for help against England, 267.
Drawn into the combination against Frederic the Great, 295.
Makes peace, 328.
Assemblies in, in 1791, 505.
Constitution of 1791 fails, 503.
Cause of its failure, 509.
Convention of 1792, 510.
Justice of the abolition of the monarchy, 511.
Execution of the king, 516.
Reign of Terror in, 533.
End of the Terror, 559.
Under Constitution of 1795, 565.
Under the Consulate, 568.
Return of the Bourbons to, 581.
Effect of the Terror upon, 584.

Francis, Philip, made Councillor for India, iii. 144.
Probably wrote the Junius letters, 145.
Opposes Hastings, 148.
Accepts Nuncomar's testimony against him, 150.
Partially reconciled to Hastings, 168.
Objects to the arrangement with Impey, 173.
Challenges and is wounded by Hastings, 174.
Returns to England, 178.
Attacks Hastings in the House of Commons, 209.
Proposed as a manager of Hastings's impeachment, 221.

Franks, rapid decline of the, after the death of Charlemagne, ii. 680.

Frederic the Great, essay on, iii. 243-330.
Birth, 247.
Treatment by his father, 248.
Tastes, 250.
Acquaintance with Voltaire, 254.
Character as a king, 256.
Decides to seize Silesia, 259.
Invades it, 261.
Conduct at Molwitz, 263.
Makes peace with Austria, 267.
Joins France against England and Austria, 268.
His attention to the details of administration, 271.
Aggrandizement of the army, 273.
Parsimony, 274.
Liberality and justice, 275.
Commercial policy, 277.
His associates, 279.
His spite, 281.
Invites Voltaire to Berlin, 286.
Quarrels with him, 290.
European combination against, 294.
Personal dislike of, among sovereigns, 298.
His great danger, 299.
Alliance with England, 302.
Invades Saxony, 304.
And Bohemia, 305.
Driven back at Kolin, 307.
Extreme distress of, 308.
Further communication with Voltaire, 309.
Wins the battle of Rosbach, 313.
Of Leuthen, 314.
Tendency of Rosbach to unify Germany behind him, 316.
Worsts the Russians at Zorndorf, 318.
Attacked by the Pope, 322.
Beaten at Kunersdorf, 323.
Conquers at Lignitz and Torgau, 325.
Political changes to his advantage, 326.
Obtains peace, 328.

Frederic the Second, the Emperor, his qualities, i. 7.

Frederic William, Great Elector of Brandenburg, iii. 244.

Frederic William of Prussia, iii. 245.
Military establishment, 246.
Conduct to his children, 247.
Dies, 255.

Froissart quoted, ii. 7.

Fuller, on Lord Burleigh, ii. 66, 67.

Galway, Earl of, commander of the allies in Spain, ii. 158, 166, 171.
Defeated at Almanza, 172.

Ganges, the chief highway of Eastern commerce, ii. 700, 701.

Gentleman Dancing-Master, Wycherley's, iii. 69.

George I., transformation of English parties under, iii. 593.
His position at the beginning of his reign, 602, 603.

George II., his resentment against Chatham, ii. 255.
Compelled to accept him, 256.
His efforts for the protection of Hanover, 263, 264.
His relations with his ministers, 273-275.
Mixture of parties under, iii. 595.
Growth in popularity toward the close of his reign, 603.