Chapter IX: Part 9

After passing several lines of entrenchments, we came to the front line. Here he ordered us all to stay on the edge of a wood and went forward into the open alone, diving into the trenches, talking with one man or another, patting them on the back and distributing rewards for bravery. He was soon back again from his scramble and said he must have an observation point. They took us to a tree with a ladder against it; the tree was outside our lines. He was up it in an instant. "They can come at us from three sides under cover here," he said, pointing to the surrounding woods. "Go up and have a look"; then, "Who's on our flank?" for we were at the limit of our positions. The answer did not satisfy him, nor did the reply which he received from a neighbouring regiment; he made the necessary dispositions and was off on horseback.

As we passed behind our lines we met a Red Cross outpost, where we made a short halt. A little further on there passed us at full gallop four regiments of Cossacks on their way to relieve our neighbours on the left, where, as we now knew, the Germans were breaking through. As we passed, the General called a salute to each regiment by name and to officers or soldiers in person; and we saluted each flag as the Cossacks swept past in full swing. We pulled up sharp at the Staff of the brigade. The General had the men out and talked to them; to the candidates presented for the George he said, "I will give it to any one who accounts for ten Germans;" then he spoke of England, and asked me to give a greeting, so I told them how grateful we were for all that they had done for the Allies, and how we meant to do our full share of the work.

Rewards were distributed, and we were off for home; but we had hardly got there, with every one except the General fairly tired, when he ordered his motor to take him off to his opposite flank, the right. He invited me to come with him, and I asked leave to spend the night in the trenches of the Q regiment, which held that flank. He gave his leave, as there was no disquieting news from that side, and my traps were put in the motor. We had a long push through the oceans of sand, but at last were travelling along the rear of the right flank. At one point some sinister hand, well in the rear of our front, had laid a whole line of fire through a great wood.

Suddenly there opened before us such a sight as I had seen at the beginning of the great fighting in Galicia when I was with the J Corps. There was one long line of fire, shell on shell bursting at close intervals and almost continuously in the twilight, with a deafening noise, though we were some way in the rear. It was the smashing tactics again--and again at the expense of the J Corps--which had suffered so much in the previous fighting.

General Irmanov thought for a moment that we had gone beyond our own positions; but it proved otherwise. We found the Staff of the Division in a garden outside a hut. It was a General whom I had met elsewhere, with a new Chief of the Staff, very conscientious and painstaking. With a lamp on the table we sat in the garden and heard the news. At four o'clock the Q's were intact. The neighbouring regiment of the J Corps, which was only at half strength, had had to retire from its positions; and the Q's, with their flank uncovered, were pounded till they had but few men left. These retreated in good order, guarding as best they could against further outflanking; but there was no question of getting to them that night.

In a single day our corps, which the enemy respected enough to leave till last, had been turned on both flanks; and at each of the threatened points so far distant from each other, General Irmanov, who could not have anticipated the danger, had managed to be on the spot as soon as it presented itself.

_June 19._

The morning after our return from the right flank every one was very busy, and the best thing that one could do was not to get in the way. I had a chat with the Chief of the Staff, who, when he could snatch an interval at an anxious time, usually spent it with one of the more fantastic novels of Mr. H. G. Wells. We talked of the military reputations of the war. He told me we were engaged along our whole front; I had thought of getting to the regiment which I had accompanied near Biecz, and which belonged to this corps; but he said that it was difficult to send me. Shortly afterwards, in the most business-like way, everything in the house was packed; we, too, were to retreat.

General Irmanov believed in meeting attack by counter-attack, and almost every day his corps had contrived some surprise for the enemy, usually by night; on the day of my arrival it took over a thousand prisoners. Altogether the corps had taken in prisoners much more than its own original strength. But this time there were reasons which made retreat imperative. "If I had what I need," said the General, "I should advance to-morrow."

The retreat was conducted in the most perfect order. The General visited on his way the new line of entrenchments, which had been prepared with great care. I accompanied the senior adjutant to the new quarters, which were only four and a half miles off, but, alas! beyond the old frontier and in Russian Poland. What of our friends, the poor inhabitants, whom we left behind? In our new halting-place I could not fail to notice the delicacy of the corps authorities in their arrangements for their quarters. Everything was done to lessen the inconvenience for the townspeople; and the General's own quarters were asked, rather than claimed, of the local priest. The General had given a special order as to my own accommodation; I was again to have a room of my own.

By now I was coming to a conclusion which I had long been considering. I had visited these last corps to complete my information on some points which seemed to me to be of the first importance, not only to the army, but to Russia and to the allies. The data, of which I now had much more than enough, were overwhelming in what they indicated. Clearly the troops had lost not an atom of their fighting spirit; equally clearly they were fighting under the most unfair conditions and would continue to do so until their technical equipment, in arms and munitions, was much more on a level with that of the enemy. I wished to report in person what I had seen; and in this conclusion I was encouraged by the General. He thought I should not wait for the end of these operations, which might last a long while, but that I should be off as soon as possible. "Come back and live with us when we've got what we want," he said; "and we'll show you how we use it."

He gave me his motor to go and pick up my luggage. It was a curious journey. Apparently I had twelve miles to go, but one could not tell how fast the enemy was advancing elsewhere. We ourselves were retreating twelve miles next day. Besides, the roads were mostly a hopeless waste of sand, in which motors stuck fast and had to be dragged out by horses. I was therefore advised to make a circuit of something like eighty miles.

For most of this distance I had a glorious paved road, constructed, I believe, by a Polish count, and certainly as good as asphalte. Late at night I was only five miles from my luggage: but it took me till the morning--something like seven hours--to get over those five miles, and it was a wonder that we got through at all, for the aquatic feats of the chauffeur were astonishing. However, by the evening of the next day I was with the Staff of the army and making all preparations for going further. Among the Staff I found not the slightest trace of agitation. The situation was fully recognised, and there was a clear-cut plan for dealing with it. I saw all my friends, got all further information that I needed, and started for Moscow and Petrograd.

The last words of the Chief of the Staff of the army were these: "Be sure to say, after everything else, that we won't consider a separate peace and that we are perfectly confident of the final result."

