Chapter XXI: Appendix

The best public collections of Ornithosaurian remains in England are in the British Museum (Natural History); Museum of Practical Geology, Royal College of Surgeons; the University Museum, Oxford; Geological Museum, Cambridge; and the Museum of the Philosophical Society at York.

Detailed descriptions and original figures of the principal specimens mentioned or referred to may be found in the following writings:--

H. v. Meyer, _Reptilien aus dem Lithograph_. _Schiefer_. 1859. Folio.
v. Quenstedt, _Pterodactylus suevicus_. 1855. 4to.
Goldfuss, _Nova Acta Leopold_. XV.
v. Munster, _Nova Acta Leopold_. XV.
A. Wagner, _Abhandl. Bayerischen Akad._, vi., viii.
Cuvier, _Annales du Museum_, xiii. 1809.
" _Ossemens fossiles_, v. 1824.
Buckland, _Geol. Trans._, ser. 2, iii.
R. Owen, _Palaeontographical Society_. 1851, 1859, 1860, 1870, 1874.
K. v. Zittel, _Palaeontographica_, xxix. 1882.
T. C. Winkler, _Mus. Teyler Archives_. 1874, 1883.
Oscar Fraas, _Palaeontographica_, xxv. 1878.
Anton Fritsch, _Boehm. Gesell. Sitzber_. 1881.
R. Lydekker, _Catalogue of Fossil Reptilia in British Museum_ I. 1888.
O. C. Marsh, _Amer. Jour. Science_. 1882, 1884.
S. W. Williston, _Kansas University Quarterly_. 1893, 1896.
E. T. Newton, _Phil. Trans. Royal Soc._ 1888, 1894.
H. G. Seeley, _Ornithosauria_. 8vo. 1870.
" _Annals and Mag. Natural Hist._ 1870, 1871, 1890, 1891.
" _Linn. Society_. 1874, 1875.
" _Geol. Mag._ 1881.
Felix Pleininger, _Palaeontographica_. 1894, 1901.

INDEX

A

Abdominal ribs, 85, 154

Accumulation of characters, 220

Acetabulum, 95

Acquired characters, 219

Adjacent land, 136

Air cells, 10, 48

Albatross, 23, 36, 176

Alligator, brain, 53;
pelvis, 98

American Greensand, 185

-- ornithosaurs, 87, 126

Amphibia, 4, 191

Anabas, 17

Anacharis, 227

Anchisaurus, 199

Angle of lower jaw, 75

Ankle bones, 103, 195, 207

Anomodonts, 192

Ant-eater of Africa, 142;
India, 40;
South America, 40, 185

Apteryx, lungs, 48;
pelvis, 95

Aquatic mammals, 141

Aramis, scapular arch, 113

Archaeopteryx, 58, 76, 104, 130, 197, 211

Aristosuchus, 129, 190, 205, 209

Armadillo, 40, 141

Articulation of the jaw, 12, 75

Ashwell, 177

Atlantosaurus, 202

Atlas and axis, 80, 81

Aves, 190

Avian characters, 220, 222

B

Backbone, 78, 84

Banz, 148

Barbastelle, 25

Barrington, 177

Barton, 177

Bat, 38, 110, 197;
sternum of, 107;
metacarpus, 128

Bavaria, 156, 185

Beak, horny, 74, 178

Bear, skull of, 12;
femur, 100

Bel and the Dragon, 15

Belodon, 202

Bird, 80, 110, 120

-- resemblances, 63, 65, 71, 95, 102, 108, 113, 119, 120, 211

Bird-reptile, 188

Bird wing, 128, 130

Birds in flight, 22;
with teeth, 76

Black-headed bunting, 47

Blainville, D. de, 30, 193

Blood, temperature of, 56

Bohemia, 34

Bonaparte, Prince Charles, 30

Bones of birds, variation in, 41

-- of reptiles, variation in, 42

-- about the brain, 69

-- in the back, 84

Bone texture, 59, 209

Bonn Museum, 32, 85, 156

Brain and breathing organs, 55

Brain cavity, in birds and reptiles, 52;
in mammals, 221, 226;
in Solenhofen pterodactyles, 54, 220

