Chapter II: Part 2

Origin of the Author's Investigations--Diagram of the Studio at the University of Pennsylvania where the Investigation was conducted--Batteries of Cameras, Electro-exposers, Contact-motor, Chronograph, and other apparatus used for photographing consecutive phases of animal movements--Method of obtaining successive exposures of moving objects synchronously from several different points of view--Normal Locomotion of Animals--Twelve consecutive phases of a single step of the Horse while walking; also of the Ox, Elk, Goat, Buffalo, and other cloven-footed animals; the Lion, Elephant, Camel, Dog, and other soft-footed animals; of the Sloth while suspended by its claws, and of the Child while crawling on the ground; of man walking erect--The Normal Method of Locomotion by all animals essentially the same--The Quadrupedal Walk as interpreted by Prehistoric Man, by the Egyptians, Assyrians, Phoenicians, Etruscans, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, and by eminent artists of mediæval and of modern times--The Statue of Marcus Aurelius the great source of modern errors; Marcus Aurelius in London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dublin, Paris, Berlin, Amsterdam, New York, Boston, and many other cities--Albert Durer, Verrocchio, Meissonier, Paul Delaroche, Landseer, Rosa Bonheur, Elizabeth Thompson Butler, &c.--Other Quadrupedal movements, the Amble, Rack, Trot and Canter--Twelve phases in the Gallop of a Horse--Origin of the modern representation of the Gallop--Gallop as depicted by the Hittites, North American Indians, Egyptians, Assyrians, Greeks, the mediæval artists--The modern conventional gallop; evidences of its absurdity; acknowledgment by the Artist of the necessity of reformation--Leap of the Horse, Kick of the Mule, &c., all illustrated by photographs the size of life, from nature, and comparisons made with the interpretation of the same movements by artists of pre-historic, ancient, mediæval and modern times--Demonstration of the action of the primary feathers in the wing of a Bird while Flying, and a solution of the complex problem of Soaring.

AFTER THE VARIOUS METHODS OF LOCOMOTION HAVE BEEN DEMONSTRATED BY ANALYSIS, THEY WILL BE REPRESENTED SYNTHETICALLY BY THE ZOOPRAXISCOPE.

_Among the many Institutions where Mr. Muybridge has had the honor of Lecturing on_

ZOOPRAXOGRAPHY

_are the following_:--

Royal Academy of Arts, London. Royal Society of London. Royal College of Surgeons, London. Royal Institution of Great Britain. Royal Dublin Society. Royal Geographical Society. Royal Institution, Hull. British Association for the Advancement of Science. Linnean Society, Zoological Society. Art and Science Schools, South Kensington Museum. London Institution, Glasgow Philosophical Society. Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society. Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society. Town Hall, Birmingham; Nottingham Arts Society. Manchester Athenæum. University of Oxford. Eton College, Clifton College. Wellington College, Yorkshire College, Rugby School, Charterhouse. Leeds Mechanics' Institute. Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society. Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society. Warrington Literary and Philosophical Society. Yorkshire Philosophical Society, Bristol Naturalists' Society. Bath Associated Scientific and Art Societies. Ipswich Scientific Society, Photographic Society of Ireland. Liverpool Associated Literary, Scientific and Art Societies. St. George's Hall, Liverpool. School of Military Engineering, Chatham. The School of Fine Arts; Hall of the Hemicycle, Paris. The Society of Artists, Berlin. The Society of Artists, Vienna. The Society of Artists, Munich. The Urania Scientific Society, Berlin. The Polytechnic High School, Vienna. The Polytechnic High School, Munich. The University of Turin. The "Cercle de L'Union Artistique," The Studio of M. Meissonier in Paris, Etc., Etc., Etc.

_And at all the principal Institutions of Art, Science, Education and Learning in the United States of America._

ABBREVIATED CRITICISMS.

"On Monday last, in the theatre of the ROYAL INSTITUTION, a select and representative audience assembled to witness a series of the most interesting demonstrations of Animal Locomotion given by Mr. Muybridge.

"The Prince and Princess of Wales, Princess Victoria, Louise, and Maud, and the Duke of Edinburgh honored the occasion by their presence; likewise did I note among the brilliant company Earl Stanhope, Sir Frederick Leighton, P.R.A.; Professors Huxley, Gladstone, and Tyndall; and last, not least, Lord Tennyson, poet laureate.

