Chapter XXXVI: Appendix: V

“With one of these Norman burghers the life of St. Thomas brings us in contact, and, scanty as are the details of the story, they agree in a very striking way with the indications afforded us by the charter of the king. The story of the early years of Thomas Becket has very naturally been passed over with little attention by his modern biographers in their haste to fight the battle of his after-career. But long before he became St. Thomas, Archbishop Thomas, or Thomas of Canterbury, he was known as Thomas of London, son (to use his own boast) of ‘a citizen, living without blame among his fellow-citizens.’ So completely was the family adopted into the City, that the monks of Canterbury could beg loans from the burgesses on the plea that the great martyr was a Londoner born; and on the City seal of the fourteenth century, London addressed him as at once her patron and her son: ‘Me, quae te peperi, ne cesses, Thoma, tueri.’ The name of his father, Gilbert Becket, is one of the few that remain to us of the Portreeves, the predecessors of the Mayors, under Stephen; he held a large property in houses within the walls; and a proof of his civic importance was long preserved in the annual visit of each newly-elected chief magistrate to his tomb in the little chapel which he had founded in the churchyard of Paul’s. Yet Gilbert was one of the Norman strangers who followed in the wake of the Conqueror. He was by birth a burgher of Rouen, as his wife was of a burgher family of Caen; he claimed kinship with the Norman Theobald, and received the Norman Baron de l’Aigle as a guest.

But the story of the Beckets does more than illustrate the outer position of the Norman colony: it gives us a glimpse, the more precious because it is unique, of its inner life. Students of hagiology learn to be cautious about the stories of precocious holiness, the apocryphal gospels of the infancy, which meet them at the outset of most saints’ lives; but it is remarkable that in the life of St. Thomas there is no pretension of the kind. In the stead of juvenile miracles we are presented with the vivid little picture of a London home, which sets the Norman colony fairly before us. We see the very aspect of the house (the Mercers’ Chapel, in Cheapside, still preserves its site for us), the tiny bedroom, the larger hall opening directly on the bustle of the narrow Cheap. We gain a hint from the costly coverlet of purple, sumptuously wrought, which Mother Rohese flings over her child’s cradle, of the new luxury and taste which the Conquest had introduced into the home of the trader as into the castle of the noble. A glance at the guests and relatives of the family shows how the new colony served as medium between the city and the Court: the young Baron Richer of Aquila is often there, hunting and hawking with the boy, as he grows up; Archdeacon Baldwin and Clerk Eustace look in from Canterbury, to chat over young Thomas and his chances of promotion in the curia of Archbishop Theobald; there is a kinsman, too, of Gilbert’s, a citizen of his own stamp, Osbern Huitdeniers, ‘of great name and repute, not only among his fellow-burghers, but also with those of the Court.’ Without the home, the Norman influence makes itself felt in a new refinement of manners and breeding; the young citizen grows up free and genial enough, but with a Norman horror of coarseness in his geniality. London shares in the great impulse which the Conquest has given to education; the children of her citizens are sent to the new Priory of Merton; the burghers flock to the boys’ exercises at the schools attached to the three principal churches of the town. The chief care of Rohese was for her son’s education; in his case it is finished at Paris, before the young Londoner passes to the merchant’s desk.” (_Historical Studies_, J. R. Green.)

INDEX

Abbot of Westminster, 258, 271

Abbot’s Mill, 11

Abridge, 154

Addle Street, 244

Ælfric, Dialogues of, 204

Æsc, 135

Agas’ map, 114, 117

Agricola, Julius, 22, 59, 60

Albinus, 60

Aldborough, 92

Aldeburg, 22

Aldermanbury, 116, 244

Aldersgate Street, 116

Aldrœnus, 145

Aldwulf, Bishop of Rochester, 164, 165

Alfred, King, 155, 165, 167, 168, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 180, 185,
191, 197, 198, 212

Alfred, son of Ethelred, 192

Algar, 323

Alhune, Bishop, 165

Allectus, 22, 64, 66, 67, 68

Alphage, Archbishop of Canterbury, 170, 173;
translation of remains of, 191-192, 234

Amesbury, slaughter of Britons at, 146

Ammandinus, Valerius, 35

Amphitheatre, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 139

Amusements: badger-baiting, 227, 315;
ball, 312;
bear-baiting, 227, 315;
bone-throwing, 173;
bull-baiting, 227, 312, 315;
casting stones, 315;
chess, 228;
cock-fighting, 312;
dancing, 227, 315;
dice, 228;
“flyting,” 172-173;
hawking, 227, 228, 317;
hunting, 227-228, 317;
ice-sports, 316;
juggling, 173;
jumping, 227;
leaping, 229, 315;
mock battles, 313;
racing, 313-314;
rowing, 227;
running, 229, 313;
sea-fights, 314;
shooting, 315;
skating, 227;
swimming, 227;
taeflmen, 228;
throwing the javelin, 315;
tumbling, 173, 226;
wrestling, 229, 315

Anderida, 135, 148

Andreds Wald, 4

Androgeus, 19

Angevins, 289, 290

Angles, 74, 145

_Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, 132, 135, 148, 149, 155, 158, 165, 166, 167,
168, 173, 174, 175, 179, 180, 185, 189, 190, 191, 192, 200, 256,
270, 272, 273

Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, 334, 335, 336

Ansgar, 323

Antoninus’ Wall, 58, 60

Arles, Council of, British Bishops at, 74, 105

Armentarius, Galerius, 64

Armorica, 145

Army of Britain: extent of, in fourth century, 69;
character of, 73

Artesian Wells, 14

Arthur, King, 147, 148

Arts and Crafts: 41, 42, 45, 76, 93, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104,
105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 201, 224, 261, 323, 327

