Chapter XXV (4)

[339] It is evident from the 13th of Elizabeth, cap. xii., "An Act for the Ministers of the Church to be of Sound Religion," that a particular form of ordination was not then requisite for ministration in the Establishment. The words of the Act are, "That every person under the degree of a Bishop, which doth or shall pretend _to be a priest or minister of God's holy word and sacraments_ by reason of any _other form_ of institution, consecration, or ordering, than the form set forth by Parliament, in the time of the late King of most worthy memory King Edward VI., or now used in the reign of our most gracious Sovereign Lady before the Feast of the Nativity of Christ next following, shall, in the presence of the Bishop or guardian of the spiritualities of some one diocese where he hath or shall have ecclesiastical living, declare his assent and subscribe to all the Articles of Religion," &c. This was the law till 1662.

[340] It is not meant that these men actually performed the work of revision, but they were the guiding spirits of the Church; therefore the character of the Book issued at the different periods may be considered as reflecting their opinions.

[341] I have already noticed that the Puritans, in their exceptions against the Prayer Book, at the Savoy Conference, urged on their opponents the comprehensive policy of the Reformers.--_Baxter_, ii. 317; _Cardwell's Conferences_, 305.

[342] _Clarendon's Continuation_, 1078.

[343] This illustration was suggested to me by a distinguished Divine of the Church of England.

[344] He speaks (1079) of the Upper House expunging some parts of that subscription which had been annexed to the Bill. I find no trace of this.

[345] It is curious that in one particular, uniformity exists beyond the direction of the Prayer Book.

Lathbury says: "Both by _rubrical_ and _canonical_ authority, the table may be placed in the body of the Church or in the chancel."--_Hist. of Con._, 303. Yet the practice is to place it near the wall at the east end.

[346] _Essays._ On _Unity_ and _Of Church Controversies_.

[347] _Forster_, iii., 209-240; _Own Time_, i. 164.

[348] _Noble's Regicides_, ii. 31.

[349] Orme's _Life of Baxter_, 454.

[350] _Isaiah_ xvi. 4.

[351] _Holmes' Annals of America_, and _Orme's Life of Baxter_, 454.

Sir Walter Scott has adopted the romantic story of the Indian War in his _Peveril of the Peak_, but he has confounded Whalley with Gough. Cooper has also used the story in one of his novels.

[352] The Book was so hastily printed, that the proofs were not carefully compared with the written copy attached to the Act. At Chichester there are two of these uncorrected copies. The _third_ or sealed copy is the one which passed through the hands of the Commissioners, and is altered by their pens. The alterations are found to be chiefly corrections of errors arising from a hasty copying of the MS. Book for the press.

There does not appear to have been much care taken with the reprints, even after the "Sealed Books" were distributed. An edition dated 1669, perpetuates most of the errors of the printed copy of 1662. For this information I am indebted to the kindness of the Rev. Dr. Swainson. See further on this subject in Appendix.

[353] _Own Times_, i. 185.

[354] _Life of Philip Henry_, 100. See also _Calamy's Defence of Moderate Nonconformists_, vol. ii. 357.

[355] Sir Edward Coke, in his _Institutes_, part ii., says that the "word _Ordinary_ signifieth a Bishop, or he, or they, that have ordinary jurisdiction, and is derived _ab ordine_."

[356] Dated the 17th of August, 1662. _Kennets Historical Register_, 743.

[357] In this form--"Ego A. B. prætensas meas ordinationis literas, a quibusdam Presbyteris olim obtentas iam penitus renuncio, et demitto pro vanis," &c.--_Life of P. Henry_, 97.

[358] _Life_, 98, _et seq._

[359] _Ibid._, 11.

[360] _Stanford's Life of Alleine_, 199; _Calamy's Account_, 558.

[361] _Rogers' Life of Howe_, 105, 118.

[362] "Some of the hungry expectants were bold enough to anticipate the period of ejection, relying on the Incumbents' ultimately failing to qualify: and that even the chicanery of the law was used to prevent their recovery of profits which had actually accrued during their incumbency. Mr. Meadows (Incumbent of Ousden), had as his patron one of kindred opinions, who sympathized with his own feelings; and, accordingly, it appears by his accounts, that he was allowed to receive the year's revenue up to Michaelmas, 1662."--_Suffolk Bartholomeans_, by _Taylor_, 49.

[363] _Calamy's Account_, 557; _Continuation_, 336.

[364] _Calamy's Continuation_, 143.

[365] _State Papers_, May 14th.

[366] _State Papers_, 1661-2.

[367] _Truth and Loyalty Vindicated_, 1662.

[368] _Harl. Misc._, vii. If the author of this tract was not a Romanist he had strong Romanist sympathies.

[369] _A Compleat Collection of Farewell Sermons_, 142; _Pepys' Diary_, i. 313.

[370] _Farewell Sermons_, 115.

[371] _Patrick MSS._ xliv. 11.

[372] _Stanford's Joseph Alleine_, 200.

[373] Calamy speaks of his holding this living in conjunction with Kingston.--_Account_, 279.

[374] _Farewell Sermons_, 447.

[375] _State Papers_, August 22, 1662.

[376] _Fox's Journal_, ii. 7.

[377] "The eight years, from the death of Angélique Arnauld, in 1661, to the peace of the Church in 1669, were the agony of Port Royal."--_Beard's Port Royal_, i. 344.

[378] _Farewell Sermons, etc._, 174, 187.

[379] _Palmer's Nonconformist Memorial_, i. 366.

[380] "A liberal attention to the convenience of the late Incumbent must have been shown by Mr. Meadows's successor, as we find so late as July 8, 1665, 'a note of things yet left at the parsonage.'" Mr. Meadows was Incumbent of Ousden, Suffolk. _Suffolk Bartholomeans, by Taylor_, 50.

[381] October, 1662, _Wilkins' Concilia_, iv. 577.

[382] Baxter informs us that he had resolved not to meddle in such business any more, but says in the margin, "If I should at length recite the story of this business, and what peremptory promises they had, and how all was turned to their rebuke and scorn, it would more increase the reader's astonishment."--_Life and Times_, ii. 429.

