Chapter XVIII: Introduction (13)

[21] “The shot from Champlain’s arquebus had determined the part
that was to be played in the approaching conflict by the most
powerful military force among the Indians of North America. It
had made the confederacy of the Iroquois and all its nations
and dependencies the implacable enemies of the French and the
fast friends of the English for all the long struggle that was
to come.” [This quotation is from Senator Elihu Root’s eloquent
address at the Champlain tercentenary celebration in 1909.
Influential as Champlain’s act proved to be, it is well to
remember that it was the Dutch treatment of the Iroquois that
gained the latter’s friendship for the English, the successors
of the Dutch, and also that the Iroquois, as Doctor Thwaites
points out in his _France in America_, did in subsequent
years negotiate with the French. But the historic consequence
of Champlain’s act is of course obvious, although it is not
necessary to accept unreservedly one tercentenary dictum to the
effect that “Few decisive battles from Marathon to Waterloo had
larger consequences.” Cartier’s first voyage to the St. Lawrence
decided the immediate association of the French with their
Algonquian neighbors. It would have been impossible for them to
be friends of both Algonquians and Iroquois. The consequences of
immediate and prolonged hostility on the part of the Algonquians
invite curious speculation.--EDITOR.]

[22] Clowes, _Royal Navy_, III, 186–189.

[23] _Ibid_., 210–214, on Boscawen’s victory; 216–222, on Hawke’s.

[24] Clowes, _Royal Navy_, III, 196–201.

[25] _Ibid._, 201–203.

[26] Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_, II, 80.

[27] For biographical details of Wolfe’s early career, see Wright,
_Life_, and Doughty and Parmelee, _Siege of Quebec_, I, 1–128;
in _ibid._, II, 16, is a portrait of Wolfe’s fiancée.

[28] Text in Doughty and Parmelee, _Siege of Quebec_, VI, 87–90.

[29] Lists in Doughty and Parmelee, _Siege of Quebec_, II, 22, 23.

[30] Wood, _Fight for Canada_, 166, 167, 173.

[31] “Journal of the Expedition up the River St. Lawrence,” by a
sergeant-major of grenadiers, in Doughty and Parmelee, _Siege of
Quebec_, V, 1–11.

[32] Doughty and Parmelee, _Siege of Quebec_, II, 51–53.

[33] Wood, _Fight for Canada_, 152.

[34] Authorities cited in Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_, II, 233,
234. For details, consult Doughty and Parmelee, _Siege of
Quebec_, II, chap. vi.

[35] See Bougainville’s correspondence, in Doughty and Parmelee
_Siege of Quebec_, IV, 1–141.

[36] September 22, 1759, quoted in Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_, II,
249.

[37] Official journal of Amherst, in London _Magazine_, XXVII,
379–383.

[38] Stanwix to Pitt, November 20, 1759, MS. in Public Record Office.

[39] [There was one regular regiment of American origin with Wolfe,
the “Royal Americans,” represented by their second and third
battalions. One battalion was left to guard the landing. The
superior officers of this regiment were English. There seem to
have been also some provincial rangers, although the famous
Robert Rogers was not present.--EDITOR.]

[40] Doughty and Parmelee, _Siege of Quebec_, II, 237.

[41] _Ibid._, II, 332, with detailed British returns; Wood, _Fight
for Canada_, 262.

[42] Greene, _The Provincial Governor_, passim.

[43] Barry, _Hist. of Mass._, I, 288–295.

[44] For a detailed study of this subject, see Howard, _Preliminaries
of the Revolution_ (_American Nation_, VIII).

[45] 5 George III., chap. xii, given in Macdonald, _Select Charters_,
281.

[46] Beer, _Commercial Policy of England_, 10–13.

[47] For details and exact references to laws, see Channing, _The
Navigation Laws_, in Amer. Antiq. Soc., _Proceedings_,
new series, VI. For discussion, see Andrews, _Colonial
Self-Government_, chap. i; Greene, _Colonial Commonwealths_
(_American Nation_, V, VI).

[48] Beer, _Commercial Policy of England_, chap. vii.

[49] 6 George II., chap. xiii.

[50] Macdonald, _Select Charters_, 259.

[51] Lecky, _American Revolution_ (Woodburn’s ed.), 48.

[52] J. Adams, _Works_, II, 523–525.

[53] 4 George III., chap. xv.

[54] Osgood, in _Political Science Quarterly_, XIII, 45.

[55] Lecky, _American Revolution_ (Woodburn’s ed.), 64.

[56] Dulany, in Tyler, _Lit. Hist. of Amer. Rev._, I, 104–105.

[57] _Life, Correspondence, and Speeches of Patrick Henry_, I, 84–89.

[58] Hart, _Contemporaries_, II, 402.

[59] _Walpole’s Letters_, February 12, 1765.

[60] Franklin, _Works_ (Sparks’ ed.), IV, 161–198.

[61] 6 George III, chap. xii.

[62] Morley, _Burke_, 146.

[63] Franklin, _Works_ (Sparks’ ed.), IV, 169.

[64] Walpole, _Memoirs of George III._, II, 275, III, 23–27.

[65] 7 George III., chaps. xli, xlvi, lvi. See Macdonald, _Select
Charters_, 320–330.

[66] Samuel Adams, _Writings_ (Cushing’s ed.), I, 184.

[67] Hutchinson, _Hist. of Massachusetts Bay_, III, 494.

[68] Junius (ed. of 1799), II, 31.

[69] Collins, _Committees of Correspondence_ (Amer. Hist. Assoc.,
_Report_, 1901), I, 247.

[70] _Va. Cal. of State Pap._, VIII, 1–2.

[71] _R. I. Col. Records_, VII, 81, 108.

[72] Farrand, “Taxation of Tea,” in _Amer. Hist. Review_, III, 269.

[73] Macdonald, _Select Charters_, 337–356; Force, _Am. Archives_,
4th series, I, 216.

[74] “Quebec Act and the American Revolution,” in _Yale Review_,
August, 1895.

[75] Force, _Am. Archives_, 4th series, I, 421.

[76] Macdonald, _Select Charters_, 356, 362.

[77] Wells, _Samuel Adams_, I.

[78] Franklin, _Works_ (Sparks’ ed.), IV, 41.

[79] Franklin’s Plan, in _Works_ (Sparks’ ed.), III, 26, 36–55.

[80] Van Tyne, _Loyalists_, 5.

[81] Van Tyne, _Loyalists_, chap. i.

[82] Force, _Am. Archives_, 4th series, II, 365–368.

[83] Hatch, _Administration of the Revolutionary Army_, 1.

[84] Frothingham, _Siege of Boston_, 100–102.

[85] _Ibid._, 99–101.

[86] Bolton, _The Private Soldier Under Washington_, 90; Force, _Am.
Archives_, 4th series, III, 2.

[87] Hatch, _Administration of the Revolutionary Army_, 13, 14.

[88] Frothingham, _Siege of Boston_, 105, 106.

[89] “Bunker Hill Monument celebrates a fact more important than most
victories--namely, that the raw provincials faced the British
army for two hours, they themselves being under so little
organization that it is impossible to tell even at this day who
was their commander; that they did this with only the protection
of an unfinished earthwork and a rail fence, retreating only
when their powder was out.... The newspapers of England, instead
of being exultant, were indignant or apologetic.”--THOMAS
WENTWORTH HIGGINSON.

[90] Later Bemis.

[91] “The surrender of Burgoyne turned the scale in favor of the
Americans so far as the judgment of Europe was concerned.... The
first treaty with France--which was also the first treaty of the
United States with any foreign government--was signed February
6, 1778, two months after the news of Burgoyne’s surrender had
reached Paris.”--Higginson’s _History of the United States_.

[92] For the text of the articles of capitulation, and the general
return of the officers and privates surrendered, see _Harper’s
Encyclopædia of United States History_, X.

[93] A detailed description of the topography and events of the
Yorktown campaign is afforded in Lossing’s _Pictorial
Field-Book of the Revolution_, II, chap. xii. An elaborate and
authoritative study from a military point of view is provided in
_The Yorktown Campaign_, by Henry P. Johnston. Both histories
are published by Harper & Brothers.

[94] _Annual Register_, XXV, 252–257.

[95] _Two Centuries of Irish History_, 91.

[96] _Treaties and Conventions_, 370, 375.

[97] _Journals of Congress_, January 13, 14, 1784.

[98] For the complete history of the American struggle for
independence, see Professor Van Tyne’s _The American
Revolution_, IX, in _The American Nation_. Harper & Brothers.