"Mr. Muybridge exhibited a large number of photographs of horses galloping, leaping, etc.... By the aid of an astonishing apparatus called a ZOOPRAXISCOPE, which may be briefly described as a magic lantern run mad (with method in the madness), the animals walked, cantered, ambled, galloped, and leaped over hurdles in a perfectly natural and lifelike manner. I am afraid that, had Muybridge exhibited his ZOOPRAXISCOPE three hundred years ago, he would have been burned as a wizard.... After the horses came dogs, deer, and wild bulls. Finally man appeared (in instantaneous photography) on the scene, and ran, leaped, and turned back somersaults to admiration."--GEORGE AUGUSTUS SALA in _Illustrated London News_.

"Both scientific and artistic circles in London are at present greatly interested in the triumphs of Mr. Eadweard Muybridge in photographing the successive phases of animal movements. Our leading biologists and artists have at once perceived and acknowledged the vast importance of the results of his work."--_The Times, London._

"The Archbishop of York occupied the chair.... His Grace congratulated the crowded and distinguished audience on the opportunity afforded them of hearing Mr. Muybridge, and said that to everybody who felt an interest in the phenomena of motion, the magnificent results of the investigation carried on by Mr. Muybridge and the University of Pennsylvania were wonderfully instructive."--_York Herald._

"His audiences have been drawn from the very first ranks of art, science, and fashion."--_British Journal of Photography._

"These demonstrations are marvellously complete, ... exceedingly abundant and rich in suggestion and instruction, and appeal to almost every class or condition of humanity."--_Saturday Review, London._

"Mr. Muybridge delighted his audience with his wonderful photographs."--_The Times, London._

"... Last night Mr. Muybridge gave his final lecture in Newcastle on 'The Science of Animal Locomotion,' with the whole of the wonderful illustrations; the Art Gallery being again crowded to excess."--_Newcastle Chronicle._

"A photographic achievement which seemed to me at the time scarce credible, and which I was presently assured by one of our ablest English photographers was absolutely outside the bounds of possibility."--PROFESSOR R. A. PROCTOR in the _Gentleman's Magazine_.

"At the conversazione of the Royal Society much interest was excited by Mr. Eadweard Muybridge's lecture. The ZOOPRAXISCOPE afforded the spectator an opportunity of studying by synthesis, the facts of motion which are also demonstrated by analysis."--_Illustrated London News._

"A really marvellous series of plates."--_Nature, London._

"Artistic people are all talking about Mr. Muybridge, who has come hither with that rare desideratum--_something new_."--London CORRESPONDENCE, _Philadelphia Times._

"It is impossible to do justice in this short time to the extraordinary exhibition given by Mr. Muybridge at the Institute of Technology.... The interest they excite in the mind of the spectator is indescribable."--_Sunday Gazette, Boston._

"The photographs have solved many complicated questions as to animal locomotion."--_Art Journal, London._

"The effect was weird, yet fascinating. Plaudit followed plaudit. A better pleased assemblage of people it would be difficult to find."--_Boston Journal._

"... Mr. Muybridge then gave his famous lecture and demonstration on Animal Locomotion. The hall (St. James') was crowded, and many were unable to obtain seats."--Report of the Photographic Convention, _British Journal of Photography_.

"A demonstration that vividly interests all the world."--_L'Illustration, Paris._

"Many of these pictures have great--indeed, astonishing--beauty. The interest which they present from the scientific point of view is three-fold:--(_a_) They are important as examples of a very nearly perfect method of investigation by photographic and electrical appliances. (_b_) They have also a great value on account of the actual facts of natural history and physiology which they record. (_c_) They have, thirdly, a quite distinct, and perhaps their most definite, interest in their relation to psychology."--PROF. E. RAY LANKESTER, F. R. S., in _Nature_.

"Mr. Meissonier's critical guests were evidently sceptical as to the accuracy of many of the positions; but when the photographs were turned rapidly, and made to pass before the lantern, their truthfulness was demonstrated most successfully."--_Standard, London._

"Meissonier, devoting himself to his friends, evidently cared little for personal compliments; he was anxious for the well-deserved distinction of his _protégé_ Muybridge.... 'C'est merveilleusement arrangé!' said Alexandre Dumas. 'C'est que la nature _compose_ crânement bien!' replied Meissonier."--_Le Temps_, Paris.

