Chapter II: Part 2

I consider the existing maps of Roman roads to have little value as being based on the assumption that there were no straight sighted roads before the Romans came, and that (quite illogically) such a road could go round corners, and had to follow the tracks over which some old writer had travelled. I find the so-called straight Roman roads, as from Kenchester to Lugg Bridge, to be really on several slightly diverging leys, three in this case.

PLACE NAMES.

The ley and its sighting points were earlier than homesteads, hamlets, or towns, and as the latter evolved on the tracks, place names naturally bear traces of their origin.

It is no reflection on philologists that, not knowing of the ley, they have made misinterpretations, and have a huge mass of corrections to make. In particular they will find a past neglect in translating place names in the light of traders coming along the road and meeting the buyers at settled points. The man who brought the long-coveted gold ornaments might only come once a year, but to the women of the community the Gold Hill, Gold Post, or Golden Cross (roads), where they met him, or the Golden Valley, along which he came, would be likely to take their names from his wares. There are two of each of the above Gold place names in the county.

PLATE XI.

CHURCHYARD CROSS.

Bitterley.]

PLATE XII.

TREE.

Eastwood Oak, Tarrington.]

The notes which follow must be taken rather as suggestions than as final conclusions.

The common suffix--ley--indicates a ley of the character denoted by the first element in the name, and “meadow” is not, I think, the right interpretation. The numerous Leys Hills are not likely to be so called from meadows.

The suffix--ton originated by a mark stone on the ley becoming the nucleus of a homestead, and perhaps later a town.

The suffix--bury clearly indicates a mound which was a sighting tump. It is a strange development that these tumps were coveted both as places to be buried in and to live on. Mrs. Gillespie (who lived at Trewyn, Pandy, for 17 years) writes me: “I suppose you know that Trewyn was built on a burial mound,” and goes on to describe the discovery of a cist with human remains which they dug up under one of the rooms. I had told her how Trewyn was on two leys (therefore on a sighting point), one being down the avenue of ancient pine trees straight for Alt-y-Ynis.

Barrow (another mound name) occurs at Cradley, Pembridge, and Wheelbarrow Castle, Leominster; Canon Bannister shows that Coldborough was formerly Colbarwe, and he also associates borough and bury as from the same root. A variation is berrow as in Broomsberrow. Just as the sighting stone--ton became the site of our modern town, so the mound evolved into the borough.

Low--the universal name for the mound in Derbyshire--is not so common here. But Wormlow Tump, Ludlow, Warslow, and Bradlow indicate sighting points.

Bury is used alone as the name for a tump, as in the many Bury Farms, or as at Ivington Bury. A farmer still calls the earth covered tump in which he winters his roots a bury. Towns like Ledbury first grew round a sighting mound.

“Broom” occurs with great persistence on leys, with its variations brom and bram. Bromley and Bramley, Bromton and Bramton, Bromfield (where is the Old Field with a number of tumuli), Broomsgreen, Broomsberrow, and the many Broomy Hills are examples. It is not confined to one form of sighting point, and I surmise (from a faint line of evidence) that a component part of our modern broom was an essential working implement of the skilled ley man, and was continued as the staff of the mediæval pilgrim. Whether the plant broom was the original root word or a derivative I cannot say.

Lady Lift (a hill-point mound) is on a ley with Lady Harbour Farm, and the prefix Lady is applied to court, grove, ridge, oak, and meadow in the county. The Lady Harbour of Hereford Cathedral is on one of the leys which form Church Street, and had the name before any church was built there. It might possibly indicate a woman’s shelter on the road.

The suffix--tree, probably originated in a single tree planted as a sighting point, either as at “Cross of the Tree” in Deerfold Forest, or to mark the apex of a natural hill as illustrated in Plate XII. Webtree is on such a hill with two leys passing through it. Its name signifies that it is the spot where the webbe or weaver met his buyers. He travelled along the webbe-ley, and there are three Weobleys (formerly Webbeley) in the county, at Weobley Ash, and Weobley Cross, also the better known townlet. He also met others at a mark-stone now known as Webton. The surnames Webb, Webber, and Webster still survive.

In the same way another first word element gave the place names (and surnames from them) of Bosley (Cattle-ley), Boston, Bosbury, Boswell, Bostock, and Boscastle. Again, Stanley, Stanwell, Stanton, Stanbury, and Stanbatch. And I have shown how the white (salt) man gave the first element to innumerable place names on his route. There is a Silver Tump and a Brass Knoll in the Olchon Valley, both proved sighting tumps.

The names Bowley, Bowling Green (farm, also a quarry near Ewias Harold), Bolitree, Bolstone, Bollingham, Bal Mawr, Balls Cross, Ballgate, Bellgate, Bellimore, and Belmont, all seem akin to the rounded outline of an inverted bowl, or to boils, bowels, and belly of animal life, and indicate the rounded tump.