[99] “The destruction of the British fleet gave the United States
supremacy on Lake Erie and compelled the abandonment of Malden
and Detroit; it recovered Michigan, and made a real invasion of
Canada once more a possibility, for by means of the control of
the lakes thus given Harrison was enabled to enter at once upon
an aggressive campaign on the Canadian side of Lake Erie. His
men were easily transported to the north side, and his line of
communication was no longer threatened by a British fleet. Its
effect, too, upon the American people was decidedly important;
for the first time an American fleet had met a British fleet
and defeated it. Nor was it fair to discount the significance
of the victory by saying that the vessels were small and of
hasty construction. The charm of British invincibility had been
broken in the great ship duels which made the names of Decatur,
Bainbridge, and Hull household words. To this list was now
added the name of Perry, who was looked upon by the Americans
as a hero of the same class as Nelson.”--Prof. Kendric Charles
Babcock in _The Rise of American Nationality_.

[100] “The decisiveness of this battle was evident at once to the
British. Hardly was the result known, when measures were
taken for the retreat of Prevost’s army into Canada. At best,
Prevost’s assault upon the land forces had been so poor as to
give little aid to the fleet; and for this failure and his
prompt retreat Prevost was ordered to trial by court-martial,
but died before the trial could take place. The war was
practically ended by this retreat of the British army from
Plattsburg into Canada. It would seem as though the persistent
mismanagement of the American forces in northern New York, the
incompetency of Dearborn and Wilkinson, the strange interference
of Secretary Armstrong, the diversion of the forces of Izard
from the front of Prevost’s army, were all atoned for by the
brilliancy of the accomplishment of Commodore Macdonough and
his handful of sailors and soldiers on Lake Champlain.”--Prof.
Kendric Charles Babcock in _The Rise of American Nationality_.

[101] For the whole correspondence beginning with this letter, see
_Senate Docs._, 28 Cong., 1 Sess., I, No. 1, pp. 25–48.

[102] _Senate Docs._, 28 Cong., 1 Sess., I, No. 1, p. 28.

[103] _Senate Docs._, 28 Cong., 1 Sess., I, No. 1, pp. 38, 41.

[104] _Ibid._, pp. 42–48.

[105] _Niles’ Register_, LXVIII, 84.

[106] _Ibid._, 135; Von Holst, _United States_, III, 80, _nn._ 3, 4.

[107] Dublán y Lozano, _Legislatión Mexicana_, V, 19–22.

[108] Taylor’s successive orders, in _House Exec. Docs._, 30 Cong., 1
Sess., VII, No. 60, pp. 7, 79–82.

[109] _House Exec. Docs._, 30 Cong., 1 Sess., VII, No. 60, p. 99.

[110] _Ibid._, pp. 102–109.

[111] _House Exec. Docs._, 30 Cong., 1 Sess., VII, No. 60, p. 90.

[112] _House Exec. Docs._, 30 Cong., 1 Sess., VII, No. 60, p. 140.

[113] _Ibid._, p. 141.

[114] See Polk, _MS. Diary_, entry for May 9, 1846.

[115] Richardson, _Messages and Papers_, IV, 442.

[116] _Cong. Globe_, 29 Cong., 1 Sess., 795.

[117] [John Slidell, of New Orleans, appointed a commissioner
to Mexico in 1845 to endeavor to adjust the boundary and
re-establish relations.]

[118] Polk, _MS. Diary_, February 17, 1846.

[119] _Senate Docs._, 30 Cong., 1 Sess., I, No. 1, p. 39.

[120] Ripley, _War with Mexico_, I, 149; Polk, _MS. Diary_, May 14,
16, 1846.

[121] Hittell, _California_, II, bk. vi., chaps. ii–v, passim.

[122] _Niles’ Register_, LXX, 310; _Cong. Globe_, 29 Cong., 2 Sess.,
298; Polk, _MS. Diary_, August 18, 19, 1847.

[123] _House Exec. Docs._, 30 Cong., 1 Sess., VII, No. 60, pp. 324,
353, especially Taylor to Adjutant-General, July 2, 1846,
_ibid._, pp. 329–332; cf. Polk, _MS. Diary_, September 15, 1846.

[124] Taylor to Adjutant-General, October 15, 1846, in _House Exec.
Docs._, 30 Cong., 1 Sess., VII, No. 60, pp. 351–354.

[125] Polk, _MS. Diary_, November 14, 1846.

[126] Taylor to Adjutant-General, January 27, 1847, in _House Exec.
Docs._, 30 Cong., 1 Sess., VII, No. 60, pp. 1100–1102.

[127] Taylor to Adjutant-General, March 6, 1847, in _Senate Docs._, 30
Cong., 1 Sess., I, No. 1, pp. 132–141.

[128] Scott to Marcy, March 29, 1847, _ibid._, 229.

[129] Ripley, _War with Mexico_, II, 153–155; Polk, _MS. Diary_,
December 28, 1847.

[130] _Senate Docs._, 30 Cong., 1 Sess., VII, No. 52, p. 345.

[131] Buchanan to Trist, October 6, 1847, _ibid._, pp. 91–93; Polk,
_MS. Diary_, October 5, 1847.

[132] See official reports of these operations, in _Senate Docs._, 30
Cong., 1 Sess., I, No. 1, pp. 354–471.

[133] _U. S. Treaties and Conventions_, 683.

[134] Gen. Lew Wallace, who reached Buena Vista two days after the
battle, furnishes a vigorous defence of the Indiana volunteers
in his _Autobiography_, vol. I, chaps. xviii and xix.--[EDITOR.]

[135] Cf. _Am. Nation_, XIV; XVI-XVIII, passim.

[136] Stephens, _War between the States_, II, 32.

[137] Davis, _Confederate Government_, I, 80.

[138] Adams, _New England Federalism_, 144–146.

[139] Buchanan, _Administration on Eve of Rebellion_, chap. v;
_National Intelligencer_, January 18, 1861.

[140] Secretary of War, _Report_, 1860, _Senate Exec. Docs._, 36
Cong., 2 Sess., No. 1, pp. 214, 216.

[141] Secretary of Navy, _Report_, 1860, _ibid._, 383.

[142] Secretary of War, _Report_, 1860, _ibid._, 209, 213.

[143] Buchanan, _Administration on Eve of Rebellion_, 104.

[144] _National Intelligencer_, January 11, 1861.

[145] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 68.

[146] _Ibid._, p. 69; Crawford, _Fort Sumter_, 57, 58.

[147] Trescot MS., quoted by Crawford, _Fort Sumter_, 58, 59.

[148] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 70.

[149] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, pp. 74, 75.

[150] _Ibid._, 76.

[151] _Ibid._, 80.

[152] Crawford, _Fort Sumter_, 64.

[153] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, pp. 79–82.

[154] _Ibid._, p. 82.

[155] Crawford, _Fort Sumter_, 67.

[156] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 89.

[157] _Ibid._, 103.

[158] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, pp. 96–100; Crawford, _Fort
Sumter_, 77.

[159] _Trescot MS._, quoted by Crawford, _Fort Sumter_, 78.

[160] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 101.

[161] Crawford, _Fort Sumter_, 81–83.

[162] _Ibid._, 85, 86.

[163] Curtis, _Buchanan_, II, 385. The emphasis is Buchanan’s.

[164] Governor’s message to legislature, quoted by Crawford, _Fort
Sumter_, 87.

[165] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 111.

[166] Crawford, _Fort Sumter_, 91.

[167] Crawford, _Fort Sumter_, chap. x.

[168] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 2.

[169] Crawford, _Fort Sumter_, 112.

[170] Crawford, _Fort Sumter_, 110, 111.

[171] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 3.

[172] Ward H. Lamon, a former law partner of President Lincoln,
who visited Charleston at this time and assumed to be a
representative of the President.--[EDITOR.]

[173] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 222.

[174] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 230.

[175] _Ibid._, 228.

[176] _Ibid._, 284, 285.

[177] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 285.

[178] Crawford, _Fort Sumter_, 377.

[179] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 283.

[180] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 241.

[181] Doubleday, _Sumter and Moultrie_, 98.

[182] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 235.

[183] Nicolay and Hay, _Abraham Lincoln_, IV, 31, 32.

[184] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 294.

[185] _Ibid._, 249–251.

[186] Talbot’s report, in _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 251.

[187] Roman, _Beauregard_, I, 33.

[188] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, pp. 12–25, 213–216.

[189] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, pp. 25–58.

[190] Statement of Ex-Confederate Secretary of War to writer;
Crawford, _Fort Sumter_, 421.

[191] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 297.

[192] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 297.

[193] Crawford, _Fort Sumter_, 422.

[194] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 13.

[195] _Ibid._, 59; Crawford, _Fort Sumter_, 424.

[196] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 301.

[197] Crawford, _Fort Sumter_, 425, 426.

[198] _Naval War Records_, IV, 248.

[199] Fox’s report, in _Naval War Records_, IV, 245–251.

[200] Doubleday, _Sumter and Moultrie_, 142.

[201] Doubleday, _Sumter and Moultrie_, 147.