Arundel, Earls of, 326

Asclepiodotus, 67, 68

Athelstan, King, 39, 133, 168, 179, 180, 191, 200, 205

Augustine, 147, 155

Augustus, 22, 53

Aurelian, 61

Aurelius, 145, 146, 147, 148

Ausonius, 89

Avienus, 41

Aylwin, founder of Bermondsey Abbey, 323, 328

Bagford, John, 96

Bamborough, 182

Bamfleet, 176

Bank of England, spring beneath, 29, 321

Barge Yard, 29

Barking Abbey, 212;
Charter of, 164

Basing, 323

Batavians, 64

Baths, 80, 83, 87, 88, 106, 133

Battersea, 26

Bawdwen, Rev. William, 262

Beaumont, Lord, 326

Becket, Gilbert, 289, 346, 363

Becket, Thomas, 289, 318, 363

Bede, 36, 39, 76, 77, 154, 155, 158, 161, 162, 163, 164, 208, 209,
210, 213, 232

Belgravia, 12

Belinus, 18

Bericus, 54

Berkhampstead, 250

Bermondsey, 26

Bermondsey Abbey, 212, 328

Berthwulf, King of Mercia, 166

Bevis, Sir, of Hampton, 133

Billeting, 287

Billingsgate, 18, 82, 125, 126, 153, 154, 156, 198, 244, 337

Bishopsgate, 121, 123, 124, 136, 244, 325

Bishopsgate Street, 81

Bitterne, 60, 61, 63, 65

Black, Mr. W. H., 98 _note_

Blackfriars, 88

Blackwell Hall, 18

Boadicea, 43, 46, 50, 57

Bonney, Prof. T. G., 24

Bonosus, 61

Bordeaux, in fourth century, 89, 90

Botolph Lane, 326

Botolph Wharf, 105

Boulogne, 62, 63, 64, 66

Bow Lane, 96

Bradwell, 64

Bread Street, 30, 245

Bretagne, 78

Bridge Creek, 26

Bridge Gate, 125

Bridges, 28, 55, 130, 132;
London, 45, 105, 106, 126, 127, 128-132, 154, 156, 185, 186, 187,
189, 194;
Stanstead, 177

Briset, Jordan, 277

Britain, anarchy, lawlessness and oppression in, 73;
disorder after Roman withdrawal, 135, 136,
165, 183;
division of, 69, 73;
famine in, 298;
government of, 69;
revolts in, 57;
spirit and character of its people, 75, 76, 77, 78;
under Cnut, 190, 191;
unrest in, 68, 290, 291, 292, 298

Brook Street, 11

Brunanburgh, Battle of, 179

Brute, 17, 18

Buchuinte, Andrew, 285

Buckerel, 323

Bull and Mouth Street, 116, 124

Burgred, King of Mercia, 165

Caerleon, 19, 58

Cæsar, Julius, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 53, 56

Cambridge, 167;
sacked and burned, 298

Camden, 119, 133

Camomile Street, 96, 118, 123, 124

Camulodunum. See _Colchester_

Candlewick Street, 133

Canterbury, 74, 147, 155, 166, 198

Canulf, King of Mercia, 165

Carausius, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69

Carpenters’ Hall, 96

Cars Dyke, 63, 64

Caruil, 21

Carus, 61

Cassius, Dion, 22, 54, 55, 128, 129

Cassivelaunus, 19, 20, 53

Catena, Paulus, 70, 71, 73, 113

Cedda, Bishop of London, 163

Chaffers, Mr. W., 99

Charmouth, 163, 166

Charter of Geoffrey de Mandeville, 260

Charter of Henry I., 200, 276, 279-288

Charterhouse, pump at, 13

Charters of William the Conqueror, 160, 253, 254, 260, 288, 292

Cheapside, 30, 96, 324

Chelsea, 26, 268

Chepe, 244

Chertsey Abbey, 212

Chester, 58, 74, 138

Chesters (Northumberland), 93

Chichester, 94

Chippenham, 173

Chlorus, Constantius, 64, 66, 67, 68

Cholera, 13

Christianity, 40, 74, 75, 85, 105, 108, 109, 110, 161, 162, 163, 164,
194, 195, 221, 222, 289, 290, 302, 327-329

Christ’s Hospital, 124

Chrysanthus, 73

Church, The, 105, 161, 201, 214, 215, 217, 219, 222, 230, 310-311,
335;
land held by, 262-271;
and William Rufus, 272, 274;
plundered by Stephen, 297

Churches, destruction of, 167, 211-212;
number of, in twelfth century, 302, 321;
Saxon and Danish, 214;
All Hallows, 115, 124, 244;
All Saints, 85;
Bradford on Avon, Saxon church at, 213;
Christ Church, Canterbury, 133;
Greenstead, Essex, 39, 213;
St. Alban’s, Wood Street, 164;
St. Andrew’s, Rochester, 155;
St. Botolph, 244;
St. Clement Danes, 192, 194;
St. Ethelburga, 244;
St. Giles in the Fields, 328;
St. John, Walbrook, 28;
St. Magnus, 173;
St. Martin’s, 212;
St. Mary le Bow, 29, 30, 137;
St. Mary Woolnoth, 96;
St. Michael’s, Crooked Lane, 85, 106;
St. Olave, Hart Street, 182;
St. Olave, Jewry, 182;
St. Olave, Silver Street, 182;
St. Olave, Tooley Street, 182;
St. Osyth, 244;
St. Paul’s, 36, 37, 96, 155, 161, 184, 190, 212, 259, 270, 318,
321;
St. Peter’s, Thorney (afterwards Westminster Abbey), 37, 38, 39,
40, 192, 194, 212, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 253, 256, 257,
258, 260, 261, 328;
St. Saviour’s, 328;
St. Stephen upon Walbrook, 28, 29

Cilcester, 22

Cingetorix, 21

Circus, The, 91

Cirencester, 173

City Ditch, 28

City Wall, 28, 29

City Wards, 157

Claudius, 23, 54, 55

Clausentum. See _Bitterne_

Clerkenwell, 27;
Benedictine Nunnery at, 260, 277, 328

Cnihten Gild, 206, 285, 329-334, 346;
Charters of, 330, 331

Cnut, 39, 183, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 200, 228, 234, 251

Coinage, 42, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 111, 202, 243, 244

Coinred, King of Mercia, 164

Colchester, 23, 43, 56, 58, 74, 94;
massacre at, 57

Coldringham Abbey, 212

Coleman Street, 244

Collegia privata, 206, 207

Comius of Arras, 21

Commodus, 60

“Compter,” the, 122

Compurgation, 280, 286, 287

Conscription, 68

Constans, 70, 145

Constantine, 73

Constantine, brother of Aldrœnus, 145

Constantine, cousin of Arthur, 147, 148

Constantine the Great, 68, 69, 119, 120, 318

Conyers, John, 96, 110

“Cookery, Place of,” 306-307

Cooper’s Row, Crutched Friars, 121

Coote, Mr. H. C., 330, 331, 332

Corner, Mr. G. R., 118

Cornhill, 81, 96, 244

Coronation Service of Ethelred, 236-242

Crayford, Battle of, 132, 135, 148

Criminals, punishment of, 215, 216, 217

Cripplegate, 124

Crooked Lane, 127

Crosby Hall, 326

Crowland Abbey, 203, 212

Crusaders, 300

Cunningham, 261

Cunodagius, 18

Custom-house, the, 105

Danegeld, 276, 280, 286

Danes, 165, 166, 167, 168, 176, 177, 179, 182, 183, 184, 186, 191;
character of, 170, 171, 173;
in London, 169-175;
religions of, 170, 173