"The sensation of the day, and the topic of popular conversation."--_Boston Daily Advertiser._

"The rapid movements by different animals were most interesting: and hurdle-racing by horses--the very whipping process being visible--brought down the house."--_Boston Herald._

"On revolving the instrument, the figures that have been derided by so many as impossible absurdities, started into life, and such a perfect representation of a racehorse at full speed as was never before witnessed was immediately visible."--_The Field, London._

"Mr. Muybridge showed that many of our best artists have been in the habit of depicting animals in positions which they never assume in nature."--_Chambers' Edinburgh Journal._

"The large school-room (Clifton College) was crowded. The head master presided. Loud applause and frequent laughter greeted the life-sized photographs from nature, which by a rapid revolution of the ZOOPRAXISCOPE, showed among other actions, the ambling of an elephant, the gallop of a race-horse, the somersault of a gymnast and the flight of a bird."--_Bristol Mercury._

"The lecture theatre of the ROYAL ACADEMY OF ARTS was filled to overflowing."--_Athenæum, London._

"The Royal Dublin Society's Theatre was filled to its utmost capacity yesterday afternoon, when Mr. Muybridge resumed his course of Lectures. The demonstration is simply marvellous."--_Daily Express, Dublin._

"The result of years of labor, and of large expenditure of money is at last laid before the public in this magnificent work, and the result is one of which Mr. Muybridge and the University of Pennsylvania may well be proud."--_Evening Post_, New York.

"A Lecture of an exceptionally interesting character."--_Nottingham Guardian._

"There was a crowded attendance. Throughout the lecture Mr. Muybridge retained the close interest of his audience, and drew from them frequent and warm applause."--_The Scotsman, Edinburgh._

"In all my long experience of London life I cannot recall a single instance where such warm tributes of admiration have been so unsparingly given by the greatest in the land, as in the case of Mr. Muybridge's lectures."--OLIVE LOGAN in the _Morning Call, San Francisco_.

"Mr. Muybridge illustrated his lecture with a series of most valuable photographs, as well as that most fascinating of scientific toys--the ZOOPRAXISCOPE."--_Magazine of Art, London._

"His labors attracted considerable attention in the world of science, while among artists and art critics a pretty controversy set in on the subject of the horse and his representation in art, which is likely to be revived and extended to other fields.... With Mr. Muybridge, 'Instantaneous Photography' has acquired a new significance, ..."--_Saturday Review, London._

"No parallel in the history of photography."--_Photographic Times, New York._

"An exhibition which Raphael, Tintoretto, Michael Angelo, and other great masters of the Renaissance would have travelled all over Europe to see."--_Evening Transcript, Boston._

"The audience was astonished and delighted at the marvellous demonstrations of Animal Locomotion that were brought before them.... The most remarkable feature of the British Association meeting this year."--_Newcastle Journal._

"The effects of the ZOOPRAXISCOPE made up one of the most unique and instructive entertainments imaginable."--_Boston Daily Globe._

"A more curious, entertaining, and suggestive exhibition it has not been our good fortune for a long time to attend."--_Sacramento Record-Union._

"Everybody has heard something of the wonderful success which Mr. Muybridge has achieved; and in no country in the world is greater interest felt in his work, particularly as regards horses, than in England."--_Engineering, London._

"Simply marvels of the photographer's art."--_Mercury_, Leeds.

"Not the least instructive part of the Lecture was the contrast between the positions of animals as shown in ancient and modern art, with their true positions as shown by themselves in the camera."--_New York Tribune._

"Professor Marey invited to his residence a large number of the most eminent men in Europe for the purpose of meeting Mr. Muybridge, and witnessing an exhibition that should be placed before the whole Parisian public."--_Le Globe, Paris._

"The art critic and the connoisseur will find a study of Mr. Muybridge's work of inestimable value in aiding them to criticize intelligently."--_Pennsylvanian, Philadelphia._

"The applause which greeted these wonderful pictures from the brilliant company was hearty in the extreme; and all predicted a new era was open to art, and new resources made available for the use of artists."--_Galignani's Messenger, Paris._

"Of immense interest and value."--_Lippincott's Magazine, Philadelphia._

"The ZOOPRAXISCOPE is the latest, most unique, and instructive form of amusement possible."--_Commercial Gazette_, Cincinnati.

"His work at once attracted the attention of the world."--_Scientific American_, New York.

"Of much interest and value, as well as a source of great amusement."--_Observer, London._

"The realism of the motions of the various animals was intense, and the audience was very enthusiastic."--_Boston Post._

"The Lecturer proceeded to show enlarged photographs of various animals in motion, as the horse, dog, lion, mule, cat, etc.... These were followed by some very striking pictures of the flight of birds, which from a scientific standpoint were by far the most interesting and valuable of the photographs shown during the evening."--_Lancet_, London.

