Chapter XVI: Conclusion

The foregoing chapters were written on the eve of the war. Since that time the situation is, to some degree, altered, though not so essentially as might be imagined; and I even believe the general feeling to be, to a certain extent, the same today as it was yesterday. Neither party is entirely satisfied; the interests and aims of neither the one nor the other seem to have been fully realized, and both appear to have lost more than they have gained in the lengthy, costly, and cruel war. On the one side, the Russians have had to renounce the most valuable provinces of what they regarded as their former acquisitions, whilst the Japanese have not been compensated, either by the definite annexation of Korea or of Manchuria. The political situation is fundamentally identical with that of yesterday, or rather with that of a decade ago. The Peace of Portsmouth does not alter the _status quo_ much from what it was after the Treaty of Simonosaki, still less from what it was before the Alliance of Chifu.

The problem of the domination of Eastern Asia is not solved; the two great races, the white and the yellow, with their conflicting interests, are striving for the mastery as before.

The Peace of Portsmouth might more justly be called an armistice. A truce has been concluded, and we hope that this truce may be of longer duration than the last. And, above all, let us hope that it may really tend to the well-being of the countries interested, and of cultural and moral advantage for the nations concerned.

Though the Peace of Portsmouth may be unimportant, the moral influence of its articles is all the more real from a purely material point of view. Japan, in spite of her admirable self-restraint, has become one of the Great Powers, and she shows her strength, her security, and her power, more especially by her moderation and self-control. The renunciation of certain points and the ratification of many conditions required, undoubtedly, a self-control and a political foresight which this young nation has lately proved she possesses. After an unexpected succession of brilliant victories--when the fleet of her rival had been annihilated, the forts of Port Arthur laid in ruins, the hostile armies forced back step by step--it was hardly credible that Nippon would refrain from insisting upon complete evacuation of Manchuria, annexation of Saghalien, and at least a certain amount of war indemnity.

Was it not natural that Count Witte should inform his depressed countrymen with satisfaction, that Russia is still as much a Great Power in the Far East as she was before? Was it not pardonable if this piece of news, and many others of a similar kind with regard to Russia's diplomatic acquisitions, gave rise to tumult in the streets of Tokio, and, at any rate among the lower classes of Japan, to loud expressions of dissatisfaction? Such spontaneous manifestations of a people's feelings are easily understood and cannot be taken amiss; but these people, in spite of their dissension, will daily recognize more and more what uncommon astuteness has been displayed by the envoys of the nation, in their acceptance of the present and, to some extent, unsatisfactory terms of peace.

Time will prove what were the motives which chiefly determined the Japanese Government to desist from further prosecution of the war. Certainly the role played by the leading Powers must have been an important one. It seemed increasingly doubtful if the forms of future loans would ensure the same interest for the groups concerned. Anglo-American credit, which Japan apparently possessed to an unlimited extent at the outbreak of the war, became circumspect and cautious to a degree. Further financial undertakings, which, in consequence of the unexpected and decisive defeat of Russia, might have resulted in insolvency, could of course not be agreeable to the French and Continental stockholders.

From an international point of view it was desired that the situation, at any rate as far as appearances went, should remain unchanged. What was aimed at was equilibrium, not preponderance. Opinions which made themselves heard, not only in Central Europe, but also in the English and American newspapers, showed more and more plainly how critical the situation would be if Japan alone possessed undisputed paramount power in Eastern Asia. The leading papers, which at first had been so enthusiastic and described with such unbounded admiration Japan's gallant battles and unexpected victories, grew gradually reserved as the question of how far Japan's ambitions might one day extend, became doubtful.

