Chapter XV: Part 15

If the members of the learned inquisition should furnish an explanation of one, or more, of these _mirabilia_, a new series of perplexing novelties would speedily arise, and demand their attention;--so that the _savans_ would, necessarily, become a standing committee, on modern miracles. The incomparable Blitz, if the process were discovered, by which he appears, instantaneously, to convert an egg into a pancake, would challenge you to explain another, by which he rapidly deduces some thirty yards of ribbon from the nose of a bystander. And, if we cannot explain this mystery, he may as reasonably demand of us to believe it a reality, as goody Fox or goody Fish may require her _customers_--for raising the dead is a trade--to believe in her power, to conjure up spirits, because we may not be able to discover the process, by which the rappings are produced.

But, even if an investigation were made, by the most competent physiologists, and the decree should go forth, _ex cathedra_; it would, probably, produce a very slight impression upon the whole community. That same self-conceit, which often fills an old woman to the brim, with the belief, that she is a more skilful leech, than AEsculapius ever was, will continue to stand the credulous instead; and the rappings will go on, in spite of the decree of the _savans_; the spirits of the dead will continue to be raised, as they are, at present, at fifty cents apiece; men, women, and children will insist upon their inalienable right to believe, that eggs are pancakes, and that, in violation of all the established laws of nature, ghosts may be conjured up, at the shortest notice; and examples will continue to occur, of distressing nervous excitement, domestic misery, self-murder, and madness.

The question recurs--what shall be done, for the correction of this increasing evil? Some suggestions have been made, sufficiently germain to several of the extraordinary pretensions of the present day. Thus, in respect to _clairvoyance_, a standing offer of several thousand francs has been made, by certain persons, in Paris, to any individual, who will prove his ability to see through a pine plank. In regard also to the assumption of knowledge, obtained, through a pretended communication with spirits, a purse of gold has been offered to any person, who, with the aid of all the spirits he can conjure up to his assistance, will truly declare the amount it contains, with a moderate forfeit, in case of failure.

This whole matter of conjuration, and spiritual rapping has become an insufferable evil. It is a crying nuisance, and should be dealt with accordingly. It is, by no means, necessary, before we proceed to abate a nuisance, to inquire, in what manner it is produced. It is not possible to distinguish, between the _chevaliers d'industrie_, who swindle the credulous out of their money, by the exhibition of these highly pernicious orgies, from conjurors and jugglers. If this construction be correct, and I perceive nothing to the contrary, then these mischief-makers come within the fifth section of chapter 143 of the Revised Statutes of Massachusetts. Any police court or justice of the peace, has power to send to the house of correction, "_all persons who use any juggling_." It would be a public service to apply this wholesome law to goody Fox, or goody Fish, or any other goody, of either sex, holding these conjurations within our precinct. Upon a complaint, the question would necessarily arise if the offence charged were "_juggling_" or not; and the rule of evidence, _cuique in sua arte_, would bring out the opinions of men, learned in their profession. I am aware of no other mode, by which those persons are likely to be gratified, who believe these proceedings entitled to serious examination. Let us not drop this interesting subject here.

No. CLIX.

In the olden time, almanacs were exclusively the work of judicial astrologers. The calendar, in addition to the registration of remarkable events, and times, and tides, and predictions, in relation to the weather, presumed to foretell the affairs of mankind, and the prospective changes, in the condition of the world; not by any processes of reasoning, but by a careful contemplation of the heavenly bodies.

On most occasions, these predictions were sufficiently vague, for the soothsayer's security; quite as much so, as our more modern foreshadowings, in relation to the weather, whose admonitions, to _expect a change_, _about these times_, are frequently extended from the beginning to the end of the calendar month. An example of this wariness appears, in a letter of John of Salisbury, written in 1170. "The astrologers," says he, "call this year the wonderful year, from the singular situation of the planets and constellations; and say, that, in the course of it, the councils of kings will be changed, wars will be frequent, and the world will be troubled with seditions; that learned men will be discouraged; but, towards the end of the year, they will be exalted."

Emboldened, by the almost universal deference, paid to their predictions, the astrologers soon began to venture, on a measure of precision, which was somewhat hazardous.

In the commencement of the year 1186, the most distinguished judicial astrologers, not only in England, but upon the continent, proclaimed, that there existed an unprecedented conjunction of the planets, in the sign Libra. Hence they predicted, that, on Tuesday, the sixteenth day of September, at three o'clock in the morning, a storm would arise, such as the world had never known before. They asserted, with an amazing confidence, that, not only individual structures would be destroyed, by this terrible storm, but that great cities would be swept away, before its fury. This tempest, according to their predictions, would be followed, by a far spreading pestilence, and by wars of unexampled severity. A particular account of these remarkable predictions may be found, on page 356 of the annals of Roger de Hoveden.

No more conclusive evidence is necessary of the implicit, and universal confidence, which then prevailed, in the teachings of judicial astrology, than the wide spread dismay and consternation, produced by these bold and positive predictions. It is not possible to calculate the sum of human misery, inflicted upon society, by the terrible anticipations of these coming events. As the fatal day drew near, extraordinary preparations were everywhere made, to secure property, from the devastating effects of the approaching tempest. Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, commanded a solemn fast of three days' continuance, throughout his precinct. On the night of the fifteenth of September, very many persons sat up, in solemn expectation of the coming tempest.

It has been cruelly observed of medical men, that, to some of their number, the death of a patient would, on the whole, be rather more agreeable, than that he should falsify their prediction, by the recovery of his health. How powerfully a sentiment, similar to this, must have exercised the spirits of these astrologers, as the appointed hour drew nigh! It came at last--bright and cloudless--followed by a day of unusual serenity. The season was one of extraordinary mildness; the harvest and vintage were abundant; and the general health of the people was a subject of universal observation. Old Gervase, of Tilbury, in his Chronicles, alluding to the Archbishop's fears and fastings, remarks, that there were no storms, during the whole year, other than such, as the Archbishop himself raised in the church, by his own absurdity and violence.

The astrologers hung their heads, for very shame, and lost caste, for a time, with the people.

Divination was, of old, emphatically, a royal folly; and kings have been its dupes and votaries, from the earliest ages of the world. The secret manner, in which Saul betook himself to the witch of Endor, arose, partly, from his knowledge, that such orgies were a violation of divine and human laws. The evils, resulting from such absurdities, had become so apparent, that Saul, himself, had already banished all the soothsayers and magicians from his kingdom. It is manifest, from the experience of Saul, that it is unwise to consult a witch, upon an empty stomach--"_Then Saul fell straightway all along on the earth, and was sore afraid, because of the words of Samuel: and there was no strength in him; for he had eaten no bread all the day, nor all the night_."

Lucan, lib. vi. v. 570, et seq., represents young Pompey, just before the battle of Pharsalia, as paying a nocturnal visit, to a sorceress of Thessaly, of whom he inquires, in relation to the issue of the combat. With the ordinary preliminaries, charms, and incantations, the necromancer conjures up the ghost of a soldier, who had recently fallen in battle. At length, she pronounces a denunciation, between which and the prediction of the witch of Endor, delivered to Saul, the resemblance is certainly remarkable.