Brazil, 34

Breathing organs, 8

Bridgewater Treatise, 143

British Museum, 133, 183

Brixton, Isle of Wight, 55, 174

Buckland, Dean, 143, 148, 231

Burrowing limb, 38

C

Cactus, 227

Calamospondylus, 203

Cambridge Greensand, 33, 89, 176

-- Museum, 177

Camel, 83

Campylognathus, 68, 71, 135;
size of, 149

Canary, 47

Carnivorous dinosaurs, 129

Carpus, 122

Caudal fin, 91, 161

-- vertebrae, 89, 92, 203

Ceratodus, 4, 5, 9, 17

Ceratosaurus, 203, 204

Cervical rib, 81

Cetacea, 40

Cetiosaurus, 198, 203

Chalinolobus, 25

Chalk, pterodactyles in, 136;
of Kansas, 103, 132

Chameleon, 17, 51, 70;
scapula, 112;
sternum, 107

Chameleonoidea, 191

Cheek bones, 178

Chelonia, 86, 112, 193

Chesterton, 177

Chlamydosaurus, 21

_Chrysochloris capensis_, 121

Classification, 192;
on pelvis characters, 195;
of dinosaurs, 198

Clavicles, 111, 112

Claw, 105, 116, 183, 208

Coelurus, 203, 209

Coldham Common, 177

Collar bone, 111

Collini, 27

Comparison with dinosaurs, 198;
of pelvis, 204, 206;
of skulls, 192, 199, 201

Cope, Professor, 31, 34

Coracoid, 109, 112, 113

Cordylomorpha, 191

Cormorant, 70, 174;
sternum, 108

Corpora quadrigemina, 221

Crisp, Dr., on pneumatic skeleton, 47

Crocodile, characters of, 217;
heart, 56;
lung, 9;
shoulder-girdle, 111;
skull, 46;
vertebrae, 79

Crocodilia, 190

Curlew, 68

Cuvier, 1, 27, 28, 54, 76, 77, 130, 231

Cycnorhamphus, 70, 94, 171, 173, 204

_Cycnorhamphus Fraasii_, 80, 96, 169

-- _suevicus_, 169, 170

Cypselus, 42

D

_Dacelo gigantea_, 63

Darwin, 3

Davy, Dr. John, 142

Deuterosaurus, 97

Dicynodon, 200

_Dicynodon lacerticeps_, 71

Digits, of ostrich, 23;
of pterodactyle, 128

Digits with claws, 130;
foot bones in, 105

Dimorphodon, 63, 64, 66, 67, 73, 74, 83, 90, 102, 113, 143, 192, 194,
199, 201, 206

Dinosauria, 6, 77, 84, 87, 95, 129, 144, 198, 209

Dinosaurs from Lias, 135, 192;
from Elgin, 201, 207;
Stuttgart, 202;
Trias dinosaurs, 199, 200

Diopecephalus, 168

Diving birds, 23, 83, 102

Dolichosauria, 191

Dolphin, 107

Doratorhynchus, 173

Dorygnathus, 74, 148

Dragons, 3, 15, 17

Drumstick bone, 103, 195

Duck, 22, 83

E

Echidna, 75, 76, 95, 100

Edentata, 185

Edentulous beak, 153

Eichstaedt, 32

Elephant, head of, 46

Enumeration of characters, 223, 225

Ephesus, winged figure, 16

Epiphysis to first phalange, 123

Exocoetus, 18

Extinctions, 129

Eye hole, 144;
sclerotic bones in, 65

F

Farren, William, 34

Femur, 100

Fibula, 102, 183, 206

Fifth outer digit, 132;
in foot, 145

Figure from temple at Ephesus, 16

First phalange, 151

Fish-eating crocodile, 137

Flight, organs of, 17;
in bats, 25

Flying limb, 38

Flying fishes, 18, 57;
foxes, 26;
frogs, 19, 197;
gecko, 21, 24;
lizards, 20;
reptiles, 37, 46;
squirrel, 24