"Of extreme interest, not only to the artists and scientists, but to the greater part of his audience, who were neither the one or the other."--_Birmingham Daily Gazette._

"A host of well-known scientists and artists are greatly interested in this remarkable work."--_Pall Mall Gazette._

"The lecture on Tuesday night more than fulfilled the expectations which the audience had formed of Mr. Muybridge's researches."--_Belfast News Letter._

"Mr. Muybridge might well be proud of the reception accorded him by his distinguished audience; it would have been difficult to add to the _éclat_ of his appearance, and his lecture was welcomed by a warmth as hearty as it was spontaneous."--_The Photographic News, London._

"The illustrations are truly wonderful, and the rapid changing positions were most instructive."--_Nottingham Express._

"The concert room was crowded.... A vote of thanks to the Lecturer was proposed by his Grace the Archbishop."--_Yorkshire Chronicle._

"A very brilliant audience was assembled at the Royal Institution.... The photographs properly studied should be most valuable in affording truer and more exact data for the painter to base his work upon...."--_The Builder, London._

"A very important subject to all those interested in art."--_Belfast News Letter._

"It is now nine years since the photographs of Mr. Eadweard Muybridge surprised the world by challenging all received conceptions of animal motion."--_Century Magazine, New York._

"The interest excited by the novelty, both of the demonstrations and the results, was so great, that Mr. Muybridge has been invited by the Photographic Society of Ireland to repeat them to-night in a public lecture."--_The Freeman's Journal, Dublin._

"The audience filled the large hall, and by their frequent and hearty applause, expressed their appreciation of the lecture."--_Irish Times, Dublin._

"A very large audience again assembled in the Town Hall last evening, on the occasion of the second Lecture by Mr. Muybridge. The Mayor, who presided, referred to the first Lecture as perhaps the most unique ever delivered in Birmingham."--_Birmingham Daily Gazette._

"The attendance was exceedingly large, and the Lecture and admirable illustrations were loudly applauded."--_The Irish Times, Dublin._

"There was a very large attendance, and seldom have we seen so much genuine admiration and enthusiasm displayed as were evoked by Mr. Muybridge's illustrations, which were really wonderful."--_The Daily Express, Dublin._

"There was a crowded audience, and the Lecture, which was listened to with the greatest interest, was warmly applauded."--_The Freeman's Journal, Dublin._

"No description can do justice to the extent and variety of the subjects presented in this thorough study of animal movements."--_Ledger_, Philadelphia.

"Wonderful and interesting demonstration; its influence will become more and more potent and universal as the years go on."--_Argus, Albany._

"Will necessarily revolutionize the treatment of the action of the horse in painting and sculpture. For the physiological study of animal movements these pictures are a veritable treasure."--_Landwirthschaftliche-Zeitung, Vienna._

"I am lost with admiration of these photographs of Mr. Muybridge."--PROFESSOR MAREY, in _La Nature, Paris._

"Interesting and instructive to all."--_New York Herald._

"Highly interesting and valuable for every lover of horses."--_Illustrirte Zeitung, Berlin._

"We cannot more fittingly conclude our review than by repeating our recommendation of the work to all artistic and scientific bodies."--_The Nation, New York._

"So perfect was the synthesis that a dog in the lecture room barked and endeavored to chase the phantom horses as they galloped across the screen."--_Berkeley Weekly News._

"Noted artists, such as Menzel, Knaus, Begas; eminent scientists, such as von Helmholtz, Siemens and Förster and even the imperturbable field-marshal, Count von Moltke, were enthusiastic in their applause."--_Illustrirte Zeitung._

"A very large number could not obtain admission, so great was the desire to hear the lecture.... A wonderful surprise even to the careful observer of Nature."--_Die Press_, Vienna.

"The lecture was received with stormy applause."--_Berliner Post_, Berlin.

"The lecture was given in a popular manner, with scientific accuracy and artistic taste.... The room was filled to the last corner; nearly all the Royal Family and the Ministers were present."--_Münchener Neueste Nachrichten_, Munich.

"After attending Mr. Muybridge's demonstrations, we felt no surprise at his having been received so enthusiastically in Paris."--_Berliner Tageblatt_, Berlin.

"The lectures of Mr. Muybridge are unquestionably the most intensely interesting we ever listened to. No one in Berlin should fail to attend them."--_Norddeutsch Allgem Zeitung_, Berlin.

"Some lectures are too technical for the general public. Here is one in which everybody is interested. The Lecture Theatre was crammed to repletion; we thought a few vacant places might have been reserved for those whose pleasant duty it is to record the brilliant success of Mr. Muybridge."--_Pall Mall Budget_, London.