[383] Newcome notices the petition in his Diary, as if an unsuccessful attempt had been made to present it before the 28th. "August 28.--I was sent for to the ministers to Mr. Greene's. We perused Mr. Heyricke's letter, whereby we understand that last Lord's Day was a very sad and doleful day in London, in that ministers preached not; none but Mr. Blackmore, Mr. Crofton, and Dr. Manton between the Tower and Westminster, the Bishops having provided readers or preachers for every place. And the ministers in the dark waited with their petition on Monday, and could not get it delivered, and came away more dissatisfied than they went; and what the issue of all this will be the Lord only knows. I rose afore seven; we despatched duty. And the ministers came in again, and we discoursed of matters, and got things done about the petitions. Mr. Alsley dined with me and Mr. Haworth, we having a venison pasty. After dinner, Mr. James Lightbourne was with me an hour or more. I wrote letters to London, and then went to bowls; but, as if it was not a time for me to take recreation in, I had no freedom of spirit by a little accident about Mr. Constantine."--_Newcome's Diary_, 115.

The following entry indicates the interference of the King with the operation of the Act:--"Nov., 1662.--The King to the Dean and Chapter of Christ Church, Oxford. They are to forbear execution of any sentence against Thomas Severne, for not having subscribed to the Act of Uniformity before his Bishop, though presented doing so before the University, until the will of Parliament in such cases is more distinctly known."--_Ent. Book_ x. 7. _Cal. Dom._, 1661-1662, 578.

[384] _Clarendon's Continuation_, 1081-1082.

[385] It is difficult to harmonize satisfactorily the accounts of conferences and councils given by Burnet, Clarendon, and Bishop Parker. The former two speak of the conferences occurring before St. Bartholomew's Day. The last of these authorities gives a petition from the ministers presented on the 27th, and a debate upon it in Council on the 28th, agreeing, to a considerable extent, with Clarendon's statements. Clarendon says nothing of a petition and a Council after St. Bartholomew's Day, but leaves us to conclude all thought of indulgence was dropped beforehand. In this respect we know he is wrong, probably the matter of indulgence was frequently debated in Council. Compare _Clarendon_, 1081; _Burnet_, i. 191; with _Parker_ in _Kennet's Register_, 753.

[386] These illustrations are gathered from the newspapers of the day.

[387] _State Papers._ This letter is dated March 2, 1663. It is anonymous; the reason for ascribing it to Hook will appear further on.

[388] _Joseph Alleine's Life_, by _Stanford_, 204. There is a glowing account in the _Mercurius Publicus_, of an Episcopal service at St. Mary's, on the 25th, when the church was so full that people fainted with heat, and "the Mayor and Aldermen were all in their formalities, and not a man in all the church had his hat on, either at service or sermon."

[389] _Ashmole's Order of the Garter_, 176.

[390] _Tour in Derbyshire_, 1662. _Browne's Works_, i. 30. "At Buxton," he says, "we had the luck to meet with a sermon, which we could not have done in half-a-year before, by relation. I think there is a true Chapel of Ease indeed here, for they hardly ever go to Church," p. 34. _Calamy_ gives the name of Mr. John Jackson as ejected from Buxton, but supplies no account of him.--_Account_, 204.

[391] They occur at the end of the list for each county.

[392] See Ryle's account of Gurnal, prefixed to the new edition of his works.

[393] _State Papers. Dom._, 1663, March 2. Letter from William Hook.

[394] For instances, see _Palmer_, i. 223, ii. 71.

[395] Appendix to Second Report of the Royal Commission on Ritual, p. 616. The articles of the Bishops there printed are from the collection in the Bodleian Library.

[396] Appendix to second report of the Royal Commission on Ritual, pp. 601, 602.

[397] _Ibid._, 607, 611.

[398] _Ibid._, 619.

[399] They are published in the same Appendix, 624, _et seq._

[400] The authorities for these statements are _Calamy's Account_ and _Continuation_, _Kennet's Register_, _Hunter's Life of Heywood_, and _Aspland's History of Nonconformity in Duckinfield_. I could add more instances. No doubt there were several which cannot now be ascertained.

[401] _Irenicum_, republished in 1662.

[402] _Lord King's Life of Locke_, 7, 8, 9.

[403] _State Papers, Cal. Dom._ Sept. 14 and Sept. 29, 1662.

[404] _Ibid._, Oct. 31, 1662.

[405] This reported number should be borne in mind in connection with others already stated.

[406] _State Papers, Cal., Dom._, 1661-1662, 531, 567, 594.

[407] _Cal. Dom._, 1662, Jan. 31.

[408] _Ibid._, 1662, Oct. 10, Nov. 24.

[409] The following illustrations of the extent of persecution in the autumn of 1662 are extracted from _State Papers_ under date:--

"Committed by Sir J. Robinson, Knt. and Bart., Lord Mayor, being taken at an unlawful assembly, and denying to take the Oath of Allegiance, dated 2nd November, 1662." [Names given. All males.]

"Committed by Sir R. Browne, Knt. and Bart., for being unlawfully assembled together contrary to the laws, etc., the same day." [Other names.]

"Anabaptists and Quakers, taken at unlawful meetings, and committed by the Court, for refusing to take the Oath of Allegiance, and some of them fined."

[Eleven names, all males.]

"Committed by His Grace, the Duke of Albemarle, General of His Majesty's forces, for assembling unlawfully together, contrary to a late Act of Parliament, 28th October, 1662."

[Sixty-three names, all males, six under the heading "Quakers."]

"Committed 3rd November, 1662, for refusing to take the Oath of Allegiance."

[Three males.]

"Committed for being at a private meeting in Wheeler's Street, dated 9th November, 1662."

[Three names.]

"Committed for being at an unlawful assembly in Spitalfields; dated 16th November, 1662."

[Three names.]

"Committed by John Smith, Esq., being taken in the house of the said Mary Winch, upon pretence of a religious worship, and own no King but King Jesus and own themselves to be Fifth Monarchy men. Dated 23rd November, 1662."

These extracts have appeared in the _Baptist Magazine_. In others the names of females occur.

[410] _Kennet_, 849.

[411] _Baxter's Life and Times_, ii. 430.

[412] _History of his Own Time_, i. 193.

[413] See on this subject, _Burnet's History of his Own Time_, i. 194; _Lingard_, xi. 220; and _Butler's Memoirs_, iii. 44.

[414] See the _Lords' Journals_, February 23, 25, 27, 28. "After St. Bartholomew's Day, the Dissenters, seeing both Court and Parliament was so much set against them, had much consultation together what to do. Many were for going over to Holland, and settling there with their ministers; others proposed New England, and the other plantations."--_Burnet_, i. 193.

[415] Clarendon cannot be relieved from a charge of duplicity in this business.

[416] See _Lister's Life of Clarendon_, iii. 232, compared with _Clarendon's Continuation_, 1129. The story is there wrongly dated. So it is in _Parl. Hist._, iv. 311.

[417] _Continuation_, 1131.