Danish Remains, 245

Deva. See _Chester_

Diana, Temple of, 95, 96

Diocletian, 61, 63, 64, 69, 105

Divitiacus, King of Soissons, 42

Dogs, 228

_Domesday Book_, 198, 212, 259, 262-271, 342

Domitian, 63

Dorchester, 138

Dover, 23, 34, 74, 94, 132

Dover Street, 38

Dowgate, 82, 125, 153, 156

Drinking, 220, 221, 226, 227, 311

Dryburgh Abbey, 203

Dubritius, Archbishop of London, 147

Duckworth, Dr. Dyce, 100

Dulcitius, Duke, 72

Dunstan, 212, 214, 232

Dunwallo, Mulmutius, 18

Dyfan, 36

Eadbald, King, 161, 163

Eadric, 184, 234

Eadwig, King, 331

East Cheap, 158, 337

Edgar, King, 39, 180, 185, 215, 219, 232, 233

Edgar the Atheling, 250, 251, 252, 253, 256

Edgware Road, the, 36, 129

Edmund, King of East Anglia, 167

Edmund, King of the English, 180

Edmund Atheling, 184

Edmund Ironside, 184, 190

Edred, King, 180

Edred’s Hythe. See _Queenhithe_

Edric the Fisherman, 38

Education, 58, 59, 224, 228, 229, 230, 303, 304

Edward the Confessor, 39, 192, 194, 234, 235, 236, 243, 260-261

Edward the Elder, 179, 200

Effeminacy, 76, 77, 274, 277

Egbert, Archbishop, 219

Egbert, King, 165, 166

Egyptian Rule, the, 40

Eia (? Ealing), 267

Elbow Lane, 326

Eleutherius, Pope, 36

Eli, King, 95, 96

Elton, Charles I., 41, 50, 160

Ely Abbey, 203, 212

Embroidery, Anglo-Saxon, 224, 225

Emma, Queen, 39, 224

Erkenwald, Bishop of London, 163, 164, 212

Ermin Street, 136

Ethandun, 173

Ethelbald, King of Mercia, 164, 165

Ethelbert, King, 155, 161, 180

Ethelred, Earl, 232

Ethelred, son-in-law of Alfred, 175, 176, 177

Ethelred the Unready, 39, 180, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 204, 219