The laws of France, in the time of Louis XIV., were extremely rigorous, against sorcery and divination, inflicting the severest penalties, upon all, who pretended to exercise their skill, in these worse than unprofitable mysteries. Nevertheless, an extraordinary story is related, in the autobiography of Madame Du Barri, as communicated to her, by Louis XV., of several visits stealthily paid, by Louis XIV., and Madame de Maintenon, to a celebrated judicial astrologer, in Paris. This narrative may be found recorded, at length, in the first volume of Madame Du Barri's Memoirs, commencing on page 286.

The age of Louis XIV. was an age of superstition. An Italian priest, a secret professor of the art of necromancy, was induced, upon the King's promise of protection, against the parliament, in the event of a discovery, to satisfy the royal curiosity, and open the book of fate. At the hour appointed, being midnight, Madame de Maintenon and the _Duc de Noailles_ were conveyed to a house in Sevres, where they met the sorcerer, who had celebrated the mass alone, and consecrated several wafers. After performing a variety of ceremonies, he drew the horoscope of the King, and Madame de Maintenon. He promised the King, that he should succeed, in all his undertakings. He then gave his Majesty a parcel, wrapped in new parchment, and carefully sealed, saying to the King--"the day, in which you form the fatal resolution of acquainting yourself with the contents of this package, will be the last of your prosperity; but, if you desire to carry your good fortune to the highest pitch, be careful, upon every great festival, Easter, Whitsunday, the Assumption, and Christmas, to pierce this talisman with a pin; do this, and be happy."

Certain events confirmed the sorcerer's predictions--others gave them the lie direct. The royal confidence was shaken.

Upon one occasion, the Bishop of Meaux, the great Bossuet, chanced to be at the apartments of Madame de Maintenon; and the subject of magic and sorcery being introduced, the good Bishop expressed himself, with such abhorrence of the profanation, as effectually to stir up a sentiment of compunction, in the bosom of the King and Madame. At length, they disclosed the secret to their confessors, to whom the most effectual means of breaking the charm appeared to be, to break open the talismanic package; and this was accordingly imposed, as a penance, on the King.

His sacred Majesty was thus painfully placed, _inter cornua_, or, as we trivially say, between hawk and buzzard--between the priest and the sorcerer. His good sense, if not his devotion, prevailed. The package was torn open, in the presence of Madame de Maintenon, and father la Chaise. It contained a consecrated wafer, pierced with as many holes, as there had been saints' days in the calendar, since it had been in the King's possession. That consternation fell upon the King, which becomes a good Catholic, when he believes, that he has committed sacrilege. He was long disordered, by the recollection, and all, that masses and starvation could avail, to purge the offence, was cheerfully submitted to, by the King. Louis XV. closes this farcical account, with a grave averment, that his ancestor, after this, lost as many male descendants, in the right line, as he had stuck pins, in the holy wafer. There may, possibly, be some little consolation, in the reflection, that, if the private history of Louis le Grand be entitled to any credit, like Charles the Second of England, he could well afford the sacrifice--of whom Butler pleasantly remarks--

"Go on, brave Charles, and if thy back,
As well as purse, but hold thee tack,
Most of thy realm, in time, the rather
Than call thee king, shall call thee father."

The Millennarians of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries--and these enthusiasts are, by no means, of modern origin--may be said to have hunted, in company with the judicial astrologers. Herlicius and the Millennarians solemnly predicted the destruction of the Turkish Empire, in 1665, the one relying upon the aspect of the stars, and the other upon their fantastical interpretation of the Scriptures; and both, in all likelihood, chiefly, upon the good sword and stubborn will of the Emperor; who, to their infinite disappointment and mortification, finally made peace with the Ottomans. Yet David Herlicius was no impostor, or if so, there was no greater dupe to his astrological doctrines than himself. He was a learned, pious, and honest man.

There is, probably, no more extensively popular error, than that a deceiver must possess, on all occasions, a greater measure of knowledge than the deceived. Herlicius was an eminent physician; and Bayle says of him, vol. vi. page 137--"One can hardly imagine why a man, who had so much business, in the practice of physic, and who never had any children, should fear to want bread in his old age, unless he drew horoscopes."

This eminent man had doubtless some little misgivings, as to the infallibility of the art, after the failure of his prediction, in relation to the Ottomans. Bayle recites an extract of a letter, from Herlicius to a friend, in which the writer says: "Oh that fortune would look kindly upon me! that, without meddling with those astrological trifles, I might make provision for old age, which threatens me with blindness; and I would never draw any horoscope. In the mean time, when a great many persons inquire for, and desire to know more things, than are within the compass of our art, or more than it can explain, I choose rather to act with conscience, than to disgrace, and, as it were, to defile, our sacred Astrology, and to cast a blemish upon it. For our art abounds with a great number of Chaldean superstitions, which several of our countrymen are still obstinately fond of. A great many ask me what color of clothes and horses will be lucky for them? Sometimes I laugh heartily, at these and other such absurd questions, but I do also often abhor them. For I am enamored with the virgin state of our art, nor can I suffer that it should be so abominably defiled, as to give the enemies of astrology an opportunity to object to us those abuses, to the contempt of the art itself."

At the period, when Herlicius unfortunately predicted the destruction of the Ottoman power, Judicial Astrology was in the highest favor in England. The date of the prediction, 1665, was the sixth year of Charles the Second. Whatever space remained, unoccupied by other follies, during the reign of the Stuarts, and even during the interregnum, was filled by the preposterous doctrines of Judicial Astrology. It is perfectly well established, that Charles the First, when meditating his escape from Carisbrook castle, in 1647, consulted the famous astrologer, Sir William Lilly.

No. CLX.

Isabel, Countess of Warwick, 1439--"My body is to be buried, in the Abbey of Tewksbury; and I desire, that my great Templys[19] with the Baleys[20] be sold to the utmost, and delivered to the monks of that house, so that they grutched not my burial there. Also I will that my statue be made, all naked, with my hair cast backwards, according to the design and model, which Thomas Porchalion[21] has, for that purpose, with Mary Magdalen laying her hand across, and St. John the Evangelist on the right side, and St. Anthony on the left." The singularity of this provision would lead one to believe that the testatrix made her will, under the influence of St. Anthony's fire.

John, Lord Fanhope, 1443--"To John, my bastard son, now at Ampthill, ccc. marks; and, in case he should die, before he attain the age of twenty-one, I will that Thomas, my other bastard son, shall have the said ccc. marks."

Henry Beaufort was the second son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, by Katherine Swinford, a bastard born, but with his brothers and sister, legitimated by act of Parliament, 20 Rich. II., became Bishop of Lincoln 1397--translated to Winchester, 1404, and made a Cardinal. He was remarkable, for his immense wealth, prudence, and frugality. He was four times Chancellor of England. He is reported to have clung to life with a remarkable tenacity. Rapin says, he died for grief, that wealth could not save him from death. The death bed of this Cardinal is admirably described by Shakspeare, in the second part of King Henry VI., Act III., Scene III.:

_K. Henry._ How fares my lord? Speak Beaufort to thy Sovereign.

_Cardinal._ If thou be'st Death, I'll give thee England's treasure,
Enough to purchase such another island,
So thou wilt let me live, and feel no pain.

* * * * *

_Warwick._ See how the pangs of death do make him grin.

_Salisbury._ Disturb him not, let him pass peaceably.

_K. Henry._ Peace to his soul, if God's good pleasure be!
Lord Cardinal, if think'st on Heaven's bliss,
Hold up thy hand, make signal of thy hope.
He dies, and makes no sign; Oh God forgive him!

_Warwick._ So bad a death argues a monstrous life.