DIARY OF AN AUSTRIAN OFFICER DURING THE AUSTRO-GERMAN RECONQUEST OF GALICIA

[This officer served in the 12th Rifle Battalion of the 10th Austrian Division. He was at the front opposite the Russians in the neighbourhood of Gorlice. He took part in the Austro-German advance from that place, which was the point selected for the first and most crushing artillery attack by the enemy. With an interval due to indisposition, he advanced as far as Sieniawa. This Diary, in many particulars, supplies interesting confirmation of the intelligence on the Russian side. I was myself for some part of this period opposite to the troops in which the Austrian officer was fighting. The chief value of the Diary is the way in which it illustrates the striking contrast between the very great successes of the enemy's artillery fire and the inferiority of the spirit of the enemy's troops to that of the retreating Russians. I am fully persuaded that no such Diary could have been written in any of the Russian regiments with which I was during this period.--B. P.]

_March 18._--At 7.45 p.m. we left Liebertz.[2] It was a merry send-off. They gave us lots of flowers, cigarettes and a bottle of liquor; the band plays and the train slowly moves off. I am very tired and soon go to sleep.

_March 21._--At 8.45 a.m. we arrived at Gribow. We had a rest at Rona. The detachment was reviewed by the Commander of the corps. The chief thing is to keep up the men's spirits. In the night of March 23 there was to have been an attack on our flag. We bivouacked at Lossie. There I found our field train with Siegel Novak and Kolaris.

_March 22._--At 10 o'clock in the morning we marched out to Riechwald; the roads were sunk in mud. Kolaris tells us of a four days' fight at Sekow; of his company there were very few left. The division is attacking the heights with the Imperial Rifles, the 26th and the 21st. The Commander of our company was told that in the trenches there were about fifty Russians who were only waiting for us to surrender. When we attacked we found as a matter of fact that we had no less than two Russian regiments against us with four machine guns.[3] The company of Kahlen marches out to a bare hill, but is met by a murderous fire and is almost destroyed. The Little Russians are almost all left on the field, either dead or seriously wounded. They are very lacking in initiative and resource. When one goes up-hill the heavy knapsack is a great hindrance. According to what the officers think and what the soldiers say, this attack was an evident impossibility. Of the officers there fell Nietsche and Haube. Heavily wounded were Andreis, Lajad and Ensign Steiner. Riechwald is a dirty Ruthenian village. Near the church we buried Ensign Buhlwas. Our company is in the trenches eastward of Riechwald in the direction of the Dukla Pass. The company has been in the trenches there for seven days in all. At times the Russian artillery bombards our trenches. Our cannon reply. After dinner, work. Close to us on the right there burst two shrapnels, and two hundred yards from my house a Russian shell went past. In front of us, twenty yards away, there is a hut with our Staff. Not long ago a shell fell there; luckily there was no one here. In the evening at 9 o'clock the company returned from the trenches.

_March 24._--At 5 o'clock in the morning there was an alarm. We go off to the trenches to relieve the 21st Regiment. Our trenches are not very sound. We are always improving them. The Russians look at us from their trenches, but do not fire.[4] They, too, are working at their trenches. Our sixteen-year-old volunteer went out on the Mahlsdorf side _and saw there_ seven Austrian soldiers. Perhaps they were Russians disguised. The Brigadier-General has forbidden us to send any scouting parties to Mahlsdorf. The 21st Regiment sent out a Czech and a German scouting party, but neither of them came back. We could not hear any firing.[5] In front of our trenches there is a wire entanglement, at which we put a sentry, to listen, especially at night, when any danger appears.[6] By night our outposts fire on the Russians, but the firing soon dies away.[7]

_March 25._--We have come out of the trenches. In the evening we all sat together and had a good time with music and beer. The news came that Przemysl had fallen. Probably now the Russians will march on Dukla and on Krakow. Lots of complaints against our generals. No one has anything to say in favour of our offensive.[8]

_March 26._--We are now in the reserve of the division. The second company is going off to Dziara, where a Russian attack is expected. We are leaving the village.

_March 27._--The second company has come back. The Russians did not attack. Jeschko took a scouting detachment and went off towards Mahlsdorf. There he caught two soldiers of the 21st Regiment. I went out riding beyond Riechwald. After dinner, work. All round there are lots of crosses. On the bridge they were carrying a dead soldier; in front of him was a heap of straw. Infectious disease is beginning.[9]

_March 28._--The 26th Regiment has been joined by the 59th. A Divisional Order has been issued that too many men are surrendering.[10] At 6 o'clock in the morning two soldiers brought in by Jeschko were shot.[11] One was twenty-one, the other twenty-five. They were buried near the road with a third, who was shot by a sentry for not knowing the password. The first and second companies are digging trenches. All day rain and snow. Work with the company till 3 o'clock. In the evening a lot of snow fell. At 8 o'clock in the evening the company of Kahlen starts off from Ropica Russka, to scout--to find out what regiments are in front of us.

In front of the Mahlsdorf crest we discovered that we had the 34th and 248th Russian Regiments. The Russians use Czechs as scouts. The Commander of the 10th Division has given a prize of 500 crowns to catch a man.[12] Nestarowicz is ill; so is our doctor. The Russians every day get bolder and more impudent. They know when dinner is sent to the trenches and break out laughing, and before the signal is given they shout out to the 36th Regiment: "Thirty-sixth, to your coffee!" They also freely employ N.C.O's who know German. Not long ago a Russian N.C.O. came up boldly to our wire entanglements of the 18th Regiment and began abusing our men in German, telling them "they had better not go catching crows but hide in the trenches at once." And indeed our brave recruits diligently executed his orders.[13]

_March 29._--We are working at the trenches on the Magora. The scouting detachment of the 59th Regiment sent to Mahlsdorf has lost 14 killed. A stray bullet killed a N.C.O. of Sappers. In the evening we had dinner together in honour of the arrival of Major Eisen.

_March 30._--Heavy snow is falling. In the morning, work. Cannonade was to-day weak. After dinner, confession; nearly all the soldiers went.