"So great an interest did the demonstrations excite that Mr. Muybridge was unanimously requested to repeat them. Two days afterward this distinguished company, including the venerable Field-Marshal (Count von Moltke) himself, attended a repetition of the lecture."--_Illustrirte Zeitung._

* * * * *

_APPENDIX B._

ANIMAL LOCOMOTION.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

The results of the investigation executed for the University of Pennsylvania are

SEVEN HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-ONE SHEETS OF ILLUSTRATIONS,

containing more than 20,000 figures of men, women, and children, animals and birds, actively engaged in walking, galloping, flying, working, jumping, fighting, dancing, playing at base-ball, cricket, and other athletic games, or other actions incidental to every-day life, which illustrate motion or the play of muscles.

These sheets of illustrations are conventionally called "plates."

EACH PLATE IS COMPLETE IN ITSELF WITHOUT REFERENCE TO ANY OTHER PLATE,

and illustrates the successive phases of a single action, photographed with automatic electro-photographic apparatus at regulated and accurately recorded intervals of time, _consecutively_ from one point of view; or, _consecutively_ AND _synchronously_ from _two_, or from _three_ points of view.

A series of twelve consecutive exposures, from each of the three points of view, are represented by an outline tracing on a small scale of plate 579, a complete stride of a horse walking; the intervals of exposures are recorded as being one hundred and twenty-six one-thousandths of a second.

When one of the series of foreshortenings is made at a right angle with the lateral series the arrangement of the phases is usually thus:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Laterals.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Rear Foreshortenings
from points of view on
the same vertical line,
at an angle of 90 deg.
from the Laterals.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Front Foreshortenings
from points of view on
the same horizontal
plane, at suitable angles
from the Laterals.

The plates are not _photographs_ in the common acceptation of the word, but are printed in PERMANENT INK, from gelatinised copper-plates, by the New York Photo-Gravure Company, on thick linen plate-paper.

The size of the paper is 45 × 60 centimetres--(19 × 24 inches), and the printed surface varies from 15 × 45 to 20 × 30 centimetres--(6 × 18 to 9 × 12 inches).

The number of figures on each plate varies from 12 to 36.

To publish so great a number of plates as one undivided work was considered unnecessary, for each subject tells its own story; and inexpedient, for it would defeat the object which the University had in view, and limit its acquisition to wealthy individuals, large Libraries, or Institutions where it would be beyond the reach of many who might desire to study it.

It has, therefore, been decided to issue a series of One Hundred Plates, which number, for the purposes of publication, will be considered as a "COPY" of the work. These one hundred plates will probably meet the requirements of the greater number of the subscribers.

In accordance with this view is re-issued the following prospectus.

PROSPECTUS

ANIMAL LOCOMOTION,

AN ELECTRO-PHOTOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF CONSECUTIVE PHASES OF ANIMAL MOVEMENTS,

BY

EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE.

Commenced, 1872--Completed, 1885.

PUBLISHED 1887, UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

_Exclusively by Subscription_.

CONSISTING OF A SERIES OF

ONE HUNDRED PLATES,

AT A SUBSCRIPTION PRICE OF

ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS For the United States, or TWENTY GUINEAS For Great Britain;

Or the equivalent of Twenty Guineas in the gold currency of other countries in Central or Western Europe.

The Plates are enclosed in a strong, canvas-lined, full AMERICAN-RUSSIA LEATHER PORTFOLIO.

Additional Plates in any required number will be supplied to the subscriber at the same proportionate rate; these, however, must be ordered at the same time as the subscription Plates.

It was considered inadvisable to make an _arbitrary_ selection of the one hundred Plates offered to subscribers, and with the object of meeting, as far as possible, their diverse requirements, they are invited to make their own selection, either from the subjoined list of subjects, or from a detailed catalogue, which will be forwarded free of expense to every subscriber.

The following are the numbers of Plates published of each class of subjects, from which the subscriber's selection can be made:--

Class. Plates Published.
1. Men, draped 6
2. " pelvis cloth 72
3. " nude 133
4. Women, draped 60
5. " transparent drapery and semi-nude 63
6. " nude 180
7. Children, draped 1
8. " nude 15
9. Movements of a man's hand 5
10. Abnormal movements, men and women, nude
and semi-nude 27
11. Horses walking, trotting, galloping, jumping, &c. 95
12. Mules, oxen, dogs, cats, goats, and other domestic
animals 40
13. Lions, elephants, buffaloes, camels, deer, and
other wild animals 57
14. Pigeons, vultures, ostriches, eagles, cranes and
other birds 27
---
Total number of Plates 781
Containing more than 20,000 Figures.