_K. Henry._ Forbear to judge, for we are sinners all--
Close up his eyes, and draw the curtains close.

The Cardinal's will, though without date, was made about 1443.--"I will that ten thousand masses be said for my soul, as soon as possible after my decease, three thousand of requiem, three thousand of _de rorate coeli desuper_, three thousand of the Holy Ghost, and one thousand of the Trinity. * * * * Item, I bequeath to my Lord, King Henry, a tablet with reliques, which is called the tablet of Bourbon, and a cup of gold with a ewer, which belonged to the illustrious prince, his father, and offered by him on Easter Eve, and out of which cup he usually drunk, and for the last time drank. * * * * Item, I bequeath to my Lord the King, my dish or plate of gold for spices, and my cup of gold, enamelled with images."

In two codicils to this will, Cardinal Beaufort refers to certain crown jewels, and vessels of silver and gold, pledged to him by the King and Parliament, for certain sums lent. When the King went into France and Normandy, and upon other subsequent occasions, the Cardinal had loaned the King L22,306 18_s._ 8_d._ It appears in Rymer, vol. x. page 502, that the King redeemed the sword of Spain and sundry jewels, pledged to the Cardinal, for L493 6_s._ 8_d._

John, Duke of Exeter, 1447--"I will that four honest and cunning priests be provided, to pray perpetually every year, for my soul." He then conveys certain manors to his son Henry, "provided always, that an annuity of XL_l._ be reserved for my two bastard sons, William and Thomas."

William Burges, garter King of Arms, 1449, bequeaths to the church of St. George at Staunford--"to the seyd chirch for ther solempne feste dayes to stand upon the high awter 11 grete basque of silver, and 11 high candlesticks of sylver, 1 coupe of sylver, in the whych is one litel box of yvory, to put in the blessid sacrament." He also gives to said church "two greter candelstykkes, and for eiche of these candelstykkes to be ordayned a taper of waxe of 1 pound wight, and so served, to be lighted atte dyvyne servyce at pryncipal fest dayes, and al other solempne festes, as, at matyns, pryme, masse, and the yeven songs."

John, Lord Scrope, 1451--"To the altar, in the chapel of St. Mary, at York, a jewel, with a bone of St. Margaret, and XL_s._ for ringing their bells, at my funeral."

Ann, Duchess of Exeter, 1457--"I forbid my executors to make any great feast, or to have a solemn hearse, or any costly lights, or largess of liveries according to the glory or vain pomp of the world, at my funeral, but only to the worship of God, after the discretion of Mr. John Pynchebeke, Doctor of Divinity."

Edmund Brudenell, 1457--"To Agmondesham Church; to the Provosts of the Church for the maintenance of the great light before the cross XX_s._ To the maintenance of the light before St. Katherine's Cross, III_s._ IV_d._"

John Younge, 1458--"To the fabrick of the Church of Herne, viz., to make seats, called puyinge, X. marks."

John Sprot, Clerk, 1461--"To each of my parishioners XL_d._"

The passion for books, merely because of their antique rarity, and not for their intrinsic value, is not less dangerous, for the pursuer, than that, for collecting rare animals, and forming a private menagerie, at vast expense. Even the entomologist has been known to diminish the comforts of his family, by investing his ready money in rare and valuable bugs. It has been pleasantly said of him,

"He leaves his children, when he dies,
The richest cabinet of flies."

There is no doubt, that, in those superstitious days, the traffic in relics must have been a source of very great profit to the priests; equal, at least, to the traffic in _ancient terra cottas_, in the days of Nollekens. The sleeves of those crafty friars could not have been large enough, to hold their laughter, at the expense of the faithful. The heir apparent, whose grief, for the death of his ancestor, was sufficiently subdued, by his refreshing anticipations of some thousands of marks in ready money, must have been somewhat startled, upon the reading of the will, to find himself residuary legatee, _for life_, of the testator's "reliques, remainder over to the Carthusian Friars!"

Such, and similar, things were of actual occurrence. William Haute, Esquire, made his will, May 9, 1462, of course, in the reign of Edward the Fourth. This worthy gentleman ordains--"My body to be buried, in the Church of the Augustine Friars, before the image of St. Catherine, between my wives. * * * * I bequeath one piece of that stone, on which the Archangel Gabriel descended, when he saluted the Blessed Virgin Mary, to the image of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Church of Bourne, the same to stand under the foot of the said image. I bequeath one piece of the bone of St. Bartholomew to the Church of Waltham. One piece of the hair cloth of St. Catherine, the Virgin, and a piece of the bone of St. Nicholas, to the Church of the Augustine Friars aforesaid. I bequeath all the remainder of my relicks to my son William, _for life_, with remainder to the Augustine Friars forever."

Humphrey, Earl of Devon, 1463--"I will, that Mr. Nicholas Goss and Mr. Watts, Warden of the Grey Friars, at Exeter, shall, for the salvation of my soul, go to every Parish Church, in the Counties of Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, Devon, and Cornwall, and say a sermon, in every Church, town, or other; and as I cannot recompense such as I have offended, I desire them to forgive my poor soul, that it be not endangered."

William, Earl of Pembroke, 1469--"In nomine Jesu, &c. And wyfe, that ye remember your promise to me, that ye take the ordre of widowhood, as ye may the better mayster your owne * * * * Wyfe pray for me, and take the said ordre, that ye promised me, as ye had, in my lyfe, my hert and love." This lady, who was the daughter of Sir Walter Devereux, observed her vow, and died the widow of the Earl; which is the more remarkable, as these injunctions have often produced an opposite effect, and abbreviated the term of continency.

Sir Harry Stafford, Kt., 1471--"To my son-in-law, the Earl of Richmond, a trappur, four new horse harness of velvet; to my brother, John, Earl of Wiltshire, my bay courser; to Reynold Bray, my Receiver General, my grizzled horse."

Cecilia Lady Kirriel, 1472--"In my pure widowhood, &c. To John Kirriel, bastard, &c."

It is not unusual for the consciences of men, in a dying hour, to clutch, for security, at the veriest straws. It is instructive to consider the evidences, exhibited in these ancient testaments, of superfluous compunction. Sir Walter Moyle, Knt., 1479, directs his feoffees "to make an estate, in two acres of land, more or less, lying in the parish of Estwell, in a field called Calinglond, and deliver the same, in fee simple, to three or four honest men, to the use and behoof of the Church of Estwell aforesaid, in recompense of a certain annual rent of L2 of wax, by me wrested and detained from the said Church, against my conscience."

It was not unusual, to appoint overseers, to have an eye upon executors; a provision, which may not be without its advantages, occasionally, even in these days of more perfect morality, and higher law. Sir Ralph Verney, Knt., 1478, appoints four executors, and "my trewe lover, John Browne, Alderman of London, to be one of the _overseers_ of this my present testament, and to have a remembrance upon my soul, one of my cups, covered with silver gilt."

Monks and Friars were pleasant fellows in the olden time, and Nuns are not supposed to have been without their holy comforts. Landseer's fine picture of Bolton Abbey is a faithful illustration. The fat of the land, when offered to idols, has commonly been eaten up by deputy. However shadowy and attenuated the souls of their humble and confiding tributaries, the carcasses of abbots are commonly represented as superlatively fat and rubicund.

