Chapter I: NUNC, see Agere

INVADERE, see _Irruere_.

INVALETUDO, see _Æger_.

INVENIRE; REPERIRE; DEPREHENDERE; NANCISCI; ADIPISCI; CONSEQUI; ASSEQUI. +Invenire+ denotes, as a general term, to find; +reperire+ and +deprehendere+ suppose a previous concealment of the thing found, and an intention, and pains employed on the part of the finder; but the _reperiens_ (from #peparein#) merely discovers what was concealed, and now lies before his eyes, like #aneurein#; the _deprehendens_, what desired to hide itself, or to escape, and now is in his power. Tac. Ann. i. 74. Perniciem aliis ac postremo sibi _invenere_: comp. with xiv. 3. Cædes quonam modo occultaretur nemo _reperit_. 2. +Invenire+, +reperire+, +deprehendere+, imply a concealed object, which is discovered; whereas +nancisci+, +adipisci+, +assequi+, and +consequi+, only a distant object, which is reached; the _nanciscens_ (from #enenkesthai#) arrives at his object with or without trouble, sometimes even against his wish, as to light upon; the _adipiscens_ (from potiri) only by exertion, as to achieve; the _consequens_ arrives at the object of his wish with or without assistance; the _assequens_, at the object of his endeavors, by means of exertion. Suet. Tib. 10. Titus ad primam statim mansionem febrim _nactus_: comp. with Dom. 15. Nero in _adipiscenda_ morte manu Epaphroditi adjutus est. Cic. Att. x. 12. _Nactus_ Curionem omnia me _consecutum_ putavi. Rosc. Com. 4. Ut neque nihil neque tantum quantum postulavimus _consequamur_. In Cic. Mil. 11. Nihil dico quid resp. _consecuta_ sit, nihil quod vos, nihil quod omnes boni; namely, by the death of Clodius, to which certainly nobody but Milo had contributed; _assecuta sit_ could not be substituted; and, on the other hand, in Sen. Brev. 17. Operose _assequuntur_ quæ volunt, anxii tenent quæ _assecuti_ sunt; the word _consequuntur_ would be too weak. Cic. Fam. i. 7, 10. Omnia quæ ne per populum quidem sine seditione _assequi_ arbitrabantur, per senatum _consecuti_ sunt. (iii. 142.)

INVERTERE, see _Vertere_.

INVESTIGARE, s. _Quærere_.

INVICEM, see _Vicissim_.

INVIDIA; LIVOR; INVIDENTIA; MALIGNITAS; OBTRECTATIO; DETRECTATIO. +Invidia+ denotes looking askance, as a sign that a man grudges something to another, from moral or immoral motives, not _necessarily_, though especially, from self-love, like #hupopsia#; whereas +livor+ (from #chleuê#, or #chloia#), denotes the self-tormenting envy, which poisons the whole soul, and deprives the body itself of its fresh healthy color. 2. +Invidia+ is the usual term for envy, whether active, as that which a man harbors, or passive, as a state in which a man stands; whereas +invidentia+ is a new term of Cicero's for the envy which a man harbors. 3. +Invidia+ and +livor+ denote envy as a temporary state, whereas +malignitas+ as an habitual quality and disposition, in opp. to goodness of heart. The _invidus_ and _lividus_ grudge particular persons particular advantages, in particular cases; but the _malignus_ wishes well to nobody but himself. 4. +Invidia+, +livor+, +malignitas+, denote a feeling and state of mind, whereas +obtrectatio+ denotes an action, or manner of acting, proceeding from this feeling, inasmuch as it seeks to injure the envied person by dishonorable means, namely, detraction. _Obtrectatio_ can scarcely be conceived as existing without _invidia_, but _invidia_ may without _obtrectatio_, if the envious person is too cowardly to enter into conflict with the envied. 5. +Obtrectatio+ supposes a rival, and has its origin in jealousy; whereas +detrectatio+ only an enemy in general, and proceeds principally from antipathy. (iii. 65.)

INVIDIA, see _Odium_.

JOCUS, see _Ludus_.

IRASCI, see _Succensere_.

IRE; MEARE; GRADIRI; INGREDI; INCEDERE; VADERE. 1. +Ire+ and +meare+ denote to go, in the most general sense, as motion from one place to another; +ire+ especially applies to persons, in consequence of an act of the will, like #ienai#; but +meare+ (from #ameuô#) especially to beasts, ships, rivers, stars, as mere mechanical motion, in which reason has no share, like #phoitan#; whereas +gradiri+ and +ingredi+, +incedere+ and +vadere+, with particular accessory notions in regard to the manner of going; +gradiri+ and +ingredi+, in a quiet manner, and with a regular measured step, in opp. to _serpere_, _currere_, _stare_; Cic. N. D. ii. 47. Att. ii. 23, like #badizein#; +incedere+, in a proud manner, and with a graceful measured step, as in a procession and march, in opp. to _ambulare_; Sen. N. Q. vii. 31, like #embainein#; and +vadere+ (#elthein#?) with alacrity and a quick step, as in travelling, and in attacking the enemy, in opp. to repere? like #chôrein#; Thuc. v. 70. 2. +Ingressus+ means going in general; +incessus+ a manner of going peculiar to the individual, and by which he is known as well as by his physiognomy. +Ingressus+ is purely physical; +incessus+ is moral and characteristic. (iv. 53.)