Ethelwerd, 145, 148

Ethelwulf, King, 166

Evans, Sir J., 10

Execution, places of, 217

Exeter, 218;
“Fortress” of, 168

Fabyan, 134, 198

Famine of 1126, 277

Farringdon, 323

Fenchurch Street, 244

Ffagan, 36

Fire of London, the, 27, 81, 96

Fires, London, 130, 189, 197, 198, 234, 243, 259, 272, 277, 299, 311,
344

FitzAylwin, Henry, first Lord Mayor of London, 133, 336

FitzStephen, 115, 144, 301-320, 338, 339

Fleet Prison, 86

Florence of Worcester, 272, 334

Folkmote, 217, 230, 252, 280, 284

Fortresses, 64, 69

Fountains Abbey, 203

Frank Pledge, the, 217

Franks, the, 23, 64, 65, 68

Freeman, 180

Friday Street, 245, 320

Frith Guild, 205, 206

Fulham, 168, 173, 174, 264

Gallienus, 60

Garlickhithe, 244

Gauls, 43, 53, 62

Gavelkind, 158, 159, 160

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 17, 19, 145, 148

Germanus, 145

Gervase of Cornhill, 285, 332, 345, 346, 347

Gesoriacum. See _Boulogne_

Geta, Cneius Osidius, 54

Gildas, 73, 76, 105

Giltspur Street, 122, 124

Glanville, 159

Glastonbury Abbey, 212, 232;
lake-dwellings at, 33

Gloucester, 23

Godwin, Earl, 192, 194

Gomme, Mr. G. L., 142, 143, 144

Government, officers of, under Constantine the Great, 69

Gracechurch Street, 244

Granta, 64

Gratian, Emperor, 73

Great Dean’s Yard, Westminster, pump at, 13

Great Tower Street, 244

Green Arbour Court, 86

Green, J. R., 141, 275, 289, 290

Grossetête, Bishop, 240-241

Grunhilda, 182

Guest, Edwin, 54, 55, 94, 128, 129

Guilds, 76, 205-208, 224

Guithelin, Archbishop of London, 145

Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester, 259

Gurbodus, 18

Hadrian, 60

Hadrian’s Wall, 57, 58, 60

Hales, Professor, 50, 142

Hallowing of St. Peter’s, Thorney, miracle of, 37, 38, 231

Hampstead, 24, 142, 266

Hampstead Barrow, 50

Hampstead Heath, 13

Harold, King, 183, 191, 192, 194, 251

Harthacnut, King, 191, 192, 220

Harwood, John, 96

Haverhill, 323

Hay Hill, 11

Hedge Lane, 95

Helena, 68

Hengist, 135, 145, 146, 147

Henry of Huntingdon, 145, 148, 292, 297, 298, 300, 334

Henry the First, 275-278

Henry the Second, 283, 284, 285, 286, 289, 300

Henry the Third, 318

Herlwins, the, 345-346

Himilco, 40

Holborn, 132

Holborn Hill, 88

Hollinshed, 299

Holy Trinity, Priory of the, 133, 277, 285, 328, 332

Honey Lane, 245, 320

Honey Lane Market, 30

Honorius, 73

Horn, 17

Horne, 323

Houndsditch, 115

Howell, James, 133

Hoxton, 265

Hurley, Benedictine Priory at, 293

Hustings, the, 194, 217, 280

Hythe, 23

Iceni, the, 57

Inheritance, Right of, 254

Inscriptions and sculptures, list of important Roman, 107-108

Invasions, Danish, 165, 166, 167;
Roman, 20, 21, 23, 53, 54, 60;
Saxon, 36, 37

Iona Abbey, 212

Ipswich, 185

Islington, 265, 270

Jacobs, Joseph, 260

Jarrow Abbey, 212

Jarumnan, Bishop of Lichfield, 183

Jews in England, 260;
cemetery of, 86;
debate with Christians, 273

John, King, 284

John of Cremona, Cardinal of Rome, 334, 335

Jonson, Ben, 27

Julianus, Didius, 60

Justus, Bishop of Rochester, 155, 162, 163

Jutes, 74, 145

Keltoi, the, 54

Kemble, J. M., 164

Kemp, Mr., 96

Ken Street, Southwark, 96

Kencester, 22

Kensington, 268-270

Kilburn, 26

King’s Street, 96

Knightsbridge, 26

Lactantius, 110

Lake-dwellers, 33, 34

Lambeth, 26, 34, 37, 56

Lambeth Hill, 244

Langbourne, 80

Language in fourth century, 70

L’Arche, Pont de, 326

Laurentius, Archbishop of Canterbury, 162, 163

Lazar-house of St. Giles in the Fields, 277

Leadenhall Street, 244

Lewis, Hayter, 138

Lincoln, 94, 138, 146

Lindisfarne Abbey, 212

Lisson Grove, 270

Living, Archbishop, 190

Locrine, 18

Loftie, Rev. W. J., 85, 222

Lollesworth. See _Spitalfields_

Lollianus, 60

Lombard Street, 244

London, agriculture in, 144;
an annual Fair, 48, 65;
and the Romans, 48, 49;
and William the Conqueror, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254;
appearance of, 197-200;
attacked by Olaf and Swegen, 182, 183;
besieged by Cnut, 184, 185;
Cnut’s trench, 184, 185, 187, 188;
Citadel of, 59, 79, 80, 84, 87, 88, 128, 130, 131, 132, 138, 147,
156;
described by FitzStephen, 301-318;
desertion and ruin of, 136, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 153, 170,
174;
division of, 81;
first mentioned by Tacitus, 22, 23, 55, 68;
fleet at, 194;
food supply of, 50, 169, 229, 339;
Government and officers of Government, 75, 91, 215, 280, 281, 282,
283, 284, 310, 344;
growth of, and conditions governing growth, 12-14;
houses of, 229, 230, 322-324, 326;
importance of, in tenth century, 180, 181;
life in, 88, 89, 90, 91;
massacre at, 57, 59, 130;
overlord of, 158, 159, 160;
pen picture of, 83, 84;
plundered, 68;
poorer part of, 83, 84, 88, 93;
population of, 190, 230, 319, 320;
prehistoric monuments of, 50;
prehistoric settlements at, 33, 34;
public lands of, 143, 144, 199, 200, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283;
residential, 49, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 271,
326-327, 339;
settlers in, 261, 289;
site of, 3, 4, 5, 23-32, 54, 55, 139;
social life of, 340, 341;
spirit of its people, 76;
taken by Alfred, 174;
by Danes, 166;
by Saxons, 146, 148;
the lake fortress, 34;
tradition of origin and foundation, 17, 18;
under Alfred, 177;
under Henry I., 276, 278;
under William Rufus, 273-274

London Stone, 80, 133-134, 156, 326

London Wall, 71, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 112-124, 128, 132, 133, 142, 153,
177, 210

Long Acre, 95

Lothbury, 244

Luard, 323

Lucius, King, 36

Lud, King, 18, 19

Ludgate, 18, 19, 50, 244

Lympne (or Lymne), 74, 92, 94

Lysons, Samuel, 91

Madox, 337-338

Magnentius, 70, 92

Maitland, 30, 124, 134, 164, 177, 179, 187, 189, 299

Maldon, 182, 185

Mandeville, Geoffrey de, 282, 283, 285, 293, 294, 296, 297, 298, 299

Mandubrace, 20, 21

Manners and customs, 43, 45, 49, 53, 219-230, 304

Marcellus, Ulpius, 60

Marcus, Emperor, 73

Marius, 60

Martial, 59, 63

Martinus, 70, 71

Marylebone, 11

Maryport (Cumberland), 93

Matilda, Empress, 282, 285, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 299, 318

Matthew of Westminster, 145, 148, 259, 335

Maude, Queen, 276, 277, 294, 295, 296

Maurice, Bishop of London, 259

Maurusius, Victorinus, 61

Maximian, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66

Maximus, Magnus, 72, 73

Measurement, Roman standard of, 119, 120

Medehamstede. See _Peterborough_

Mela, Pomponius, 22

Mellitus, Bishop of London, 147, 148, 155, 161, 162, 163, 194

Menapii, 64

Mercer’s Hall, 30

Merlin, prophecy of, 147

Middlesex Forest, 32

Mildred, Bishop of Worcester, 165

Milk Street, 30

Mincing Lane, 59, 125, 225, 244

Minters, under Edward the Confessor, 243;
under Harold, 244;
under Henry I., mutilation of, 276-277;
under William the Conqueror, 244