Should the selection be made from the Catalogue, it will be advisable to give the Author permission to change any one of the selected Plates for any other illustrating the same action, if, in his judgment, the substituted Plate illustrates that action with a better model, or in a more perfect manner than the one selected.

With regard to the selection of Plates, however, it has been found by experience that unless any special subject or plate is required it will be more satisfactory to the subscriber if he gives the Author GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS as to the CLASS of subjects desired and to leave the SPECIFIC selection to him.

Many of the large Libraries and Art or Science Institutions in America and in Europe have subscribed for, and have now in their possession, a complete series of the seven hundred and eighty-one Plates, the subscription price for which is

FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS

in the United States,

ONE HUNDRED GUINEAS

in Great Britain for the complete series, in eight full AMERICAN-RUSSIA LEATHER PORTFOLIOS, or if bound in eleven volumes, each plate _hinged_, full American-Russia leather,

FIVE HUNDRED AND FIFTY DOLLARS

in the United States,

ONE HUNDRED AND TEN GUINEAS

in Great Britain; or its equivalent for any city in Central or Western Europe.

Subscribers who wish to make use of these Plates for the promotion or diffusion of knowledge, or for artistic or scientific purposes, will be afforded facilities for acquiring working copies by special arrangement with the Author.

The investigations of the Author are so well known; and so generally recognized as affording the only basis of truthful interpretation or accurate criticism of Animal Movement, that it is perhaps scarcely necessary to quote from the many elaborate reviews of "Animal Locomotion," which have been published in the American, English, French, and German Scientific, Artistic, and other Journals. A few extracts therefrom are however given in Appendix A.

For the value of the present work to the general student of Nature and the lover of Art, no less than to the Artist and the Archæologist, the Physiologist and the Anatomist, it is with much pride and gratitude that he refers to the annexed list of some of his subscribers.

SUBSCRIBERS.

The general or departmental Libraries of the following

UNIVERSITIES.

Amsterdam
Andrews, St.
Basel
Berlin
Bern
Bologna
Bonn
Breslau
Bruxelles
Edinburgh
Erlangen
Freiburg
Genève
Genova
Glasgow
Göttingen
Griefswald
Hallé
Heidelberg
Innsbrück
Jena
Kiel
Königsberg
Leiden
Leipzig
Liège
Louvain
München
Napoli
Oxford
Padova
Pisa
Prag
Roma
Rostock
Strassburg
Torino
Tübingen
Utrecht
Wien
Würzberg
Zürich

IMPERIAL, NATIONAL, OR ROYAL ACADEMIES OF FINE ARTS.

Amsterdam
Antwerpen
Berlin
Bern
Birmingham
Bologna
Breslau
Bruxelles
Budapest
Dresden
Düsseldorf
Firenze
Frankfurt
Genova
Gent
Leipzig
Liège
London
Manchester
Milano
München
Napoli
Paris
Praha
Roma (_de France_)
Sheffield
Torino
Venezia
Wien
Zürich
Architectural Institute, München
Herkomer School of Art, Bushey

ART MUSEUMS.

Amsterdam
Berlin
Budapest

ARCHÆOLOGICAL INSTITUTES AND MUSEUMS.

Dresden
Griefswald
Heidelberg
Königsberg
Leipzig
Prag
Rostock
Strassburg
Wien
Würzburg
Zürich

INDUSTRIAL ART AND SCIENCE MUSEUMS.

Berlin
Dublin
Edinburgh
Kensington
Paris
Wien

INDUSTRIAL ART SCHOOLS.

Amsterdam
Breslau
Budapest
Frankfurt
Nürnberg
Zürich

LIBRARIES.

The Royal Library, Windsor Castle.
Imperial Library, Berlin.
Birmingham, Free Public
Edinburgh, Advocates'
Glasgow, Mitchell Free
Liverpool, Free Public
London, British Museum
Manchester, Free Public
Nottingham, Free Public
Paris, National Library

ANATOMICAL INSTITUTES.

Bern
Breslau
Freiburg
Hallé
Innsbrück
Kiel
Königsberg
Leipzig
München
Pisa
Prag
Rostock
Tübingen
Würzburg
Zürich

ROYAL COLLEGES OF SURGEONS.

Edinburgh
London

PHYSIOLOGICAL INSTITUTES.

Basel
Berlin
Bern
Bologna
Bonn
Breslau
Bruxelles
Erlangen
Freiburg
Genova
Göttingen
Griefswald
Hallé
Heidelberg
Innsbrück
Jena
Kiel
Königsberg
Leipzig
Louvain
München
Napoli
Prag
Rostock
Strassburg
Torino
Tübingen
Wien
Würzburg
Zürich

VETERINARY INSTITUTES.