Bequests and devises to Lights and Altars were very common. Eustace Greville, Esquire, 1479, bequeaths "to the Light of the Blessed Mary, in the said Church of Wolton, three pounds of wax in candles and two torches; to the Altar of the Blessed Mary in the said church, one bushel of wheat and as much of barley; and to the Lights of the Holy Cross there one bushel of barley and as much of beans; and the same to the Light of St. Katherine there."

FINIS.

DUST TO DUST.

In utter disregard of all precedent, I have placed this dedication at the end of the volume, deeming it meet and right, that the corpse should go before.

How very often the publication of a ponderous tome has been found to resemble the interment of a portly corpse! How truly, ere long, it may be equally affirmed, of both--the places, that knew them, shall know them no more!

Maecenas was the friend and privy counsellor of Augustus Caesar; and, accordingly, became, in some measure, the dispenser of executive patronage. The name of Maecenas has been employed, ever since, to signify a patron of letters and the arts. Dedications are said to have been coeval with the days of his power.

In almost every case, a dedication is neither more nor less, than an application for convoy, from the literary mariner, who is scarcely willing to venture, with his fragile bark, "_in mare Creticum_" or _criticum_, unaided and alone. He solicits permission to dedicate his work to some distinguished individual--in other words, to place his influential name, upon the very front of the volume, as an amulet--a sort of passover--to keep evil spirits and critics, at a distance. If the permission be granted, of which the public is sure to be informed, the presumption, that the patron has read and approved the work, amounts to a sanction, of course, to the extent of his credit and authority. In some cases, however, I have reason to believe, that the only part of the work, which the patron ever reads, is the dedication itself. That most amiable and excellent man, and high-minded bibliopolist, the late Mr. JAMES BROWN, informed me, that an author once requested permission, to dedicate his work, to a certain professor, in the State of New York, tendering the manuscript, for his perusal; and that the professor declined reading the work, as superfluous; but readily accepted the dedication, observing, that he usually received five dollars, on such occasions.

There was one, to whom it would afford me real pleasure to dedicate this volume, were he here, in the flesh; but he has gone to his account. GROSSMAN is numbered with the dead!

READER--if you can lay your hand upon your heart, and honestly say, that you have read these pages, or any considerable portion of them, with pleasure--that they have afforded you instruction, or amusement--I dedicate this volume--with your permission, of course--most respectfully, to you; having conceived the most exalted opinion of your taste and judgment.

L. M. SARGENT,
ROCK HILL, DECEMBER, 1855.

GENERAL INDEX.

The figures refer to the numbers--not to the pages.

A.

ABNER, cautioned by his father, as to his behavior to aged people, 1.

ADAMS, John, anecdote of, 45:
--lines written under his name, in a lady's album, 46.

AIRS, national, authorship of, 106.

ALMSGIVING, 56.

AMBASSADORS, from U. S. A. to G. B. 73.

ANCESTRY, pride of, 97.

ANTIQUARIES, sometimes malicious, 126.

APOTHECARIES, in Boston--some notice of, 112.

ARISTOCRACY, of Boston--examples of, 90:
--among the dead, 1.

ARMS, reversed, at military funerals, of great antiquity, 30.

ARNOLD, Benedict, what made him a traitor, 87.

ARUNDINES CAMI, 92.

ASCLEPIADES, of Prusa, his medical practice, 114.

ASTROLOGERS, Judicial, formerly part of a nobleman's household, 157.
--False prediction of, in 1186. Ibid.
--Consulted by Louis XIV. and Madame de Maintenon, 159.

ASTROLOGY, Judicial, Q. Elizabeth addicted to.--Much practised, in the
middle ages, 157, 159.

AVARICE, 31.

AVERY, steals three negroes:--attempts to sell them:--their rescue, 47.

AYMAR, James, a famous impostor, 113.

AUCTIONS, various modes of:--by inch of candle:--by sand glass:--of fish
among the Dutch:--various modes of notifying, and bidding at, 139.

AUCTIONEER'S BELL, used at the Hague:--formerly in Boston, 139.

B.

BABYLONIANS, their mode of obtaining husbands, for homely women, 115.

BACHELORS punished by the Lacedemonians for their celibacy:--not trusted
with affairs of state at Athens, 115.

BARBERS, 140, 141, 142, 143:
--their antiquity, 140:
--formerly peripatetics, 141:
--their shops and poles, 141:
--female, 141:
--their citternes and "knack with the fingers," 142.

BAPTISM, vicarious, 109.

BATHS, ancient, 114.

BATTEL, wager of, 145.

BEARDS, habits of the ancients, respecting, 140:
--modern, 142:
--dyeing them an ancient practice, 142.

BELKNAP, Jeremy, Rev. 47:
--his desire for a sudden death, 75:
--regard for historical truth, 75:
--error, as to Gosnold, 75.

BELLS, and bell ringing:--weight of several:--a terror to "evill
spirytes," 37.

BENEVOLENCE, remarkable example of, 55.

BENTHAM, Jeremy, dissected by his own request, 8.

"BLEED AND PURGE all Kensington," 111.

BODIES, posthumous preservation of, 20.

BODKIN, the famous root and herb doctor, 109.

BOILING TO DEATH, a mode of punishment, 151.

BOODLE, William, his self-conceit, 49.

BOORN, Stephen and Jesse, remarkable case of erroneous conviction, on
circumstantial evidence, 79 to 85, both inclusive.

BORRI, Joseph Francis, a famous impostor, 113.

BRADFORD, Sheriff, anecdote of, 5.

BROCKLEBANK, Parson, anecdote of, 49.

BURIAL, joint stock companies, 58:
--their profits enormous, 58:
--of weapons, by the slaves, at Charleston, 34.

"BRING OUT YOUR DEAD," 27.

BUCHANAN, James, his errors, in relation to Major Andre, corrected, 19.

BURKE AND BISHOP, executed, for murder, with intent to sell the bodies,
7.

BURYING THE DEAD, manner of, commended, 21:
--in cities and under churches, objections to, 10, 11, 60, 61:
--manner of, and practices, connected therewith, in different ages and
nations, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 21, 30, 38, 96, 101:
--premature, 15, 91, 95:
--means for preventing, 91, 95.

BULL JOHN, and brother Jonathan, 104:
--John, the musician, author of "God save the King," 106.

BYLES, Mather, anecdotes of, 93, 94.

C.

CADES, sexton, how he lost his office, 44.

CALIFORNIA fever, 31.

CAMPBELL, hung for killing Boyd in a duel, 145.

CAMPBELL, Captain, steals an heiress, 115.

CANDLES, burnt in the day, at a church, in Nantucket, 24:
--of wax, at Popish funerals, in old times, 2.
--by inch of, ancient mode of selling at auction, 139.

CANER, Rev. Dr., some notice of, 78.

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT, 50, 51, 53, 54, 57, 89.

CAPITAL OFFENCES, in Massachusetts, in 1618, 62.

CARTER, sexton, insulted by a chirurgeon, 43.

CATACOMBS, 10:
--of Paris, 12, 13.

CATAFALQUE, its import, 103.

CHADWICK, Edwin, his report on interments, to the British Parliament, 58.

CHAPEL, King's, some account of, 78.

CHARLES I. funeral of, 39:
--his body discovered, in 1813, 40:
--V. legend of his mock funeral, denied, 99.

CHILDREN, female, destruction of, in China, and elsewhere, 29.

CHINESE, habits of the, 101.

CHUANG-TSZE, story of, 119, 120.

