Chapter VI: WOOD FINISHING.--Filling; Staining wood; Shellac;

Wax finishing; Oil finish; Varnish; Polishing; Brushes 128

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. PAGE

1. Section of Yellow Pine 2

2. Section of Oak Tree Trunk 5

3. Defects in Lumber 7

4. Felling a Tree 12

5. Cutting Small Branches from Felled Spruce 13

6. Skidway of Spruce Logs 14

7. Load of White Pine Logs 14

8. Hauling Logs by Steel Cable 15

9. Loading Logs from Shedway to Train 16

10. Boom of Logs 16

11. Log Jam 17

12. Sawmill in the Big Tree District 18

13. Circular Saw 20

14. Double Cut Band Saw 21

15. Plain, Slash, or Bastard Sawing 22

16. Four Methods of Quartering 22

17. Lumber Scale 27

18. Beech and Sugar Maple Forest 31

19. White Pine Forest 39

20. Douglas Spruce Forest 41

21. Red Spruce and Balsam Fir Killed by Fire 43

22. Permanent Lumber Ways 46

23. Warping of Lumber 48

24. Lumber piled in Double Courses 49

25. Manual-training Bench 58

26. Carpenter’s Bench 58

27. Two-foot, Four-fold Rule 59

28. Zigzag Rule 59

29. Position of Try-square in Squaring an Edge 60

30. Use of Two Try-squares to see if Piece of Wood is “Out of Wind” 60

31. Position of Try-square when Making Line 61

32. Steel, or Framing, Square 62

33. Bevel and Steel Square 62

34. Marking Gauge 63

35. Marking Gauge in Use 64

36. Claw Hammer 64

37. Toenailing and Tacking 65

38. Blind Nailing and Use of a Nail Set 66

39. Hatchet and Handaxe 67

40. Mallets (Square-faced and Round) 67

41. Saws--Rip-, Cutting-off, and Compass, or Keyhole 68

42. Backsaw 69

43. Use of the Saw 71

44. Reset Saw Handle 72

45. Knife Blades 72

46. Section of an Iron Plane 73

47. Result of Using Plane with Improperly Adjusted Cap Iron 74

48. Result of Using Plane with Cap Iron Adjusted Properly 74

49. Setting a Plane 76

50. Whetting and Grinding of Plane 77

51. Whetting or Oilstoning the Beveled Side of a Cutter 78

52. Whetting or Oilstoning the Plain Side of the Plane Iron 79

53. Shape of Edge of Plane Iron 80

54. Jack Plane 81

55. Method of Guiding a Jointer 83

56. Knuckle Joint Block Plane 84

57. Use of the Block Plane 84

58. Using Block Plane upon Small Pieces 85

59. Incorrect Use of Jack Plane 86

60. Beginning the Stroke with a Jack Plane 87

61. Ending the Stroke with a Jack Plane 87

62. Chisels 89

63. Drawshave 90

64. Spokeshave 90

65. Auger Bit 91

66. Cross-handled Auger 91

67. German Bit and Twist Drill 92

68. Extension Bit and Center Bit 92

69. Filing an Auger Bit 93

70. Ratchet Bitbrace 94

71. Compasses 95

72. Calipers 95

73. Pliers 95

74. Nippers 95

75. Scraper 96

76. Edges of Scrapers 97

77. Angle of Burnisher with Sides of Scraper 97

78. Method of Grasping Scraper for Sharpening 98

79. Top Views of the Angles of the Burnisher 99

80. Angle to be avoided in Sharpening Scraper 100

81. Turning back the Edge of a Scraper 100

82. Method of Grasping the Scraper when Working upon a
Broad Surface 101

83. Method of Grasping the Scraper when Working within
Small Area 101

84. Method of Grasping the Scraper when Working upon an Edge 102

85. Monkey Wrench 103

86. Effect of the Unskillful Use of a Handscrew 103

87. Correct Use of Handscrew 104

88. Emery Wheel Dresser 106

89. Jointing a Saw 109

90. Hand Saw Set 110

91. Anvil Saw Set 110

92. Angle of the File with the Edge of the Saw 111

93. Angle of the File with the Sides of the Saw 111

94. Results of Filings as shown in Fig. 93 112

95. Method of Carrying a File to obtain the Hook of a
Cutting-off Saw 112

96. Removing the Burr after Filing a Saw 113

97. Use of Sandpaper upon a Broad Surface 124

98. Sandpapering Panel Work 126

99. Method of Grasping Sandpaper in Rubbing down Shellac Finish 134

ELEMENTS OF WOODWORK