[202] _Ibid._

[203] Foster’s report, in _War Records_, Serial No. 1, pp. 20, 21.

[204] _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 293.

[205] _Ibid._, 22.

[206] Doubleday, _Sumter and Moultrie_, 158.

[207] Foster’s report, in _War Records_, Serial No. 1, p. 24.

[208] Foster’s report, in _War Records_, Serial No. 1, pp. 23, 24.

[209] Doubleday, _Sumter and Moultrie_, App., where the names appear.

[210] _Naval War Records_, IV, 251.

[211] J. E. Johnston, _Narrative_, 84.

[212] Commander J. M. Brooke, in _Battles and Leaders_, I, 715;
Scharf, _Navy of the Confederate States_, 145 et seq.

[213] _Battles and Leaders_, I, 692 et seq.

[214] Nicolay and Hay, _Abraham Lincoln_, V, 226.

[215] Soley, _Blockade and Cruisers_, 54.

[216] See _The Appeal to Arms_, by Dr. J. K. Hosmer, p. 74.

[217] Poore, _Burnside_, 132.

[218] _War Records_, Serial No. 6, pp. 133–167.

[219] Soley, _Blockade and Cruisers_, 82 et seq.

[220] Farragut, _Farragut_, chaps. i, ii.

[221] _Naval War Records_, XVIII, pp. xv, xvi.

[222] Farragut, _Farragut_, 207.

[223] _Naval War Records_, XVIII (West Gulf Blockading Squadron);
Mahan, _Gulf and Inland Waters_, 52.

[224] Beverly Kennon, a Southern officer, in _Battles and Leaders_,
II, 76, criticises severely the management of the Confederate
ships.

[225] _Naval War Records_, XVIII, 134 et seq.; Mahan, _Gulf and Inland
Waters_, 52 et seq.

[226] Parton, _Butler in New Orleans_, chap. xii.

[227] _War Records_, Serial No. 24, p. 511.

[228] Grant, _Personal Memoirs_, I, 411.

[229] Sherman, _Memoirs_, I, 319.

[230] Nicolay and Hay, _Abraham Lincoln_, VII, 135.

[231] Sherman, _Memoirs_, I, 324.

[232] Cullum, _Register of Mil. Acad._, art., “McPherson.”

[233] _War Records_, Serial No. 36, pp. 371–467.

[234] Mahan, _Gulf and Inland Waters_, 110 et seq.

[235] Johnston, _Narrative_, 152.

[236] _War Records_, Serial No. 36, pp. 565 et seq.

[237] _War Records_, Serial No. 36, p. 32.

[238] Johnston, _Narrative_, 153.

[239] Admiral Porter’s fleet kept up a continuous bombardment for
forty days. Seven thousand mortar shells and forty-five hundred
shells from the gunboats were discharged at the city. As Grant
drew his lines closer, his cannonade was kept up day and night.
The people of Vicksburg had taken shelter in caves dug in the
clay hills on which the city stands. In these caves families
lived day and night, and children were born. Famine attacked the
city, and mule-meat made a savory dish. Grant mined under some
of the Confederate works, and one of them, Fort Hill Bastion,
was blown up on June 25th with terrible effect.--_Harper’s
Encyclopædia of United States History_.

[240] _War Records_, Serial No. 37, pp. 146–424.

[241] _War Records_, Serial No. 41, pp. 41–181 (Port Hudson).

[242] Greene, _The Mississippi_.

[243] _War Records_, Serial Nos. 43 and 44, pp. 1–775 (all on
Gettysburg campaign).

[244] Longstreet, _Manassas to Appomattox_, 331.

[245] _War Records_, Serial No. 45, p. 31.

[246] F. H. Lee, _Robert E. Lee_, 265. For R. E. Lee’s report of
Gettysburg, see _War Records_, Serial No. 44, pp. 293 et seq.;
Long, _Lee_, 280.

[247] But see controversy between Mosby and Robertson as to management
of the Confederate cavalry, _Battles and Leaders_, III, 251.

[248] Cullum, _Register of Mil. Acad._, art. “Meade.”

[249] Hunt, in _Battles and Leaders_, III, 258.

[250] Livermore, _Numbers and Losses_, 102.

[251] _War Records_, Serial No. 43, pp. 104–119 (Report of Meade).

[252] F. H. Lee, _Robert E. Lee_, 270.

[253] Doubleday, _Chancellorsville and Gettysburg_, 132.

[254] Cullum, _Register of Mil. Acad._, art. “Hancock.”

[255] Walker, _Hancock_, in _Mass. Mil. Hist. Soc. Papers_, “Some
Federal and Confederate Commanders,” 49.

[256] Doubleday, _Chancellorsville and Gettysburg_, 156.

[257] A tradition at Gettysburg.

[258] Mrs. Longstreet, _Lee and Longstreet at High Tide_, 83, 84.

[259] For criticisms by the friends of Lee, see Davis, _Rise and Fall
of the Confederate Government_, II, 447; F. H. Lee, _Robert E.
Lee_, 299; William Allan, in _Battles and Leaders_, III, 355.
Able and impartial is G. F. R. Henderson, _Science of War_, 280
et seq.

[260] Hood, _Advance and Retreat_, 57 et seq.

[261] For Meade’s good judgment and activity, see Walker, in _Battles
and Leaders_, III, 406.

[262] Gibbon, in _Battles and Leaders_, III, 313.

[263] Mrs. Longstreet, _Lee and Longstreet at High Tide_, 48.

[264] Pennypacker, _Meade_, 194.

[265] Longstreet, _Manassas to Appomattox_, 385 et seq.

[266] Fremantle, _Three Months in the Southern States_, 274 et seq.
Confirmed to the writer by General E. P. Alexander, who heard
the rebuke.

[267] _Battles and Leaders_, III, 349.

[268] Committee on Conduct of the War, _Report_, pt. i (1864–1865),
408 et seq.

[269] Nicolay and Hay, _Abraham Lincoln_, VII, 278.

[270] For a minute discussion of Meade’s management, and much
testimony, see Committee on Conduct of the War, _Report_, pt. i
(1864–1865), 295–524.

[271] Livermore, _Numbers and Losses_, 102.

[272] See the chapter on the Monroe Doctrine in _The Rise of the
New West_, by Prof. F. J. Turner, and also chaps. i and xi
of _America as a World Power_, by Prof. G. H. Latané. (_The
American Nation_, Harper & Brothers.)--[EDITOR.]

[273] _The War with Spain_, by Henry Cabot Lodge, and _The Spanish
War_, by General Russell A. Alger, may be consulted with
advantage. Both are published by Harper & Brothers. Harper’s
_Encyclopædia of United States History_, VI, affords a
picturesque account of the battle of Manila Bay, by Ramon
Reyes Lala, a Filipino author and lecturer. Professor Latané’s
account of the war, in his _America as a World Power_ (Harper &
Brothers), offers an excellent example of judicial historical
treatment.--EDITOR.

[274] Long, _New American Navy_, I, 209.

[275] _Messages and Docs._, Abridgment, 1898–1899, II, 921.

[276] Sec. of the Navy, _Annual Report_, 1898, App., pp. 465, 466.

[277] It was on this date, May 24th, that the _Oregon_, Captain Clark,
appeared off Jupiter Inlet, Florida, ready for action, after a
voyage of fourteen thousand miles from San Francisco.--[EDITOR.]

[278] Schley, _Forty-five Years Under the Flag_, 276.

[279] Sec. of the Navy, _Annual Report_, 1898, App., p. 402; Long,
_New Am. Navy_, I, 258–287.

[280] Sec. of the Navy, _Annual Report_, 1898, App., p. 437.

[281] Sec. of the Navy, _Annual Report_, 1898, App., p. 667.

[282] Major-General commanding the army, _Report_, 1898, p. 149.

[283] Major-General commanding the army, _Report_, 1898, p. 162.

[284] Major-General commanding the army, _Report_, 1898, pp. 152, 169,
171, 319, 366, 381. [General Vara el Rey, one of the bravest
of the Spanish officers, was the leader in this desperate
resistance, and was killed while rallying his men in the
village.--EDITOR.]

[285] Major-General commanding the army, _Report_, pp. 167, 173.

[286] _Messages and Docs._, Abridgment, 1898–1899, I, 270.

[287] Sec. of the Navy, _Annual Report_, 1898, App., pp. 505–602;
Long, _New Am. Navy_, II, 28–42.

[288] Major-General commanding the army, _Report_, 1898, pp. 138–147,
226–243, 246–266.

[289] _Senate Docs._, 56 Cong., I Sess., No. 221, 8 vols.

[290] _Nation_, LXIX, 61.

[291] Proceedings of the Schley Court of Inquiry, _House Docs._, 57
Cong., I Sess., No. 485.