[418] Under date April 21, 1663, there is a petition from Samuel Wilson, who was seized in the Downs for ignorantly receiving a seditious letter from Hook, a minister, which came wrapped up in a bundle of books. This person, Mrs. Green, in the _Calendar of State Papers_, 1663, suggests, is the writer of the remarkable letter here referred to. No doubt of it. The letter is dated March 2, 1663, addressed to Mr. Davenport, who was colleague with Hook at New Haven, in New England. On Hook's return from America to England he became a minister at Exmouth, and afterwards Master of the Savoy and Chaplain to Cromwell.--_Palmer's Nonconformist Memorial._

[419] This writer attributes depression in trade to the Act of Uniformity, and blames the Presbyterians for being ready to meet the Prelates half way, and swallow the Liturgy.

[420] _Baxter's Life and Times_, ii. 433.

[421] See _Commons' Journals_, 1663, February 27, March 16.

[422] _Parl. Hist._, iv. 263-5.

[423] The Bill against Papists was committed March 17th; that against Dissenters May 23rd. Several debates, amendments, and divisions took place. At the beginning of July the Bills were carried up to the Lords. The Bill against Sectaries was committed by the Upper House, July 22nd, and there the matter ended. Parliament was prorogued on the 27th.

[424] _Lords' Journals_, July 25, 27.

[425] _Lords' Journals_, July 27, 1663. A curious incident occurred during their sittings. The Bill for the better observance of the Sabbath was lost off the table, and could not be found. The like had never occurred before, and "every Lord was called by name, and those present did make their purgation, and the assistants likewise did particularly clear themselves." It was the last day of the session. The Bills to receive the Royal assent had been taken out of a bag, and opened on the table; but this Bill disappeared, and consequently did not receive _le Roy le veult_.

[426] _Walton's Lives_, 424-427. He had left a list of ministers under his eye designed for discipline, but when he saw death approaching, he burnt the paper, and said he would die in peace.--_Conformists' Plea for Nonconformity_, 35.

[427] _Works_, vi. 443.

[428] 31st August, 1663. _Evelyn's Diary_, i. 399.

[429] _State Papers, Dom., Charles II._, June 20, Sept. 22, Oct. 12. I may add that a very affecting illustration of the sufferings of an ejected minister through trial and imprisonment for preaching in some retired place after the Act of Uniformity, is to be found in _Stanford's Joseph Alleine_, chapters x. and xi.

[430] _State Papers_, Nov. 9, Dec. 31.

[431] _Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson_, 391.

[432] _Anderson's Hist. of the Colonial Church_, ii. 286.

[433] _Ibid._, 316-318.

[434] _Anderson's Hist. of the Colonial Church_, ii. 342.

[435] The letters in the State Paper Office, from which all these particulars are taken, are abridged in the _Calendar_ for 1663. Any one wishing to investigate the subject should study these letters in connection with _Drake's Eboracum_ and _Whitaker's Loidis and Elmete_.

[436] Amongst the papers which belonged to the Secretary of State, and which are now preserved in the Record Office, is an informer's notebook belonging to this period. As it is a curiosity, and as it contains allusions to well-known characters, I will give a few extracts in the Appendix.

[437] These are all local traditions.

[438] _Aspland's History of the Old Nonconformists in Duckinfield._ Like stories are told of Bradley Wood near Newton Abbot, and of Collier's Wood in Gloucestershire. Places of worship erected or publicly used during times of indulgence or connivance, will be noticed in the next Volume.

[439] _Life of Owen_ by _Orme_.

[440] _Nelson's Life of Bull_, 253. Other examples of the ejected having married rich wives may be found in _Kennet_, 910. John Tombes writing to Williamson, mentions a book on the anvil entitled, _Theocratia, or a Treatise of the Kingdom of God_, to show that no claim of coercive jurisdiction, either inferior or co-ordinate to the King, is warranted by any ecclesiastical rulers, or by any office or power in the kingdom of Christ in its militant state.... The Bishop of Winchester, he goes on to say, has put him in hopes of a brotherhood at the Savoy. Also has had hope from the Lord Keeper of a place at Rochester in Bishop Warner's Hospital.--_State Papers_, 1668, May 8. Tombes was a Baptist and therefore could not hold a living, but in other respects he seems to have been a Conformist.

[441] _Kennet_, 905, 906, 908.

[442] _Life by Rogers_, 130, 140.

[443] _Palmer's Nonconformist Memorial_, i. 352.

[444] _Life and Times_, iii. 142.

[445] _Palmer_, ii. 503.

[446] _Wilkins' Concilia_, iv. 580.

[447] See _Commons' Journals_, April 27, 28; May 12, 14, 16.

[448] 16 _Car. II._, cap. iv.

[449] _Hist._, 1115.

[450] _State Papers, Dom. Charles II._, 1664, June 20.

[451] _Ibid._, June 24.

[452] _State Papers_, 1664, Sept. 30, Nov. 18, Sept. 5, June 2.

[453] _Broadmead Records_ (_Hanserd Knollys Society_), 76.

[454] _State Papers_, 1665, July 3 and 15.

[455] _Clarendon_, 1130.

[456] _Eccles. Hist._, ii. 89.

[457] _Cardwell's Synodalia_, ii. 680, _et seq._

[458] _Collier_, ii. 893.

[459] _Parry's Parliaments and Councils_, 551.

[460] Dated July 7, 1665; _Wilkins' Concilia_, iv. 582. Note in _Cardwell's Documentary Annals_, ii. 321.

[461] In _Notes and Queries_ may be found a curious and interesting collection of predictions of the Plague and Fire of London. See _Choice Notes--History_, 236. "In delving among what may be termed the popular religious literature of the latter end of the Commonwealth, and early part of the reign of Charles, we become aware of the existence of a kind of nightmare, which the public of that age were evidently labouring under--a strong and vivid impression that some terrible calamity was impending over the metropolis."

[462] _State Papers, Dom. Charles II._ London, August 14, 1665. See also November 11.

[463] _Thucydides_, ii. 54.

[464] _Dom. Charles II._, 1665, July 6. It is interesting to observe that, as in late visitations of cholera, sanitary regulations were adopted. Amongst other things it may be noticed that the Bishop of London would not consecrate any ground unless a perpetuity of the same might be first obtained--graves were dug deep, and churchyards were covered with lime.--_Calendar_, 1665-6, Pref. xiii.

[465] _Dom. Charles II._, 1665, August 15.

[466] _Ibid._, July 22.

[467] _Dom. Charles II._, August 19.