Foot, 104;
digits in, 105, 146

Fore leg, 102, 206

-- limb, 38, 107, 116, 120

Four claws, 147

Fox, Rev. W., 55, 174

Fraas, Professor Oscar, 172, 231

Frigate bird, vertebrae of, 86, 174

Frog, lungs of, 8

Furculum, 114

G

Gaudry, Professor A., 31

Gavial, 136

Gecko, 21, 23

Genera, comparison of, 192

Geological distribution, 186

Gills, 4

Giraffe, 38, 39

Glossy starling, 47

Golden eagle, 120

-- mole, 121

Goldfuss, 30, 231

Granchester, 177

Great ant-eater, 40, 185

Guillemot, 102

Gull, 22

H

Haarlem, Teyler Museum at, 32

Habits, probable, 134, 176, 198

Hairless skins, 141

Hand in mammals, 38

Harston, 177

Haslingfield, 177

Hastings, 174

Hatteria lung, 9, 27;
brain, 53;
skull, 70, 77;
ribs, 86;
a reptile type, 13

Head, characters of, 76

Heidelberg Museum, 32, 54, 159

Herpetomorpha, 191

Heron, 65, 174

Hesperornis, 76

Hind foot, 104, 135

-- limb, 93, 99, 159, 206

Hip-girdle in whale tribe, 39, 159

Homoeosauria, 191

Horningsea, 177

Horse, metacarpus of, 127;
vertebrae of, 79

Humerus, 46, 117, 217

Huxley, Professor, 31, 89, 154, 188

Hyo-mandibular arch, 13

Hypothesis of descent, 226

Hyrax, 101

I

Ichthyornis, 76

Ichthyosaurus, 6, 191

Iguanodon, 209;
pelvis, 206

Ilium, 93, 95, 96, 98, 204

Instep, 105, 207

Inherited characters, 217

Interclavicle, 111

Ischium, 93, 96, 203, 204

Isle of Wight, 174

J

Jaw, in birds, 12;
in fishes, 13;
in mammals, 12;
in reptiles, 13;
in pterodactyles, 63;
suspension of, 11, 74, 76

-- lower, 75

K

Kansas, Chalk of, 72, 103, 115;
University Museum of, 181

Kelheim, 32

Keuper, 33

Kimeridge Clay, 132

Kingfisher, 63

Kiwi, 23

L

Labyrinthodontia, 191

Lachrymal bones, 67

Laramie rocks, 34

Largest ornithosaur, 133

Lateral vacuities in skull, 147

Lawrence in Kansas, 181

Lengths of bones, 146

Lepidosiren, 17

Lias, 33

Lithographic Slate, 35, 156

Lizards, 20, 21, 27, 123

Llama, neck of, 79, 83

Loach, swim bladder of, 52

Lower jaw, 12, 74, 76, 149

Lumbar vertebrae, 89

Lungs, 47;
in apteryx, 48;
in chameleon, 51;
in ostrich, 49;
in reptiles, 8, 9, 51

Lydekker, R., 160, 169, 231

Lyme Regis, 33

M

Macrocercus, palate of, 71

Malar bone, 67

Mallard, 22

Mammal, 8, 12, 24, 79, 53, 95

Mammalia, 38, 141

Mammalian characters, 12, 220

Mammoth, 141

Manis, 40, 57, 142

Manubrium of sternum, 108, 109, 183

Marrow bones in a bird, 134

Marsh, Professor O. C., 31, 72, 90, 115, 121, 131, 140, 160, 165,
180, 181, 210, 231

Marsupial, 70, 94, 99

Megalosaurus, 129, 198

Merganser, 108

Merry-thought, 114

Metacarpus, 116, 124, 126, 128, 130

Metatarsal bones, 104, 207, 208

Meyer, Hermann von, 31, 45, 46, 85, 105, 108, 121, 160, 192, 231

Moa of New Zealand, 35

Mole, humerus, 38;
sternum, 107

Monotremes, 70, 94, 111, 121, 185, 218

Mososaurus, 77

Movement of the leg, 101

Mugger, 137

Munich Museum, 32, 159

Munster, von, 231

Muschelkalk, 184

Museum, 32, 156, 231, 159;
Natural History, 133, 231

Myrmecophaga, 185

N

Names of genera, 183

Natural History Museum, 38, 231

Neck, 79;
in Dimorphodon, 145;
in Giraffe, 39;
in Llama, 79;
in Pterodactyles, 80;
in Whales, 39

Newton, E. T., 55, 70, 158, 160, 201, 232

New Zealand Bat, 25

-- -- Hatteria, 68

Niobrara rock, 183

Nostril, bones round the, 62;
small, 147

Notarium, 87, 115

Nothosauria, 192

Nusplingen, 32

Nyctodactylus, 115, 180

O

Obliteration of characters, 216

Opercular bones, 13

Ophidia, 52, 191

Optic lobes, 53, 221

Organs of flight, 17

Ornithischia, 190, 198

Ornithocephalus, 166

Ornithocheirus, atlas and axis, 81;
brain, 55, 69;
carpus, 124;
cervical vertebra, 83, 179;
claw phalange, 129;
coracoid, 109;
femur, 100;
pelvis, 98;
pubic bones, 194;
sternum, 109;
shoulder-girdle, 115;
remains, 176;
teeth, 74, 76;
absence of teeth, 138

_Ornithocheirus machaerorhynchus_, 139;
_microdon_, 139

Ornithocheiroidea, 193

Ornithodesmus, neck bones, 173, 175;
coracoid, 109, 116;
dorsal vertebrae, 86;
remains of _O. latidens_, 173;
_O. sagittirostris_, 175