Miskennings, 287

Mithraism, 75

Monasteries, 201, 203, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212

Monkwell Street, 124

Montfichet Tower, 259

Morality, state of, 247, 276, 301-302, 305

Mordred, sons of, 147, 148

Murder, fines for, 286

Mutilation, 216, 217, 276-277

National Council at Westminster in 1136, 293

Nennius, 145, 148

Nero, 22

Newgate, 82, 85, 123

Newgate Street, 118, 132, 158

Niger, 60

Norman families, 345-347;
genealogies of, 348

Norman house, a, 326

Normans and English, fusion of, 338, 345

Norton, G., 286, 287, 288

Nunneries, 225

Nuns, costumes of, 225-226, 336

Ockley, 166

Offa, King of Essex, 164

Offa, King of Mercia, 38, 39, 164, 232

Olaf, King of Norway, 182, 185, 186, 187

Old Bailey, 118, 124

Old Broad Street, 244

Old Jewry, 260

Old Kent Road, 84

Ongar, 154

Orgar, 323

Osbert, Octodenarius (or Osbern Huitdeniers), 285, 363

Osborne, 190, 191

Oswy, King of Northumbria, 163

Othere, 203

Oxford Street, 79, 132

Oyster Gate, 351

Park (or Tyburn) Lane, 36, 129

Parks, Green, 13, 129;
Hyde, 13;
St. James, 13

Parliament, Acts of, 27

Paulinus, Suetonius, 22, 57

Paul’s Wharf, 326

Pax Romana, 68, 74

Penances, 214, 215

Pendragon, Uther, 145, 146, 147, 148

Pertinax, 60

Peter of Colechurch, 132, 189

Peterborough Abbey, 167, 212

Pevensey, 64

Picts, Raids of, 63, 65, 68, 71, 73, 112, 145

Pie Corner, 99, 100

Pirates, 62, 64, 65, 112

Plautius, Aulus, 23, 54, 55, 56, 128

Pluralism, 325

Plymouth, 166

Poor, feeding of, 219, 220

Population of Britain, 43

Porchester, 64

Portland, 166

Ports, London, 82, 83, 87, 125, 126, 129, 132

Portsoken, 206, 333, 346

Posidonius, 41, 142

Post Office, St. Martin’s-le-Grand, 115

Postumus, 60

Poultry, The, 245, 320

Prasutagus, 57

Prestwich, Professor J., 9, 13, 15

Price, Mr. J. E., 122, 123, 134

Priests, marriage of, 334-336, 345-346

Probus, Emperor, 61

Professional life in Bordeaux and London, 89, 90

Ptolemy, 84

Puddle Dock, 83, 327

Pytheas, 40, 41, 42, 45

Queen Street, 96

Queenhithe, 82, 83, 126, 198, 244, 325, 337

Rahere, 328

Ramsey Abbey, 212, 298

Reading, 167

“Recordatorium Civitatis,” 18

Reculver, 204

Religions, Pagan, 75, 81, 108, 109, 110, 161, 173, 221, 222, 223

Religious foundations, 208-215, 290, 328

Repton, 167

Ribchester, 22

Richborough, 22, 23, 64, 73, 85, 94, 204

Rivers: Effra, 26, 31;
Falcon, 23;
Fleet, 4, 12, 26, 27, 28, 29, 86, 321;
Lea, 12, 14, 26, 30, 31, 54, 55;
Ravensborne, 26, 31;
Severn, 56;
Thames, 4, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 29, 31, 34, 46, 50, 55, 100, 128,
129, 131, 139, 142, 155, 158, 166, 186, 302, 351;
Tyburn, 26, 27;
Walbrook, 26, 28, 29, 30, 34, 46, 55, 59, 81, 84, 85, 88, 321;
Wandle, 26, 31;
Westbourne, 26

Roads, 36, 42, 44, 49, 56, 58, 59, 79, 88, 94, 129, 132, 139, 202,
203, 204, 205, 245

Robert of Gloucester, 232

Robinson, Thomas, 159

Rochester, 74, 155, 166, 174

Rocque, 31

Roger of Wendover, 145, 147, 148, 297, 335

Roman occupation, 59;
end of, 73

Roman remains, 29, 30, 35, 46, 59, 80, 81, 88, 91, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,
100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 118, 119,
134, 137, 138, 353-355;
Strype on, 356-360.

Roman villa, 91, 92, 138

Round, Mr. J. H., 260, 277, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 292, 293, 296,
299, 330, 333, 345, 346, 347

Rowena, 146

Royal Exchange, New, 100

Rugmere, 265

Sabinus, Flavius, 54

Sacred relics, 39, 40, 210

St. Albans, 22, 43, 75, 147, 297;
massacre at, 57;
government of, 74

St. Alphege, Churchyard of, 115, 124

St. Bartholomew, Priory of, 277, 328

St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, 277, 328

St. Botolph’s Churchyard (Postmen’s Park), 116

St. Dunstan’s Hill, 96

St. Ethelburga, 164

St. Etheldreda, 224

St. Giles’s, Cripplegate, Churchyard of, 85, 115

St. Ives, sacked and burned, 298

St. John, Priory of, 277, 328

St. Mary Overies, 85, 326;
Priory of, 212, 277

St. Osyth, 163, 164

St. Pancras, 265

Sandwich, 22, 182, 185, 204

Saxon incursions, 74

Saxon remains, 243-245

Saxons, 145, 146, 147, 148, 155, 161, 162, 165, 166, 172;
characteristics of, 135, 136;
in London, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142, 143, 157, 158, 160

Schools: Holy Trinity, 303;
St. Anthony’s, 228;
St. Martin’s-le-Grand, 212, 228, 305;
St. Mary-le-Bow, 228;
St. Paul’s, 212, 228, 305;
Westminster, 243

Scots, raids of, 59, 60, 63, 65, 68, 71, 73, 112, 145

Seacoal Lane, 86

Sebert, King, 37, 39, 155, 161, 232;
sons of, 161, 162, 163

Sees of London, York, and Caerleon, creation of, 19

Seething Lane, 244

Segorax, 21

Selds, 320

Senate, British, 64

Seneca, 110

Serpentine, the, 26

Settlers, fusion of, 69, 70

Severus, 60

Shaftesbury, Nunnery at, 212

Sharpe, 293, 299

Sheppey, 166

Shops, 337

Shore, Mr. T. W., 158, 160

Sigebert, King of the East Saxons, 163

Sighelm, 168

Sighere, King of East Saxons, 163

Silchester, 80, 94, 137

Size Lane, 164, 244

Slaves, 44, 83, 85, 89, 92, 137, 160, 162, 170, 171, 201, 216, 217,
218, 230, 342, 343

Smith, Mr. C. Roach, 67, 74, 86, 99, 100, 101, 110, 111, 115, 118,
124, 125

Smith, Mr. Worthington, 10

Smithfield, 271;
fair at, 307-309

Soper’s Lane, 320

Southampton, 34, 166

Southwark, 12, 84, 88, 186, 188, 249, 250, 295

“Speculum,” 18

Spitalfields, Cemetery at, 96-98

Springs, 13, 29, 32;
Badewell, 27;
Clerkenwell, 27, 304;
Fagswell, 27;
Finchampstead, 27;
Godwell, 27;
Holy Well, 304;
Loderswell, 27;
Radwell, 27;
St. Chad’s Well, 27;
St. Clement’s Well, 304;
Shepherd’s Well, 26;
Skinnerswell, 27;
Well Walk, Hampstead, 13

Spurrell, Mr. F. C. J., 10

Staines, 185, 186

Stangate, 129

Stangate Street, Lambeth, 36

Stanley, Dean, 11, 256, 257, 258, 260-261

Stephen, 275, 282, 285, 289-300

Stepney, 262-264, 268

“Sticking,” 222, 223

Stokesay Castle, near Ludlow, 326

Story, Joseph, 143

Stow, 17, 29, 96, 97, 98, 115, 119, 121, 133, 245, 299, 329, 356-360

Strabo, 22, 23

Strype, 17, 96, 97, 98, 115, 133, 356-360

Stubbs, Bishop, 276, 284, 337-338

Stukeley, Dr., 62, 63, 64, 95

Sturbridge, 47

Sturleson, Snorro, 130, 186

Superstitions and credulity, 210, 211, 221, 222, 223, 274, 298

Swegen, King of Denmark, 182, 183

Sylvius, 63, 64

Synods, 334, 335

Taxation, 73, 190, 273, 276, 280, 286, 287, 288, 337

Taximagul, 21

Temples in Roman London, 81

Tertullian, 74, 105

Tessellated pavements discovered in London, list of, 103-104

Tetrici, the, 60

Thames Embankments, discoveries in, 351-355

Thames foreshore, 105, 106, 125, 126, 127, 198, 325

Thames Street, 82, 93, 124, 157, 198, 322, 326, 327, 337

Thames Valley, 3, 4;
ancient implements found in, 10, 11;
earth movements in, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11;
fossils of, 6, 9, 10, 11;
geological strata of, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