IRRIDERE, see _Ridere_.

IRRITARE, see _Incitare_ and _Lacessere_.

IRRITUS, see _Frustra_.

IRRUERE; IRRUMPERE; INGRUERE; INVADERE. +Irruere+ (#eisreusai#) means to rush on hastily and inconsiderately; +irrumpere+, to force one's way with violence; +ingruere+ (ingravare) to press on with threats and importunity; +invadere+, to fall upon with boldness, and without regard to consequences. (vi. 180.)

ITER; VIA; TRAMES; SEMITA; CALLIS. 1. +Iter+ and +meatus+ denote the progress which a person makes, the going, the journey, in an abstract sense; +iter+, that which a rational being makes; +meatus+, that which a being void of reason and of will makes; +via+, the path on which a person goes, in a concrete sense. Hor. Od. iii. 2, 22. Virtus negata tentat _iter via_. Cic. Att. v. 14. _Iter_ conficiebamus æstuosa et pulverulenta _via_. 2. +Iter+ in a concrete sense, denotes a way which leads directly to a particular point, whether beaten and trodden, or not, like #keleuthos#; whereas +via+ (from the old word veha, way), a way, which, if not beaten, is the ordinary and usual way, like #hodos#. Cæs. B. G. vi. 27, means by _viarum atque itinerum duces_, the guides, who partly point out the frequented roads and paths, partly give information as to where they lead out. 3. +Via+ and +iter+ may be narrow or wide; whereas, +trames+, +callis+, and +semita+, denote only a narrow way or path; +trames+ (#trêma#) a by-road in a plain and town, by which one may arrive, partly in a shorter time, partly without being so much observed as in the open road, to a given point; +semita+ (from secare, segmen), a foot-path, which often runs by the side of the high-road, like #oimos#; +callis+ (from #keleuthos#) a path over a mountain or through a wood, which is scarcely passable except for cattle, like #atrapos#. Plaut. Cas. iii. 5, 42. De _via_ in _semitam_ degredi; and Liv. xliv. 43. Cic. Phil. xiii. 9, 19. Egressus est non _viis_, sed _tramitibus_ paludatus; and Rull. ii. 35. Virg. Æn. ix. 383. Rara per occultos lucebat _semita calles_; and Curt. vii. 11, 2. (iv. 64.)

ITER FACERE, see _Proficisci_.

ITERUM; RURSUS; DENUO; DE INTEGRO; REPETERE; INTEGRARE. 1. +Iterum+ (#heteron#) means, like #deuteron#, a second time; +rursum+ or +rursus+, (revorsus) like #authis# and #palin#, again, once more; +denuo+ (de novo) like #neothen#, anew; +de integro+, like #authis ex huparchês#, quite afresh. Justin. xxi. 4, 6. Hoc consilio præventus _iterum_ servitia concitat, statutaque _rursus_ cædium die, quum _denuo_ se proditum videret. 2. In the same manner +pugnam iterare+, Liv. vi. 32, means to join battle a second time; +pugnam repetere+, x. 36, to repeat the battle; +pugnam renovare+, Cæs. B. G. iii. 20, to renew the battle; and +pugnam integrare+, Liv. vii. 7, to begin the battle again quite from the beginning. Aut. Herenn. ii. 3, 47. Enumeratio est per quam colligimus et commonemus quibus de rebus verba fecerimus, breviter, ut _renovetur_, non _redintegretur_ oratio. (i. 184.)

JUBERE; IMPERARE; PRÆCIPERE; MANDARE. +Jubere+ (from #iotês#) means to bid, merely in consequence of one's own wish and will, in opp. to _vetare_, like #keleuein#; +imperare+, to command, by virtue of a military supreme authority, like #archein#; +præcipere+ to enjoin, by virtue of an authority as a teacher, etc., something like #entellesthai#; +mandare+ (from #mêdomai#) to charge, in consequence of thorough confidence in a person, like #ephiesthai#.

JUCUNDUS, see _Gratus_.

JUDICARE, see _Censere_.

JUGULARE, see _Interficere_.

JUGUM, see _Mons_.

JUMENTUM, see _Pecus_.

JURGIUM, see _Disceptatio_.

JUSJURANDUM; JURAMENTUM; SACRAMENTUM. +Jusjurandum+, and the later word +juramentum+, denote a civil oath, by which a man confirms or promises something; +sacramentum+ denotes a military oath, by which the soldier solemnly pledges and binds himself not to forsake his standard. Liv. xxii. 38. Milites tunc quod nunquam antea factum erat, _jurejurando_ a tribunis militum adacti jussu consulum conventuros neque injussu abituros; nam ad eam diem nihil præter _sacramentum_ fuerat. And xxxv. 19. (vi. 183.)

JUVARE, see _Auxilium_.

JUVENIS, see _Puer_.

JUVENTA; JUVENTUS; JUVENTAS; JUVENALIS; JUVENILIS. 1. +Juventa+ (from #zeô#, #zoê#), is the season of youth; +juventus+, a collection of young men; +Juventas+, the goddess of youth. 2. +Juvenalis+ denotes youthful, either indifferently, as that which belongs to young people, or with praise, in opp. to the weakness of old age; whereas +juvenilis+ denotes youthful, with the accessory moral notion of what is in conformity with the character of young people, mostly with blame, in opp. to the maturity of age. (v. 46.)