The house at Bolitree is built on a tump with signs of a moat, and as I found a ley through Bollingham (house and chapel) I went there to find the bol, and there it was, a fine tump with an old summerhouse on its summit.

Gate in a place name (as in Hill Gate, Three Gates, Ballgate, England’s Gate, Burley Gate, etc.) did not mean, as now, something which stopped a way (that was called a lid-yatt), but the way itself. It is much the same as the word pass. The same element (modified) is in such names as Gatley, Gatsford, Yatton, Symonds Yat, Woodyatt’s Cross.

Lee Line and Timberline Wood are place names clearly describing leys. There is a Linton and a Linley at Stanford Bishop--the mark stone and the ley. I think that Lyonshall, Lynhales, Lion Farm, and Hobby Lyons are variations.

Such names as Winslow, Preston Wynne, Winsley, and Winyard (Radnor Forest) indicate the road by which wine was brought. Totnor, Totteridge, Tothill, and Twt indicate (as Mr. J. G. Wood has pointed out) tumps, and they are all sighting tumps on leys. Mr. Wood (who has come very near discovering the ley) also--in Woolhope Transactions for 1919--connects Titterstone, Clee Hill (Plate I.) with the word Tot or Toot. Tooting and Tottenham are London forms of the word. Rosemary Topping (English Bicknor) is a much prettier name for a sighting tump.

Bur or Burl seems to be descriptive of some form of sighting point. Leys pass through Burley, Burlton, Burton (many of this name), Burford, and The Burcot; and there is a Burl Hill in Radnorshire.

Although a ley ran from peak to peak there must have been an earlier termination to its useful part, or a still more restricted part used by traders. Hence--in London--Finsbury; Capel-y-fin in the Black Mountains; and Fine Street, near Letton, have probably the same meaning, which, however, seems to be locally more often expressed by the word end, as in New End (Canon Pyon), Red Wych End (Cowarne), Nupend, etc.

As regards the place name element “broad” (also brad and bred), a ley passes through Broad Green (Orleton), The Broad, north of Leominster, Broadward, south of Leominster (dead on the main road at each of these two), and on to Broadlands at Aylestone Hill, Hereford. It was the road, not the place, which was broad, constructed for wheel traffic, for which the previous pack-horse tracks were too narrow. Mr. Allan Bright, of Barton Court, Colwall, wrote me, pointing out that a ley from the Wych through his house to Ledbury Church, also ran through a meadow of his called Broadley Meadow. Such names as Bradley, Bradlow, Bradford, Broadmoor, Broad Oak, and Bredwardine are thus explained.

Probably most instances of the word elements, little and long, apply to the roads which pass through the places. Hereford is (no doubt correctly) said to mean “army road.” Little Hereford is not a small edition of the town, but of the road. Litley is the small ley, Longley is the long ley, and so with the stone, grove, land, and ford (there have been two Longfords). Long in old spelling was often lange; and little, lutel or luttel--these from Canon Bannister’s list. Hence come the (places and surnames) Langstone, Langford, Langland, Langton, Lutley, Luton. The two Leinthalls--Earles and Starkes--are seldom called by these second names locally, but are Little Leinthall and Long Leinthall respectively, the element leint (occurring also in Leintwardine) being I surmise derived from ley. Little Leynthale, to quote an old spelling, would be the meadow traversed by the short ley.

DISCOVERY BY PLACE NAME.

I have experienced this in several cases, and will detail one. A local antiquarian (Mr. W. Pilley) always maintained that there had been an ancient spring--the Bewell spring--close to Bewell House and the Hereford Brewery within the City. When I lived there with my father we knew nothing of it. But about a year ago the present owners in sinking a new deep well and building a new engine house, uncovered the following inscription cut in stone in the base of the brewery wall, but covered by a rockery in my time:--

WELL, 71 FEET, 1724.

I had always felt that the derivation given for the place name Bewell Street as Behind-the-wall Street was an error.

There is a hill on the Canon Pyon road called Bewley or Bewdley Pitch. Solely on account of my surmise that the Bewley might lead to the Bew-well, I tried a line on the map and found a ley exactly falling on this “pitch” (or steep road) passing from the north through Bishops Moat (west of Bishops Castle), Meer Oak, Bucknell Church, Street Court, Stretford Churchyard, and Birley Churchyard, and exactly over the site of the well. Southwards over Palace Ford, Dinedor Camp, Caradock, Picts Cross, Hom Green Cross, Walford Church, Leys Hill, Speech House; there being numerous confirmations in fragments of road.

THE LEY-MEN.

The fact of the ley, with its highly skilled technical methods, being established, it must also be a fact that such work required skilled men, carefully trained. Men of knowledge they would be, and therefore men of power over the common people. And now comes surmise. Did they make their craft a mystery to others as ages rolled by. Were they a learned and priestly class, not admitted until completing a long training--as Cæsar describes the Druids. Or did they--as Diodorus and Strabo says of Druids--become also bards and soothsayers. Did they, as the ley decayed, degenerate into the witches of the middle ages. Folk-lore provides the witches with the power of riding through the air on a broomstick, the power of overlooking, that of the evil eye. They (in imagination) flew over the Broomy Hills and the Brom-leys. It may be that the ancient sighting methods were condemned as sorcery by the early Christian missionaries.