CLARENDON, in error, as to the burial place of King Charles I. 40.

CLARKE, Barnabas, anecdote of, 90.

CLARK, Alvan, his versatility of talent, 46.

CLAY, Henry, his frequent leavetakings, 99.

COBBETT, William, his letter to Lord Liverpool, on the American
triumphs, 104.

CONGRESS, American, Lord Chatham's opinion of, 104.

COURAGE, personal, externals no sure criterion of--two remarkable
examples, 149.

CONSCIENCE PARTIES, 29.

CORDAY, CHARLOTTE de, an interesting question, connected with her
decapitation, 153.

CREMATION, cost of--least expensive mode, excepting the urns, 74:
--of Henry Laurens, 95:
--of Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley:--their diet in prison, 74.

CRIMINALS, how to dispose of, 89:
--bodies of, delivered for dissection, 7:
--number waiting to be hung, 51.

CROMWELL, Oliver, various estimates of his character:--views and handles
the dead body of Charles I.:--his funeral:--his body dug up, and hung,
at Tyburn, 39.

CRUCIFIXION, 151.

D.

DADDY OSGOOD, sold at auction, 139.

DANFORTH, Dr. Samuel, notice of, 111.

DEACONS, their dispute about a tomb, 11.

DEAD SEA, some account of, 35, 36.

DEATH, certain evidence of, 91:
--condition of the soul, after, 96:
--imitation of, 137:
--by shipwreck, 102.

DENTISTS, in Boston, some notice of, 112.

DESECRATION, of the dead, 14, 21, 23.

DICKSON, provost of Dundee, his epitaph, 9.

DIEDRICK VAN PRONK'S widow, anecdote of, 7.

DIGBY, Everard, account of his having spoken, after the removal of his
heart, 153.

DINAH FURBUSH, her corpse insulted, 77.

DIOGENES, anecdote of, 4.

DISTILLERS, in Boston, number of, 112.

DIVINATION, some account of, 157, 158.

DIVINING ROD, of James Aymar, 113.

"DON'T GO too near that hedge," 91.

DREAMS, of Martin Smith and King's Chapel, by the Old Sexton, 76, 77, 78.

DRUNKENNESS, at ordinations, 37.

DRYDEN, John, disturbance at his funeral, 118.

DUELS, between Benjamin Woodbridge and Henry Phillips, on Boston Common,
133 to 136, both inclusive:
--various, 144 to 149, both inclusive:
--punishment of, 145:
--number killed in, 145:
--Decatur and Barron, 146:
--Lord Bruce and Sir Edward Sackville, 147:
--Lords Mohun and Hamilton, 147:
--Sheridan and Matthews, 147:
--M'keon and Reynolds, 147:
--Campbell and Boyd, 147:
--Colclough and Alcock, 147:
--David and Goliath, 147:
--Titus Manlius and the Gaul, 148:
--Hector and Ajax, 148:
--Turnus and AEneas, 148:
--Rauber and a Spanish gentleman, 148:
--Cameron, and McLean, 148:
--Lord Mark Kerr and a French Colonel, 149:
--Joseph Bainbridge and the Secretary of Sir Alexander Ball, 149:
--Rand and Millar, 153.

DUGDALE, Sir William, the antiquary, 155.

DYONISIUS, to save his throat, taught his daughters to shave, 140.

E.

EFFIGIES of the dead, made of cinnamon, and carried in the procession,
30.

EGYPTIANS, trials of their kings, after death, 5:
--every Egyptian a doctor, 107.

ELI, the sexton, his hallucinations, 55.

ELIOT, Rev. Andrew, gloves and rings, given him at funerals, and the
sale of, 28.

EMBALMING, process of, 4.

EMPIRICS, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114.

EPITAPHS, 5, 9.

ESTIMATE OF AMERICANS by the English people, in 1775 and 1812, 104.

EVIDENCE, circumstantial, remarkable examples of, 79 to 85, both
inclusive:
--Webster's case, 86.

EXECUTION, in Ballyconnel, 54.

F.

FAKEER, East India, account of his apparent death, and resurrection,
137, 138.

FAMINE, Keayne's granary in case of, 112.

FANEUIL HALL, origin of:--burnt:--rebuilt and enlarged, 130, 131.

FANEUIL PETER, and his relatives, some account of, 122 to 132, both
inclusive:
--aids Henry Phillips, to escape, after his fatal duel, with
Woodbridge, 134.

FOOD for ghosts, 25.

FORTUNE-HUNTERS, remarkable disappointment of one, 115, 116.

FRANKLIN, Benjamin, his account of the resurrection of flies, drowned in
wine, 138:
--his letter to Thomas Percival, on duelling, 144:
--Sir John, probably lost, 154.

FREEMAN, Dr., manner of his ordination, 78.

FRIENDSHIPS, rarely lifelong:--examples of, 59:
--Cicero's first law of, 59.

FRIZZELL'S BELL, 37.

FUNERALS, invitations to, 8:
--baked meats at:--games, and festivals at, 25.

G.

GIFTS, New Year's, 117.

GLOVES and rings, at funerals, 28.

GOSNOLD, Bartholomew, his abode, at Cuttyhunk, 75.

GOVERNOR of Mass., anecdote of a, 52.

GRANNY, anecdote of skinning, 58.

GROSSMAN threatened to be shot, 13.

GUILLOTIN, Dr. 151:
--the instrument that bears his name, 151, 152.

H.

HAIR, management of the, 143.

HALLEY, Thomas, great pomp, and much guzzling, at his funeral, 25.

HALIFAX GIBBET and the guillotine identical, 151.

HANDEL, rivalry, between him, and Senesino, and Buononeini, 105:
--Swift's epigram, on their squabbles, 105.

HANGING, sensations produced by, 95:
--vicarious, 150:
--persons differently moved, in prospect of, 150.

HANWAY, Sir Jonas, his account of the practice of giving vales, 28.

HAPPINESS, 48.

HASTAE, why auctions were so called, at Rome, 139.

HAWES, Dr. William, his work on premature interment, 95.

HEIRESS, stealing an, made felony:--remarkable examples of, 115.

HENRY VIII. bone stolen from his corpse, 39:
--some account of his funeral, 103.

HERSE, ancient import of the word, 103.

HOOK, Theodore, anecdote of, 24.

"HOW could the poor Abbe sustain himself against you all four?" 113.

HOWLERS, at funerals, ancient and modern, 32, 38.

HUGUENOTS, in Boston:--their early settlement, in Oxford, Mass. 122:
--their church in Boston, 122, 123.

I.

IDLENESS, effects of, 22.

INFANTICIDE, 29.

INNHOLDERS, in Boston, number of, 112.

INTOLERANCE, in Massachusetts, 62.

J.

JAMES II., his gallantry, when Duke of York, in a sea-fight, 66.

JEWS usurious, 15,000 banished, 52.

JE vous sauter le tete, 151.

L.

LACERATION, of the cheeks and hair, at funerals, in Greece, Rome, and
elsewhere, 30, 32, 38.

LARGESSES at funerals, 25.

LAURENS, Henry, his body burnt, after death, by his request, 95.

LAWYERS, in Boston, their number at different periods, 112.

LE MERCIER, Andre, minister of the Huguenots, in Boston, 132.

LEVI, M. de, his pride of ancestry, 97.

LIBERTY TREE, 41, 42.
Philip Billes devises his estate, on condition of being buried under
that tree, 42.