Ornithomorpha, 189

Ornithorhynchus, 40, 53, 95, 117

Ornithosauria, 30, 31, 50, 52, 58, 72, 89, 95, 104, 108, 125, 132,
133, 143, 187, 190, 192, 216

Ornithostoma, 66, 69, 72, 180;
lower jaw, 75, 76;
pelvis, 98;
sternum, 110;
phalange, 122;
size, 133;
skull, 181, 182

Ornithosuchus, 201

Orycteropus, 96

_Ossa innominata_, 93

Ossified ligaments, 150

Ostrich, 23, 45, 49, 113, 129

Owen, Sir R., 31, 36, 46, 48, 110, 117, 143, 172, 176, 180, 231

Owl, 46, 53

Oxford Clay, 33, 156

-- University Museum, 154

Ox, vertebra of, 79;
metacarpus, 127

P

Palate, bones of, 71

Pangolin, 142

Pappenheim, 32

Parallel groups, 215

Parrot, 71

Patagial membranes, 227

Pelican, 174

Pelvis, 88, 94-98, 151, 195, 202, 204, 206

Penguin, 41, 42, 104, 176

Periophthalmus, 17

Peterborough, bones from, 113, 156

Phalanges, 129, 132;
wing finger, 155

Phillips, Professor John, 155

Pigeon, 119

Platydactylus, 21

Platypus, 214

Plesiosaurus, 6, 73, 75, 93, 189

Pleininger, 149, 232

Pneumatic foramina, 45, 83, 88, 132, 209

Pond, Mr., 34

Porcupine, 40

Porpoise, 38, 73, 141, 200

Premaxillary bones, 77, 200, 205

Prepubic bones, 94, 96-98, 194, 204, 205

Protorosauria, 192

_Ptenodracon brevirostris_, 64, 99, 167, 169, 192

Pterodactyle aspects, 35;
avian characters, 222;
beak, 200;
brain, 53;
coracoid, 113;
discovery, 27, 33;
foot, 104;
fore limb, 117;
history in Germany, 31, 148;
hand, 130;
hind limb, 100;
long tails, 156;
palate, 71;
sacrum, 89;
short tails, 165;
size, 35, 133;
sacrum, 89;
skull, 192;
teeth, 73;
vertebrae, 80

Pterodactyles from Kansas Chalk, 177, 181

-- from Lias Clay, 135, 147, 152

-- from Neocomian Sand, 176

-- from Oxford Clay, 155

-- from Purbeck beds, 173

-- from Solenhofen Slate, 156, 158

-- from Stonesfield Slate, 153, 158

Pterodactylia, 30, 165, 193, 199

_Pterodactylus antiquus_, 167;
_brevirostris_, 99, 167, 169;
_crassirostris_, 156;
_dubius_, 87, 96, 97, 203;
_elegans_, 169;
_Fraasii_, 169;
_grandipelvis_, 87, 90;
_grandis_, 102, 167, 169;
_Kochi_, 12, 61, 87, 90, 168, 169;
_longirostris_, 28, 90, 96, 101, 103, 105, 167, 169;
_micronyx_, 105, 169;
_rhamphastinus_, 183;
_scolopaciceps_, 105, 166;
_spectabilis_, 83;
_suevicus_, 169

Pterodermata, 194, 199

Pteroid bone of first digit, 121

Pteromys, 24

Pterosauria, 187, 193

Pterygoid bones, 72, 147

Pythonomorpha, 191

Q

Quadrate bone, 12, 68, 77

Quenstedt, 231

R

Rabbit, 227

Radius, 119, 120

Redshanks, 22

Relation between head and tail, 157, 193

Reptile, 6, 79, 80

Resin, 136

Restorations--
Campylognathus, palate of, 71
Dimorphodon, 143, 147, 164
Ornithocheirus, 164
Ornithostoma, 164, 183
Ptenodracon, 167
Pterodactylus, 29, 30
Rhamphocephalus, 164
Rhamphorhynchus, 161, 164
Scaphognathus, 163

Rhacophorus, 19

Rhaetic beds, 184

Rhamphocephalus, 113, 136, 153

Rhamphorhynchus, 118, 192;
foot, 104;
hind limb, 99;
pelvis, 95;
sacrum, 88;
skull, 54, 63-6, 69;
sternum, 108;
tail, 91;
teeth, 73;
tibia and fibula, 103;
web-footed, 105