[292] Act of February 14, 1903, _U. S. Statutes at Large_, XXXII, pt.
i, p. 830.

INDEX

Abercrombie, James, killed at Bunker Hill, 115.

Adams, John, elected President, 154.

Adams, John Quincy, interested in western exploration, 9;
elected President, 180;
Texas, 184.

Adams, Samuel, circular letter, 90;
“committees of correspondence,” 92;
on independence, 96;
outlawed, 102.

Aguinaldo, Emilio, insurrection, 356.

Alabama, admitted into the Union, 180;
secession, 231.

_Alabama_ and the _Kearsarge_, 327;
Claims, 343.

Alaska, purchase, 11, 343.

Alger, R. A., Spanish War, 363;
resignation, 374, 375.

Alien acts, passage, 154.

_Alliance_ fired upon, 345.

Almonte, J. N., annexation of Texas, 184, 185;
demands his passports, 185.

Alston, Charles, at surrender of Sumter, 271.

Amendment, Thirteenth, 328;
Fourteenth, 343;
Fifteenth, 343.

America, territorial history, 1–12.

American, flag adopted, 143;
victory at Cowpens, 144;
Embargo Act, 155;
Anti-Slavery Society, 181.

Americans, at Bunker Hill, 102–108;
at battle of Long Island, 119;
at White Plains, 119;
at Bennington, 119;
at Saratoga, 120;
at Valley Forge, 143;
storm Stony Point, 144;
at Yorktown, 145;
invade Canada, 155;
at Chippewa, 156;
occupy California, 182;
New Mexico, 182.

Amherst, Jeffrey, commander-in-chief in America, 66;
advance down Lake Champlain, 73.

Ampudia, Pedro de, at Buena Vista, 200, 203, 205.

Anderson, Robert, commands Charleston forts, 243;
fitness, 243;
urges reinforcements and occupation of Pinckney and Sumter,
243, 244;
state enrollment of fort laborers, 245;
instructions, 246–247;
removal to Sumter, 251–253;
refuses to return, 254, 255;
Lamon’s statements, 256;
Beauregard, 256;
defensive instructions repeated, 253;
scarcity of provisions, 258;
fears he has been abandoned, 260;
informed of Fox expedition, 260;
isolated, 260;
refuses to evacuate, 264;
offer on evacuation refused, 265;
bombardment, 267;
surrenders, 271.

André, John, capture and execution, 144.

Andros, Sir Edward, Governor of New England, 59.

Anne, Fort, 126, 127.

Anti-Slavery Society, formation, 181.

_Ariel_ at Lake Erie, 163, 170.

Arizona, admission into the Union, 345.

Arkansas, admission into the Union, 181;
secession, 273.

Arnold, Benedict, to the relief of Fort Schuyler, 129, 132;
at Behmus’ Heights, 132;
deprived of command, 135;
wounded, 137;
treason, 144.

Arthur, C. A., succeeds to the Presidency, 344.

Appleton, Major, in King Philip’s War, 52.

Appomattox campaign, 329–342;
map, 331;
meeting between Grant and Lee, 336;
Lee’s surrender, 337;
Lincoln, 342.

Appomattox Court-House, Lee’s surrender, 328.

Ashburton treaty, on northeastern boundary, 181.

Babcock, Colonel, at Appomattox, 336, 337.

Babcock, Prof. Kendric Charles quoted, 172, 180.

Badeau, Adam, at Appomattox, 337.

_Baltimore_ in Spanish War, 351.

Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, discovers Pacific Ocean, 12.

Banks, N. P., expedition against Port Hudson, 305.

Barclay, Commodore, at Lake Erie, 160.

Baum, Colonel, at Bennington, 130.

Beauregard, P. G. T., pledge from Anderson, 256;
reports readiness to attack Fort Sumter, 258;
order to attack, 263;
demands evacuation, 264;
Anderson’s offer, 265;
bombardment, 267;
terms of surrender, 271.

Behmus’ Heights, battle, 133;
map, 136.

Behring’s Strait, discovery, 61.

Bennington, battle, 130.

Bissell, Colonel, at Buena Vista, 201.

Blue, Victor, at Santiago, 364.

Black Hawk War, 181.

Blanco, Ramon, and Cervera’s fleet, 369.

Bocanegra, J. M. de, on United States and Texas, 183, 184.

Bonaparte, Napoleon, recaptures Toulon, 154;
Emperor of France, 155.

Boone, Daniel, settlement of Kentucky, 119.

_Boston_ in Spanish War, 351.

Boston, founded, 30;
_Liberty_ riots, 91;
arrival of troops, 92;
massacre, 92;
tea-party, 93;
port closed, 93;
aid for, 94;
military possession, 95;
siege, 99;
British forces in, 102.

Bougainville, at Quebec, 71, 72.

Bowers, T. S., at Appomattox, 337.

_Boxer_ taken by the _Enterprise_, 156.

Bradford, Major, in King Philip’s War, 52.

Breed’s Hill, height, 104;
fortified, 105;
redoubt on, 106;
anxious moments, 108;
battle, 112–116.

Brener, Colonel, at Bunker Hill, 113.

Breyman, Colonel, at Bennington, 130, 131.

Bridge, Colonel, at Bunker Hill, 104, 108.

British, at Bunker Hill, 102–118;
evacuate Boston, 119;
repulsed at Charleston, 119;
at the battle of Long Island, 119;
occupy New York, 119;
enter Philadelphia, 119;
at Behmus’ Heights, 133–137;
burn Esopus, 142;
evacuate New York, 143;
occupy Philadelphia, 143;
enter Savannah, 144;
defeated at King’s Mountain, 144;
evacuate Savannah and Charleston, 153;
evacuate New York, 153;
“Order in Council,” 155;
at Frenchtown, 156;
at Sackett’s Harbor, 156;
fleet at Lake Erie, 163;
surrender, 167;
losses, 171.

Bragg, Braxton, at Buena Vista, 202, 206.

Brooke, J. R., in Porto Rico, 373.

Brooke, John M., and the _Virginia_, 276.

_Brooklyn_ in Spanish War, 358, 369–372.

Brooks, John, at Bunker Hill, 104;
at Behmus’ Heights, 137.

Brown, Colonel, at Ticonderoga, 135.

Brown, John, execution, 231.

Buchanan, James, elected President, 230;
reinforcement of Charleston forts, 237, 238;
instructions to Anderson, 246;
Picken’s demand for Sumter, 248;
policy of delay, 250.

Buckminster, Colonel, at Bunker Hill, 113.

Buell, D. C., instructions to Anderson, 246, 247.

Buena Vista, battle, 198–207.

Buford, John, cavalry in Gettysburg campaign, 311, 313.

Bunker Hill, battle, 78, 102–118;
topography, 103, 104;
intrenchments, 106, 107;
deserters, 107;
losses, 117;
forces engaged, 118;
no victory, 118;
monument, 118, 180.

Burgoyne, John, arrival at Boston, 102;
in Canada, 121, 123;
takes Ticonderoga, 124;
proclamation, 124, 127;
route (map), 125;
at Skenesborough, 127;
Bennington, 130;
Indian allies, 131, 132;
St. Leder’s failure, 132;
crosses the Hudson, 133;
difficulties, 135;
news from Clinton, 136;
perplexity at Fort Edward, 138;
surrender, 139, 142;
Clinton’s advance, 142;
effects, 143.

Burnside, Ambrose E., Roanoke Island, 288;
commands Army of the Potomac, 294.

Burr, Aaron, arrest, 155.

Butler, Benjamin F., New Orleans expedition, 291.

Cabot, John, reaches North America, 12.

Cadwalader, George, at Contreras, 212, 214.

_Caledonian_ at Lake Erie, 160, 161, 163, 170.

California, coast explored, 9, 10;
annexation, 10;
discovery of gold, 10, 230;
occupation (1847), 192.

Callender, Captain, at Bunker Hill, 111;
cowardice, 111.

Campbell, Major, at the siege of Yorktown, 148.

Canada restored to France, 31.

Canonchet, death, 54.

Carolina, purchased, 61.

Cartier, Jacques, voyage to the St. Lawrence, 12.

Cass, Lewis, resigns, 231.

Cassin, Lieutenant-Commandant, at the battle of Lake Champlain, 176.

_Castilla_ in Spanish War, 355.

Castro, José, faction in California, 190.

Cervera, Pasquale, squadron, 359;
at Santiago, 360;
battle, 369–372.

Champlain, Samuel, defeats Mohawks, 13;
attacks Iroquois, 27, 28;
founds Quebec, 63.

Chapin, Cyrenus, at Lake Erie, 162.

Chapultepec, storming of, 182.

Charles I. executed, 42.