Economic acquisitions were feared even more than the actual strategic conquests. Already a portion of the commerce of the Far East has left European hands and fallen to the share of Japan, and evidently this will more and more be the case. The vicinity of the country, the cheap rate of wages, the simplicity of social conditions and those of labour, even at the present day, all contribute to give Japan the advantage in the competition. What their Government chiefly covet, at any rate just now, are new commercial spheres--safe markets--to profit by the great wealth of neighbouring states. By adroit commercial treaties with China, exploitation of the mineral riches of Manchuria and the Korean mines, Japan may, in a very short time, not only make good her war expenditure, but consolidate the economical condition of the empire and increase the general well-being.

From a political point of view, it can no longer be denied that the Pacific Ocean will be, at least on the eastern half, dominated by the Japanese fleet. In short, it is this point which is the essential one.

As I have already stated, Japan's schemes of conquest, if she had any, would be directed less towards the north than towards the south. Siberia never seems to have had a great attraction for her, and I believe that even Manchuria, together with the Amur Provinces, leaves her indifferent. She intends to let the original possessor, China, reconquer it one day. Her far-seeing policy seems to be governed by the assumption that the Eastern Asiatic continent belongs to her neighbours, the Chinese. For herself, she wants to secure the position of a great Sea Power. Her island home, and more especially her sea-faring population, tend to guide her in this direction. As factors to this end they have not only subjective competency, but the greatest objective possibilities. The Island Empire of the Pacific is still, to a great extent, with all her wealth, a _terra incognita_. We may say the same of the South Sea Islands, which are mostly only under the nominal dominion of the white races. Honolulu and the Philippines might one day be included in the dominions of this newly-arisen great Power; and her sphere of action will possibly create a yet larger circle.

Australasia, even, might become the ultimate aim of Japanese Imperialism and commercialism. The climatic conditions of the northern parts are such that Europeans find it difficult to settle there, and in the limitless sugar and coffee plantations the employment of white labour has always been unsuccessful, in spite of every effort. The number of the white inhabitants is still very small, although the continent was first occupied over a hundred years ago. The original native tribes have slowly died out; but the new settlers, over this whole extent of enormous territory, do not number as many as the population of London. Sparsely peopled, she stands there isolated and unfortified, defenceless, so to speak, in the midst of the sea.

The actual guarantee for her independence is offered by the circumstance that she forms part of the British Empire. This dominion is of course nominal; still, it is enough, at any rate at present, to protect the continent from foreign attack. But it is not hard to foresee what would happen to Australia, with the adjacent islands, Tasmania and New Zealand, should she be severed from Great Britain. Indeed, it is much to be feared that if ever the present alliance between England and Japan were to change into hostility, the former pupils and friends might be obliged to turn their arms against their instructors and allies.

Now, however, a truce has been declared in Eastern Asia. The Peace of Portsmouth has been concluded, and the consequences of this recent event will undoubtedly be greater than the bloodiest battles of the past few months, although it occasioned less noise. I must acknowledge that I am somewhat astonished that the world which welcomed with such jubilation Japan's victories at sea, seems to fail to understand her greatness in the field of diplomacy. Yet nothing was harder than to find such a solution of the various antagonistic problems as should ensure a free path for progress in the future. After such glorious battles, after the unchecked progress of an army intoxicated with success, it must have been very hard to halt, and to utilize this interlude for future strengthening and eventual expansion. Nothing could really have hindered the march to Harbin or to the Baikal district. Even the occupation of Vladivostok was merely a question of time. But, as has already been stated, it was not to Japan's interest to press northwards, and still less to carry the day by sowing the seeds of a yet greater hatred, and exciting the conquered country to a policy of revenge.

That, probably, was the reason why the Japanese gave up the war indemnity, and hope to refund it themselves from the agricultural wealth of the strip of land annexed, instead of from the Russian coffers. Japan did not desire either to increase the animosity of her enemy or to lose the sympathy of her allies. Above all, she abstained from rousing hostility and jealousy on too many sides before the definite attainment of her goal.