_Rhamphorhynchus curtimanus_, 163;
_hirundinaceus_, 163;
_longimanus_, 164;
_phyllurus_, 91, 165

Rhinoceros, 40, 141

Rhopoladon, 97

Rhynchocephala, 192

Roc, 36

Rochester, 136

Running limb, 38

Ryle, Bishop, 17

S

Sacrum, 87, 88

St. George, 15

St. Ives, 156

Sarcorhamphus, 102

Saurians, 27

Saurischia, 190, 195, 198, 199

Sauromorpha, 191, 192

Sauropsida, 188

Sauropterygia, 192

Scaphognathus, 64, 85, 140, 152, 192, 212

_Scaphognathus crassirostris_, 73-5, 83

Scapular arch, 111, 113

Scelidosaurus, 135

Sclerotic circle, 65

Seals, 41

Sedgwick, Professor Adam, v, 46

Shillington, 77

Shoebill, 67

Shoe-shaped prepubic bones, 204, 205

Short-tailed pterodactyles, 165, 193

Shoulder-girdle, 107, 111, 114, 115, 183

Siberia, 141

Simultaneous origin of characters, 214, 224

Skin covering, 40, 41, 58, 139, 140

Skulls, 68

Sloth, 112

Snipe, 47, 68

Solenhofen Slate, 28, 32, 88, 153, 156

Soemmerring, 29

South African reptiles, 188, 208, 216

Spotted fly-catcher, 47

Squamosal bone, 12, 13

Sternal ribs, 110

Sternum, 107, 158

Stonesfield Slate, 33, 88, 153

Structures common to reptiles, 224

Stuttgart Museum, 32, 172, 203

Swanage, 172

Swan, neck of, 80, 113

Swift, 50

Swimming limb, 38

Synotus, 25

Syrinx, 48

T

Tail, description of, 90;
in Cretaceous Pterodactyles, 193
-- long, 156;
short, 166;
in Dimorphodon, 145;
in Ornithocheirus, 179

Tanystrophoeus, long vertebrae in, 79

Tarsal bones, 102, 207

Tarso-metatarsus, 128

Teeth, 73, 137, 138;
in porpoise, 40

Temperature of blood, 56

Temporal arches, 68

-- bone, 12

-- fossa, 67

Teredo, 137

Texas fossils, 216

Thecospondylus, 209

Theriodont pelvis, 97

-- reptiles, 75;
of Russia, 96, 97;
of South Africa, 96, 117

Theropsida, 188

Thigh bone, 100, 206, 211

Three claws, 146, 197

Tibia, 102, 195;
in Iguanodon, 207

Toothless mammals, 40

-- pterodactyles, 138, 181;
beak of pterodactyles, 150

Transition from reptiles to birds, 211

Tree frogs, 21

Trias dinosaurs, 199

Triceratops, pelvis of, 204

Trout, 139;
of New Zealand, 228

Tuatera, 13

Tuebingen Museum, 32

Tundras, 141

Tunny, 57

Turtles, neck bones, 79

U

Ulna, description of, 119

Uncinate process of ribs, 85

Unlimited time, 228

Upper arm bone, 117

-- Greensand, remains in, 136

-- Lias of Whitby, 147

-- Oolites, 185, 195

V

Variation of bones in mammals, 38

-- in Pterodactyles, 229

Variation of bones in vertebrae, 225

Vertebrae, caudal, 89, 92, 203

-- cervical, 173, 179, 203

-- dorsal, 86

Vertebral articulation, 82, 224

-- column, 78

Vulture, neck vertebrae of, 80;
tibia and fibula of, 102

Vomer, 147

Vomerine bones, 72

W

Wagler, 29

Wagner, Andreas, 30, 148, 231

Walker, J. F., 54

Wealden beds, Pterodactyles in, 55, 84;
bones in, 135, 136, 173

Weight of Pterodactyle, 106

Whinchat, 47

Whitby, 33, 135

Williston, Professor W. S., 75, 82, 92, 98, 105, 110

Willow-wren, 47

Wing finger, 116, 130, 133, 151, 178, 197

-- membrane, 32, 121, 140, and frontispiece

-- metacarpal, 123;
in Dimorphodon, 151;
in Ornithostoma, 184;
in bats, 131

Wings of Dragons, 16

Winkler, T. C., 231

Woodwardian Museum, 34

Wood-wren, 47

Wrist bones, 122

Wuertemberg, 33

Y

Yale College Museum, 32

York Museum, 34, 176

Z

Zittel, Karl von, 31, 157, 165, 231

Zygomatic arch, 67

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