Charleston Harbor forts, Scott advises reinforcement, 236;
available force, 237;
Buchanan’s passive attitude, 238;
condition, 239;
Moultrie repaired, 240;
Gardner asks for reinforcements, 241;
attempted removal of ammunition, 241;
Porter’s report, 242;
Anderson advises reinforcement and occupation of Pinckney and
Sumter, 244;
state enrollment of fort laborers, 245;
Buell’s instructions to Anderson, 246;
Pinckney occupied, 247;
state demands Sumter, 248;
demand withdrawn, 249;
state patrol, 251;
removal to Sumter, 252;
consequent excitement, 254;
Anderson refuses to return, 255;
state occupies other forts, 255;
_Star of the West_, 256;
Anderson promised support, 257;
food problem at Sumter, 258;
map of, 259;
demand for surrender of Sumter, 264;
Fox’s expedition to relieve, 265;
Scott ridiculed plan of relief, 265;
bombardment of Sumter, 267;
surrender, 271;
effect of relief expedition, 272.

Chauncey, Isaac, command, 159;
at Lake Ontario, 160.

_Chesapeake_ captured by the _Shannon_, 156.

Chestnut, James, at Fort Sumter, 264, 265, 271.

Chicago fire, 343.

Childs, Colonel, at Puebla, 210.

_Chippeway_ at Lake Erie, 163.

Choiseul, French premier, 64.

_Chubb_ at Lake George, 175.

Churubusco, battle, 215–220.

Civil Rights Bill passed, 343, 344.

Clark, Charles Edgar, in Spanish War, 360.

Clark, George Rogers, conquest of Northwest, 7, 144.

Clay Compromise adopted, 230.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty concluded, 230.

Cleveland, Grover, annexation of Hawaii, 11;
elected President, 344, 345;
Venezuela boundary dispute, 345, 346;
Cuban Filibusters, 346.

Clinton, Fort, 139, 140.

Clinton, James, at New York, 122;
attacks Forts Clinton and Montgomery, 140.

Clinton, Sir Henry, arrival at Boston, 102;
at Bunker Hill, 114, 117;
Putnam, 140;
attacks Forts Clinton and Montgomery, 140;
captures Charleston, 144.

Colorado, admission into the Union, 344.

Columbia River, mouth discovered, 8;
Lewis and Clark expedition, 8.

Columbus discovers Western World, 12.

Committee of Correspondence in Boston, 92.

Committee of Safety in Massachusetts, 103.

_Concord_ in Spanish War, 351.

Confederate States, congress assembles, 273.

_Confiance_ at Lake George, 175, 176, 178, 179.

Connecticut, settlement, 31;
constitution adopted, 42;
conscription, 120.

Conner, David, before Vera Cruz, 194.

Conscription riots, 327.

_Constellation_ captures _L’Insurgente_, 154.

Constitution, Fort, 139, 140.

_Constitution_ captures the _Guerrière_, 155;
_Java_, 156.

Contreras, battle, 211–214.

Continental Congress, adopts Declaration of Independence, 119.

Continental Village, burned, 141.

Cook, James, pathfinder, 68, 69.

Cornwallis, Lord Charles, defeats Gates at Camden, 144;
defeats Greene at Guilford Court-house, 144;
at Yorktown, 147;
situation, 148;
surrender, 149.

_Correo_, in Spanish War, 355.

Cortez enters city of Mexico, 12.

_Cristobal Colon_ in Spanish War, 359, 370–372.

Cuba, insurrection, 343, 348;
desires annexation, 347;
southern desire for, 347;
Polk’s attempted purchase, 347;
“Ostend Manifesto,” 347;
Marcy’s attitude, 348;
_Virginius_ affair, 348;
Grant and, 348;
McKinley’s protest, 348;
Spain’s reply, 349;
blowing up of the _Maine_, 349;
Proctor’s speech, 349;
war with Spain declared, 350;
blockade, 359;
Santiago campaign, 362–368;
naval battle off Santiago, 369–372;
Spanish surrender, 372.

Cubans proclaim independence, 345.

Culp’s Hill, battle, 320–322.

Cushing, Caleb, visit to Pickens, 250.

Custer, G. A., in Gettysburg campaign, 311;
at Appomattox, 330, 337.

Custer massacre by Sioux, 344.

Davis, Jefferson, elected President of the Confederate States, 231;
capture, 328.

Davis, Jefferson C., occupies Castle Pinckney, 247.

Decatur, Stephen, destroys the _Philadelphia_, 155;
imposes terms upon the Dey of Algiers, 180.

Declaration of Independence adopted by Continental Congress, 119.

Deerfield Massacre, 48, 49, 60.

Delaware River occupied by Swedes, 4.

De Ramezay at Quebec, 69.

De Riedesel, Baroness, at Behmus’ Heights, 138, 142.

De Soto, Fernando, reaches the Mississippi River, 12.

_Detroit_ at Lake Erie, 160, 163.

Deuxponts, William, Count de, at the siege of Yorktown, 148.

Devin, T. C, in Gettysburg campaign, 311;
at Appomattox, 330.

Dewey, George, preparations for Spanish War, 350;
forces, 351;
battle in Manila Bay, 352–354;
German fleet, 355;
capture of Manila, 356;
Sampson-Schley controversy, 375, 376.

Dickinson, John, on taxation, 90.

Diederich, Admiral von, in Manila Bay, 355.

Dix, Major, at Buena Vista, 204.

_Don Antonio de Ulloa_ in Spanish War, 354, 355.

_Don Juan de Austria_ in Spanish War, 355.

Donelson, Fort, surrender, 273, 295.

Doniphan, A. W., expedition against Mexico, 192.

Doubleday, Abner, and removal to Sumter, 252;
in Gettysburg campaign, 311, 313.

Dred Scott decision, 230.

Dundas, Lieutenant-Colonel, Commissioner at the surrender of
Cornwallis, 149.

Duquesne, Fort, captured, 63.

Dutch, founded New Amsterdam, 4;
relations with Indians, 25, 26;
West India Company, 30.

Eagan, C. P., court-martial, 374.

_Eagle_ at Lake George, 175, 176, 177, 179.

East Florida, Spain cedes claim, 9.

Edward, Fort, 126, 127, 128.

El Caney, battle, 365.

Elliott, Lieutenant, at Lake Erie, 160, 161, 166;
prize-money, 171.

Endicott, John, avenges Oldham, 35, 36.

England, expansion in America, 4, 5;
and France in America, 5;
and Spain in America, 6;
declares war against Spain, 77.

_Enterprise_ captures the _Boxer_, 156.

Erie, Fort, 160.

Ericsson, John, designs _Monitor_, 278.

_Essex_ surrenders to the _Phoebe_ and _Cherub_, 156.

Ewell, R. S., at Gettysburg, 307, 308.

Farragut, David Glasgow, on the _Essex_ at Valparaiso, 290;
commands New Orleans expedition, 291;
passing of the forts, 293;
on to Vicksburg, 294;
death, 343.

Farnsworth, E. J., in Gettysburg campaign, 311.

Faunce, John, Sumter relief expedition, 266.

Febiger, Christian, at Bunker Hill, 115, 116.

Fillmore, Millard, succeeds to Presidency, 230.

_Finch_ at Lake George, 175.

Fisher, Fort, captured, 327.

Fish, Major, at the siege of Yorktown, 148.

Flag, American, adopted, 143.

Fletcher, Captain, Sumter relief expedition, 266.

Florida, admission into the Union, 181.

Florida ceded to England, 5;
secession, 231.

Floyd, J. B., and transfer of ammunition, 241, 242;
removes Gardner, 243;
on removal to Sumter, 255.

Forrest, Dulaney, at the battle of Lake Erie, 170, 171.

Forrest, N. B., raids on federal communications, 296.

Foster, J. G., reports progress on Sumter, 240;
forty-muskets episode, 241;
exposes “excitement” fake, 248.

Fox, G. V., expedition to relieve Fort Sumter, 265, 266, 272.

France, settlements in America, 4, 5;
and England in America, 5;
driven from Guinea coast, 64;
progress of discoveries (map), 65;
lack of sea power, 66;
Quebec campaign, 68–76;
independence of United States, 143;
declares war against England, 144.

Francis, Colonel, at Ticonderoga, 126.

Franklin, Benjamin, Stamp Act, 89;
on colonial jealousy, 97.

Fraser, General, at Ticonderoga, 124;
attacks St. Clair, 126;
at Behmus’s Heights, 137, 138.

Freedmen’s Bureau, organization, 328.

French, begin settlement of Louisiana, 60;
at Yorktown, 145–150;
at Quebec, 68–70;
declare war against Mexico, 273.

_Frolic_ captured by the _Wasp_, 155.

Frontenac, Fort, captured, 63.

Frye, Colonel, at Bunker Hill, 104.

Gage, Thomas, governor of Massachusetts, 95;
seizes munitions of war, 96;
reinforced, 100;
council of war, 106.

Gamble, Peter, at the battle of Lake Champlain, 178.