LICINIUS, P., games, &c., at his funeral, 25.

LILLY, Sir William, the astrologer, notice of, 157.

LIND, Jenny, some account of, 105.

LLOYD, Dr. James, his appearance, 111.

LOCALITIES, certain interesting, 7.

LONGEVITY, some examples of, 45.

LOT'S WIFE, pillar of salt, &c., 35, 36:
--seen by Irenaeuis and others, after she was salted, 36.

LOUIS XVI., brutal behaviour of the French people, at his execution, 152.

LOVAT, Lord, his repartee, on his way to be hung, 150.

LUDII, HISTRIONES, SCURRAE, 30.

LUXURY, ever injurious, and often fatal, to Republics, 87, 88.

LYMAN, Theodore, notice of him, and his public and private charities, 56.

M.

MARCUS FLAVIUS, anecdote of, 25.

MARRIAGES, taxed:--first celebration of, in churches:--forbidden during
Lent, 115.

MARINER bound for Africa, reaches Norway, 48.

MARSHALL, Tommy, anecdote of, 90.

MARTYRS, cremation of:--cost of burning Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley, 24.

MASHEE, Tooley, plays corpse, 137.

MCPHEE, widow Nelly, anecdote of, 7.

MEDICINE, origin of the practice of, 107:
--practice of, among the Babylonians, Greeks, Egyptians, Israelites,
and Hindoos, 108.

MEDIUMS, some notice of, 157.

MEXICAN BEGGARS, how employed by Montezuma, 142.

MILTON, John, his marriages, 98:
--writes in favor of polygamy, 98:
--desecration of his remains, 118.

MINGLING the ashes of dear friends, in the same urn, practice of, 21.

MINISTERS of the Gospel, in Boston, in 1740, 132.

MIRTHFULNESS, its advantages, 92.

MONEY, George Herbert's address to, 31.

MONTGOMERY, Gen. Richard, his exhumation, and reinterment, 18.

MONUMENTS, Dryden's, Ben Jonson's, and Cowley's, mutilation of, 118.

MOONCURSERS, laws for their punishment:--anecdote of, 102.

MOORHEAD, Rev. John, some notice of, 99.

MOSES, an apothecary, 107.

MOURNERS, their peculiar consolations, 32:
--for the year 1848, 33.

MOURNING, time allowed for:--color of the vesture, in different
countries, 32.
Irish, consists in the number of coaches and the quantity of whiskey,
74.

MULE, a bad one, 30.

N.

NAPOLEON'S last words, 31.

NEW YEAR'S DAY, when, 117, 123.

NEW NORTH CHURCH, uproar there, 37.

NORTH CHURCH, peal of bells there, 37.

NUISANCE, affecting the air, not necessary to prove it noxious, 60.

O.

OBSEQUIES, provisions for, by persons, while living, 7.

OTIS, James, anecdote of, 90.

P.

PARKMAN, Dr. George, his murder:--his peculiarities, 72.

PENN, William, reply to Macaulay's abuse of:--memoir of, 62 to 71, both
inclusive:
--death bed of his son, 71.

PERCIVAL, Thomas, his work, on duelling, 144.

PERE LA CHAISE, 11.

PESTILENCE, numbers destroyed by, 27.

PHILADELPHIANS, saved from being Welchmen, 68.

PHYSICIANS, various schools of, named by Pliny, 110, 114:
--number of the old Boston doctors, and their residences, 112.

PIPERS, at funerals, 8.

PIRATES, hung on Boston Common, 50.

PITCAIRN, Major, the honor of killing him, claimed by many:--the
remains, under Westminster Abbey, said to have been erroneously
selected, from under the North Church, 17.

PLAGUE, some account of the, 27.

PLINY, in favor of herb doctoring, 114.

PLANTER, funeral of an old, in St. Croix, 30.

POLHAMUS, the good Samaritan, 83.

POMPADOUR, Madame de, her remains transferred to the Catacombs, 13.

PONTRACI, the prince of undertakers, 12.

PORTLAND VASE, history of the, 20.

PRIDE AND POVERTY, excess of, dangerous, 87.

PUNISHMENT, various kinds of, 151.

PUNSTERS habitual, nuisances, 94.

PWAN YAKOO, and other Chinese, their visit to Boston:--description of
her golden lilies, 102.

Q.

QUACKS of great use to sextons, 27.

QUAKERS, persecution of, in Massachusetts, 62, 63.

R.

RAND, Dr. Isaac, brief notice of, 111.

RAZORS, their antiquity:--mentioned by Homer, Samuel, Ezekiel:--how
sharpened:--of brass, 140:
--the best formerly from Palermo, 142.

RECHERCHES, Historiques et Physiologiques sur la Guilotine, 152.

RELICS, traffic and jugglery in, by the priests, 17.

REPUBLICS, extravagance fatal to, 87, 88.

REVENGE Church of Christ, 37.

REVIVAL, amusing example of, on the way to the grave, 91:
--of a child of Henry Laurens, which caused him to order his own
corpse to be burnt, 95.

ROCHEFOUCAULT, maxim erroneously ascribed to, 59.

ROMAN CATHOLICS, persecution of, in Massachusetts, 29.

ROSS, Sir John, his residence, in the Arctic regions:--discovery of him
and his company, 154.

ROTHSCHILD, Nathan Meyer, his funeral solemnities, 3.

RUM, mainspring of the slave trade in Massachusetts, 47.

RUSH, Dr. Benjamin, alluded to:--anecdote of, 111.

S.

"SACRED TO THE MEMORY"! 77.

SANTA CRUZ, gross extortion there, from surviving friends, 16.

SANSONS, the hereditary executioners of Paris, 151, 152.

SAYINGS, of eminent men, in articulo, or just before death, 100.

SCOTCH WEAVER'S VANITY, 39.

SELWYN, George, seldom absent from an execution, 50.

SENECA, quotation from, 48.

SEXTONS, their office, its origin, and duties, of old:--their extortion,
occasionally, in the hour of affliction, 16
--their business much benefited by steam, 2.

SCIENCE, some curious mistakes of, 154.

SHAYS, his insurrection, 29.

SHAVING, suggestions concerning, 140.

SHELLEY, the poet, cremation of, 20.

SHIPWRECKS, their number, 102.

SLAVERY, 34:
--in Boston, 43, 47:
--early attempts to abolish, in Massachusetts, 44:
--how and when abolished there, 47:
--Slave trade, in Boston, 47.

SLAVES, example of their ingenuity, 34.

SMITH, Martin, sexton of King's Chapel, his apparition to the sexton of
the old school, 76, 77, 78.

SOLDIERS, their sufferings, as statesmen, 100.

SONS OF LIBERTY, some account of the, 41.

SOUTHERN STATES, liberality to Boston, in 1774, 44.

SPARTANS, their mode of selecting wives, 115.

SPIDER and chambermaid, 29.

SPIRITUAL KNOCKINGS, sometimes resulting in madness, and self-murder,
157, 158:
--remedy for, 158.

STAMP ACT, resolutions in Faneuil Hall, 58.

STEAM, of great benefit to sextons, 27.

STERNHOLD AND HOPKINS, their version of the Psalms gave place to that of
Tate and Brady:--motive of Sternhold little suspected, 100.

STONECUTTER, anecdote of a, 6.

STYLE, old and new, some account of, 117.

SUCCESSION, Apostolic, 78.

SUMNER, Governor, funeral of, 39.

