Chapter XXXIV: Appendix: Table of Events and Dates

Before 1000 B.C., and in some instances even later, nearly all dates must be regarded as merely approximate.

(Specially important dates are in italics)

THE ORIENT

B.C.

3400 _Menes, king of Egypt_
3000-2500 The pyramid kings
2000 _Hammurabi, king of Babylonia_
1800-1600 Rule of the Hyksos in Egypt
1292-1225 Rameses II, king of Egypt
1035-925 The undivided Hebrew monarchy
Saul, 1035-1015
David, 985-955
Solomon, 955-925
925-722 Kingdom of Israel
925-586 Kingdom of Judea
722-705 Sargon II, king of Assyria
705-681 Sennacherib, king of Assyria
606 _Destruction of Nineveh_
604-561 Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylonia
553-465 Persian kings
Cyrus the Great, 553-529
Cambyses, 529-522
Darius I, 521-485
Xerxes I, 485-465
539 _Capture of Babylon by Cyrus the Great_

GREECE

B.C.

1600-1100 The Aegean Age
1100-750 Homeric Age
776 _First recorded Olympiad_
750-500 Period of colonial expansion
594-593 Reforms of Solon
560-527 Tyranny of Pisistratus
508-507 Reforms of Clisthenes
499-493 Ionian Revolt
490 _Battle of Marathon_
480 _Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis_
479 _Battles of Plataea and Mycale_
477-454 Delian League
461-429 Age of Pericles
431-404 _The Peloponnesian War_
404-371 Spartan supremacy
401-400 _Expedition of the "Ten Thousand"_
371-362 Supremacy of Thebes
371 _Battle of Leuctra_
362 Battle of Mantinea
359-336 Philip II, king of Macedonia
338 _Battle of Chaeronea_
336-323 Reign of Alexander the Great
335 Destruction of Thebes
334 Battle of the Granicus
333 Battle of Issus
332 Siege of Tyre; founding of Alexandria
331 _Battle of Arbela_
323 _Death of Alexander_

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

B.C.

753(?) _Founding of Rome_
753(?)-509(?) Legendary Roman kings
509(?) Establishment of the republic
449 Laws of the Twelve Tables
390(?) _Battle of the Allia; capture of Rome by the
Gauls_
340-338 Latin War; dissolution of the Latin League
327-290 Samnite Wars
281-272 War between Rome and Tarentum; invasion of Pyrrhus
264-241 _First Punic War_
218-201 _Second Punic War_
216 Battle of Cannae
202 _Battle of Zama_
201 Peace between Rome and Carthage
197 Macedonia becomes a dependent ally of Rome
190 Syria becomes a dependent ally of Rome
149-146 Third Punic War
146 _Destruction of Carthage and Corinth; Africa and
Macedonia become Roman provinces_
133 Acquisition of the province of Asia; final
subjugation of Spain
133 Tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus
123-122 Tribunate of Gaius Gracchus
112-106 Jugurthine War
102-101 Invasion of the Germans
90-88 The Social War
88-84 War with Mithridates
83-82 Civil War between Marius and Sulla
82-79 Dictatorship of Sulla
70 Impeachment of Verres
67 Pompey and the war with the pirates
63 _Conspiracy of Catiline_
60-53 First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar
58-50 Conquest of Gaul by Caesar
53 Defeat of Crassus by the Parthians at Carrhae
48 Battle of Pharsalus
44 _Assassination of Caesar_
43 Second Triumvirate: Lepidus, Antony, and Octavian
42 Battles of Philippi
31 _Battle of Actium_

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

31 B.C.-68 A.D. The Julian and Claudian Caesars
Augustus, 31 B.C.-I4 A.D.
Tiberius, 14-37
Gaius (Caligula), 37-41
Claudius, 41-54
Nero 54-68
27 Octavian receives the title _Augustus_
4(?) Birth of Christ

A.D.

43-85 Conquest of Britain
64 The Great Fire in Rome; Nero's persecution of the
Christians
68-69 The year of military revolution; Galba, Otho, and
Vitellius emperors
69-96 The Flavian Caesars
Vespasian, 69-79
Titus, 79-81
Domitian, 81-96
70 Capture of Jerusalem by Titus
79 _Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum_
96-180 The "Good Emperors"
Nerva, 96-98
Trajan, 98-117
Hadrian, 117-138
Antoninus Pius, 138-161
Marcus Aurelius, 161-180
101-106 Conquest of Dacia by Trajan
180-284 The "Soldier Emperors"
Commodus, 180-192
Septimius Severus, 193-211
Aurelian, 270-275
212 _Edict of Caracalla_
227 Rise of the Sassanian or New Persian Empire
284 _Reorganization of the Roman Empire by Diocletian_
284-395 The "Absolute Emperors"
/Diocletian, 284-305
\Maximian, 286-305
Constantine I, 306-337
(sole emperor, 324-337)
Julian, 361-363
Theodosius I (East), 379-395
311 Edict of Galerius
312 Battle of the Milvian Bridge
313 _Edict of Milan_
325 _Council of Nicaea_
326 330 Removal of the capital to Constantinople
376 The Visigoths cross the Danube
378 Battle of Adrianople
395 _Death of Theodosius I_
410 _Capture of Rome by Alaric_
415-711 Visigothic kingdom in Spain (in Gaul, 415-507)
429-534 Vandal kingdom in Africa
443-534 Kingdom of the Burgundians
449 Invasion of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons
451 _Battle of Châlons_
455 Sack of Rome by the Vandals
476 _Deposition of Romulus Angustulus_