_April 1._--In the morning, work. The Russian artillery is strongly bombarding Sekov. Strict orders to be on the alert. After dinner our artillery bombards Ropica. In Sekov the Russians have occupied the bridge, which was guarded by the Imperial Rifles. Meisler is promoted to the Second Rifle Regiment. Wittner is going off to hospital.[14]

_April 2._--In the morning we dig trenches towards Dziara. Two of our aeroplanes circle over the Russian trenches. Above Gorlice, there is a heavy artillery duel.[15] A splendid day. About 5 o'clock three Russian shrapnels burst over one of our aeroplanes, but it fortunately got away. In the evening Jeschko is again off to Mahlsdorf with his scouts. I very much want a drink, but there is no water, nor beer nor wine.[16]

_April 3._--We are digging trenches. After dinner we were free. A magnificent day. Winternitz has brought champagne, cakes, wine ... and oranges. In the evening we all met at the doctor's. There was a sudden alarm.

_April 4._--At 3.45 a.m. we marched out of Riechwald. At Dukla there was a strong artillery duel. We go through Laszenian and Lovica to Prislak. Very warm. Impassable marshes. We met Major Braunlich of the Second Rifle Regiment. I had dinner with him. We had only just finished our soup when the order came to go over our positions with Silberbauer. In the wood I parted with the Major. We came on a post where there were a colonel, major, captain and a lieutenant. They entertained us hospitably, but all were anxious for peace.[17] In the evening we came to the trenches. We are working hard. There is water everywhere. As soon as you think of lying down there comes the order to go on. All are discontented. We marched up to the knees in mud. On the road we received letters. Mary hopes I will have a pleasant Easter. I was so tired I could not move a yard. We forded a pretty deep brook. One soldier, while crossing, sprained his leg. At 3 o'clock in the morning we reached Kwieton. I drove out the bearers and slept on a stretcher.

_April 5._--I cannot stand on my legs, and throw away my socks. I and the Staff Captain have got a rather nice room. They say that the Russians at Gorlice wanted a three days' truce,[18] but it was not granted. In the evening there was heavy musketry fire. One hundred yards from us a house is on fire. The machine gunners of the 59th Regiment have lost a lot of saddles and harness. At 10 o'clock there comes the news that the Russians are repulsed.

_April 6._--Splendid day. We were again ordered to join the 8th I.T. Division as reserve. They have brought a machine which destroys.... To it were tied an old man and a ten-year-old boy. The boy had eyes like a hawk; he knows men of all ranks and puts all the work on the old man. There were salvos of artillery. In the evening a hundred yards off us the house with our machine guns is set on fire. The ammunition blows up; the soldiers, barefoot and without uniform, rush out into the marsh. One soldier and a lot of harness were burned.[19]

_April 7._--At 4 a.m. there is an alarm. We put our bags on a cart. We had a rest at Rona. We spent the night with a Jew. Two pretty Jewesses offered their services. Ludwig sings, after which he throws out of the house the Honved Staff Corporal, who was here drinking champagne. Before this we met in the village a pretty Pole. There were Honveds, who are worse than Cossacks.[20] In November the Jew entertained here a Russian General and his staff. The Polish lady entertained us with cakes, and even knows German.

_April 8._--After a wretched night in the Jew's house we occupied some trenches above Cieszkowice. We are relieving the Honveds. I met by chance Lieutenant Spalen. I was very glad to see him. The trenches are very good and dry. The Russians are nine hundred yards off. We have in front of my squad three machine guns. In the evening they open fire on us in honour of our arrival.

_April 9._--At 2 a.m. a Russian scouting party and two squads came out of the wood. At 4 our machine guns fired on them. We were exchanging shots the whole day.

_April 10._--The Russians get their breakfast earlier than we do. In the evening they attacked to our left, where they set a house on fire. It is very dull; I have a cold and want to sleep. The Russians keep throwing earth straight into my beer; they shoot so well at my mud hut. At night I send out scouts.

_April 11._--Life goes slowly. We got newspapers a week old and I read them diligently all through. The Russians fire now and then.

_April 12._--The day has gone rather quietly. The 4th Company has taken prisoner a Russian deserter, a Jew.[21]

_April 13._--There are lots of wounded in the 2nd and 4th Companies. At 11 p.m. the Russians attacked the 80th Honved Regiment to the left of us, but were beaten off.

_April 14._--At 5 a.m. the Russians attacked the 56th Regiment on our left flank. They took prisoner a lieutenant, commanding the company, and about thirty privates. Our artillery, however, drove them out of our trenches.[22]

_April 15._--The whole day we were exchanging shots. It was a simply hellish night. The Russians at midnight made six attacks. The Russian heavy mortars threw about 150 shells at a copse not far from my squad. Our artillery replied. The attack is chiefly directed against the 80th Regiment and part of our company, where two huts were smashed. Two men wounded.

_April 16._--A recruit named Szebek was killed close to the trench. He was carrying wood. In the evening we put up a wire entanglement and took prisoner a Russian of a scouting party, who came too near to our wire entanglement.

_April 17._--At 3 a.m. a Russian scouting party tried to get through our wire entanglements, but was observed and beaten off. In the evening another strong artillery duel. We are improving our trenches.

_April 18._--We are almost all ill. The Russians worry us all day. No one dares to show himself in the communication passage, otherwise bullets whistle over our head.[23] We are making wire entanglements.

_April 19._--The morning was quiet. At mid-day there began a strong cannonade by our artillery. The Russians replied with only a few shots. A Russian aeroplane. Towards evening the Russian machine guns again fire on my house. We were to be relieved. The order was issued, but has been cancelled. We are waiting for the 9th marching battalion, which ought to arrive about now.

_April 20._--A normal day. The 9th marching battalion arrived and brought us 54 men.

_April 21._--We were relieved by the 90th Magyar Foot Regiment. Awful disorder. In the evening we slept in Cieszkowice. The Russians, as we march off, show they know what is happening.

_April 22._--Nearly the whole day quiet. I sleep on a sofa.