[468] "It is said, my Lord of London hath sent to those pastors that have quitted their flocks, by reason of these times, that if they return not speedily, others will be put into their places."--_Ellis' Letters_, vol. iv.

[469] _Neal_, iv. 403. The returns dated 1665 from Exeter, St. David's, and Bristol, are among the Tenison MSS. (Lambeth); also the Bishop of Exeter's (Seth Ward's) certificate of the hospitals, and almshouses, pluralists, lecturers, schoolmasters, physicians, and Nonconformists in his diocese.

[470] _Wilkins' Concilia_, iv. 583.

[471] _Autobiography of Patrick, Bishop of Ely_, 52.

[472] His book, entitled _God's Terrible Voice in the City_, presents some most graphic accounts of the effects of the pestilence.

[473] Feb. 4, 1666. Many affecting particulars relative to the Plague may be found in the notes of this prince of diarists.

[474] _Blomefield's Hist. of Norwich_, i. 410.

[475] _Life of Owen Stockton_, 1681, p. 39.

[476] The story of Mompesson is fully told in _Histories of Derbyshire_. Most of what is known has been collected in a little work on the _History of Eyam_, by Mr. Wood, a resident in the village.

[477] For an account of Stanley and of Shaw, see _Calamy_.

[478] _Burnet's Hist._, i. 224.

[479] _Collier_, ii. 893.

[480] Clarendon, in his speech, at the opening of the Parliament in Oxford, spoke of the horrid murderers of his late Royal master being received into the secret counsels of Holland; and of other infamous persons, admitted to a share in the conduct of their affairs. Some persons, he said, had wantonly put themselves on board the enemy's fleet, "purely out of appetite and delight to rebel against their King."--_Parl. Hist._ iv. 326.

Burnet says that Algernon Sidney and others proposed to the United Provinces that they should invade England.--_Hist._ i. 226.

Sir G. Downing, writing to Clarendon (_Lister's Life_, iii. 144), remarks: "It is not to be believed what numbers of dissatisfied persons come daily out of England into this country. They have settled at Rotterdam, an Independent, an Anabaptist, and Quaker Church, and do hire the best house, and have great bills of exchange come over from England."

[481] July 7, 1665. _Wilkins_, iv. 582. See page 331 of this vol.

[482] 17 _Car._ ii. cap. 2.

[483] An anonymous correspondent writes on November 24, 1665 (_State Papers_), to Lord Arlington, that "all are amazed at the late Act against Nonconformity, judging it against the law of nature, and therefore void, but that the Presbyterians will defeat its design, for some of the chief incline to take the oath."

[484] _Eccles. Hist._, i. 500.

[485] He was present on each occasion of the Bill being read, Oct. 26, 27, and 30. See _Lords' Journals_.

[486] _Eccles. Hist._, ii. 112.

[487] _Burnet_, i. 224.

[488] _Baxter's Life and Times_, iii. 3.

[489] _Parl. Hist._, iv. 328.

[490] _Ralph's Hist. of England._ "The providence by which it was thrown out was very remarkable, for Mr. Peregrine Bertie, being newly chosen, was that morning introduced into the house by his brother, the now Earl of Lindsey, and Sir Thomas Osborne, now Lord Treasurer, who all three gave their votes against the Bill, and the numbers were so even upon that division that their three voices carried the question against it."--_Locke's Letter from a Person of Quality._

[491] He was not made Lord Keeper until 1667.

[492] _Neal_, iv. 401, says it was moved that the word _unlawfully_ might be inserted in the oath, before the word endeavour, but all was rejected. He refers for authority to _Baxter_, iii. 15, (it should be 13) but I find nothing there to that effect. If it was as Neal states, it is difficult to understand how Bates could have argued as he did.

[493] This account is given by Bates himself.--_Baxter's Life_, iii. 14.

[494] For those who took the oath see _Baxter_, iii. 13. See also _Calamy's Abridgment_, note 312.

[495] _Baxter's Life and Times_, iii. 13. His inquiries respecting the oath went far beyond the meaning of the word _endeavour_.

[496] _Hunter's Life of Heywood_, 173.

[497] _Life of Philip Henry_, 108.

[498] For his character by Burnet see _Hist. of his Own Time_, i. 100.

[499] The following story is given in a letter written just after the Duke's duel with the Earl of Shrewsbury. If the story be true, it is one of evanescent religious impression, or of unparalleled hypocrisy:--"The Duke of Buckingham is become a most eminent convert from all the vanities he hath been reported to have been addicted to; hath had a solemn day of prayer for the completing and confirming the great work upon him. Dr. Owen, and others of the like persuasion (Independents), were the carriers on of the work. He is said to keep correspondence with the chief of those parties. He grows more and more in favour and power."--_Hunter's Life of Heywood_, 198.

[500] February 28, _Cal. Dom._, 1665-66, pref. xxx.

[501] In the Record Office--besides many other papers under the year 1665 respecting plots in Yorkshire--there is a long one extending to eighteen pages, full of minute particulars on the subject, dated December 24th, entitled _Information given to Mr. Sheriff_.

[502] _James' Life of Louis XIV._, ii. 143.

[503] _State Papers, Cal._ 1665-66, _pref._ xix.-xxv. Historians have given inaccurate or incomplete accounts of these naval battles. Ample materials for a full description are afforded in these documents.

[504] _Essay on Dramatic Poesie._

[505] _State Papers, Dom. Cal._, 1666-67, _pref._ xxvii.

[506] The booksellers near St. Paul's conveyed their property to the crypt for safety, but it was destroyed. The loss in books was estimated at £150,000.--_Harl. Misc._ vii. 330.

[507] _Autobiography of William Taswell, D.D. Camden Miscellany_, vol. ii. A bridge at Westminster, extending across the river, was not erected until the year 1738--opened 1750. By Westminster Bridge is here meant either a landing pier or a bridge over a creek.

[508] Compiled from _Strype's Stow_, _Pepys_, _Evelyn_, _Baxter_, _Harl. Misc._, vii., _State Papers_, 1666-7 (see _Calendar_), and _Notes and Queries_.

[509] _State Papers, Dom. Charles II., Cal._ 1666-67, _pref._ xii., xix.

[510] _Commons' Journal_, October 26, 1666.

[511] _State Papers, Cal._ 1666-67, _pref._ xiii.

[512] _Life_, ii. 396; iii. 165.

[513] _Hist. of his Own Times_, i. 270.

[514] _Life and Times_, iii. 162.

[515] _Ibid._, iii. 19.

[516] _Burnet_, i. 270.

[517] _State Papers, Cal._ 1666-7, _Pref._ xix.-xxiii., and references.