PLATE XIII.

TREES.

1. A One-tree Hill, Llanvihangel-nant-Melan.

2. Scotch-Fir (or Scots Pine) Avenue, Monnington (See Plate
XVII.).]

PLATE XIV.

CAMPS.

1. One of the Four Mounds, Sutton Walls.

2. Herefordshire Beacon.]

Were they the laity or lay-men of Beowulf?

In later days our first English poet was one Layamon, and in his time were men called Ley-cester, Leye, and Ley-land.

In the Oxford Dictionary is given the obsolete word cole as meaning in the 16th century a false magician, a juggler, and cole-prophet (or cold-prophet) with a similar meaning, and there is a cole-staff or cowl-staff also mentioned, which, although then meaning a carrying stick, was--I surmise--originally the working sighting staff of the cole-man, who was the magician of the ley. The word still survives in colporter, a walking seller of books, who carries his wares slung over his shoulder on a stick.

We have in our district Coldman’s Hill, Coldstone Common, Coles Tump (Orcop), and Coles Mountain (Presteign). In other parts of England are Coley, Colbury, Colebatch, Colestock, Coleshill, Coleford, Coleham, Colchester, and Coleridge, which last has an alternate name Coldridge, confirming other instances of the intrusion of the d. I surmise Cold Harbour (Kentchurch) to have been Cole Harbour.

Colmanswell in Ireland possesses to-day a “sacred” well, and this name, together with our own ancient Colewelle in Herefordshire, now altered to Colwall, is probably nearer the original root meaning than is the case of the three Coldwells at Holmer, Kingston, and English Bicknor.

A Bishop’s name Colman is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and Cole is also a common surname to-day.

There are other names for a ley-man indicated in the two Derbyshire place names, Totmans Low and Laidmans Low, the Low being a sighting mound.

HINTS TO LEY HUNTERS.

Keep to the discovery of lines through undoubted sighting points, as artificial mounds (including castle keeps), moats and islands in ponds or lakes. In practice churches can be treated as sighting points, but in some cases a ley passes through a tump or well close to the church. Avoid for a time the temptation of taking every bit of narrow straight road and extending it into a ley. Scrap every ley you think you have discovered if it does not pass through at least four undoubted sighting points exclusive of roads.

You must use Government ordnance maps. One mile to the inch is the working scale. Other maps of two or four miles to the inch are quite useless, save for checking long leys.

The (B) “Popular edition, mounted and folded in covers for the pocket,” is the most convenient for field work and is the cheapest, as it contains over double the area of the older (C) 18 x 12 edition; but I have found the latter (uncoloured, in flat sheets) necessary for transferring leys from one map to the next on drawing boards in the office.

Maps cut in sections are useless for this exact work.

About four drawing boards, a light 24-inch straight edge, a T square for pinning down the maps accurately to line with the boards, a moveable head T square to adjust to the angle of the ley, so as to transfer to the next map, and a box of the glass headed pins used by photographers (in addition to the usual drawing pins) are the minimum essentials for real work. A sighting compass for field work used in conjunction with a special divided quadrant on the moveable head of square are aids I have found valuable.

Remember that the entire course of a ley can be found from two undoubted sighting points on it if marked on the map. Therefore stick a glass headed pin in these two points, apply the straight edge, and rule the line, pencil it at first, ink afterwards.

When you get a “good ley” on the map, go over it in the field, and fragments and traces of the trackways will be found, always in straight lines, once seen recognised with greater ease in future.

Where close detail is required, as in villages and towns, the 1´´scale is far too small, and the 6´´ scale is necessary. The angle of the ley is transferred to it from the 1´´ map with the aid of the moveable head square. Maps must be pinned square on the board by the T square passing through identical degree marks on the edges, latitude for leys running E. and W., but longitude for leys N. and S. The edges of the maps are not truly in line with the degree lines, and must not be the guide.

Ley hunting gives a new zest to field rambles, and the knowledge of the straight ley provides new eyes to an eager observer.

I have a mental vision of a Scout Master of the future, out ley hunting with the elder boys of his troup, instructing them as they look out from a high sighting point. “Now, Harold! if you only take that pole out of your eye, you will see better to pick out that distant moat that Cyril has in his eye. He’s got it, right enough, just a speck of light from the ring of water round the island. When I told you to use your pole as a sighting staff, I didn’t tell you to see nothing else. Now we have found the ley, I think we shall see a bit of the old track in that far grassy field this side the moat; it’s narrow and straight, and there are many who never find it because they look for a broad way like our present wheel tracks.”

A FEW LEYS.

(_Additional to others detailed in text and maps_).