_April 23._--They say that we shall be put in reserve. What a long time they have left us here!

_April 24._--They say that German regiments are coming.[24] At Gribow a Russian airman dropped a bomb on the station. At night there was a lot of shooting in the trenches.

_April 25._--Lots of aeroplanes. The Russian cannon and machine guns are firing at our airships. I am entertaining Spalen. He says that on one of the lines a Honved battalion has communication with a Russian. The Russians send champagne and caviare. I myself saw the Russian soldiers and ours walking about together between the trenches, the distance being not more than 300 yards. Three German batteries have arrived. They say that we are going to pass to the offensive.

_April 26._--In the morning and afternoon, work with the recruits. The German General was surprised that we had not taken the offensive earlier. I have changed my quarters and am sleeping in a bed. In the evening there was a strong cannonade. The windows shook. Sleep was out of the question.

_April 27._--In the morning it rained. Orders to march at mid-day; cancelled. The German Guard is marching. They are going in the direction of Bartieczew. There are already some wounded at the bridge, for the Russian artillery hits the columns, which scatter over the slopes. Our artillery replies. In the evening we go into reserve.

_April 28._--In the morning we get up late. Two German aeroplanes are reconnoitring the ground. Two of our companies are to attack, the third and fourth in reserve. I sleep very badly in a mud hut.

_April 29._--Katz is ill. A great attack is in preparation. Six corps of the German Guard have come from France, to our part of the front. The post is stopped; writing is forbidden; my poor Mary!

_April 30._--We are drawn up in attacking order opposite Rzepeinik. Four hundred of our cannon thunder against the heights at Gollanka.[25] At 9 o'clock in the evening we cut through our wire entanglements. The 1st and 2nd company go forward to the attack, and we behind them in reserve. We lose connexion. The trenches are empty; there is no one there.[26] At last, after three-quarters of an hour, we find other trenches. We have advanced 1-1/2 kilometres. We entrench ourselves. Katz wants us to entrench in the open in front of the wood, but I advise on the edge of the wood as the enemy's artillery cannonades us on our flank.[27] We have scarcely begun entrenching ourselves when heavy Russian mortars open fire on us. That night was awful. I sit with Janikowski (my orderly); no one speaks. We press our backs against the clay dug-out. The side of the trench is an admirable defence from the firing. The shrapnels burst all round us, lighting up the surroundings with a hellish fire. Janikowski shuts his eyes and does not want to look. I try to begin talking. The clay keeps on crumbling into the trench from the impact of the air. I think of every one at home. I think of Mary. I think of the action of shells and wonder how it was possible to invent such a terrible thing. It is dawning. Thank God. The shells no longer shine up in the darkness and do not seem so terrible. Now our two batteries have begun to talk. Beneath me I hear soldiers talking. They want to get breakfast. The Muscovite has, perhaps, stopped already. I remain silent. They get me beams to cover my trench in case the Russians should think of bombarding us again. I go off to sleep.

_May 1._--About 6 I woke up. Janikowski has made some coffee. Where he got it is for me a mystery. I stretch myself and feel altogether knocked up, as my legs were higher than my head. Our artillery thunders in salvos all round. We wait. At 11 o'clock the guard regiment with the 21st is to go to the attack. It is already mid-day. It is only now that musketry fire has suddenly begun. Our men are talking. The Russian cannon fire straight on to us. We have to go forward in the direction of Rzepeinik. It is in the valley in front of us. My squad has three or four men crawling forward. The Russian shrapnel bursts a few yards off us. I and Katz go to the left. The bullets whistle past us. Our people are pressing the Russians on the right flank. After two hours we all go forward. In front of us the village of Rzepeinik is in flames. The 21st Regiment has had enormous losses. We receive orders to take the southern slope of the hill from Kazalow. The Russians fire on our flank from the left of Gollanka. The hillock is taken. We have only two or three wounded. I sleep in a hut in front of which are our trenches.

_May 2._--At 8 a.m. orders to march. With the 2nd Rifle Regiments we go up through the wood on Dobrotyn, Hill 517. We come under fire of the Russian artillery. We have to go forward as quick as we can. We march in column. One shell burst on the first column and knocked out 8 men--2 killed, 4 seriously wounded, 2 slightly wounded. A volunteer is killed. We go forward at a run. The shrapnel bursts behind us. We several times march forward round Hill 517. In the end we entrench for the night.

_May 3._--Morning. We move forward as the reserve of the I T Division. Three short advances and then an order came to take Hill 417 (Obzar) with the Rifles. It is 3 o'clock already. We turn from the road into the wood. We are to attack at night. At 6 o'clock we are ready. We go round the wood. It begins to get dark. The 3rd company has to cover a battalion on its left. We lose connexion with the front line. Katz runs back and I come out on to the road. Katz is unnerved. He has lost connexion. He wants to lead his company from behind. I run forward to Katz and in person order the company to disperse into attack order and advance up the hill. In front of us are our sentries. I meet the squad of Ensign Minster. I take it with me. By this time we are come up to the reserve company of Canicani. I determine to attack along the road. Canicani goes first. We make our way for a whole hour parallel with the crest of the hill. It is dark. Left of us the houses are on fire, where the Russians were in the morning. We have certainly gone forward a long way, and the Russian left flank is able to turn us. We turn back. Midnight. We want to stay on the road in the wood. We have found a company of the 18th Regiment to the left, and to the right is the 80th. We entrench.

_May 4._--Three a.m. Obzar is in our hands. We may expect a Russian artillery attack. We entrench ourselves on the Obzar Hill. In a hut by the road they have got us breakfast. I entrench myself with the chief of scouts, Altman, who was a volunteer from Liebertz. At 11 o'clock we get wine and something to eat. Katz and Hoffmann go off to hospital. Lieutenant Kahl takes over the company. At 5 a.m. we are relieved by the 98th, and go in the direction of Wyzjowa, Hill 419. Between Obzar and Wyzjowa we entrench for the night.