Alfort
Bern
Berlin
Dresden
London

ANTHROPOLOGICAL MUSEUMS.

Dresden
Firenze

ETHNOLOGICAL, NATURAL HISTORY, AND ZOÖLOGICAL INSTITUTES AND MUSEUMS.

Amsterdam
Bruxelles
Freiburg
Kiel
Leiden
Liège
Napoli
Paris
Rostock

PHYSICAL INSTITUTES.

Basel
Bologna
Bruxelles
Genève
Heidelberg
Padova
Prag
Roma
Rostock
Utrecht

POLYTECHNIC HIGH SCHOOLS.

Berlin
Firenze
Wien
Zürich

COLLEGES.

Charterhouse
Clifton
Dublin (Trin.)
Eton
Owens
Wellington

ROYAL PORCELAIN MANUFACTORIES.

Berlin
Dresden

ARTISTIC, LITERARY OR SCIENTIFIC CLUBS.

Düsseldorf, _Malkesten_
Glasgow, _Western_
London, _Athenæum_
Rome, _Internazionale_

------

Agricultural High School of Berlin
Faculty of Medicine of Paris
Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow
Psychological Institute of Leipzig
Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh
Royal Institution, Edinburgh
Royal Dublin Society
Royal Society of London

DEPARTMENTS OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT.

Bureau of Education
Bureau of Engraving
Bureau of Ethnology
Department of War
Library of Congress
National Museum
Patent Office
Smithsonian Institution
Surgeon General's Office.

INSTITUTIONS OF ART AND OF ART TRAINING.

Baltimore, Maryland Institute.
Boston, Museum of Fine Arts.
Chicago, Art Institute.
Cincinnati, Art Museum.
Milwaukee, School of Design.
Minneapolis, School of Design.
New Bedford, Swain School.
New York, Cooper Union.
New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art.
New York, National Academy of Design.
Philadelphia, Academy of Fine Arts.
Philadelphia, School of Industrial Art.
Philadelphia, School of Design for Women.
St. Louis, Museum of Fine Arts.
Washington, Corcoran Gallery of Art.

INSTITUTIONS OF SCIENCE.

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
American Institute, New York.
American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
College of Physicians, Philadelphia.
Essex Institute, Salem.
Franklin Institute, Philadelphia.
Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, Cambridge.
Museum of Natural History, New York.
Peabody Museum of Yale College.

UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES.

Brown
Columbia
Cornell
Harvard
Johns Hopkins
Kansas
Lehigh
Minnesota
Nebraska
New York
Pennsylvania
Princeton
Vassar
Vermont
Wellesley
Yale

LIBRARIES.

Baltimore--Peabody
Boston--Athenæum
Boston--Public
Brooklyn--L. I. Historical
Brooklyn Library
Chicago--Historical
Chicago--Public
Cincinnati--Public
Denver--Mercantile
Harlem Library
Massachusetts--State
Minneapolis--Public
New Bedford--Public
New York--Mercantile
New York--State
Pennsylvania--State
Philadelphia Library
St. Paul--Public
San Francisco--Public
Springfield (Mass.)--Public
Wisconsin--State Historical
Worcester (Mass.)--Public

It is impossible within the limits of this appendix to record the names of the many well-known _Dilettanti_, Art Connoisseurs, Manufacturers, etc., who have acquired copies of Animal Locomotion, and it is difficult, without unjust discrimination, to select a few from among the many Eminent Men whose names and works are known all over the world and who are subscribers. Among those, however, who have honored the Author by placing their names on his subscription book--all academical and university distinctions being omitted--are the following:

ARCHITECTS, PAINTERS OR SCULPTORS.

Alma-Tadema
Armitage
Becker
Begas
Bonnat
Boughton
Bouguereau
Bridgman
Burnham
Carolus-Duran
Cavelier
Conti, Tito
Dalou
von Defregger
Detaille
Dubois
Eisenmenger
Ende
Faed
Falguière
Fildes
Fremiet
Frith
Garnier
Gérôme
Gilbert
Gordigiani
Gow
Herkomer
Hunt, Holman
von Kaulbach
Knaus
Knight
Kopf
Leighton, Sir F.
von Lenbach
von Löfftz
Marks
du Maurier
Meissonier
von Menzel
Millais, Sir J.E.
Morot
Munkacsy
Orchardson
Ouless
Parsons
Passini
Poynter
Puvis, de Ch
Richardson
Richmond
Rivière-Briton
Robert-Fleury
Rodin
Roll
Roth
Rümann
Schilling
Siemering
St. Gaudens
Story
Thornycroft
Tiffany
Vibert
Villefroy
Vinea
Wagner
Ward
Watts
Weeks
Wells
von Werner
Whistler
Zügel.