Colva Hill to Birdlip Hill, via Parton Cross, Breinton Camp and Ford, Red Hill, Holme Lacy House, Caplar Camp, Yatton Church, Moat and Camp beyond Newent, and dead on “Ermin Street” for five miles.

Gwaun Ceste Hill to Brimpsfield Castle, via Michaelchurch, Eaton Camp, Perry Hill, Dinedor Cross, Tump, Brockhampton Old Church, Cross in Hand, Upton Court, The Conigree, Rudford Church, Gloucester Cathedral, Castle Hill, Witcombe Park, and Blacklains.

Gwaun Ceste Hill to West Tump, via Colva Church, Brilley Green, The Scar Rock (Brobury), down Monnington Walks (central), Monnington Church, The Chantry, Perrystone, Mullhampton, Anthony’s Cross, Tibberton Court, Llanthony (Glos.) Abbey, and dead on a Gloucester street.

Little Mountain (Westbrook) to St. Ann’s Well and Priory Church, Malvern, via Arthur’s Stone, Cross End, Moccas Church, Monnington Church, Credenhill (old) Court, Pipe and Lyde Church, and Beacon Hill.

Pen-y-Beacon to North Hill, Malvern, via Sugwas Park, Ten Houses Pond (Plate VI.), Burcot Pool, White Stone Chapel, Shucknell Hill, Stretton Grandison Church, Moat at Birchend, and Mathon Church.

Croft Ambury to Y-Fan-Drongarth (2,410 peak in Brecon Beacon group), via Hill Barn, Easthampton, Milton House, Court of Noke, Elsdon, Bollingham Chapel Tump, Clyro Church, Llowes Church, Bryn-Rhydd, and Slwch Camp, Brecon.

Bailey Hill (Knighton) to May Hill (Longhope), via The Warden, Presteign, Golf Course Tump, Holmer, Holmer House, Holmer Lane Tump, Venn’s Lane, The Prospect and Tupsley Hospital Road, Main Street and Church, Fownhope, Caplar Camp, How Caple Church, Old Gore Cross, and Linton Church.

ENDWORD.

I close up my patchwork pages for this booklet, and a tired brain finds relief in two memories. The one of the day, just on half a century ago, when, a lad on a trader’s route for my father’s brewery, I pulled up my horse to look with wonder at the Four Stones, standing like sentinels in a field corner. Later in the same day, the steep slope of the Radnor Forest surmounted, came the first view of Castle Tomen at the summit of the Forest road, with its background of Wye and Irfon Valley (Breconshire) Mountains. And the note of unsatisfied wonder struck that day has lingered through nearly fifty years’ unusually intimate knowledge of our beautiful West Country border land, and I know now that my sub-conscious self had prepared the ground and worked at the problem I now see solved.

The second memory is the vivid one of the rush of revelations in the gorgeous year of sunshine just finished. And I can scarcely realize that half the year had gone, the clear smoke-free distances of early summer a thing of the past, and midsummer day over, before I got the first clue. Once started, I found no halt in the sequence of new facts revealed by active search on the tracks.

It is a mere framework for a new knowledge that I offer, but I know that it has solid foundations, and that good wholesome field work by others--for it may not be granted to me to do very much more--will fill in many gaps. That is why I write.

POSTSCRIPT. In some districts--as Salisbury Plain and the Yorkshire Wolds--there are groups of adjacent barrows so numerous that it is probable that most of them were built as burial mounds only, not sighting mounds. This is not the case in the district investigated.

PLATE XV.

CHURCH.

Ledbury, the Spire sighted up Church Lane.]

PLATE XVI.

CASTLE.

Wigmore Castle, showing the sighting mound.]

PLATE XVII.

CASTLE.

Brampton Bryan Castle with Coxall Knoll on right.]

PLATE XVIII.

HOUSE IN MOAT.

Gillow.]

PLATE XIX.

MAP OF TWO LEYS (A. & B.) AND PARTS OF C. & D. SEE CONTENTS TABLE

(Based upon the Ordnance Survey with the sanction of the Controller
of H.M. Stationery Office).]

PLATE XX.

MAP OF EIGHT LEYS THROUGH CAPEL-Y-TAIR-YWEN, HAY. SEE CONTENTS TABLE

(Based upon the Ordnance Survey with the sanction of the Controller
of H.M. Stationery Office).]

INDEX.