_May 5._--The Prussian Guard is attacking to the right of us. All round huts are burning. The Russian batteries fire past us. Our batteries are going off to their positions. Behind, one catches sight of a group of cavalry. We bivouac in a courtyard. The second company of Canicani sends out sentries towards Wyzjowa. What is Mary doing? May is the month of love, and my dear one is asleep at home. Shall I return? I believe, I believe; it is by belief that I live. We have taken prisoner a Russian N.C.O., a gunner.

_May 6._--Alarm at 4 a.m. We march in the advanced guard and are to go to the river Wislok. With fifteen men I go scouting, direction of Wyzjowa, Dembow and Blazkow, or rather south of Blazkow, Hill 291. We are to reconnoitre the course of the river Wislok to see if the enemy is there. I go with Polnerycz; he goes off a little to the north. We get to Czerinne. In the morning there were Cossacks here everywhere. Every one is afraid of the Germans.[28] On the road, we buy some eggs. We got to the top of the hill, and in front of us lay the Wislok. We could not advance further. German scouts. The Russian artillery is cannonading us from the opposite heights. I and my men look for cover in a deep ditch. Only two go forward on their knees up the hill, and keep a look out; two I send to a hut to cook some potatoes. Columns are moving along the road to Blazkow. I think it is our battalion coming up. I send two men to the village and meanwhile read the newspaper. At my order the thinned ranks go forward. God of Mercy have mercy on us. I wonder who of us will survive. Two o'clock. We eat some potatoes. The battalion is in the village. I go forward to it. We got there safely. In the village two of our batteries are taking up position. We get some dinner. Unexpectedly there arrive two civilians. I thought I knew one of them. Just then he came up to me and said in pure German, "Sir, I have the honour to report myself from captivity." It was Tandler of my squad, who with Palme, of the Rifles, was taken prisoner by the Russians in December and escaped. They were disguised as Poles. Tandler spoke Bohemian well, and the Russians took him for a Pole. The other pretended to be dumb. The schoolmaster of the village of Blazkow helped them. The first company went forward towards the river. At night we were to attack the heights beyond the river. The Russians have burned the bridges. We must ford the river. I left my knapsack in the kitchen and took with me only my field glasses, ... spade and revolver. At 12 o'clock we get up, have a meal and drink black coffee. We come to the river, the 4th company in front, at 2 a.m. The road was very dusty. Behind us a Russian shell set the hut on fire. Our 4th company arrived at the burned bridge. Just then we came under a rain of bullets. All lay down. Next to me was Sub-Lieutenant Bader. I call Kahlen and want to give orders but it is no use. We run along the marsh to the bank of the river; I see its shining surface. Just one plunge forward and, with the name of God, we are in the water. Some fall behind in the water. I see that the copse on the opposite bank is full of our men and hear the rear ranks coming through the river. About 600 yards from us a hut was set on fire, and lit up the house to the right. We are going towards the flaming hut. The sub-lieutenant doesn't want to go forward, saying that he has no orders. I lost him. Our right flank is already engaged. We hear a Russian machine gun. I send an orderly to the left and want to know who is there, as so far there is not a sound on that side. We run forward about 300 yards and begin going up the hill. At 100 or 115 yards in front of us we see the trenches. I don't know whether they are Russians' or ours. The firing does not slacken. If the Russians have gone, then they may come back. "Forward," I shout, "first battalion, forward, hurrah," but no one wants to move. All our men turn to the left, and no one listens to me. Only when I repeat the order and explain that there are very few Russians, they go forward. Three or four Russians are still firing; the rest throw away their guns and throw up their hands, about seventy. I leave four men with them and go forward. To the left of us the Russian machine guns are firing on our flank. We are joined by a company of the 2nd Rifles. I direct them quickly to the left, where I see flashes of musketry fire. Myself I go at a quick pace to the hill. I see that the Russians are returning and can easily turn our 4th company. Quickly forward. It is sad to think of so many lives. The will of God be done. Just then I heard from behind shouts of hurrah and bullets whistling. This was the reserve of the 98th Regiment, which was going to attack the Russians whom we had already taken prisoners, and took us for retreating Russians. They fire at us with machine gun. I shout out, use my whistle and at last succeed in stopping the fire. I look round to the left and see that Captain Tezera coming up. I am very tired, tortured with thirst and can hardly stand on my legs. With a gesture I explain to him the position of affairs to the left. He is wounded in the hand. Our men quickly entrench on the hill. Czwanczara takes me to a hut and makes some coffee. They now suggest that I should go to the first-aid point. I am in the village of Bukowa. I wait for Janikowski with clean linen, so as to change. The Russian shrapnels are bursting in Bukowa, above which are our trenches. After paying the hostess I go to look for the doctor. Everywhere there is a mass of wounded, ours and the Russians. Some dead Russians lie on the road. In the hut I happen to meet our major. I tell him that I am going off. He seems very annoyed, and says that he has no one to replace me. The doctor of the 2nd Rifles looked me over. He was anxious about my lungs, otherwise it was simply fatigue and a bad cold. At the first-aid point there were a mass of wounded; lots of them ours. I met Janikowski. I heard from him that among the wounded were Boguslaw, Minster, Klein, Tepser, Werner, Silberbauer, seriously; and killed Radlenbacher, Gezl, Scoutmaster Malina, and Altman. The field hospital was in the school. There were many wounded in head and chest and stomach. I slept with the slightly wounded, and had a fairly good night.

_May 8._--We went by cart to Tuchow. The road was broken up. We stopped in Jedlowa. I had a talk with the commander of the corps, Kraliczek. After dinner we arrived in Tuchow. The bridge had been burned by the Russians. Lots of houses had been smashed by our artillery.[29] There were thousands of wounded lying there. Colonel Szeol of the 21st told me of the fighting in Serbia where he was earlier with the 79th.[30] He is a Czech. Boguslaw is angry because they won't allow us to bury Silberbauer, in case of his death, in the garden of the estate, where many Russians were wounded. In the town nothing was to be bought.

_May 9._--They have brought in lots of wounded. In the evening it turned out that there were 600 new wounded. I wrote to Mary.

_May 10._--Slept well, and had a walk in the town. Appetite returned.