Gamble, William, in Gettysburg campaign, 311.

Gardner, Colonel, at Bunker Hill, 108;
mortally wounded, 115.

Gardner, J. L., commands Charleston forts, 241;
attempts to secure ammunition, 241;
removed, 242.

Garfield, J. A., elected President, 344;
assassinated, 344.

Garretson, G. A., in Porto Rico, 373.

Garrison, William Lloyd, and the _Liberator_, 181.

_Gaspee_ commission, 92, 93.

Gates, Horatio, supersedes Schuyler, 131;
at Behmus’s Heights, 133;
increase of army, 134;
deprives Arnold of command, 134;
terms proposed to Burgoyne, 139, 142;
reputation, 143;
defeated at Camden, 144.

_General Lezo_ in Spanish War, 355.

George I., King of England, 60.

George II., accession, 61.

George III., accession, 77.

Georgia, charter, 5;
secession, 231.

Germaine, Lord George, and loyalists, 120.

Germany, result of Thirty Years’ War, 4.

Gerrish, Colonel, at Bunker Hill, 112, 115.

Gettysburg campaign, Lee’s northward march, 307;
Federal movements, 309;
Federal cavalry, 309;
misuse of Confederate cavalry, 309, 310;
Meade displaces Hooker, 310, 311;
forces, 311;
map, 312;
battle first day, 313;
topography of field, 316;
second day, position of forces, 317;
Longstreet and Lee, 317, 318, 322;
Round Top and Valley, 319, 320;
Culp’s Hill, 321;
Federal council, 321;
third day, 321;
Pickett’s attack, 324;
Lee confesses error, 325;
question of counter-charge, 325;
losses, 326;
Lincoln’s disappointment, 326.

Gibbon, John, in Gettysburg campaign, 316.

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, takes possession of Newfoundland, 13.

Gillis, J. P., Sumter relief expedition, 266.

Gimat, Colonel, at the siege of Yorktown, 148.

_Gloucester_ in Spanish War, 369.

Gosnold, Bartholomew, attempts settlement on Massachusetts coast, 13.

Grant, U. S., proposed annexation of Santo Domingo, 11;
Fort Donelson, Lincoln’s faith in, 296;
destruction of Holly Springs depot, 296;
in command before Vicksburg, 298;
opposing force, 299;
naval auxiliary, 300;
futile operations, 300–301;
crosses river below Vicksburg, 302;
Port Gibson, 302;
abandons his base, 302;
victories in rear of Vicksburg, 302;
siege of Vicksburg, 304;
receives surrender of Vicksburg, 304;
commander-in-chief, 327;
at Appomattox, 335–342;
meeting with Lee, 336;
appearance, 340, 341;
elected President, 343;
Cuba, 348.

Grasse, François Joseph Paul, Count de, visited by Washington, 146;
blockades mouth of York River, 147.

Graves, Admiral, in command of British fleet at the Battle of Bunker
Hill, 106.

Greene, Christopher, at the battle of Guilford, 144.

Greene, Lieutenant, account of fight with the _Virginia_, 284–287.

Greene, Lieutenant-Colonel, at Fort Monroe, 251.

Greene, Nathaniel, joins army, 99;
at Jamaica Plains, 103.

Gregg, D. M., cavalry in Gettysburg campaign, 311.

Grenville, George, premier, 81;
colonial policy, 82;
Stamp Act, 84;
fall, 88.

Gridley, Charles Vernon, Manila Bay battle, 353.

Gridley, Richard, at Bunker Hill, 103, 104, 105, 111, 116.

Gridley, Samuel, at Bunker Hill, 104.

Grierson, B. H., raid, 302.

Guadalupe-Hidalgo, treaty of ratified, 196, 197.

Guadeloupe captured, 66.

_Guerrière_ captured by the _Constitution_, 155.

Halleck, H. W., commander-in-chief, 294;
Grant, 298, 302;
Hooker, 310.

Hamilton, Alexander, at the siege of Yorktown, 148.

Hancock, John, sloop _Liberty_ seized, 91;
riots, 92;
outlawed, 102.

Hancock, W. S., in Gettysburg campaign, 311, 314, 315, 325.

Hardin, Colonel, at Buena Vista, 205.

Harmar, Josiah, expedition, 154.

Harrison, Benjamin, elected President, 345.

Harrison, W. H., and Tecumseh, 155;
elected President, 181.

Harvard College, foundation, 31.

Harvey, John, governor of Virginia, 34.

Hawaii, annexation, 11;
republic, 345;
annexed to the United States, 346.

Hawke, Sir Edward, sea-fight off Quiberon Bay, 64.

Hayes, Rutherford B., awarded Presidency, 344.

Henry, Fort, surrender, 273.

Henry, Patrick, Stamp Act, 87.

Herkimer, General, at the siege of Fort Schuyler, 129.

Herrera, J. J. de, against annexation of Texas, 185.

Higginson, Captain, Porto Rico campaign, 373.

Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, quoted, 118.

Highlands of the Hudson, defences, 139, 140.

Hill, A. P., in northern invasion, 307, 308;
at Beaver Dam Creek, 313;
at Gettysburg, 317, 320.

Hill, Fort, bastion blown up, 304.

Hobson, R. P., sinking of _Merrimac_, 361.

Holdup, Thomas, at Lake Erie, 167.

Holly Springs, destruction of federal depot, 296.

Honduras, English settlement, 4.

Hooker, Joseph, commands Army of the Potomac, 294;
after Chancellorsville, 306;
Lee’s invasion, 308;
pursuit of Lee, 309;
use of cavalry, 309;
relieved of command, 310, 311.

_Hornet_ captures the _Peacock_, 156.

House of Commons, membership, 85, 86.

Howard, O. O., in Gettysburg campaign, 311, 314, 317.

Howell, J. A., in Spanish War, 358.

Howe, Sir William, arrival at Boston, 102;
in command at Bunker Hill, 106;
at Moulton’s Point, 107;
moves on Breed’s Hill, 111, 113, 115, 116;
repulsed, 112, 113;
bravery, 113;
wounded, 115;
Philadelphia campaign, 122.

Hubberton, battle at, 126, 130.

Hudson Bay Company, incorporated, 43.

Hudson, Henry, ascends the Hudson River, 30.

_Hunter_ at Lake Erie, 163.

Illinois, admitted to the Union, 180.

Independence, Fort, 140, 141.

India, British possession, 66.

Indiana, admitted into the Union, 180.

_Indiana_ in Spanish War, 358, 369–372.

Indians, American, treatment of, 14, 15, 17, 18;
distribution of (map), 16;
land purchases from, 15, 17;
early warfare with, 17, 21;
price on heads, 20;
massacre in Virginia, 21, 22, 24, 30;
period of peace, 21, 22;
King Philip’s War, 22, 23;
treatment of prisoners, 23;
relations with the Dutch, 25;
with the English, 26;
with the French, 27, 28, 29;
praying, 45, 49, 50.

_Infanta Maria Teresa_ in Spanish War, 359.

Inflation Bill vetoed, 344.

Ingalls, Rufus, at Appomattox, 336.

Iowa, admission into the Union, 181.

_Iowa_ in Spanish War, 358, 369–372.

Iroquois (Five Nations), tribes, 25;
friendship for Dutch, 25;
origin of hostilities to French, 27;
French expedition against, 28;
raids in Canada, 29;
weakened, 30.

_Isla de Cuba_ in Spanish War, 354, 355.

_Isla de Luzon_ in Spanish War, 355.

_Isla de Mandanao_ in Spanish War, 355.

Jackson, Andrew, and Creek Indians, 156;
seizes Pensacola, 179;
captures Spanish fort, St. Mark’s, 180;
elected President, 180, 181.

Jackson, Fort, Farragut passes, 293;
surrenders, 294.

Jackson, Major, at Bunker Hill, 116.

James I. grants patent to London and Plymouth companies, 13.

James II., King of England, 59.

Jamestown, settlement, 4, 13.

Jefferson, Thomas, and Louisiana purchase, 8;
Lewis and Clark Expedition, 8;
interest in western exploration, 9;
elected President, 154, 155.

Jeffries, Doctor, at Bunker Hill, 113.

Johnson, Andrew, succeeds to the Presidency, 328.

Johnson, Colonel, at Ticonderoga, 135.

Johnson, President, impeachment, 343.

Johnson, Sir William, captures Fort Niagara, 73, 74.

Johnston, western command, 299;
Vicksburg campaign, 302, 304.

Johnstown flood, 345.

Jones, D. R., and surrender of Sumter, 271.

Kansas, civil war, 230;
admission into the Union, 231.

Kearny, S. W., occupies New Mexico, 192.

_Kearsarge_ and the _Alabama_, 327;
lost, 345.

Kentucky, admission into the Union, 154.