THE MIDDLE AGES

486 Clovis defeats the Romans at Soissons
493-553 Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy
496 _Clovis accepts Christianity_
527-565 Justinian, Roman emperor in the East
529(?) Rule of St. Benedict
568-774 Lombards in Italy
590-604 Pontificate of Gregory the Great
597 Augustine's mission to the Anglo-Saxons
610-641 Heraclius, Roman emperor in the East
622 _The Hegira_
632-661 The "Orthodox Caliphs"
661-750 The Ommiad Caliphs
711 Arabs and Berbers invade Spain
716-717 Siege of Constantinople by the Arabs
732 _Battle of Tours_
750-1058 The Abbassid Caliphs
768-814 Reign of Charlemagne
800 _Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Romans_
829 England united under Egbert
843 Treaty of Verdun
862(?) Northmen under Ruric settle in Russia
870 Treaty of Mersen
871-901(?) Reign of Alfred the Great
911 Northmen settle in northwestern France (Normandy)
962 _Otto the Great crowned Holy Roman Emperor_
982 Greenland discovered
987-996 Reign of Hugh Capet
988 Christianity introduced into Russia
1000(?) Vinland discovered
1016 England conquered by Canute
1054 Final rupture of Greek and Roman churches
1066 _Battle of Hastings; Norman conquest of England_
1066-1087 William I, the Conqueror, king of England
1073-1085 Pontificate of Gregory VII
1077 Humiliation of Henry IV at Canossa
1090-1153 St. Bernard
1095-1291 The Crusades
1095 _Council of Clermont_
1099 Capture of Jerusalem
1147-1149 Second Crusade
1189-1192 Third Crusade
1202-1204 Fourth Crusade; sack of Constantinople
1204-1261 Latin Empire of Constantinople
1291 _Fall of Acre; end of the crusades_
1122 Concordat of Worms
1152-1190 Reign of Frederick I, Barbarossa
1154-1189 Henry II, king of England
1180-1223 Philip II, Augustus, king of France
1181(?)-1226 St. Francis of Assisi
1198-1216 Pontificate of Innocent III
1206-1227 Mongol conquests under Jenghiz Khan
1215 _Magna Carta_
1226-1270 Louis IX, the Saint, king of France
1230 Union of Léon and Castile
1237-1240 Mongol conquest of Russia
1254-1273 The Interregnum
1261 Fall of Latin Empire of Constantinople
1271-1295 Travels of Marco Polo
1272-1307 Edward I, king of England
1273 _Rudolf of Hapsburg becomes Holy Roman Emperor_
1285-1314 Philip IV, the Fair, king of France
1291 First Swiss Confederation
1295 "Model Parliament" of Edward I
1309-1377 "Babylonian Captivity" of the Papacy
1314 Battle of Bannockburn
1337-1453 Hundred Years' War
1346 Battle of Crécy
1356 Battle of Poitiers
1429 Joan of Arc appears
1348-1349 Black Death in Europe
1378-1417 The "Great Schism"
1381 Peasants' Revolt in England
1396 Greek first taught at Florence
1405 Death of Timur the Lame
1415 John Huss burned

TRANSITION TO MODERN TIMES

1453 _Constantinople captured by the Ottoman Turks_
1455-1485 War of the Roses
1461-1483 Louis XI, king of France
1462-1505 Ivan III, the Great, tsar of Russia
1476 Caxton's printing press set up in England
1479 Castile and Aragon united under Ferdinand and
Isabella
1485-1509 Henry VII, king of England
1488 Cape of Good Hope rounded by Diaz
1492 _America discovered by Columbus_
1497 North America rediscovered by John Cabot
1498 _Vasco da Gama reaches India_
1513 Discovery of the Pacific by Balboa
1517-1555 Reformation in Germany
1517 _The Ninety-five Theses_
1520 Burning of the papal bull
1521 Edict of Worms
1555 Peace of Augsburg
1519-1521 Mexico conquered by Cortés
1519-1522 Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe
1519-1556 Reign of Charles V
1531-1537 Peru conquered by Pizarro
1533-1558 Reformation in England
1534 Jesuit order founded by Loyola
1545-1563 Council of Trent
1556-1598 Reign of Philip II
1558-1603 Elizabeth, queen of England
1568-1609 Revolt of the Netherlands
1571 Battle of Lepanto
1572 Massacre of St. Bartholomew
1579 Union of Utrecht
1588 _Defeat of the Spanish Armada_
1589-1610 Henry IV, king of France
1598 _Edict of Nantes_
1600 English East India Company chartered
1603-1625 Reign of James I
1607 Colonization of Virginia; Jamestown founded
1611 Authorized Version of the Bible
1618-1648 Thirty Years' War
1625-1649 Reign of Charles I
1628 The Petition of Right
1630-1640 Puritan exodus to Massachusetts
1640 Meeting of the Long Parliament
1642-1649 The Great Rebellion
1643-1715 Louis XIV, king of France
1648 _Peace of Westphalia_
1649 Execution of Charles I
1649-1660 The Commonwealth and the Protectorate
1651 First Navigation Act
1660 Restoration of Charles II
1688-1689 _The "Glorious Revolution"_
1692 Salem witchcraft persecution
1702-1713 War of the Spanish Succession
1713 _Peace of Utrecht_
1744-1748 "King George's War"
1754-1763 "French and Indian War"
1763 _Peace of Paris_