_May 11._--We were invited to supper by the staff doctor. To-day there arrived sisters of mercy and with them a captain, under whose orders they were. The wife of the doctor, who is in prison in Russia, is living with the captain, as husband and wife; rather early.

_May 12._--They promised us a cart from the corps field train, but it went off under our noses. Luck brought us a Jew from Sanc with a trap. We got off through Ryplica, Jedlowa and ... to Wielopole.

_May 13._--Got up at 6. The cart was already at the door. Our men are already beyond Rzeszow. At 8 p.m., very tired, we reached Rzeszow. Everywhere we could get bread, rolls, etc. They say the Russians have sent off from here lots of prisoners (to Russia).

_May 14._--Got up at 6. Travelled very fast, but in spite of a four-hour drive did not catch any one up. We dined in despair, waiting for our servants. Only towards evening to our joy we found them at last. We travelled on; the springs of our cart broke. In the evening we catch up the field train. Lieutenant Koblentz has been killed by a shot in the mouth. Lieutenant Szipdelarz has been wounded in the leg.

_May 15._--Went forward to my battalion through Zolinia, Bidaczew and Lezaisko. At 12 o'clock, found my company at the manor near Zwiedzinicz. Presented myself to the major and went off to cover the artillery. The Russians sent us about 800 shells and burned 3 houses behind us, killing 6 men, wounding 3 and killing 2 horses. The 30th Regiment standing in reserve had 3.... Two telephonists were wounded. The San is only a kilometre off.

_May 16._--Slept in mud hut. Firing all night. In the morning the Russian artillery was trying to find ours. All afternoon a vigorous artillery duel.

_May 17._--At 2 a.m. we got breakfast. Near us were twelve batteries and behind two batteries of heavy mortars. The Russians kept firing incessantly. The 1st company has six dead. Towards evening the 30th Regiment arrived to relieve us; however, it will only do so at 11. The Russians keep on entertaining us with salvos of artillery. We are going along a lime alley; behind us near a cottage is the staff of our regiment.

Shrapnels are bursting. The major is hiding in a mud hut. My company runs past the village. Janikowski calls out that he is wounded. The wound is in his right elbow. I give him an arm and we go forward. The battalion comes up in half an hour. We go about 1000 yards parallel to the railway embankment and stop to have a rest. Rain. At 4 o'clock we are about 10 kilometres south-east of the village of Chalupka. We bivouac. Janikowski has forgotten to hand over my chest with toilet case, which is very tiresome for me. At 4 we reach the San; my new orderly is called Schütz.

* * * * *

Shortly after this, at Sieniawa on the east bank of the San, the writer was taken prisoner and this diary was found on him. He was one of 7000 prisoners who were taken with a battery of heavy artillery when Sieniawa was stormed by no more than 6000 Russians.[31]

At the same time was captured the interesting postcard which I append.

Translation of a postcard, May 25, 1915, from Kralowskie Winogrady (Bohemia). Written in Czech.

"MY DEAR FRIEND,

"We have got your postcard and we wish you a happy return. We are
often thinking of you. Here there is no news, only hunger and
shortage of bread. Many of the bakeries are closed. Flour is not to
be bought; meat is very dear. Soon there will be a general crisis."

INDEX

Alexander I, 4

Alexey of Jaroslav, 133

Alexeyev, Mr., 14

Armenians, the, 134

Arndt, 83, 146

Austria, 2, 3, 6, 26, 109, 140, 162, 175, 176, 202, 221
Army of--
airmen of, 164, 168-71, 199, 200, 227, 228, 233
artillery fire of, 154, 158-9, 218, 232, 261
cholera in, 266
clothing of, 87
disaffection of, 84, 85, 174, 201, 212, 265, 268
methods of advance, 88
nationalities of, 84, 87, 174, 192, 201, 266
prisoners and wounded, attitude and spirit of, 19, 55-8, 79-80,
108-9, 121-2, 133, 135, 174, 184, 185, 253-4
question of excesses of, 45-7, 51
treatment of Czechs, 85, 175, 201
use of churches, 151-2
violence of, 29, 30

"_Austrian officer_," diary of, 263-82

Bartieczew, 272

Bavarian troops, atrocities of, 83, 108

Belgium, 4, 7, 45, 108, 176

Bergen, 8, 9

Beskides, the, 186-7

----, the eastern, 180-1

Beskides, fighting in, 188-90

Biecz, fighting at, 208, 257

"Birds, The," visit to, 147-51, 196

Bismarck, 160

Blaskow, 277

Blonie, 38

Bobr, River, the, 28, 35

Bobrinsky, Count George, 21-3, 25, 75, 95

----, ---- Vladimir, 23, 25

----, Countess O., 15, 95

Bohemians, the, 24, 80, 84, 85, 87, 139, 161

Böhmerwald Mountains, the, 161

Borodino, battle of, 164, 201

Bosnia, 2

Bosnians, 87

Braunlich, Major, 268

Bruselov, General, 27, 28

Bug, River, line of, 26, 28, 48, 59

Bukovina, the, 23, 176

Bukowa, 279

Caillaux Case, the, 3

Carpathians, the, 161-3

----, Austrian advance on, 263-82

----, difficulties of movement in, 190-1

----, fighting in, 181-6, 188-9, 198-9, 209-12, 224-6

----, German rally in, 203-5

----, ---- tactics in, 216-21

----, Russian advance lines in, 151-4

----, Russia's task in, 175-8, 180

----, with German advance over, 272-82

Carpathians, the, with Russian advance over, 97-104, 115-22, 126-54,
178-90, 193-9, 203-5