[518] _Dom. Charles II._ 1666, Dec. 3. Richard Browne to Williamson. Same date, John Allen to Williamson.

[519] Dr. Basire to Williamson, 1666, Dec. 17.

[520] _State Papers, Dom. Charles II._, 1666, Dec. 14. A further allusion is made to these strange people in a letter by Sanderson to Williamson, Feb. 5, 1667, in which, also, reference is made to Mr. Cocks, steward to Lady Vane, at Raby Castle, as a very dangerous person. There is likewise a previous letter on the same subject (1666, Nov. 6.) In another paper, attached to that of Feb. 5, allusions occur to persons of quality as engaged in plots. "They will try to get up Richard Cromwell as the only one who has a right to rule."

[521] _State Papers._ Letter by John Rushworth, 1667, June 15.

[522] "Chester, a stronghold of Nonconformity, was much perplexed. Some said we were asleep, or should have fortified ourselves, knowing the enemy near. All concluded there was treachery in the business, and hoped the contrivers would receive the reward due to those who betray King and country." Sir Geoffry Shakerley to Williamson, Chester, June 19, 1667.--_State Papers._

"At Yarmouth the Presbyterian party raised the cry of treachery because there had been an attempt to leave the place in charge of Major Markham, who was disliked as being a Papist; and because the trained bands had been sent for to Newmarket, and none others sent in their room, and, therefore the town left defenceless."--June 21, 1667.

[523] _State Papers._ Same date.

[524] The peace with Holland, which was proclaimed August 24th, 1667, was very popular. At Weymouth "it, as it were, raised the dead to life, and made them rich in thought, though their purses are empty. At Lynn the bells have hardly lain still since the news of peace."--_State Papers, Cal._, 1667-8, _pref._ lv.

[525] Of the disgrace of Lord Chancellor Clarendon, the notes in the _State Papers_, as Mrs. Green says, are "provokingly few and unimportant."

[526] _Hallam's Constit. Hist._, ii. 69.

[527] _Baxter_, iii. 26. Holles the Presbyterian protested against the banishment of Clarendon--_Hallam_, ii. 69. The fall of Clarendon comes but incidentally within the range of this history. For a legal and constitutional view of his impeachment, I must refer the reader to Mr. Hallam, and Lord Campbell. In the _Life of James II._ edited by _Clarke_, vol. i. 431, it is stated that the Presbyterian party made overtures to Clarendon, to stand by him, if he would stand by himself, and join with the Duke in opposing his enemies; hoping thereby to separate the Duke from his brother, and to "bring low the regal authority." This is a very improbable story.

[528] _Clarendon's State Papers_, iii. _Sup._ xxxviii. _Lister's Life of Clarendon_, ii. 483.

[529] _Historical Inquiries respecting the character of Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, by the Hon. George Agar Ellis_, has just come in my way. He paints the Chancellor in very dark colours indeed: but adds nothing to the facts of his history as given by popular historians. I cannot adopt all Mr. Ellis' condemnatory conclusions.

[530] One great blot on Cecil's character was the perjury involved in his signing the Device of Edward VI. To say he signed as a witness is a subterfuge.

The following passage on Nonconformity from Clarendon's pen is equally deficient in charity and wisdom:--"Their faction is their religion: nor are those combinations ever entered into upon real and substantial motives of conscience, how erroneous soever, but consist of many glutinous materials, of will, and humour, and folly, and knavery, and ambition, and malice, which make men inseparably cling together, till they have satisfaction in all their pretences, _or till they are absolutely broken and subdued, which may always be more easily done than the other_."--_Life of Clarendon by Lister_, ii. 121.

[531] _State Papers, Dom._, under dates.

[532] _Discourse on the Religion of England_, 1667.

[533] _Wood's Athen. Ox._, iii. 1264.

[534] "It is said that an Act is preparing by some of the House for the dispensing with the Act of Uniformity, which is clearly against the Bishops' government,--another for the punishment of such as have been the occasions of misfortunes befallen this land--as also against those that counselled the dividing the fleet: so that all that find themselves guilty do make interest in the Parliament House. Some have recourse to the Presbyterian party, which they would not do if they were not brought to the utmost extremity."--_State Papers, News Letter_, Sept. 2/12, 1667.

[535] It is printed in _Thorndike's Works_, v. 302.

[536] _Pepys_, Jan. 20 and 31, 1668.

[537] _Ibid._, 5th Feb.

[538] The part taken by Hale is described in his _Life, by Burnet_.

[539] Made Bishop in 1675. Barlow's conduct as Bishop did not accord with the liberality which he showed at this period. See in the next volume a notice of his conduct in 1684.

[540] It is stated by _Burnet_, _Hist._ i. 259, that Tillotson and Stillingfleet took part in the scheme, but Baxter does not say so, though he alludes to them as friendly to the scheme of 1675. Perhaps Burnet confounded the two attempts.

[541] He did not publish what he wrote, but it is inserted in the Oxford Edition of his works, v. 309-344.

[542] _Pepys' Diary_, Feb. 10, 1668.

[543] _Parl. Hist._, iv. 404.

[544] Birch, as we have seen, informed Pepys that the King was for toleration, but the Bishops were against it. The great difficulty was about tolerating Papists.

[545] _Pepys' Diary_, Feb. 28, 1668.

[546] _Life of Philip Henry_, 112.

[547] _Parl. Hist._, iv. 413.

[548] _Ibid._, 414-422. These speakers were Colonel Sandys, Sir John Earnly, Sir W. Hickman, Mr. Ratcliffe, Sir Walter Yonge, Sir J. Littleton, Sir John Birkenhead, and Mr. Seymour.

[549] _Constitutional History_, ii. 70.

[550] _Baxter's Life and Times_, iii. 37.

[551] _Concilia_, iv. 588. The returns are found among the Tenison MSS., Lambeth, No. 639. They include accounts of Conventicles in the dioceses of Canterbury, Chichester, Ely, Exeter, Llandaff, Lichfield and Coventry, Lincoln, London, Norwich, Winchester, Worcester, York, Chester, Carlisle, and St. Asaph. There were returns from some dioceses in 1665.

[552] Sheldon complained that he could not obtain the returns that he wanted. Lambeth MSS., August 16, 1669.