Kilpatrick, H. J., cavalry in Gettysburg campaign, 311.

King George’s War, beginning, 61, 63.

King Philip (Pometacom), chief of the Wampanoags, 45;
attack on Swanzey, 46;
at Pocasset, 47;
returned to Mount Hope, 55;
death, 56.

King Philip’s War, 22, 23, 44–58.

King William’s War, 59, 60, 63.

Kossuth, Louis, arrival in United States, 230.

Knowlton, Thomas, at Bunker Hill, 104, 109, 116;
killed at Battle of Harlem Heights, 104.

Knox, Henry, at Bunker Hill, 115;
at Yorktown, 147, 148.

_Lady Prevost_ at Lake Erie, 163.

La Fayette, Marquis de, at Yorktown, 145.

Lake Champlain, battle, 173–179;
losses, 179.

Lake Erie, battle, 158–172;
Perry victorious, 169;
losses, 170;
prize money, 171.

Lamon, W. H., visit to Charleston, 256_n_;
unauthorized statements, 256.

Lane, Henry S., at Buena Vista, 200.

Langdon, Samuel, President of Harvard College, at Cambridge, 104.

Las Guasimas, battle, 365.

La Salle, explorations, 59, 63.

Lathrop, Captain, in King Philip’s War, 48, 49.

Laub, Henry, at the battle of Lake Erie, 170.

Laurens, John, at the siege of Yorktown, 148;
Commissioner at the surrender of Cornwallis, 149.

Lauzun, Duke de, at the siege of Yorktown, 147.

_Lawrence_, at Lake Erie, 163, 164, 168, 169, 170.

Lawton, H. W., in Spanish War, 364, 365.

Learned, General, at Behmus’ Heights, 134.

Lee, Captain, and surrender of Sumter, 271.

Lee, R. E., occupies Winchester, 294;
enters Pennsylvania, 294;
considered unconquerable, 306;
army at its best, 307;
northern invasion, 307;
misuse of cavalry, 309;
force in Gettysburg campaign, 312;
battle, first day, 313;
second day, position, 317;
rejects Longstreet’s advice, 317, 318;
third day, 321;
Pickett’s charge, 324;
confesses error, 325;
retreat, 326;
at Appomattox, surrender, 328, 335–341;
death, 343.

Lewis and Clark expedition, 8, 155.

Lincoln, Abraham, elected President, 231;
Sumter, 272;
call for militia, 273;
protection of Washington, 275;
_Virginia_, 279;
faith in Grant, 296;
Lee’s invasion, 308;
Hooker, 308, 310;
failure to crush Lee, 326, 327;
Lee’s surrender, 342;
re-elected President, 327;
assassinated, 328.

Lincoln, Benjamin, and Stark, 130;
at Behmus’ Heights, 135;
wounded, 138;
surrenders Charleston to Clinton, 144;
at Yorktown, 147.

Lincoln, Captain, at Buena Vista, 202.

Lincoln, Robert T., at Appomattox, 337.

_Linnet_ at Lake George, 175, 176.

_L’Insurgente_ captured by the _Constellation_, 154.

_Little Belt_ at Lake Erie, 163.

Locomotive, first, 181.

Lombardini, Manuel, at Buena Vista, 201.

Long Island, battle, 119.

Longstreet, James, rejoins Lee, 307;
disapproves of northern invasion, 307;
dispute with Lee, 317, 318, 322;
at Gettysburg, 318, 320;
expected counter-stroke, 325.

Louis XIV. attempted consolidation of Spain and France, 5, 8.

Louis XVI. execution, 154.

Louisiana, purchase, 8, 155;
settlement, 60;
retrocession of, to France, 154;
admission into the Union, 155;
secession, 231.

Loyalists, views, 97;
persecuted, 98;
at Boston, 106;
in British army, 120;
in Tryon County, 129.

McClellan, G. B., commander-in-chief, Federal armies, 273;
force, 274;
his superiors, 275.

McClernand, John A. B., in command before Vicksburg, 298;
placed under Grant, 298;
in Vicksburg campaign, 302.

_McCulloch_ in Spanish War, 354.

Macdonough, Thomas, Jr., at Lake Champlain, 173;
account of battle, 176–178;
testimonials, 179.

_Macedonian_ captured by the _United States_, 155.

McKee, Colonel, at Buena Vista, 205.

McKinley Tariff Bill, passed, 345.

McKinley, William, elected President, 345;
Spain, 346;
Cuba, 348;
declares war, 350.

McLaws, Lafayette, in Gettysburg campaign, 318.

McPherson, James B., Vicksburg campaign, 299.

McRea, Jenny, murdered, 131, 132.

Madison, James, elected President, 155, 156.

Maine admitted into the Union, 180.

_Maine_ blown up, 346, 349.

Manhattan Island purchased, 15, 30.

Manila, naval battle, 351–355;
Dewey’s command, 351;
Montojo’s, 351;
first shot, 352;
map, 353;
Spanish surrender, 354;
capture of city, 356, 373.

Manning, J. L., and surrender of Sumter, 271.

Marcy, W. L., plan of operations against Mexico, 189.

Marie Antoinette, execution, 154.

Marquette, Jacques, on Mississippi, 43, 63.

_Marquis de Duero_ in Spanish War, 355.

Maryland, settlement, 31.

Mason, John, in Pequot War, 38, 39, 40, 42.

Mason, J. M., confederate commissioner, captured, 273.

_Massachusetts_ in Spanish War, 358, 369.

Massachusetts, war with Pequots, 32–42;
King Philip’s War, 45–58;
charter annulled, 93;
military government, 95;
conscription, 120.

Maximilian, Archduke, assumes crown of Mexico, 327;
captured and shot, 343.

Meade, George Gordon, commands Army of Potomac, 294, 311;
character and appearance, 311;
forces under, 311;
reliance in Reynolds, 312;
at Gettysburg, first day, 313;
second day, position of forces, 316, 317;
midnight council, 321;
third day, Culp’s Hill, 322;
Pickett’s attack, 324;
question of counter-charge, 325;
Lee’s retreat, 326;
losses, 326;
Lincoln’s disappointment, 326.

Meade, R. K., and removal to Sumter, 252.

Mercer, Samuel, on Sumter relief expedition, 267.

_Merrimac_, construction, 276;
attack on Federal vessels, 277;
fight with _Monitor_, 278.

_Merrimac_, sinking of, 360, 361.

Merritt, Wesley, in Gettysburg campaign, 311;
at Appomattox, 337;
at Manila, 373.

Mexican War, causes, 183;
popular movement, 185, 186;
Taylor in Texas, 186;
advances to Rio Grande, 187;
first skirmish, 188;
Polk’s war message, 188;
war legislation, 188;
Polk’s sincerity, 189;
Slidell’s mission, 189;
purchase of California, 189;
map (1846–1848), 191;
occupation of New Mexico and California, 192;
Wool’s expedition, 192;
Doniphan’s expedition, 192;
friction, 192;
Taylor’s campaign, 193;
plan against city of Mexico, 194;
Vera Cruz, 194;
advance on City of Mexico, 195;
first mission, 195;
bribe to Santa Anna, 195;
armistice, 195;
futile negotiations, 196;
recall of Trist, 196;
City of Mexico occupied, 196;
treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 196;
ratified, 197;
Buena Vista, 198–207;
Vera Cruz, 208, 209;
Cerro Gordo, 209–211;
Contreras, 211–214;
Churubusco, 215–220;
Molino Del Rey, 220–225;
Chapultepec, 225–229;
City of Mexico occupied, 229.

Mexico, City of, occupied, 182, 229;
campaign against, 190, 193;
captured, 196.

Miami Indians, defeat St. Clair, 154;
defeated by General Anthony Wayne, 154.

Michigan, admission into the Union, 181.

Miles, N. A., in Spanish War, 363, 372;
Porto Rico campaign, 373;
charges of maladministration of army, 374.

Miles, N. P., and surrender of Sumter, 271.

Minnesota, admission into the Union, 230.

Minuit, Governor, purchased the island of Manhattan, 15.

Mississippi, admitted into the Union, 180;
secession, 231.

Missouri Compromise, 180;
repealed, 230.

Molasses Act, in effect, 82;
aim, 83.

Molino Del Rey, battle, 220–225.

_Monitor_ fight with the _Virginia_, 278, 281–287.

Monmouth, battle, 144.

“Monroe Doctrine” announced, 180.

Monroe, James, elected President, 180.

Montana, admission into the Union, 345.

Montcalm, Marquis de, capture of Fort William Henry, 63;
stand at Quebec, 69;
forces, 69, 70;
policy of defence, 72, 73;
meets Wolfe, 76;
defeat and death, 76.

Monterey, capture, 193, 198.

Montgomery, Fort, 139, 140.

Montojo, Admiral, Manila Bay battle, 351, 354.