_Most of the Places indexed are in Herefordshire; those in adjoining counties are, if necessary, indicated by the initial of the county (as R. for Radnor) following the name._

Abdon Burf (S.), 18

Aberllynfi-Gaer (B.), 6

Aconbury Church, 20

Almeley Batch Twt, 6

Almeley Woonton, 19

Altars, 25

Alt-y-ynis, 27

Anthony’s Cross (G.), 33

Arthur’s Stone, 6, 14, 24, 25, 33

Assemblies, 10, 14

Avenues (trees), 5, 20

Avenues of Pines, 27

Aylestone Hill, 24

Aymestrey, 26

Bach Hill (R.), 18

Backbury, 19

Badesley Clinton (Warwick.), 16

Bailey Hill (R.), 34

Baldwin (Archbishop), 17

Bal-Mawr (B.), Balls Cross, Ballgate, 5, 28

Bannister, Rev. A. J., 27, 30

Baring-Gould, Rev. S., 25

Barrow, 10, 27

Barton Court, 29

Bartonsham Farm, 5, 17

Bassam, 5, 17

Batch, 6, 10

Beachley (G.), 22

Beachwood Mound, 23

Beacon Hill, 33

Bellgate, Bellimore, Belmont, 28

Belloc, Hillaire, 25

Belmont, 16, 18

Bentley, Rev. S., 25

Beowulf, 31

Bewell Spring, 30

Bewley or Bewdley, 30

Bible parallels, 33

Bicknor Walks (G.), 12

Birchend Moat, 33

Birdlip Hill (G.), 33

Birley Church, 30

Birley Hill, 6

Bitterley Cross (S.), 5

Bitterley (S.), 4, 18

Bishop’s Moat (S.), 30

Black Darren, 4

Black Hill, Olchon, 6

Blackfriars, Hereford, 24

Blacklains (G.), 33

Black Mountains, 5, 17

Black Traders road, 23

Blackwardine, 9

Bobblestock Hill, 19

Bolitree, Bolstone, Bollingham, 28

Bollingham, 17, 33

Borough, 27

Bosbury, Boston, Bosley, 28

Bosbury Cross, 25

Boswell (Staff.), Bostock (Staff.), Boscastle (Cornwall), 28

Bowley Bowling Green, 19, 28

Bowley Town, 14

Boy Scouting, 33

Bradley, Bradlow, 27, 29

Bramley, 27

Brampton Bryan, 6

Bramton, 27

Brass Knoll, 28

Bredwardine, 29

Breinton, 20, 33

Bren Tor (Devon), 22

Bridge Sollars, 16, 20, 26

Brilley Green, 33

Brinsop, 16

Brimpsfield Castle (G.), 33

Brinklow (Wilts.), 25

Brimfield, 24

Broad Green, 29

Broad (The), 9, 29

Broadlands, Broadley, Broadward, 29

Brobury Scar, 5, 6, 19, 33

Brockhampton Church, 33

Bromton, 27

Bromfield, 27

Bromley (Kent), 27

Broom, 27, 28

Broomsgreen (G.), 27

Broomsberrow (G.), 27

Broomstick, 31

Broomy Hill, 27, 31

Brown Clee (S.), 18

Bryn-y-Maen (R.), 18

Bryn-Rhydd (R.), 33

Bucknell Church (S.), 30

Bullingham, 24

Burcot Pool, 16, 24, 33

Bury, 10

Burial Mound, 14, 20, 27

Bur, Burton, Burford, Burcot, 29

Burl, Burley, Burlton, 29

Burley Gate, 28

Bury, 27

Bush Bank, 17

Byford Ford, 6

Caerleon (M.), 25

Caerwent (M.), 25

Cairn, 10

Camps--6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 20, 21, 22, 25, 33, 34

Canterbury, 13, 25

Capel-y-fin (B.), 5, 17, 18, 29

Capel-y-tair-ywen (B.), 6

Caplar Camp, 21, 33, 34

Caradock, 30

Castles--4, 6, 10, 11, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 28, 31, 33