[553] _Own Times_, i. 258. "He told me he had a chaplain, that was a very honest man, but a very great blockhead, to whom he had given a living in Suffolk, that was full of that sort of people. He had gone about among them from house to house, though he could not imagine what he could say to them, for he said he was a very silly fellow; but that he believed his nonsense suited their nonsense, for he had brought them all to church; and in reward of his diligence, he had given him a bishopric in Ireland." Burnet gives the other report on the authority of a letter written by Sir Robert Murray. I may observe here, that party writers on both sides treat Burnet according to their prejudices; the one party believing implicitly everything he says to the disadvantage of the Church; the other party rejecting his evidence on this subject as utterly worthless. It appears to me that,--remembering Burnet's gossiping habits, and that he was a strong party man, and also noticing that he often tells his stories in a loose way, and, like Clarendon, writes down his recollections long after the time when the incidents he records had occurred--we ought to read him with great care, and not place implicit reliance upon his unsupported testimony. Yet, on the whole, Burnet appears to me to have been an honest man. His character will come under review in a future volume of this history, should I be permitted to complete it.

[554] _Life and Times_, iii. 46.

[555] _Lords' Journals_, March 26. Referring to a Royal journey at this period, Dalrymple says:--"It was intended that the King and the Duke should have gone to Dover together; but by an accident, Charles went alone. For all the Conventicles were to be shut up in London upon the ensuing Sunday, and the Duke was left behind to guard the City against riots, which were dreaded upon that occasion."--_Dalrymple's Memoirs_, vol. i. 31.

[556] 22 _Car. II._ cap. i. It appears from a letter written by Colbert to Louis XIV. that Charles had a political end in view in connection with the Act. "The King designs to make the last Act of Parliament against the meetings of the sectaries be observed; and he hopes that their disobedience will give him the easier means of increasing the force of his troops and coming speedily to the end he proposes." 6th June, 1670.--_Dalrymple's Memoirs_, vol. iii., App. 60.

[557] See _Wilkins Concilia_, iv. 589.

[558] See _Popes Life of Ward_, 67, 69.

[559] _Calamy_, ii. 333.

[560] The trial is given in _State Trials_; and in _Sewel's History of Quakers_, ii. 195 _et seq._ There is a draft letter in the State Paper Office. Entry Book, June 29th, 1670, addressed to Reynolds, Bishop of Norwich, and another in the Lambeth Library, dated July 6th (No. DCLXXIV. No. 24), which when brought together and compared show how the Act of Uniformity was evaded, and how combined efforts were made after the second Conventicle Act had passed to bring the Church of England into correspondence with the laws. The letters relate to a case of irregularity at Bury St. Edmunds, when fanatics were said to make use of the Church.

[561] _State Papers._ Letter from James Douch, June 10, 1671.

[562] North calls it "a double-visaged Ministry, half Papist and half Fanatic." _Lives_, i. 178.

[563] Lauderdale had once made a great profession of religion. On the 14th of December, 1658, he wrote to Baxter saying, "I wish I knew any were fit to translate your books. I am sure they would take hugely abroad, and I think it were not amiss to begin with the _Call to the Unconverted_."--_Baxter MS._, Dr. Williams' Library.

[564] Clarendon says of Arlington that he knew no more of English affairs than of those of China, and believed France the best pattern in the world.--_Life_, 1095. I cannot enter into the political history of the Cabal. I would only repeat what Earl Russell says: there were two methods adopted of dealing with France--a sham treaty, and a secret negotiation. The part taken by the Cabal in this was not equal. Clifford and Arlington, the two Catholics, conducted the latter; Buckingham managed the former, to which Lauderdale gave a ready, Ashley a reluctant, consent. Clifford and Arlington were alone in the King's confidence.--_Life of Lord William Russell_, 50.

To Clifford, not to Shaftesbury, as is commonly supposed, belongs the disgrace of shutting the Exchequer. Evelyn settles the question.--_Diary_, March 12, 1672.

[565] _Lords' Journal_, Feb. 11, 1674.

[566] The measure was, in Council, moved and seconded by Clifford and Ashley.--_Lingard_, xii. 10.

[567] The catechism, says Cardwell (_Documentary Annals_, ii. 337) was probably Dean Nowel's small catechism, which was printed originally in 1570, and was generally used in schools down to the time of Strype.--See his _Life of Parker_, ii. 18.

[568] _Burnet_, i. 307.

[569] It is dated March 15, and is printed in _Bunyan's Works_, iii., _Introduction_, 21.

[570] _Parl. Hist._, iv. 515.

[571] "An answer unto certain objections formed against the proceedings of His Majesty to suspend the laws against Conventicles by His declaration, March 15, 1672."--_State Papers, Dom. 1673, bundle 190, fol. 164._

[572] These were the Bishop of Durham's queries.--_Cosin's Works_, iv. 384.

[573] _Baxter's Life and Times_, iii. 99. _Life of Philip Henry_, 128.

[574] A short treatise on the lawfulness of the Oath of Supremacy and the power of the King in ecclesiastical affairs, by Philip Nye, was published in 1683. Nye died in 1672, and when this treatise was written does not appear on the title page. He ascribes to the magistrate, power "to send out preachers, to urge and constrain men to hear.... A coercive power of this nature is placed in no other hand but his." It is strange indeed to find an Independent writing thus. After exalting the civil power, and enforcing the duty of submitting to Royal Supremacy, the author, in a postscript, speaks of His Majesty's most gracious Declaration; and seemingly, without any idea that it could be inconsistent to accept the indulgence, maintains that there is nothing in the opinions of Independents that "should render us, in any sort, incapable of receiving the fruit and benefit of the King's majesty's favour and indulgence, promised to tender consciences." Probably Nye wrote this piece just about the time when the indulgence was issued--seven months before his death. Nye's tract (with many others, which I have found very instructive) is preserved in Dr. Williams' Library.

[575] _Burnet_, i. 308.

[576] _Orme's Life of Owen_, 272.

[577] _Wilson's Hist. of Dissenting Churches_, iii. 187.

[578] Bunyan's license is given in Offor's preface to _Bunyan's Works_. Numbers of entries from the Register, and copies of applications and licenses have been printed in local histories of Dissent. The original documents are preserved in the Record Office.

[579] _State Papers_, 1672.

[580] _Hist. of his Own Time_, i. 308.

[581] _Life of Calamy_, ii. 469, 470. I do not observe that Mr. Orme, in his _Life of Owen_, notices this statement.

In the volume published by the Camden Society entitled _Moneys received and paid for secret services of Charles II. and James II._, it appears that a physician who was in the confidence of the Presbyterian party, and who often represented them, was in the pay of the Court. For this reference, and other valuable suggestions on the subject, I am indebted to the Rev. R. B. Aspland.

[582] It is stated that the usual fees to certain officers in connection with this business were in some cases remitted.