SUMPTUARY LAWS, some account of, 88.

SURGEONS, the earliest:--limited nature of their functions, 107:
--among the Israelites, 108.

SUTTEES, description of, 74.

SWANS, their musical power fabulous, 105.

SWEATING SICKNESS, some account of, 27.

SWEDENBORG, his notions of Heaven:--of the soul, 96.

T.

TALLOW CHANDLER, retired from business, anecdote of, 22.

TASMAN'S BOWL, used for conjuration, in Tongataboo, 38.

TEA, thrown overboard, 44.

TEARS, power of shedding at will, 32.

TEMPERANCE "has done for funerals," 2.

TETOTUM DOCTOR, 111.

THATCHER, Rev. Peter, installation of, 37.

THREE CHEERS for the elephant, 39.

TOMBS, reasons for preferring graves:--outrage upon five, in Salem,
Massachusetts, 13, 14.

"TOO HEARTILY of nutmegs," 103.

TORIES, their faith in the royal cause, 125.

TREASURES, buried with the dead, 21.

TURENNE, singular fate of his remains, 23.

U.

URNS, funeral, forms, and materials of, 20:
--occasionally large enough to contain the mingled ashes of whole
families, 21.

USURY, some remarks on, 48, 52.

V.

VALES, practice of giving, 27.

VANITY, illustration of, 49.

VIANDS, deposited near the dead, 25.

VISCERATION among the ancients, 25.

VOLTAIRE, his description of a Frenchman, 152.

W.

WADE, Sir Claude M. his account of the East India Fakeer, who was
restored, after a suspension of consciousness, for six weeks, 137,
138.

WAGER OF BATTEL, the law of England, so late, as 1819, 145.

WAKES, their origin:--some account of, 91.

WARREN, Gen. Joseph, manner of discovering his remains:--the bullet, by
which he was killed, in possession of the Montague family, 17.

WASHINGTON, George, illustration of the reverence for his memory, in New
England:--opinion of, by Lords Erskine and Brougham:--national
neglect of his monument:--sale of some of his effects, 26.

WATERHOUSE, Dr. Benjamin, anecdote of, 111.

"WEEL THEN sing as mony as there be," 99.

WEBSTER, Dr. John White, his trial for the murder of Dr. Parkman, 72:
--his case stated, at the close of, 89.

WEEVER'S funeral monuments, 24.

"WHAT that boy says is true," 113.

WIDOWS, Numa severe upon:--marrying within ten months accounted
infamous, 32:
--unjustly censured, 98:
--"with the great fan," 119.

WIGS, scratches, bobs, and full bottomed:--their antiquity, 142, 143:
--periwigs in N. England, 142:
--Roman, 143.

WILLS, ANCIENT, 155, 156, 160:
--superstitious dread of making, 155:
--Andrew Faneuil's, 127.

WITCHES, their right to travel through the air, decided by Lord
Mansfield, 29.

WOODBRIDGE, Benjamin, killed in a duel on Boston Common, 133 to 137:
both inclusive.

WRAXALL'S MEMOIRS, inaccurate, 149.

Z.

ZISCA, John, anecdote of, 7.

INDEX TO PROPER NAMES.

The figures refer to the pages--not to the numbers.

A.

Abbeville, 635.

Abbott, 112, 204.

Abel, 429.

Aberdeen, 364.

Abner, 9, 13, 108, 172, 173, 197, 289.

Absalom, 591.

Achilles, 12, 17, 67, 107.

Adam, 70, 429, 605.

Adams, 596.

Adams, John, 142, 156, 157, 160, 275, 276, 394.

Adams, John Q., 156, 394.

Adams, Samuel, 142.

Addison, 35, 38, 454, 606.

Admetus, 12.

Adrian, 584.

AEneas, 382.

AEsculapius, 433, 436, 445, 667.

Affslager, 587.

Africa, 33, 168, 435, 622, 662.

Africans, 632.

Africanus, 583.

Agamemnon, 17, 430.

Agathias, 16.

Agrigentum, 373.

Agmondesham, 676.

Agrippa, 261.

Agrippa, Cornelius, 445.

Ahaziah, 431.

Alaricus, 65.

Albany, 38, 415.

Alcock, 614.

Aldgate, 652.

Aldgrave, 634.

Aleet Mong, 398.

Alexander, 373.

Allen, 353, 495, 502, 503, 601, 610.

Allwick, 69.

Almotanah, 123.

Almshouse, 24.

Alvanley, 606.

America, 265, 416.

Ames, 91, 630, 631.

Ammianus, 64.

Amphytrion, 217, 581.

Amoon, 398.

Amory, 94.

Amsterdam, 456, 622.

Anderson, 309.

Andover, 561.

Andre, 57 to 62, passim.

Andrews, 24, 159.

Andros, 298.

Anecy, 56.

Angouleme, 124.

Anio, 617.

Annan, 286.

Anne Boleyn, 477.

Annelly, 423.

Anne of Cleves, 78, 81, 410.

Anne, Queen, 186, 248, 262, 365, 406.

Antijacobin, 612.

Antoninus, 67.

Antony, 579.

Antwerp, 618.

Appleton, 450, 506, 538, 630.

Apthorp, 297.

Arabian Nights, 269.

Arabs, 119, 123.

Aratus, 12.

Archelaus, 102, 591.

Archimimus, 98.

Arcueil, 39, 42.

Argiletum, 587.

Aristotle, 186, 217, 218.

Arkwright, 420.

Arnaud, 419.

Arnold, 62, 228, 338, 339, 340.

Arundel, 157.

Asa, 430, 434.

Aselepiades, 358, 373, 443, 460, 461.

Ashford, 604.

Ashmole Museum, 613.

Asiatic Researches, 435.

Athenae Oxonienses, 133, 135, 136, 232, 248, 250, 425, 640, 642.

Athens, 11, 88, 343, 373, 420, 442.

Atherton, 30, 167.

Atossa, 465.

Atticus, 51, 474.

Attleborough, 31.

Auchterpool, 603.

Augustines, 652, 654, 677.

Augustus, 99, 583.

Auld Reekie, 334.

Aulus Gellius, 218.

Austin, 449.

Austria, 321.

Austrians, 539.

Auxerre, 220.

Avery, 166, 167.

Aviola, 49, 373.

Avis, 92.

Aymar, 438, 454, 455.

Azotus, 33.

B.

Bacon, Roger, 360, 361, 362.

Bacon, Lord, 185, 188, 375, 376, 445, 641, 642.

Babylon, 406, 422, 432, 433.

Babylonians, 664.

Baiae, 320.

Bahar Loth, 123.

Bailey, 246.

Bainbridge, 610, 624.

Balch, 269, 353.

Baldwin, 57, 181, 303, 311.

Ball, 624.

Ballyconnel, 194.

Ballymahon, 195.

Ballyshannon, 355.

Balmarino, 629.

Bancroft, 277.

Banians, 377.

Banks, 298, 424.

Barataria, 123, 265.

Barbaroux, 426.

Barbary, 88.

Barbut, 29.

Barcephas, 120.

Barclay, 252.

Barker, 642.

Barlow, 288, 361.

Barnes, 451.

Barnard, 24.

Barra Durree, 570.

Barre, 140, 145, 416.

Barrington, 606.

Barron, 608, 609.

Barrow, 398, 400, 402, 403.

Barrow's Strait, 645.

Barton, 561, 562, 563.