Castle Hill (Glos.), 33

Castle Hill (Hereford), 14, 23

Castle Farms, 22

Castle Tumps, 6

Castle Tomen, 4, 34

Causeways, 4, 5, 13, 16, 24

Chamber Well, 24

Chantry, Perrystone, 33

Christian Era, 11

Churchdown (G.), 22

Churches--6, 7, 11, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33,
34

Cist, 27

Clee Hill (S.), 4, 18

Clifford, 6

Clyro Church (R.), 33

Codrington, Thos., 15, 25

Colchester, Coleham, Coleridge, 31

Coldborough, 27

Cold Harbour, Coldridge, 31

Coldman’s Hill, Coldstone, 31

Coldwell, 24, 31

Cole, Coleman, 24, 31

Cole-prophet, Cold-prophet, 31

Cole-staff, 31

Coleshill, Colestock, Coleford, 31

Colewelle, Colmanswell, 31

Coles Tump, Coles Mountain, 31

Coley, Colebury, Colebatch, 31

Colva Church (R.), 33

Colporter, 31

Colva Hill (R.), 32

Colwall, 24, 31

Commerce, 10

Concrete in Causeways, 4

Conigree (G.), 33

Constable’s Firs, 20

Coronation Stone, 17

Coxall Knoll, 6

Court of Noke, 33

Craft of the Ley-men, 30

Cradley, 27

Credenhill, 5, 17, 33

Croft Ambury, 9, 21, 33

Croft Lane, 9

Crosses, 5, 17

Cross Ash (M.), 19

Cross Colloe, 19

Cross End Farm, 6, 33

Cross in Hand, 14, 33

Cross Oak (S.), 19

Cross Roads, 11, 13

Cross of the Tree, 19, 28

Cruger Castle (R.), 4

Cullis, 15

Cusop, 12

Cuttings, 15

D, intrusion of letter, 27

Dancing in Circle, 14

Dartmoor, 18, 25

Deerfold Forest, 28

Duchess Walk (S.), 20

Dial Carreg (M.), 18

Dial Post (W.), 18

Didley, 4, 14

Dinedor Camp, 12, 21, 30

Dinedor Cross, 33

Dinedor Holy Well, 24

Dolmen, 14

Domestic Camp, 20

Doomsday Book, 22

Dorstone Castle Tump, 6

Droitwich (W.), 22

Druids, 31

Eardisland, 14

Eardisley Park, 23

Earthworks, 10, 11, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23

Eastwood Oak, 5, 19

Easthampton, 33

Eaton Bishop Camp, 33

Eccles Green, 18

Elsdon, 33

Enclosures, 9

England’s Gate, 28

Ermin Street (G.), 33

Exeter, church over ley, 22

Evolution of Moats, 4, 10, 15

Evolution of Mounds, 4, 14

Evolution of Crosses, 5, 11

Felin-fach Moat (B.), 6

Ferries, 12, 18, 23

Field Work, 32, 33, 34

Fine Street and Finsbury, 29

Flansford, 15

Flint Age, 10

Flint Flakes, 9

Flint Traders road, 23

Folly, The (R.), 18

Folk-mote, 14

Fords--4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 15, 17, 29, 30, 33

Forest, 20, 25

Foss (Glos. and Wilts.), 25

Four Stones (R.), 4, 18, 34

Fownhope, 34

Franchise-stone, 20

Froom’s Hill, 17

Gallows Tump, 23

Garn, 10

Garnons, 23

Garron River, 4

Gate, 28

Gatley, 15, 28

Gatsford, 28

Gillespie, Mrs., 27

Gillow, 6, 16

Giraldus, 4, 17

Glade, 12

Gladestree (R.), 12

Glascwm Hill (R.), 6

Gloucester, 33

Golden Cross, 27

Golden Well, 24

Gold Hill, 27

Gold Post, 24, 27

Gold Traders road, 24, 27

Golden Valley, 27

Goodrich, 24

Gospel Oaks, 11, 19

Great Oak, 19

Green Crise, 20

Grosmont (M.), 17

Grove, 19

Gwaun ceste Hill (R.), 33

Hampstead Heath (Mid.), 20

Hargest Ridge, 16

Harrow (Mid.), 22

Harpton Court (R.), 20

Hatterill Hill, 25

Hay Tump, 6

Haywood Forest, 23

Hell Moat, Sarnesfield, 6

Hentland Cross, 17

Henwick, 23

Hereford, 5, 20, 23, 29

---- All Saints, 12, 21, 22

---- Barrol Street, 24