[583] The particulars respecting Carver and Moore are taken from letters by Ellis Hookes written to the wife of George Fox, dated January, 1670, and preserved in the Records of the Quakers' Meeting House, Devonshire Square. The letters, or the substance of them, with entries in the Council Books, are given by Mr. Offor, in his introduction to the _Pilgrim's Progress_.

I have rested on the authority of so accurate a copyist without inspecting the originals. The statement, often repeated, that Bunyan owed his liberty to Bishop Barlow is quite a mistake.

[584] _Parl. Hist._ iv. 503, 506. The following letter in the State Paper Office, _Dom. Charles II._, is curious:--

"Yesterday morning we had a very fair choice for a burgess, and Sir Edward Spragg hath carried the day by 40 votes; but if my father and the rest of the Jurates and Common Councilmen had not thought to have made about 50 freemen the day before the election, the fanatic party had been too much for us; but we hope we have done them down to all intents and purposes; but still they threaten to have the Jurates up to London, for making those freemen the day before the election.

"LAWSON CARLILE.

DOVER, _February 2, 1673_."

[585] The Country party consisted chiefly of Lords Russell and Cavendish, Sir W. Coventry, Colonel Birch, Mr. Powle, and Mr. Littleton. Lee and Garroway were suspected characters. Marvel says:

"Till Lee and Garroway shall bribes reject."

[586] _Wilson's Life of Defoe_, i. 58.

[587] _Parl. Hist._, iv. 517-526.

[588] _Journals_, February 10, 1672/3.

[589] _Parl. Hist._, iv. 527-533. Colbert, writing to Louis XIV., 9th of March, 1673, says, "The Chancellor, the Treasurer, and the Dukes of Buckingham and Lauderdale are of opinion to maintain this Declaration of the King, their master, in favour of the Nonconformists; and that if the Parliament persist in their remonstrances, as it is not doubted they will, to dissolve it, and call another. They do not even want good reasons to support their opinion. My Lord Arlington, who at present is single in his sentiments, says, that the King his master, ought not to do it."--_Dalrymple's Memoirs_, iii. 89.

[590] On the 18th of February the House resolved to go into Committee on the following day.

[591] _Parl. Hist._, iv. 535-542. Kennet, Rapin, Burnet, and Neal give very unsatisfactory accounts of the debate. Burnet's account is inaccurate.

[592] The Commonwealth's-man, Colonel Birch, spoke on the subject, but it does not appear that he advocated any broad measure of religious liberty.

[593] _Parl. Hist._, iv. 552-553. The _Journals_ under date contain the Resolutions.

[594] There are remarks on this Bill written by Mr. John Humphrey in _Baxter's Life_, iii. 144.

[595] _Parl. Hist._, iv. 571-574.

[596] Parliament was adjourned on the 29th of March, to the 20th of October; then prorogued to the 27th, and again on the 4th of November to the 7th of January, 1674.

[597] _Parl. Hist._ iv. 553-6.

[598] _Lingard_ (xii. 27) states the fact on the authority of the French Ambassador (_Dalrymple_, ii. App. 90), and the motives on the authority of _Marvell_, i. 494.

[599] _Parl. Hist._ iv. 561, March 12.

[600] _Lord Campbell's Lives of the Lord Chancellors_, iv. 181.

[601] _Burnet_, i. 348.

[602] _Life of Calamy_, i. 102.

[603] _Journals_, Feb. 24, March 8. After the Declaration had been withdrawn the old licenses gave much trouble. "The present favour which I beg of you is, your sense about Conventicles and meetings, for I am in the Commission of Peace for the University and Town of Cambridge, and am threatened by some busy informers with the penalty of £100, which you know the Act enjoins, if I grant not warrants upon complaint against them. Now I beseech you to write by the first post, or let Mr. Ball, or some of your people write to me what you know to be His Majesty's sense in this particular, whether we should grant warrants to suppress them, they having license to preach and meet."--_State Papers_, April 5, 1673. Mr. Carr to Sir J. Williamson.

The mayor of Weymouth wrote to Sir J. Williamson (Nov. 21, 1674), informing him that certain persons accused of keeping a Conventicle had pleaded His Majesty's "License and Warrant." He asks for direction how "to manage this affair."

[604] Dalrymple (_Memoirs_, iii. 92) remarks: "Charles' Declaration of Indulgence has been commonly imputed to the intrigues of France with Charles for the purpose of serving the interest of Popery. But Colbert's despatches show that France had not the least hand in it, that it was a scheme of Buckingham and Shaftesbury to gain the Dissenters, and that France was the cause of Charles' recalling it." The letters printed in _Dalrymple_ indicate that Buckingham and Shaftesbury had strongly supported the Declaration, and show further that Charles wished Louis XIV. to believe that to please him he withdrew it. "He assured me," says Colbert, "that your Majesty's sentiments had always more power over him than all the reasonings of his most faithful Ministers." March 20, 1673.

[605] "All Sectaries," says Reresby (_Memoirs_, 174), "now publicly repaired to their meetings and Conventicles, nor could all the laws afterwards, and the most rigorous execution of them, ever suppress these Separatists, or bring them to due conformity."

[606] Where Owen's Church met has been regarded as uncertain, but the returns made in 1667 to Sheldon's inquiries specify the place of meeting at that time as White's Alley.

[607] Afterwards Lord Haversham.

[608] See Anecdotes of Mrs. Bendish in _Noble's Memoirs of the Protectoral House of Cromwell_, ii. 329.

[609] _Life_, by Sir H. Ashurst, 27.

[610] _Ibid._, 100.

[611] He wished to be made a Justice of the Peace; but his appointment was opposed by Sir John Petties, a moderate Churchman, who remarks in a letter dated January 4, 1674-5--there are a "sort of men in this kingdom so hot and fiery, so active and inexperienced, who labour much in those things which tend to the disquiet of the kingdom (of whom we have a great share in our county), and are almost as dangerous as the other two sorts of Dissenters (Romanists and Nonconformists), for by their indiscreet and hot endeavours, instead of suppressing those Dissenters, I dare say that they (though unwittingly and unwillingly) give them the greatest animation and increase."

[612] There are numerous letters belonging to this period in the State Paper Office, written by Bowen. Letters dated 1675, Jan. 15; Feb. 17, 19, 24, furnish what I have said, and a great deal more. It appears from the following extract, as well as from a former one, that Nonconformists did not always meekly submit to their oppressors. In reading the letter, however, it must be remembered that an enemy writes it. "John Faucet had disturbed the Presbyterians at worship in the Granary--and, in consequence, was violently assaulted, beaten, and trodden upon by several rude persons, and in great danger of his life."