ARCHÆOLOGISTS, AUTHORS OF ART WORKS, ETC.

von Berlepsch
Bullen
von Duhn
Ewald
Falke
Furness, H. H.
von Kekule
Klein
Muntz
Overbeck
Pietsch
Preuner
Pulszky
Ruskin
di Sambuy, Conte
Smith, Gen. Sir R.M.
Treu
Wolff, Albert.

ANATOMISTS, ANTHROPOLOGISTS, BIOLOGISTS, ETHNOLOGISTS, PALÆONTOLOGISTS, PATHOLOGISTS, PHYSIOLOGISTS, PSYCHOLOGISTS, ZOOLOGISTS, ETC.

Acland, Sir H. W.
Agassiz, A.
Barrier
du Bois Reymond
Bowditch
Bowman, Sir W.
Braune, W.
Brown-Sequard
Burdon-Sanderson
Cleland
Darwin, F.
Exner, S.
Fick
Flower
Foster
Galton, F.
Gill
Goode, Brown
Hasse
Haughton
Heidenhain
Hering
Humphry
Huxley
Jensink
von Kölliker
von Kries
Lankester
Leidy
Lubbock, Sir J.
Ludwig
Mantegazza
Marey
Marshall
Meyer
Milne-Edwards
Mivart
Moleschott
Mosso
Munk
Müller, Max
Owen, Sir R.
Pasteur
Pepper W.
Pettigrew
Rabl
Romanes
Rückert
Schiff
Schütz
Virchow, R.
von Voit
Wear-Mitchell
Wood
Wundt
von Zittell.

PHYSICISTS, ETC.

Abney
Blake
Blazerna
Bramwell, Sir F.
Bunsen
Ditscheiner
Edison
Glaisher
von Helmholtz
Huggins
Langley
Mach
Matthiessen
Quincke
Spottiswoode
Thomson, Sir W.
Vogel
Weber.

MILITARY SCIENTISTS.

Field Marshal Count von Moltke
General U. S. Grant
General W. T. Sherman
General P. H. Sheridan
General R. B. Hayes.

* * * * *

THE SCIENCE OF ZOOPRAXOGRAPHY.

Made Popular by Suggestive Tracings from "Animal Locomotion."

------

A series of FIFTY ENGRAVINGS, each of which illustrates from 12 to 15 consecutive phases of some complete movement, photographed from life.

The successive phases of each action are arranged in a circle NINE INCHES IN DIAMETER; for reduced copies of some of which see appendix A.

Printed on six-ply Bristol-board and enclosed in

A STRONG CLOTH PORTFOLIO,

size 10×12 inches; price, Five Dollars in the United States; or One Guinea in Great Britain.

Sent free of postage upon receipt of price, to any country within the Universal Postal Union.

EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE,
University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, U.S.A.
Or, at 10 Henrietta Street,
Covent Garden, London.

* * * * *

To convert the circles of figures into a

ZOOPRAXISCOPE,

cut out the disc, and, radiating from the centre thereof, about midway from the margin, cut or stamp thirteen equidistant perforations; each an inch long, and about the sixteenth of an inch wide.

Pin the centre of the disc to a handle and revolve it in the direction of the arrow, at a distance of about twenty-four inches, in front of a mirror.

By looking through the _upper_ series of perforations at the reflection of the _lower_ series of figures, a semblance of the original movements of life will be seen.

The figures may be appropriately colored, and the back of the cardboard disc should be painted a dark color, or covered with a piece of dark surfaced paper before cutting the perforations.

* * * * *

DESCRIPTIVE ZOOPRAXOGRAPHY.

An Elementary Treatise on Animal Locomotion,

BY

EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE.

------

Illustrated with twelve consecutive phases--occurring during a single stride--of each of the six regular progressive movements of the horse, traced from the results of an investigation made by the Author for the University of Pennsylvania.

12 mo. bound in cloth. Price in the United States, One Dollar; in Great Britain Four Shillings and Three Pence.

Sent upon receipt of price, free of postage to any country within the Universal Postal Union.

EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE,
University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, U. S. A.
Or 10 Henrietta Street,
Covent Garden, London.

End of Project Gutenberg's Descriptive Zoopraxography, by Eadweard Muybridge