---- Bishop’s Meadow, 23

---- Broad Street, 22

---- Chapel of Hospitallers, 24

---- Cathedral, 4, 12, 16, 21, 22

---- Castle Green, 21, 23

---- Castle Hill, 17, 23

---- Church Street, 28

---- Harley Court, 16

---- The Knoll, 23

---- Offa Street, 12, 22

---- Overbury, 23

---- Palace, 23

---- Prospect, 34

---- St. John Street, 24

---- St. Peter’s, 22

---- Quay Street, 24

---- Venn’s Lane, 34

---- Wye Street, 17

Herefordshire Beacon, 6, 21

Herrock Hill, Holy Well, 24

High Cullis, 15

Hill Barn, 33

Hill Gate, 28

Hill-tracks, 7

Hobby Lyons, 29

Hoggs Mount, 5, 21, 22, 23, 24

Holme Lacy House, 33

Holmer, 5, 6, 16, 19, 24, 33, 34

Holmer Tumps, 5, 23, 24, 34

Hom Green Cross, 30

Homesteads, 4, 11, 22, 26, 27

Holy Wells, 6, 24

Hope-under-Dinmore, 18

Houghton Mound, 4

How Caple Church, 34

Hunderton, 17

Hungerstone, 14, 15

Hungerford (Mid.), 15

Implements for mapping, 32

Ingestone, 5, 13

Iron, 16, 23

Irfon Valley (B.), 34

Island on moat, 15, 16

Ivington Bury, 27

Jack, G. H., 26

Kenchester, 18, 19, 26

Kenderchurch, 22

Kiln Ground Wood, 23

King’s Acre Elm, 19

Kingsland Church, 26

Kington Church, 22

Kistvaens, 25

Knap, 10, 23

Knoll, 10, 23

Lady Harbour, 28

Ladylift--court, grove, meadow, 19, 28

Laidmans Low, 31

Laity, lay-men, 31

Lakes, 15, 32

Lane, 12

Lay _see_ Ley

Layamon, 31

Laynes Farm (G.), 13

Laysters Pole, 19

Ledbury, 6, 16, 22, 27, 29

Lee Line, 29

Leintwardine, 26, 30

Leinthall, 29

Lemore, 4

Letton Lakes, 16

Leys, 3 to 34

Leycester, 31

Ley Farms, 12

Leys Hill (G.), 27, 30

Ley hunting--9, 11, 30, 31, 32, 33

Ley-men, 10, 12, 14, 15, 30, 31, 33

Leys, route of--6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30,
33, 34

Lidyatt, 28

Linton, 29, 34

Linley, 29

Lion Farm, 29

Litley, 17, 20, 24, 29

Little Hereford, 29

Little Mountain (R.), 6

---- (Westbrook), 33

Llanelieu Church (B.), 6

Llanigon (B.), 5

Llanigon Mound (B.), 6

Llansaintfraed-in-Elvel (B.), 18

Llanthony (Mon.), 5

Llanthony (Glos.), 33

Llanvihangel Court (M.), 20

Llanvihangel Crucorney (M.), 4, 15

Llanvihangel-nant-Melan (M.), 18

Llowes Church (R.), 33

Longtown, 4, 5, 13, 15, 20, 25

Longford, 30

Longworth, 20

Low, 10, 27, 31

Lucton Church, 26

Ludgate Hill, London, 22

Ludlow (S.), 27

Lugg Bridge, 26

Lyde Cross Tree, 19

Lyepole, 19

Lyonshall, Lynhales, 29

Mackay, J. C., 18

Madley, 5, 17, 22

Maescoch, 6

Magna, 18

Magician, 31

Mainstone Court, 12

Malvern Hills, 6, 12, 15, 23, 24

Malvern Priory Church, 6, 33

Marden Church, 24

Mark Stones--5, 10, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24

Marstow, 4, 15

Mathon Church, 33

May Hill (G.), 34

Maypole, 19

Meer Oak (S.), 30

Menhirs, 5, 17

Merbach, 6

Merry Hill, 14, 23

Michaelchurch Escley, 6, 33

Milton, 33

Moats--4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 24, 33

Moccas, 6, 22, 33

Monnington Church, 6, 33

Monnington Walks, 5, 6, 19, 33

Monnow, 4, 13

Moreton-on-Lugg, 19

Mortimer’s Cross, 26

Mote and Moat, 33

Mouse Castle, Hay, 6

Mouse Castle, Hereford, 23

Mounds--4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,
27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34