Thanet, Isle of, 36, 41, 42, 166, 167

Theatre: in Roman London, 83, 85, 86, 90, 91;
miracle plays, 312

Theodosius, 71, 72, 73, 113

Theomantius (or Temanticus), 19

Theonus, Archbishop of London, 147, 148

Thorney, 11, 26, 27, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 53,
129, 132, 135, 192, 231-236

Thorpe, Benjamin, 164, 215

Threadneedle Street, 81

Tin mines, 41, 42

Tintern Abbey, 203

Tite, Sir William, 28, 29, 30, 100, 105, 112, 124

Titus, 56

Tolls, 287

Tombs, 96, 97, 98, 100, 106, 107, 361-362;
as landmarks, 107

Tomlinson, Thomas, 30

Tothill, 26

Tower of London, 88, 259, 294, 296, 302

Tower Hill, 115, 124, 244, 327

Trade, 23, 34, 37, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 55, 58, 70, 74, 76, 79,
88, 93, 94, 110, 132, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 153,
154, 155, 156, 157, 169, 170, 174, 175, 179, 180, 181, 198, 199,
200-208, 218, 261, 273, 306-307, 323-324, 337, 339;
and coinage, 42, 202, 203;
imports and exports, 46, 47, 132, 143, 310, 343-344

Trades Unions, 224

Traitors and rebels, punishment of, 171

Treves, Roman, compared with Roman London, 86-88

Trial by Ordeal, 215, 216, 286

Trials, criminal, 284;
civil, 286

Trinobantes, 20, 21, 54, 55

Turner, Sharon, 203

Tyburn, 11, 266

Tynemouth Abbey, 212

Tyrants, the Thirty, 60

Urbicus, Lollius, 60

Uriconium, 137

Valentinian, 71

Valentinus, 72

Vere, Aubrey de, 294, 332

Verulam. See _St. Albans_

Vespasian, 54, 56

Victorinus, 60

Village tenure, 143

Vortigern, 145, 146, 147

Vortimer, 146, 148

Walbrook, 30, 47, 56, 81, 85, 88, 125, 126, 198, 244, 325

Wall, river-side, 124-127, 153, 177, 184, 302, 320, 325

Walsingham, 232

Waltham Abbey, 251

Walworth, 84

Wandsworth Island, 31

Wantsum, the, 204

Wards, 323

Ware, 177

Wareham, 168

Warren, Sir Charles, 96

Water Companies, 13

Water supply, 13, 14, 15, 321

Watling Street, 36, 37, 53, 88, 128, 129, 132, 136, 139, 244;
Gate of, 124

Weapons, 42, 45, 172, 217, 218

Wearmouth Abbey, 211-212

Weever, 119

Westbourne Street, Chelsea, 26

Westbourne Terrace, 26

West Chepe, 158

West Chepe Market, 29, 30, 337

Westminster, 27, 56, 194, 266;
King’s House at, 195, 234, 235, 272, 303

Whitaker, W., 11, 13

Whittington, 326

Wihtred, King, 158

William of Malmesbury, 273

William Rufus, 272-274, 275

William the Conqueror, 249-261, 270;
coronation of, 256, 257, 258

Wilson, Archbishop, 219, 220

Winchelsea, 26

Winchester, 146, 147, 166, 167, 192, 296;
Nunnery at, 212

Windows, 110, 111

Witan, 183, 190

Witanagemots: at London, 165, 166, 180;
at Oxford, 191

Women: as courtesans, 274;
education of, 224;
morality of Danish, 171;
occupations of, 224, 230;
punishment of, 217, 222;
treatment of captured, 162

Wood Street, 244, 320

Woodchester, Roman villa at, 91, 92

Woodward, H. B., 15

Woodward, Dr. John, 96, 118

Wool Quay, 105

Wren, Sir Christopher, 107, 134

Wright, Thomas, 60, 72, 74, 75, 190-191, 201, 215, 218, 224, 225

Wroxcester, 22, 94

Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester, 261

Wulnoth, Abbot of St. Peter’s, Thorney, 234

Wyngaerde’s Map, 114

York, 19, 58, 63, 68, 69, 73, 74, 94, 146, 147, 198;
government of, 75

_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_

[Publisher's Device]

A LIST OF
BOOKS ON
LONDON
PUBLISHED BY
A. & C. BLACK
SOHO SQUARE
LONDON · W.

The first instalment of Sir Walter Besant’s “Magnum Opus,” “The Survey of London.”

LONDON
IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
BY SIR WALTER BESANT
_In One Volume, Demy 4to, Cloth, Gilt Top, 680 pages. Containing 104
Illustrations from Contemporary Prints, and a Map._

PRICE 30s. NET

PRESS OPINIONS

“Turn where you will in his pages, you get some interesting glimpse which opens up the past and illumines the present.”—_The Contemporary Review._

“A handsome and very interesting book is the result, for which the curious reader and the student will alike be grateful.... Gives an admirable impression of the times.”—_The Spectator._

“It is excellently planned, and very ably and agreeably executed.... The chief charm of this work is the pleasantness of the style in which it is written—easy, clear, and individual. To the accuracy of the ideal historian Sir Walter added the picturesqueness of the popular novelist.”—_The Globe._

“A book full of entertainment and instruction for modern Londoners.”—_The Daily Mail._

“To praise this book were superfluous. Sir Walter was ideally suited for the task which he set himself. He was an antiquarian, but not a Dryasdust; he had the topographical sense, but he spares us measurements; he was pleasantly discursive; if he moralised he was never tedious; he had the novelist’s eye for the romantic; above all, he loved and reverenced London. Though only a Londoner by adoption, he bestowed upon the capital a more than filial regard. Besant is the nineteenth-century Stow, and something more.... This remarkable volume.... It is a monument of faithful and careful research.”—_The Daily Telegraph._