Bartholomew, 633.

Bartholomew's Eve, 93.

Bassorah, 88.

Bastile, 84.

Bate, 601.

Battenkill, 303.

Baulny, 639.

Baulston, 228.

Baxter, 252.

Bayard, 393.

Bayeaux, 519.

Bayle, 56, 358, 380, 388, 391, 455, 672, 673.

Bayley, 597.

Baynton, 516, 519.

Bay State, 163.

Beattie, 360.

Beauchamp, 529, 651, 655.

Beaufort, 607, 674, 675.

Beccaria, 207.

Beckford, 145.

Bedouin, 119.

Beecher, 372.

Belcher, 298.

Belfast, 389.

Belknap, 163 to 167, and 283 to 286, passim: 368.

Bellamont, 605.

Bellingham, 228, 229, 230.

Belochus, 465.

Belzoni, 33.

Bengal, 281.

Benin, 33.

Bennington, 415.

Bentham, 27, 52, 176, 605.

Benton, 159.

Bergen-op-Zoom, 549, 613.

Berlin, 89.

Bernon, 496, 508.

Berthier, 109.

Bertrand, 639.

Bethune, 495, 506, 508, 514, 567.

Beuoron, 607.

Bias, 217, 218.

Bichat, 357.

Bildad, 217.

Billes, 147.

Biographia Brittanica, 363.

Bishop, 27, 227.

Blackburn, 508, 523.

Black Prince, 649.

Blackstone, 301.

Blackwood's Mag., 243.

Blaisdell, 182, 183.

Blanche, 608.

Blin, 562.

Blitheman, 426.

Blitz, 665.

Blundell, 606.

Boccacio, 218, 422.

Bodkin, 189, 190, 192, 440, 441.

Bogle, 195.

Boies, 159.

Bolton Abbey, 678.

Bondet, 497.

Bonet, 49.

Bonner, 506, 550, 562.

Bonrepaux, 239, 240, 242.

Boodle, 171, 172, 173.

Boorn, 301 to 331, passim.

Borri, 456.

Borromeo, 220.

Bose, 643, 644.

Bosius, 437.

Bosphorus, 22.

Bosson, 597.

Bossuet, 671.

Boston, 66, 125, 151, 153, 165, 167, 179, 184, 191, 194, 210, 221, 223,
270, 351, 452, 497, 514, 536.

Boston Athen'm, 269, 324.

Boston Common, 549.

Boswell, 601, 602, 603, 606.

Bottom, 592, 624.

Boudinot, 496.

Bourbon, 393, 675.

Bourbon, Jeanne of, 74.

Bourdeaux, 210.

Boutineau, 496, 498, 510, 512, 514, 531, 566.

Bouttville, 607.

Bowdoin, 284, 496, 498, 508, 538.

Bowen, 557.

Bowers, 82.

Boyd, 606, 614.

Boyle, 243, 535, 597.

Brachmans, 377.

Brackett, 592.

Braddock, 394.

Bradford, 19, 301, 632.

Brady, 31, 55, 597.

Brague, 220.

Brand, 402, 589.

Brandreth, 86.

Brandywine, 415.

Branodunum, 65.

Bray, 81, 677.

Braybrooke, 577.

Breck, 270, 271.

Breckenridge, 605.

Breed, 597.

Briareus, 56, 91.

Briar's Creek, 415.

Briggs, 175.

Brighton, 508, 525, 527.

Bristol, 508.

British Critic, 622.

Britons, 585.

Brocklebank, 174.

Brockwell, 297.

Bromeholme, 656.

Bromfield, 269, 564.

Brooks, 352, 353, 553, 554, 609.

Brougham, 84, 347.

Brouillan, 529.

Brown, 580.

Browne, 42, 65, 67, 118, 122, 131, 180, 215, 227, 282, 419, 431, 478,
640, 660, 664, 677.

Bruce, 549, 551, 662.

Bruli, 651.

Buchanan, 58, 59, 61, 436.

Buckingham, 479.

Buckley, 532.

Buddikin, 108.

Buffon, 420.

Buissiere, 455.

Bulfinch, 450.

Bull, 414, 415, 426, 427.

Bullivant, 298.

Bulwer, 592.

Bungs, 463.

Bunker's Hill, 54, 55, 415.

Buononcini, 422.

Burdett, 606.

Bureau, 507, 530.

Burgoyne, 353, 617.

Burgundy, 614.

Burke, 27, 268, 613.

Burleigh, 76, 661.

Burnett, 33, 76, 233, 262, 551.

Burney, 427.

Burr, 332, 605.

Burritt, 177.

Burton, 26, 66.

Busching, 119.

Bute, 140, 146.

Butler, 56, 208, 361, 454, 622.

Byles, 143, also 363 to 372, passim: also 546.

C.

Cades, 152.

Caesar, Augustus, 29, 36, 99, 595, 679.

Caesar, Julius, 29, 474, 579, 585.

Caesars, the twelve, 67.

Caesar, the slave, 31.

Caffraria, 103.

Cain, 377, 429, 556, 615.

Cairo, 241.

Caius, 88, 585.

Calabria, 87.

Calais, 657.

Calhoun, 114.

Calcraft, 346.

California, 101.

Calinglond, 677.

Callender, 163.

Calmet, 119, 120, 187, 436, 582, 615.

Callowhill, 267.

Calvin, 548, 549.

Calypso, 420.

Cambridge, 630.

Camden, 145, 146, 383, 415.

Camerarius, 373.

Cameron, 621.

Camillus Papers, 277.

Campbell, 614.

Caner, 289 to 300, passim.

Canning, 606.

Canso, 567.

Canterbury, 520, 656, 669.

Cape Anne, 16.

Capet, 73, 81, 637.

Capulets, 351.

Cardigan, 606.

Caribs, 130.

Carisbroke Castle, 606, 673.

Carmelites, 652, 654.

Carne, 117, 119.

Carroll, 181.

Carter, 148.

Carthago, 152.

Carthusians, 651.

Cartwright, 240.

Cass, 85, 110.

Cassieres, 59.

Castalio, 549.

Castellan, 358.

Castelnau, 384.

Castlereagh, 606.

Catanea, 33.

Catholics, 535.

Catlin, 23.

Cato, 71, 431, 442, 443, 444.

Catti, 585.

Caulfield, 382.

Cavan, 193.

Cecil, 661.

Cecrops, 64.

Celsus, 429, 462.

Cemetery des Innocens, 39, 43, 65.

Cephrenes, 384.

Chace, 310 to 330, passim.

Chadsey, 80.

Chadwick, 212, 278, 320, 321, 322, 333, 569.

Chaise, Pere la, 672.

Chaldeans, 661.

Chalmers, 49, 238, 248, 249, 268, 363, 427, 480, 516, 612.

Chamberlain, 77, 80.

Chamouni, 400.

Chantilly, 419, 420.

Chapel Yard, 225.

Chapotin, 568.

Chappelle, 612.

Chardon, 533, 534, 538, 541.

Charles, Archduke, 620.

Charles I., 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 157, 177, 248, 436, 477, 673.

Charles II., 99, 136, 159, 170, 177, 248, 249, 259, 309, 426, 479, 592,
606, 672, 673.

Charles V., 25, 74, 390, 392, 619.

Charles IX., 475.

Charles XII., 217.

Charleston, 112, 405.

Charlestown, 608.

Charlemagne, 37, 73.