Chapter I: Preface

The rapid advances made in the science of botany within the last few years necessitate changes in the text books in use as well as in methods of teaching. Having, in his own experience as a teacher, felt the need of a book different from any now in use, the author has prepared the present volume with a hope that it may serve the purpose for which it is intended; viz., an introduction to the study of botany for use in high schools especially, but sufficiently comprehensive to serve also as a beginning book in most colleges.

It does not pretend to be a complete treatise of the whole science, and this, it is hoped, will be sufficient apology for the absence from its pages of many important subjects, especially physiological topics. It was found impracticable to compress within the limits of a book of moderate size anything like a thorough discussion of even the most important topics of _all_ the departments of botany. As a thorough understanding of the structure of any organism forms the basis of all further intelligent study of the same, it has seemed to the author proper to emphasize this feature in the present work, which is professedly an _introduction_, only, to the science.

This structural work has been supplemented by so much classification as will serve to make clear the relationships of different groups, and the principles upon which the classification is based, as well as enable the student to recognize the commoner types of the different groups as they are met with. The aim of this book is not, however, merely the identification of plants. We wish here to enter a strong protest against the only too prevalent idea that the chief aim of botany is the ability to run down a plant by means of an "Analytical Key," the subject being exhausted as soon as the name of the plant is discovered. A knowledge of the plant itself is far more important than its name, however desirable it may be to know the latter.

In selecting the plants employed as examples of the different groups, such were chosen, as far as possible, as are everywhere common. Of course this was not always possible, as some important forms, _e.g._ the red and brown seaweeds, are necessarily not always readily procurable by all students, but it will be found that the great majority of the forms used, or closely related ones, are within the reach of nearly all students; and such directions are given for collecting and preserving them as will make it possible even for those in the larger cities to supply themselves with the necessary materials. Such directions, too, for the manipulation and examination of specimens are given as will make the book, it is hoped, a laboratory guide as well as a manual of classification. Indeed, it is primarily intended that the book should so serve as a help in the study of the actual specimens.

Although much can be done in the study, even of the lowest plants, without microscopic aid other than a hand lens, for a thorough understanding of the structure of any plant a good compound microscope is indispensable, and wherever it is possible the student should be provided with such an instrument, to use this book to the best advantage. As, however, many are not able to have the use of a microscope, the gross anatomy of all the forms described has been carefully treated for the especial benefit of such students. Such portions of the text, as well as the general discussions, are printed in ordinary type, while the minute anatomy, and all points requiring microscopic aid, are discussed in separate paragraphs printed in smaller type.

The drawings, with very few exceptions, which are duly credited, were drawn from nature by the author, and nearly all expressly for this work.

A list of the most useful books of reference is appended, all of which have been more or less consulted in the preparation of the following pages.

The classification adopted is, with slight changes, that given in Goebel's "Outlines of Morphology and Classification"; while, perhaps, not in all respects entirely satisfactory, it seems to represent more nearly than any other our present knowledge of the subject. Certain groups, like the Diatoms and _Characeæ_, are puzzles to the botanist, and at present it is impossible to give them more than a provisional place in the system.

If this volume serves to give the student some comprehension of the real aims of botanical science, and its claims to be something more than the "Analysis" of flowers, it will have fulfilled its mission.

DOUGLAS H. CAMPBELL.

BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA,
October, 1889.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE
CHAPTER I.--INTRODUCTION 1

Composition of Matter; Biology; Botany; Zoölogy; Departments
of Botany; Implements and Reagents; Collecting
Specimens.

CHAPTER II.--THE CELL 6

Parts of the Cell; Formation of New Cells; Tissues.

CHAPTER III.--CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS 9

Protophytes; Slime-moulds; Schizophytes; Blue-green Slimes,
_Oscillaria_; Schizomycetes, _Bacteria_; Green Monads,
_Euglena_, _Volvox_.

CHAPTER IV.--ALGÆ 21

Classification of Algæ; Green Algæ; _Protococcaceæ_,
_Protococcus_; _Confervaceæ_, _Cladophora_, _Œdogonium_,
_Coleochæte_.

CHAPTER V.--GREEN ALGÆ (_Continued_) 30

Pond-scums, _Spirogyra_; _Siphoneæ_, _Vaucheria_; _Characeæ_,
_Chara_.

CHAPTER VI.--BROWN SEAWEEDS 41

_Diatomaceæ_; True Brown Algæ, _Fucus_; Classification of
Brown Algæ.

CHAPTER VII.--RED ALGÆ 49

Structure of Red Algæ; _Callithamnion_; Fresh-Water Forms.

CHAPTER VIII.--FUNGI 54

_Phycomycetes_, _Mycomycetes_; _Phycomycetes_, Black Moulds,
_Mucor_; White Rusts and Mildews, _Cystopus_; Water Moulds.

CHAPTER IX.--TRUE FUNGI 63

Yeast; Smuts; _Ascomycetes_; Dandelion Mildew; Cup Fungi,
_Ascobolus_; Lichens; Black Fungi.

CHAPTER X.--TRUE FUNGI (_Continued_) 77

_Basidiomycetes_; Rusts; _Coprinus_; Classification.

CHAPTER XI.--BRYOPHYTES 86

Classification; Liverworts, _Madotheca_; Classification of
Liverworts; Mosses, _Funaria_; Classification of Mosses.

CHAPTER XII.--PTERIDOPHYTES 102

Bryophytes and Pteridophytes; Germination and Prothallium;
Structure of Maiden-hair Fern.

CHAPTER XIII.--CLASSIFICATION OF PTERIDOPHYTES 116

Ferns; Horse-tails; Club Mosses.

CHAPTER XIV.--SPERMAPHYTES 128

General Characteristics; Gymnosperms and Angiosperms,
Scotch-pine; Classification of Gymnosperms.

CHAPTER XV.--SPERMAPHYTES (_Continued_) 143

Angiosperms; Flowers of Angiosperms; Classification of
Angiosperms; Monocotyledons, Structure of _Erythronium_.

CHAPTER XVI.--CLASSIFICATION OF MONOCOTYLEDONS 153

_Liliifloræ_; _Enantioblastæ_; _Spadicifloræ_; _Glumaceæ_;
_Scitamineæ_; _Gynandræ_, _Helobiæ_.

CHAPTER XVII.--DICOTYLEDONS 170

General Characteristics; Structure of Shepherd's-purse.

CHAPTER XVIII.--CLASSIFICATION OF DICOTYLEDONS 181

_Choripetalæ_: _Iulifloræ_; _Centrospermæ_; _Aphanocyclæ_;
_Eucyclæ_; _Tricoccæ_; _Calycifloræ_.

CHAPTER XIX.--CLASSIFICATION OF DICOTYLEDONS
(_Continued_) 210

_Sympetalæ_: _Isocarpæ_, _Bicornes_, _Primulinæ_, _Diospyrinæ_;
_Anisocarpæ_, _Tubifloræ_, _Labiatifloræ_, _Contortæ_,
_Campanulinæ_, _Aggregatæ_.

CHAPTER XX.--FERTILIZATION OF FLOWERS 225

CHAPTER XXI.--HISTOLOGICAL METHODS 230

Nuclear Division in Wild Onion; Methods of Fixing, Staining,
and Mounting Permanent Preparations; Reference Books.

INDEX 237

BOTANY.