----, with Russian retreat from, 205-16

Caucasian Corps, the, 209

Chalupka, 282

Christmas, celebration of Russian, 99-101

Constantinople, 176

Cossacks, 30-1, 233, 251

Cracow, road to, 53-7, 59

----, Russian advance to, 61, 265

Czenstochowa region, fighting in, 249

Czerinne, 276

Czieszkowice, 270, 272

Dardanelles, 153

Dmitriev, General Radko, 67, 74, 86, 112, 139, 223

----, staff of, 88

Dmowski, Mr., 1, 2, 47

Dniestr, River, the, 29

Dobrotin, General, 179-81

Dobrotyn Hill, 275

Dolgorukov, Prince, 153

Dolina, Mary, 71

Dombrowski, 139

Dowager Empress, hospital of, 25

Dresden, battle of, 146

Dukla, 264, 265, 268

Duma, the, 12

---- lazaret, 62, 63

Dunajec River, the, 126

Dynuw, 225, 226

Dziara, 267

Easter, celebration of, 171-3

Elchingen, heights of, 104

England, 4, 7, 8, 26, 47, 120, 137, 153, 154, 172, 176, 184, 192, 193,
242, 243

Erzegebirge Mountains, the, 161

Eulogius, Archbishop, 66, 76

Flamborough, Miss, 235

France, 4, 7, 8, 26, 47

Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, 109, 157

Francis Joseph, Emperor, 116

Friedmann, Mr., 12

Gagarin, Princess, 15

Galich, 29, 30

Galicia, 21-3, 26, 47, 59, 61, 157-8, 175, 250

----, battlefields of, 26

----, road to, 73-5

Geneva Convention, 115

George Cross, the, 200

Germany, 2, 3, 6, 7, 13, 26, 68, 108, 122, 162, 163, 175-6, 184, 202,
242-3, 247
Army of--
artillery fire of, 218
cavalry advance of, 233
heavy artillery of, 33, 46, 202-3, 208, 216-17, 219, 224, 232,
245, 273
methods of infantry advance of, 88, 94-5, 108, 244-6
prisoner of, chat with, 242-3
question of excesses of, 45-7, 51, 215
rifle fire of, 33, 50
wounded, attitude of, 107, 134
Attitude of, to war, 107, 108

Giant Mountains, the, 161

Gnila Lipa, battle of, 26

Gollanka, artillery duel on heights of, 273-5

Goremykin, Mr., 12

Gorlice, battle of, 250, 251, 267, 269

Gorodok, 28

Gozhansky, Colonel, 38

Grey, Sir Edward, 4

Gribow, 262, 272

Guchkov, Alexander, 72

Gurko, 247

Hamburg, 242

Harchin, 206, 207

Hindenburg, General von, 183, 202

Homyakov, Mr., 25

Homyakov, Miss, 155

Honveds, the, 269

Hopper, Miss, 235

Hungary, army of, attitude towards war, 24, 87, 109, 140, 201

----, ----, horse artillery of, 65

----, defence of, 221

----, Magyars of, 161-3, 176

----, Slavs of, 161-3

----, survey of, 161-3, 176, 178

Irish conflict, the, 2, 3

Irmanov, General, 250-1, 254-8

----, ----, staff of, 253-4

Italy, 7, 8, 243

"Ivan," 134

Ivangorod, fighting near, 48

Ivanov, General, 200

Japanese War, the, 247

Jaslo, 213; bombardment of, 214

Jews, the, 12, 17

---- of Galicia, 25, 31, 33

---- of Poland, 41

Kasso, Mr., 2

Kazalow, 274

Kazimierz, fighting at, 36, 43

Kearne, Miss, 148

Kemble, Mrs., 71

Kielce, 55, 250

----, fighting at, 49-50, 53, 56-7, 249

----, scenes at, 56

Kiev, 73

Körner, 83, 146

Kosienice, desperate fighting at, 48, 49, 249

Krasnik, battle of, 19

Kristiania, 9

Kruchkov, 18

Kusmanek, commander of Peremyshl, 157, 158

Kutuzov, 200

Kwieton, road to, 268

Leipzig, battle of, 164

Lemberg (_see_ Lvov)

Lerche, 25

Liebertz, 262

Lithuanians, the, 12

Lodz, 45

London, Bishop of, 100

Lowicz, 38, 39

----, Poles of, 38, 39

Lützen, field of, 147

Lukich, Commander, 141-3

Luther, Martin, 147

Lvov (Lemberg), 22-3, 25-6, 28, 60, 74-8, 222

----, Prince George, 12, 14, 72, 234

----, N. N., 10, 13

----, Nicholas, 72

Magyar, the, 161-3, 176

Mahlsdorf, 264-6

Maklakov, Mr., 13

Metz, 159

Mezolaborcz, 192, 193

Mlawa, 61

Mokra, 40

Moravians, the, 161

Moscow (1812 and 1914), 13-16

----, Press of, 71

Muchowka, battle of, 179

Napoleon, 40, 86, 139, 164, 167, 242

Narev River, the, 28, 35, 48

Naudeau, M., 57

Newlands Corner, 186

New Year, keeping Feast of, 105, 106

Ney, Marshal, 104

Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 2, 4, 13, 16, 72, 247

Nicholas, Grand Duke, 9, 17, 18, 36, 61

Niemen River, the, 28, 35

Nikolayevich, Nikolay, 97, 98

Norwegians, the, 9

Obzar Hill, 275-6

Olga Alexandrovna, Grand Duchess, 20

Pavlovich, Pavel, 141-3

Peace Society of Moscow, 153

Peremyshl, fall of, 157-60, 176, 265

----, fortifications of, 157, 158

----, garrison, etc., of, 157, 159

Petrograd, 13

Plock, 61

Pochayev Monastery, 66

Podymov, Colonel, 190 note

Poland, 2, 40, 47-8, 112, 135-6, 253

----, cottages of, 126

----, Russian, 26, 28, 177

----, scenes in, 41-4

----, wounded children in, 135-6

Poles, the, 16, 17, 47, 50-3

---- of Lowicz, 38-41

---- of Galicia, 61, 79, 87

Prislak, 268

Protopopov, Mr., 1

Prussia, East, 26, 28, 47, 48, 62, 175

Prussia, strength of, 161, 176

Pruszkov, fighting at, 35, 37

Pushkin, 144

Radom, 49, 51-3, 57, 59

Rakitna, fighting at, 36-8

Rakoczy, 193

Rava Ruska, 27, 29, 31-4, 177, 179, 197

Red Cross Organisation of Russia, 11, 16, 25

---- ----, keenness and enthusiasm of, 122-5, 148, 156, 191-2, 15-16,
222
(_see also under_ Russia and Zemstvo League)