“Will be of the utmost value to every student of the life and history of London.”—_The Standard._

“This handsome and really valuable volume.”—_The Guardian._

“As a general survey of the eighteenth century this work has no rival.”—_Glasgow Herald._

“It is indeed a living and fascinating book.”—_The Yorkshire Post._

“It is a wonderfully complete history.... Will probably stand to all time as the brightest and most authoritative book on a period which is bound, by its very evils, to have a fascination for the student of customs and manners, and for the student of national development.”—_The Liverpool Post._

“The reader will gather that this is a work which is of the highest importance. Beautifully written, beautifully produced and illustrated, it is in itself a monument to the steady industry and devotion of Sir Walter Besant, one of the best and sweetest influences this latter day has felt. The epitaph which honours Sir Christopher Wren might be inscribed, with a difference, on the title-page of _London in the Eighteenth Century_, for if we require a monument to Sir Walter Besant we need only look within.”—_The Church Times._

“Altogether this posthumous work of the historian of London is one of the most fascinating books which he ever wrote.”—_The Municipal Journal._

“The book is engrossing and its manner delightful.”—_The Times._

“A work of great value and interest; ... profoundly interesting.”—_The Westminster Gazette._

“Of facts and figures such as these this valuable book will be found full to overflowing, and it is calculated, therefore, to interest all kinds of readers, from the student to the dilettante, from the romancer in search of matter to the most voracious student of ‘Tit-Bits.’”—_The Athenæum._

“Stimulating, edifying, interesting, horrifying, in turns, the book has not a dull moment.... As it is the best, it will surely prove the most prized and popular of modern books on London.”—_Notes and Queries._

“The work is copiously illustrated with reproductions of old prints, and is altogether a delightful and fascinating guide to the Metropolis at an eventful period of its history.”—_Pall Mall Gazette._

“Of the present lordly quarto volume it may be said that it fairly represents that ‘Survey’ which Sir Walter Besant conceived, and which he used to refer to as his _magnum opus_. It is a worthy literary monument to his deep knowledge and love of London.”—_The Academy._

“Besant’s interesting and valuable book.”—_Manchester Guardian._

“It is assuredly a delightful book to lose oneself in, and so to think one’s way back into a simpler and perhaps, after all, a merrier England.”—_The Bookman._

“A book to be treasured and studied.... The work as a whole is a notable achievement, and will stand as the classical authority on eighteenth-century London.”—_The Speaker._

“_The vast mass of matter I have got together will open people’s eyes as to the extraordinary coarseness and brutality of that time._”—WALTER BESANT.

The second instalment of Sir Walter Besant’s“Magnum Opus.”

LONDON
IN THE TIME OF THE STUARTS
BY SIR WALTER BESANT
_In One Volume, Demy 4to, Cloth, Gilt Top, 410 pages. Containing 115
Illustrations, mostly from Contemporary Prints, and a reproduction of
Ogilby and Morgan’s Map of London, 1677._

PRICE 30s. NET

SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS

HISTORY

James I.—Sir Walter Raleigh—Persecution of Roman Catholics—New River—_Booke of Sportes_—Colony of Virginia—Charles I.—Outbreak of Plague—Forced Loan—Assassination of Buckingham—Exasperation in the City—The Short Parliament—Attack on Spanish Ambassador—Strafford’s Death—The Civil War—The Trained Bands—Execution of the King—The Commonwealth—The Fifth Monarchy Men—Cromwell’s Death—The Restoration—Execution of the Regicides—Act of Uniformity—Charles closes the Exchequer—Quarrels between the City and the Commons—Court of Charles II.—James II.—Titus Oates’ sentence—Rising of Monmouth—The Bishops sent to the Tower—The Landing of William of Orange—Capture of Jeffreys—William III.—Lord Mayor’s Day—Queen Anne—The Case of Sacheverell.

RELIGION, GOVERNMENT, AND TRADE

The Puritan Character—The Laudian Persecution—Abolition of the Book of Common Prayer—Fanaticism—Zachary Crofton—James Naylor—Conventicles become Churches—Superstitions—William Lilly—Services for the Cramp Ring and King’s Evil—Sanctuary—Social Distinctions in the City—Crimping—Saltpetre-’Prentices—Trade—Silkworms—Imports—The Bank of England—The Royal Exchange and the New Exchange—Coinage—City Companies in Debt—The Irish Estates.

THE GREAT PLAGUE AND FIRE

Former Plague Records—Desertion of City—Pest Houses—Pepys’ Account—Defoe’s Account—Regulations for the Plague-stricken—The Symptoms of the Plague—Strange Nostrums—Charms—The Aspect of the City before the Fire—The Beginning of the Fire—The Destruction of Property—Amount of Damage estimated—What the Fire left—Origin of the Fire—People camped on Moorfields—Plans for Rebuilding—Another Plot to burn the City—Contemporary Evidence—Evelyn’s Account—Pepys’ Account—London rebuilt—Ogilby’s Map—The Suburbs and the City—Confusion of Property after the Fire—The River—Insanitary Condition of the City—Shops glazed for the first Time.

MANNERS AND CUSTOMS

Cost of Living—Rents—Furniture—Beer and other Drinks—No Forks in Use—Cost of Food—The Popularity of the Tavern—The First Use of Tea—The Virtue of Coffee—Coffee-Houses—Chocolate-Houses—Tobacco now universal—Puritanic Fashions—Dress of Gallants and Courtiers—Wigs—Pocket Mirrors—Patches and Powder—Kissing as common as Shaking Hands—Servants—City Tradesmen—Customs at Weddings—Funeral Ceremonies—No Coffins for Poor People—Places of Resort—Hyde Park and St. James’s Park—Spring Gardens—Leper Hospital at St. James’s—James I.’s Menagerie—New Spring Gardens at Vauxhall—Attractions of the Shop Girls—Theatres—The First Introduction of Women to the Stage—The Cockpit—Nell Gwynn—The Time of the Performances—Variation of the Plays—Wearing of Masks—Coarseness—Music very popular—The Fine Arts—Arundelian Collection—Raffaelle’s Work—Sports and Amusements—Puritan Suppression of Sunday Games—Bear-baiting and other Brutal Sports—Fairs—Athletic Sports—Hunting—Predilection of King James I. for the Chase—Bowling-Alleys—Fencing—Mohocks—Wrestling—St. Bartholomew’s Fair—Coaches—Tolls for Road Repair—Punishment and Crime—Severity of the Punishments—Branding, Pillory, Boring through the Tongue with a Hot Iron—Case of Alexander Leighton—Earl of Oxford’s False Marriage—Lord Sanquhar’s Revenge—Prisoners for Debt—Tricks—“The Brave Shifter”—Usurers—Brokers—Public Morality and the Lord Mayor’s Proclamation—General Notes—Scarcity of Public Inns—Gentlemen carried Large Fans—Strange Processions—Horn Fair.