Montreal, captured, 77.

Moore, Major, killed at the battle of Bunker Hill, 113.

Morgan, Daniel, at Behmus’ Heights, 133, 137.

Morgan, M. R., at Appomattox, 336.

Moseley, Captain, in King Philip’s War, 49.

Moultrie, Fort, condition, 240;
guns spiked, 254;
occupied by state forces, 255.

Napoleon I. sells Louisiana, 8.

Narraganset Indians, and Pequot war, 32–35;
King Philip’s War, 45, 51–54, 57.

Nebraska, admission into the Union, 343.

Nevada, admission into the Union, 327.

New Amsterdam founded, 4.

Newhall, Colonel, at Appomattox, 335, 342.

New Hampshire, settlement, 30;
conscription, 120.

New Haven purchased, 17.

New Jersey established, 43.

New Orleans, settlement, 60;
Farragut’s expedition against, 290–294.

_New York_ in Spanish War, 358.

Niagara, Fort, captured, 73, 74.

_Niagara_ at Lake Erie, 163, 170.

Nixon, John, at the battle of Bunker Hill, 113.

Noailles, Viscount de, at the siege of Yorktown, 149.

North Carolina, secession, 273.

North Dakota, admission into the Union, 345.

Norton, Doctor, discovery of anæsthetics, 182.

O’Brien, Lieutenant, at Buena Vista, 200.

Ohio, admission into the Union, 155.

Oklahoma opened, 345.

Oldham, John, killed, 34, 36.

_Olympia_ in Spanish War, 351.

_Oquendo_ in Spanish War, 359, 370–371.

Ord, E. O. C, at Appomattox, 337.

Oregon, admission into the Union, 231.

_Oregon_, in Spanish War, 358;
voyage around the Horn, 360;
in battle off Santiago, 369–370.

Oregon, Spain cedes claim, 9;
joint occupation, 9;
annexation, 10.

Ostend manifesto, draw up, 347.

Otis, James, and “writs of assistance,” 83.

Palo Alto, battle of, 193.

Panama Canal, construction, 344.

Parker, Ely, at Appomattox, 337.

Parsons, Usher, at the battle of Lake Erie, 168.

Paterson, General, at Prospect Hill (1775), 103;
at Bunker Hill, 108.

_Peacock_ captured by the _Hornet_, 156.

Pemberton, J. C., Vicksburg campaign, 299;
besieged, 304;
surrenders, 304.

Penn, William, purchases East Jersey, 59.

Pequots, war with Massachusetts colony, 32;
killing of Stone, 33, 34, 36;
murder of Oldham, 34, 36;
Narraganset alliance, 35, 36;
settlements attacked, 37;
capture of forts, 39, 41;
exterminated, 41.

Perry, Oliver Hazard, battle of Lake Erie, 156;
boyhood, 158;
at Lake Erie, 160;
command, 163;
shifts flag, 164;
victory, 167;
message, 169;
losses, 170;
treatment of prisoners, 171;
promotion, 171;
prize money, 171.

Petersburg, siege of, 327.

_Petrel_ in Spanish War, 351.

Pettigrew, J. J., and Anderson, 254;
Pickett’s charge, 324.

Philadelphia, meeting of colonial delegates (1774), 94.

Philippine Islands, United States’ possession, 11.

Pickens, F. W., request for Sumter, 248;
removal to Sumter, 254.

Pickett, G. E., charge at Gettysburg, 318, 323, 324.

Pico, Pio, faction in California, 190.

Pierce, Franklin, elected President, 230.

Pigot, Sir Robert, at Bunker Hill, 106.

Pillow, Fort, storming, 327.

Pillow, Gideon J., at Vera Cruz, 208;
at Contreras, 211;
at Churubusco, 215.

Pinckney, Castle, condition, 239;
occupied by Anderson, 247;
occupied by state forces, 255.

Pitcairn, Major, shot at Breed’s Hill, 116.

Pitt, Fort, built, 74.

Pitt, William, in British cabinet, 63;
naval activity, 64, 66;
demands enforcement of restrictive laws in the colonies, 83.

Pizarro, conquest of Peru, 12.

Plains of Abraham, battle, 75.

Plassey, battle of, 64.

Pleasonton, Alfred, in Gettysburg campaign, 309.

Pocanokets. _See_ Wampanoags.

Polk, James K., elected President, 181;
war message, 188;
Texas boundary, 188;
Slidell’s mission, 189;
aggressiveness, 189;
policy of conquering a peace, 189;
plan of operations, 189, 190, 194;
friction, 192;
Trist, 196;
accepts treaty, 197;
Cuba, 347.

Ponce de Leon, Juan, voyage to Florida, 12.

Pomeroy, Seth, at Bunker Hill, 108, 117.

Pometacom. _See_ King Philip.

Poor, Enoch, at Behmus’ Heights, 136.

Porter, David D., at the battle of New Orleans, 292;
Vicksburg campaign, 300, 304_n_

Porter, Fitz-John, report on Charleston harbor forts, 242.

Porter, Horace, at Appomattox, 336, 337.

Port Gibson, battle, 302.

Port Hudson, Banks’ expedition against, 305.

Port Royal, in Acadia, foundation, 63.

Port Royal, Nova Scotia, captured, 63.

_Preble_ at Lake George, 176, 179.

Prescott, Lieutenant, nephew of Colonel Prescott, killed at battle
of Bunker Hill, 115.

Prescott, William, at Bunker Hill, 103;
fortifies Breed’s Hill, 105;
bravery, 107;
reinforced, 107;
offers command to Warren, 109;
repulses Howe, 112, 113;
retreat, 116.

_President_, fight with _Little Belt_, 155.

Prevost, Sir George, at Lake Champlain, 175, 178.

Prideaux, Brigadier, expedition to Niagara, 72, 73.

Proctor, Redfield, speech on Cuba, 349.

Pryor, R. A., and surrender of Sumter, 271.

Putnam, Israel, joins army, 99;
at Cambridge, 103;
at Bunker Hill, 104, 107, 108, 112, 115, 117;
at the Highlands, 121;
at Peekskill, 140.

Quebec, settled, 4, 13, 63;
act, 6;
taken by English, 30;
Wolfe’s expedition against, 66;
Montcalm at, 69;
stronghold, 70;
river protection, 70, 71;
defensive force, 71;
progress of siege, 72;
plains of Abraham, 75;
losses, 76;
surrender, 76.

Queen Anne, accession, 60.

Queen Anne’s War, 60, 63.

_Queen Charlotte_ at Lake Erie, 163.

Quitman, John A., at Vera Cruz, 208.

_Raleigh_ in Spanish War, 351.

Raleigh, Sir Walter, expedition to North Carolina, 13.

Rawlins, General, at Appomattox, 336, 337.

Reconstruction Act, passage, 343.

Reed, James, at Bunker Hill, 107, 116.

_Reina Cristina_ in Spanish War, 354, 355.

Resaca de la Palma, battle, 193.

Revolution, American, primary causes, 79;
Samuel Adams as factor, 95;
outbreak, 99;
military preparations, 100.

Reynolds, John E., in Gettysburg campaign, 312;
death, 313.

Rey, Vara el, at El Caney, 366_n_.

Rhett, R. B., Jr., and Anderson’s removal to Sumter, 252.

Rhode Island, purchased, 17;
settlement, 31;
battle of, 144.

Riedesel, General, at Ticonderoga, 124, 126.

Roanoke Island, English settlement, 13;
captured, 288.

Rochambeau, Count de, at Williamsburg (1781), 146.

Roosevelt, Theodore, and the navy, 357;
Rough Riders, 362;
Sampson-Schley controversy, 376.

Ross, Major, commissioner at the surrender of Cornwallis, 149.

Rowan, S. C., and Sumter relief expedition, 266.

Ruffin, Edmund, opens fire on Sumter, 267.

St. Augustine, founded, 13.

St. Clair, Arthur, at Ticonderoga, 123;
defeat, 124;
pursued by British, 126;
defeat by Miami Indians, 154.

St. Leger, Colonel, siege of Fort Schuyler, 129;
retreat, 132.

St. Marks captured, 180.

_St. Paul_ in Spanish War, 360.

St. Simon, Marquis de, at the siege of Yorktown, 147.

Salem, settlement, 30.

Sampson, W. T., command, 358;
search for Cervera’s squadron, 359;
blockade of coast of Cuba, 359;
battle off Santiago, 369–371;
Schley controversy, 375.

San Juan d’Ulloa, Fort, 208.

San Juan Hill, battle, 365.

Santa Anna, at Buena Vista, 194, 198–207;
bribe, 195;
abdicates, 196;
at Cerro Gordo, 209;
at Contreras, 211–214;
at Churubusco, 215–220;
at Molino Del Rey, 220–225;
Chapultepec, 225–229.