Religious questions in Galicia, 21, 22, 76

Riechwald, 263, 265, 268

Rona, 263, 269

Ropica Russka, 266

Roshkov, Dr. Vladimir Petrovich, 125, 147, 148

Rumania, 162, 176

Russia, 2-4, 7, 109, 162-3, 177, 185, 247
Army of--
airmen of, 163-8, 271-2
ambulance points of, 95-104, 215, 221-2
artillery fire of, 30, 36, 46, 116, 154, 165, 244, 269-71, 275, 277
cavalry of, 46
chaplains of, 66-7, 100
field hospitals of, 20, 62-7, 96
first-aid stations of, 112-15
growing enthusiasm of, for England, 120, 137, 153-4, 192-3, 195-6
losses of, 177, 196-7, 199, 207, 213-14, 222-4, 249
method of infantry advance of, 88-9
Siberian regiments of, 35-6
spirit of, 19-20, 24, 33-4, 41-4, 54, 58, 60-1, 64-6, 98-9, 125, 133,
228, 259, 261
treatment of prisoners by, 24, 174
winter kit of, 87
wounded of, stoicism of, 64-6, 133-4, 222-3
Peasants and people of--
attitude to war, 10, 11, 53, 68-78, 88, 199, 259
characteristics of, 7, 8, 120, 125, 128

Russo-British Chamber of Commerce, work of, 11

Ruthenian troops, the, 30, 179

Ruzsky, General, 27

Rzepeinik, advance on, 274-5

Rzeszow, 226, 227

San River, Austrian advance to, 282

----, defence of, 228-34, 236-41, 247-8, 250-7

----, fight for, 26, 114, 177, 179, 197

----, German tactics at, 232

----, line of, 28-9, 35, 59, 62, 65

----, passages of, 48

----, Russian retreat to, 227, 244

----, Russian Retreat from, 257-8

Sandomir, 61

Saxony, King of, 45

Sazonov, Mr., 3, 10

Schiller, 146

Sczydlowiecki family, monuments of, 54

Sekow, bombardment of, 267

----, fight at, 263

Seniawa, Russian advance on, 251, 282

Serbia, 2, 3, 7, 109, 247

Shchepkin, Mr., 14

Shingarev, Dr., 63

Silesia, southern, population of, 61

Skiernewice, 38, 40, 41, 44

Skobelev, 39

Slovaks, the, 161

Slovenes, the, 24

Sochaczew, 38, 41

Stakhovich, Mr., 25, 74

Surrey Hills, 1, 2, 186, 187

Suvorov, 247

Swedes, the, 9

Szydlowiec, 49, 54

Tarnow, bombardment of, 106-7, 110-11, 155-7, 214-15

----, fighting at, 81-2

----, hospital scenes at, 82-6, 155-6

----, journey to, 79-81

----, Russian lines outside, 92-5

Taslo, visit to, 173-5

Thüringerwald Mountains, the, 161

Tikhon, Father, 99-101, 103, 105

Tirolese, the, 131, 132

Tisza, Count, 163, 176

Tolstoy, Count, 167

Transylvania, 162

Trubetskoy, Princess O., 15

Tryphon, Bishop, 100, 101

Tuchow, 280

Turkey, 89

Uhland, 146

Verdun, 216

Vilna, 16, 17

Vistula River, crossing of, 249

----, Middle, 28-9, 35, 48

----, Upper, 46

Volkonsky, Prince, 63

"_V. S._," 89-92

Wagram, 32

Warsaw, 28, 35-7, 45, 48, 51, 59

"War Song-book for the German Army, 1914," the, 145-7

Wells, H. G., 164, 257

"_Wiggins_," 136-9, 158, 163

William II, Kaiser, 7, 109, 202, 231, 254

Wisloka, 59

Wislok River, the, 276-8

Wyzjowa, 276, 277

Zemstva, 12-13

Zemstvo League, 14, 234

---- ----, Red Cross Staff of, 77-8, 80-1, 234-5

Zwiedzinicz, artillery duel at, 281

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY
RICHARD CLAY & SONS, LIMITED,
BRUNSWICK ST., STAMFORD ST., S.E.,
AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.

PAUL VINOGRADOFF, F.B.A.

Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence in the University of Oxford,
sometime Professor of History in the University
of Moscow.

=The Russian Problem=
Demy 8vo. Paper =1s.= net; cloth =2s.= net.

=Russia and Self-Government=
Crown 8vo. =2s. 6d.= net.

CONSTABLE'S RUSSIAN LITERATURE

Under the Editorship of Stephen Graham

In this Library it is intended to issue a selection from the many
important Russian books that have not yet appeared in English
translations. The Library will comprise Novels, Short Tales, Dramas
and Essays, the work of writers recognised in Russia as of first
rank.

THE FIRST TITLES ARE--

The Sweet-Scented Name

By FEDOR SOLOGUB. With an Introduction by STEPHEN
GRAHAM. Ex. crown 8vo. =4s. 6d=. net.

War and Christianity

Three conversations by VLADIMIR SOLOVYOF. With an
Introduction by STEPHEN GRAHAM. Ex. crown 8vo.
=4s. 6d.= net.

_OTHER VOLUMES IN PREPARATION_

_CONSTABLE'S LIST OF BOOKS BEARING UPON THE WAR_

Geographical Aspects of Balkan Problems in their Relation to the Great European War

By M. I. NEWBIGIN, D.Sc. (Lond.), Editor of "The Scottish
Geographical Magazine." Demy 8vo. Maps. =7s. 6d.= net.

Summarises the geographical facts which make the Balkan Peninsula the storm centre of Europe.

Attila and the Huns

By EDWARD HUTTON, Author of "Ravenna." Demy 8vo. With Map. =6s=. net.

Peace and War in Europe

By GILBERT SLATER, M.A., Author of "The Making of Modern England,"
etc. Crown 8vo. =2s. 6d.= net.