Mound--evolution of, 14

Mound (various names for), 10

Mountain Tracks, 5, 12

Mullhampton, 33

Mynydd-Brith Tump, 6

Mynydd Ferddin Hill (B.), 23

Neolithic Age, 10, 13

Newchurch Hill (R.), 23

New End, 29

New Radnor Castle (R.), 20

North Hill Malvern, 33

Notches--sighting, 4, 15

Nupend, 29

Oakley Park (S.), 20

Oaks, 5, 11, 19

Olchon, 5, 12, 13, 28

Oldcastle, 12, 25

Old Gore Cross, 34

Old Radnor Church, 20

One Tree Hill, 5, 19

Ordnance Maps, 11, 32

Over Ross, 19

Pains Castle Mound (R.), 6

Palmer’s Court, 6

Palace Ford, Hereford, 30

Parallel Roads, 12

Parks, 20

Park Hall (S.), 4

Partricio (M.), 17

Parton Cross, 33

Paytoe, 26

Pedlar’s Cross, 5, 17

Pen-y-Beacon, 4, 6, 24, 33

Perry Hill, 33

Perrystone, 33

Philology, 26

Picts Cross, 30

Pilgrim’s Way, Kent, 13, 25

Pilgrim’s Staff, 28

Pine (Scotch or Scots), 20

Piper, G. H., 25

Pipe and Lyde Church, 33

Ponds, 4, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 32

Portcullis, 15

Pottery, Ancient, 5, 6, 23

Precipice Walk, 12

Preston-on-Wye Church, 6

Preston Wynne, 15, 29

Primary Peaks, 10

Priory Wood, Clifford, 6

Putson Ford, 20

Queen’s Stone, 17

Radnor Forest, 4, 34

Redborough (R.), 23

Red Gates, 23

Red Hill, 33

Red House, 23

Red Ley, 12, 23

Red Lion, 5, 17

Red Pottery, 5, 6, 16

Red Traders road, 5, 6, 23

Red Wych End, 29

Redley, 12

Rhiw Wen, 17

Rhiw, 5

Rhos-goch Castle Tump (R.), 6

Ridge-ways, 7

Risbury Camp, 9

Roman Roads, 9, 10, 13, 16, 25, 26

Roman Stations, 9, 18, 26

Roman Surveyors, 15, 18, 20, 21, 26

Roofing Tile-stones, 5

Rosemary Topping (G.), 29

Ross, 19

Rudford Church (G.), 33

Rushwick (W.), 23

Salt, 22

Saltmarshe Castle, 23

Saltways, 9, 22, 23

Sarnesfield Moat, 6

Scotch (or Scots) Fir, 5, 19, 20

Scots Hole, 23

Shelwick, 14

Shrewsbury, 22

Shucknell Hill, 6, 33

Sighting Columns, 21

Sighting Cuttings, 4, 15

Sighting Methods, 9 to 34

Sights, rifle, 9

Sighting Stones, 4, 5, 6, 11, 17, 18, 21

Silbury (Wilts.), 25

Silver Tump, 28

Sites and Sighting--11, 14, 16, 21, 22, 24

Skirrid (M.), 4, 25

Slwch Camp (B.), 33

Snodhill Castle, 25

Soothsayers, 31

Speech House (G.), 30

St. Ann’s Well (W.), 6, 24, 33

St. Clement Danes, London, 22

St. Ethelbert, 24

St. Guthlac Church, 24

St. Ishaw’s Well (M.), 17

St. Martin’s in the Fields, 22

St. Mary le Strand, 22

St. Michael’s Mount, 22

St. Paul’s Cathedral, 22

St. Pewtress Well, 24

St. Tecla’s Chapel (G.), 22

Stanbatch, Stanbury, 28

Stanton, Stanley, Stanwell, 28

Stock, 14, 19

Stoke Prior, 18

Storridge, 23

Stone Rows, 25

Street Court, 30

Stretford Church, 30

Stretton Grandison, 9, 33

Suffix, 27

Sugwas Park, 33

Surveyors, early, 14

Surveyors, ley-men, 30

Surveyors, Roman, 15, 21

Sutton Lakes, 16

Sutton Walls, 6, 18, 20

Symonds Yat, 28

Talgarth Church (B.), 6

Tan House, 13

Tarrington, 5

Tenbury (W.), 24

Ten Houses, 4

Terminal Hills, 10, 11, 21

Three Elms, 19, 24

Three Gates, 28

Thruxton, 15

Timber Line Wood, 29

Tibberton Court (G.), 33

Tin Hill, 23

Tin Traders road, 23

Tinkers Hill and Cross (W.), 23

Titterstone Clee Hill (S.), 4

Tomen, 4, 10

Totnor, Tothill, Toot, 29

Totmans Low (Derby), 31

Totteridge, Tottenham, 29

Traders’ roads--9, 10, 17, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29

Trees, 5, 10, 12, 19, 20

Tre-fedw Mound (M.), 4, 14

Trewyn House (M.), 20, 27

Trewyn Camp (M.), 4, 15

Triangular Woods, 12

Tumps--6, 10, 12, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 31, 33, 34

Tumpa (B.), 6

Tumpy Lakes, 16

Tumpey Ley, 12

Tumulus, 10

Tupsley, 34

Turnaston, 17

Turrett Tump, 6

Twt, Tooting, 10, 29

Upperton, 18

Upton (Bishop) Court, 33

Urishay Castle, 25

Vowchurch Cross, 5, 17

Walmer Street, 24

Walmsley, 24

Walm’s Well, 24

Walford Church, 30

Walton (R.), 18

Walsopthorne, 6

Warden The (R.), 34

Warslow, 27

Warwick, Chapel over ley, 22

Water Gate (Inigo Jones’), 15

Watling Street, London, 22

Webtree, 28

Webton, 28

Wellington, 19

Wells--6, 10, 11, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 33

Weobley, 6, 22, 24

Weobley, Ash and Cross, 28

Wergin’s Stone, 5, 17, 18

Wheelbarrow Castle, 27

Whitcliffe, 23

Whitfield, 23

Whitney, pottery at, 5, 6, 23

Whitman’s Wood, 23

Whitwick Manor, 22

Whitecastle (M.), 23

White Cross, 23

White House, 22

White Rocks, 23

White Stone, 17, 22, 33

White Traders’ road, 23

Whiteway Head, 23

Whitewell House, 23

Whetstone, 16

Wick (W.), 22

Widemarsh, 24

Wigmore, 6, 22, 26

Wilton Castle, 19

Winchester, 25

Wind’s Point, 6

Winforton, 19

Winslow, Winsley, Winyard, 29

Witcombe Park (G.), 33

Witches, 31

Withington, 15

Withington Lakes, 16

Wood, Jas. G., 25, 29

Woodyatts Cross, 28

Woolhope Church, 23

Wormelow Tump, 27

Worsell, 12

Wyaston Leys, 12

Wych, 14, 23, 29

Wye, 26, 34

Wye Street, 5

Yarkhill, 16

Y-Fan-Drongarth (B.), 33

Yarpole, 19

Yat, 28

Yatton, 28, 33

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

Six of the photographs are by Mr. W. M. McKaig, helper in many miles of ley-hunting.

This page is King 8vo. in the Ideal series of paper sizes, wherein octavo and quarto have the same proportion, and three master sizes give a full series of uniform shape.

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The two-colour title by Mr. W. E. Henner, Hereford.

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