APPENDICES

The Court of Charles II.—List of the London Clergy ejected—List of Almshouses founded in the Seventeenth Century—Composition of the Lords and Commons—The New Buildings of London—Rules for Enlargement of the Streets—Gardens.

SOME PRESS OPINIONS

“Most readable and interesting.... It is a mine in which the student alike of topography and of manners and customs may dig and dig again with the certainty of finding something new and interesting.”—_The Times._

“No lover of London can fail to be grateful to the late Sir Walter for his many carefully studied pictures of its ancient life, pictures often quaint and amusing, and bearing always the mark of earnest and minute research.... The general reader will find in this volume a world of interesting suggestion.”—_The Daily Chronicle._

“We are again reminded of the vast debt which London owes to the late Sir Walter Besant by the appearance of this sumptuously printed and beautifully illustrated book, the second volume of his great Survey of London—unquestionably his _magnum opus_, upon which his fame will chiefly rest.... A book which should be in the library of every one who takes an intelligent interest in the history and development of London.”—_The Daily Telegraph._

“The pen of the ready writer here is fluent; the picture wants nothing in completeness. The records of the city and the kingdom have been ransacked for facts and documents, and they are here marshalled with consummate skill. In surveying the political history of London from James I. to Queen Anne, Sir Walter Besant reveals himself as an unsparing and impartial historian, and in this respect alone the work must command our admiration and our praise. But there is also included the most vivid presentation of the story of the Great Plague and the Great Fire that has ever been brought between the covers of one book.”—_The Pall Mall Gazette._

“There is not a dull page in the book, and the fact that the treatment is somewhat discursive makes the volume more delightful. We can give no idea of its variety and its charm, but every one who wishes to know the London of two hundred and fifty years ago will feel, as he opens this volume, that he has stepped back into that world of great events, and will live again through its civil discord, its Plague, and Fire, and its strange superstitions.”—_The London Quarterly Review._

“_Nothing at all like it has ever been attempted before._”—WALTER BESANT.

The third instalment of Sir Walter Besant’s“Magnum Opus.”

LONDON
IN THE TIME OF THE TUDORS
BY SIR WALTER BESANT
_In One Volume, Demy 4to, Cloth, Gilt Top, 440 pages. Containing 146
Illustrations, mostly from Contemporary Prints, and a reproduction of
Agas’s Map of London in 1560._

PRICE 30s. NET

CONTENTS

TUDOR SOVEREIGNS

CHAP.
1. HENRY VII.
2. HENRY VIII.
3. EDWARD VI.
4. MARY.
5. ELIZABETH.
6. THE QUEEN IN SPLENDOUR.

RELIGION

1. THE DISSOLUTION AND THE MARTYRS.
2. THE PROGRESS OF THE REFORMATION.
3. SUPERSTITION.

ELIZABETHAN LONDON

1. WITH STOW.
2. CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE.
3. THE CITIZENS.

GOVERNMENT AND TRADE OF THE CITY.

1. THE MAYOR.
2. TRADE.
3. LITERATURE AND ART.
4. GOG AND MAGOG.

SOCIAL LIFE.

1. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.
2. FOOD AND DRINK.
3. DRESS—WEDDINGS.
4. SOLDIERS.
5. THE ’PRENTICE.
6. THE LONDON INNS.
7. THEATRES AND SPORTS.
8. THE POOR.
9. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT.

PRESS OPINIONS

“Altogether it forms without question not only a monument to Sir Walter Besant’s affectionate enthusiasm for London, and devotion to what he regarded as the great task of his life, but an almost unrivalled popular presentation of English life and manners in the metropolis during the age of the Tudors.”—_Glasgow Herald._

“A vivid and fascinating picture of London life in the sixteenth century—a novelist’s picture, full of life and movement, yet with the accurate detail of an antiquarian treatise.”—_The Contemporary Review._

“Of books on London we hail all and every one, since none can be so wholly bad that nothing can be learnt from its perusal; of this exceptionally able achievement we believe that, whilst its high aim should act as a stimulus to further endeavour, it will be long before the literature of ancient London is enriched by a more fascinating work of introspection.”—_The Times._

“There is not space to analyse this fine book to any adequate extent, and the temptation to enlarge upon it grows with the perusal of its fascinating pages.... For the student, as well as for those desultory readers who are drawn by the rare fascination of London to peruse its pages, this book will have a value and a charm which are unsurpassed by any of its predecessors.”—_Pall Mall Gazette._

“We know of no book that is calculated to interest lovers of this great city of ours to a greater degree than this posthumous contribution of a gifted writer to what he himself loved so well—the history of London.”—_Daily Chronicle._

“This splendidly appointed volume, with its wealth of illustrations from the work of contemporary artists, as well as writers, is in keeping with its important subject, and, with its companion volumes, forms a monumental work that will assuredly go down to the far future.”—_Aberdeen Free Press._

“_I have been walking about London for the last thirty years, and I find something fresh in it every day._”—WALTER BESANT.

The fourth instalment of Sir Walter Besant’s“Magnum Opus.”

MEDIÆVAL LONDON
Vol. I. Historical and Social · Vol. II. Ecclesiastical
BY SIR WALTER BESANT
_In Two Volumes, Demy 4to, Cloth, Gilt Top. Profusely Illustrated._
EACH 30s. NET

CONTENTS

VOL. I.

PART I.—MEDIÆVAL SOVEREIGNS.

1. Henry II. 2. Richard I. 3. John. 4. Henry III. 5. Edward I. 6. Edward II. 7. Edward III. 8. Richard II. 9. Henry IV. 10. Henry V. 11. Henry VI. 12. Edward IV. 13. Richard III.

PART II.—SOCIAL AND GENERAL.

1. General View. 2. Port and Trade of London. 3. Trade and Gentility. 4. The Streets. 5. The Buildings. 6. Furniture. 7. Wealth and State of Nobles and Citizens. 8. Manners and Customs. 9. Food. 10. Sport and Recreation. 11. Literature and Science in London—§ I. The Libraries of London; § II. London and Literature; § III. The Physician. 12. Fire, Plague, and Famine. 13. Crime and Punishment. 14. Christian Names and Surnames.

VOL. II.