(Norwich, Dec. 11, 1674, Thomas Corie.)

A similar complaint is made by Bowen of the treatment of a constable who disturbed a meeting at Yarmouth.

[613] Sheldon sent letters to the Bishops of his province making fresh inquiries about Dissenters.--_Neal_, iv. 467.

[614] _Neal_, iv. 464.

[615] Baxter spent an immense amount of subtle casuistry upon the subject of the declaration, and actually put such a forced meaning upon it, that he said there was nothing in it to be refused!--_Life and Times_, iii. 168.

[616] _Parl. Hist._, iv. 714. See Locke's Letter, _Ibid._, Appendix, xlvii.; _Calamy's Life_, i. 79.

[617] _Life and Times_, iii. 109.

[618] _Life and Times_, 156.

[619] _Ibid._, 110, 131.

[620] _Ibid._, 156. For notices of Morley's character, see p. 477 of this volume.

[621] The well-known letter of Tillotson to Baxter is an interesting record of the result of their well-meant endeavours:--"I took the first opportunity," he says, "after you were with us, to speak to the Bishop of Salisbury, who promised to keep the matter private, and only to acquaint the Bishop of Chester with it in order to a meeting; but, upon some general discourse, I plainly perceived several things could not be obtained. However, he promised to appoint a time of meeting, but I have not heard from him since. I am unwilling my name should be used in this matter; not but that I do most heartily desire an accommodation, and shall always endeavour it, but I am sure it will be a prejudice to me, and signify nothing to the effecting of the thing, which as circumstances are, cannot pass in either House without the concurrence of a considerable part of the Bishops, and the countenance of His Majesty, which at present I see little reason to expect." Dated April 11, 1675. _Baxter's Life and Times_, iii. 157.

[622] _Parl. Hist._, iv. 741.

[623] _State Papers_, November 8.

[624] _State Papers_, 1676. Bowen to Williamson. February 21.

[625] _State Papers_, 1676, July 7, 10. The following is a specimen of the kind of stories which this man sent up to London:--"Last night the three informers that have put by our meetings here were amongst several of the passengers in a passage-boat going for Norwich, where they were no sooner placed but some of our Independents called out to the passengers and told them they had informing rogues amongst them, and surely they would not take such rascals with them; upon which the passengers began to leave the boat. So the boatmen, to keep their passengers, turned the informers out upon the key [quay]--where, when they were landed, they began to throw stones at them, but making their escape, they came to my house, upon which I went down to the key [quay], and there learned who some of them were, and gave the informers their names, who are since bound over to the sessions." _State Papers_, 1676, July 12.

[626] _State Papers_, October 9.

[627] _Harl. Misc._, viii. 7. _Lives of the Norths_, i. 316, _et seq._, see Notes. _Knight's Popular Hist._, iv. 326.

[628] _Wood_, iv. 226.

[629] Owen writes very guardedly in reply to Parker's doctrine of the magistrates' power.--_Works_, xxi. 209, _et seq._

[630] _Life and Times_, iii. 42.

[631] _Anthony Wood._ There is plenty of satire in the two books by Marvell; the second is more cutting than the first, but it is sometimes coarser, and on the whole wearisome to modern readers.

[632] This tract is printed in _Somers' Collection_, iii. 329, 388. My own judgment of it agrees with Mr. Hallam's:--"It is not written with extraordinary ability; but it is very candid and well designed, though conceding so much as to scandalize his brethren."--_Const. Hist._ ii. 93.

Marvell, in his _Mr. Smirke on the Divine in Mode_, speaks of the work as having been originally printed only for members of Parliament, and not published, but that a printer got hold of it, and "surreptitiously" multiplied copies without the author's knowledge. Yet the published edition, though commencing with the words, "An humble petition to the Right Honourable the Lords and Commons in Parliament assembled," contains an address "to the reader" at the beginning, and another to the Nonconformists at the end.

[633] _Mr. Smirke, or the Divine in Mode._ By Andrew Marvell.

[634] _Marvell's Mr. Smirke_, which was an answer to Turner's animadversions.--_Baxter's Life and Times_, iii. 175. Three other books, bearing the title of _Naked Truth_, headed respectively the second, third, and fourth parts, were published afterwards, but not by Bishop Croft.

[635] Numerous letters in the Record Office show the prevalence in 1667 of rumours respecting the King's design to bring in Popery. For example:--

"Fanatics in the North, being disappointed of assistance from abroad by the peace set up, then rest on their friends' behalf, that the King is a Papist, and intends to set up the Popish religion, and have so far possessed not only fanatics, but several of the ignorant common people with this opinion, that it is publicly discoursed among them, that they will rise in arms for defence of religion, and oppose the King and the Popish party. They persuade their disciples that their friends in the South are ready to appear in arms for defence of religion, and oppose the King and the Popish party."--Sir P. Musgrave to Williamson, Aug. 22, 1667. _Cal._ 409.

[636] _Life of James II._, i. 441. _Dalrymple's Memoirs_, i. 70; iii. 1-68. The treaty is printed in _Lingard_, xi. 364. Rarely has anything in diplomacy been so unprincipled and shameful as Article II. of this document. Charles' pretexts were religious, his object political.

[637] See letters in _Phenix_, i. 566. _Calamy's Life_, i. 119.

[638] _G. P. R. James' Life of Louis XIV._, ii. 171.

[639] _Evelyn_, ii. 88.

[640] _Harris' Charles II._, ii. 81.

[641] _Lingard_, xi. 356. April 10, 1671. Wednesday. "This evening her royal highness' body was privately conveyed from St. James' Palace, where she died, to Westminster, where, till things could be put in order, [she] was deposited in state in the painted chamber; and about nine in the evening she was most solemnly attended to the Abbey by her own, the King's, the Queen's, and the Duke's servants. A vast train of the nobility, gentry, and many members of Parliament, in their blacks, guarded by two companies of foot, and finally interred in the royal vault of Henry VII.'s chapel. The ceremony [was] performed by the Bishop of Rochester, the Dean of Westminster Cathedral, to the extreme grief and disconsolation of all present. The Court, on this occasion, are entered into solemn mourning, in which 'tis thought they may continue for some months."--_State Papers._

[642] _Wood_, _Ath. Ox._, ii. 614. The article on Woodhead is copious and interesting.

[643] _Chalmer's Biographical Dictionary._

[644] _Butler's English Catholics_, iv. 425.

[645] This account of the working of Roman Catholicism in England is taken from the _MSS. Travels of Cosmo, the third Grand Duke of Tuscany_, (1669), printed in Appendix to _Butler's English Cath._, iii. 513.