The self-command evinced by the Japanese is the greatest feature that, in the whole course of her history, we have had occasion to admire, it is even greater than her bravery, and this same attribute was manifested in a remarkable manner during the entire war. In the battles, whether in their dealings with prisoners and wounded, in slight advantages, or in important victories, they strove to manifest their moderation, self-control, and humanity.

Komura's task was no easier than Oyama's or Togo's. To accept and carry into execution the peace, in its present form, must have been all the more distasteful in that the whole country was against it and expressed its opinion in an exceedingly hostile manner.

Yet, had the populace been more deliberate in its judgment, they must have appreciated the diplomacy of their statesmen no less than the strategy of their generals. They may, moreover, rest assured that the present peace, though it may appear somewhat unjust to them, will prove to be of as great benefit and of as sure advantage as if better terms had been arranged. Was it not so, in the case of past victorious wars, especially as regards the terms of peace concluded with little glory and renown at Simonosaki and Chifu, which yet contributed so much to heighten the army's thirst for combat, and to develop the patriotism of the nation? Undoubtedly Japan is reckoning upon future eventualities and struggles in which she will demand yet more courage from her army and even greater enthusiasm from her sons.

* * * * *

But for the moment, at least, we may look with confidence to the Peace, and hope that Nippon, which has won the admiration of the whole world in the late war, will show herself not less capable in time of peace. May she assist the countries that have come within her sphere--especially Korea--to a higher development! May she improve the conditions of agriculture, industry, as well as of culture, and truly strengthen all those moral, ethical, and spiritual aspirations which alone make for the positive weal of mankind! In one word--may the Land of the Rising Sun earnestly strive to cast rays of light on Eastern Asia!

INDEX

Agriculture, system of, in China, 119; in Korea, 218, 226

Alexandrovsky chateau, style, 4, 9; situation, 5, 9; garden, 5; drawing-room, 9; study, 11

Altai range, 41

Amur district, incorporated into the Russian Empire, 59, 362

Angara river, 49

Anglo-Korean commercial agreement, 224

Annam, under French administration, 362

Annenkoff, General, 64

Art, character of Chinese, 182, 348-50; of Japanese, 278

Asia, 32

Atmolinsk, 36

Australasia, the future of, 386

Baikal Lake, crossing the, 51-3, 55; islands, 52; railway line, 52

Balagansk, 42

Baltic, the, 59

Baskir plateau, 32, 58; character and dress of the people, 32; climate, 33

Bikanir desert, 64

Black Sea, 59

Bokhara, 36

Boxer movement of 1900, 155

Buddhists, 58

Buriats, 43; their appearance, 58; dress, 58; religion, 58

"Bushido," establishment of, 316; definition of the word, 316; code of moral principles, 317; origin, 317; unwritten laws, 320; principles of justice, 320; courage, 321; honour, 322; "hara-kiri," or suicide, 323-6; "kataki-ushi," or vengeance, 326-8

Butter, export of, 40

Calico, sale of, in Korea, 268

Cemetery, Portuguese, at Pekin, 167

Chan-chi-Tung, Viceroy, his characteristics, 136, 352; attempts at reform, 136, 352; writings, 137; political views, 352; mercantile spirit, 353; views on education, 353; extracts from his work on "China's Only Hope," 353-5

Chefoo, Treaty of, 155

Chemulpo, 225, 229

Ch'ien-men, or Great Street, in Pekin, 168

Ch'ien-men San-tan Bridge, 168

Chilkoff, Prince, Minister of Railways, his characteristics, 20; mechanical training, 21; his study, 21; management of the railway transport during the war, 21_n._

Chin-Chan Mountain, 42

China, 41; method of agriculture, 119; suzerainty of Korea, 200; system of education, 209; language, 211; outbreak of war in 1894 with Japan, 231; magnitude, 340; territorial losses, 362; payment of war indemnities, 362; relations with Japan, 363-7; originality and initiative, 364-7; delay in reorganization, 369; advocates of reform, 370

China, Emperor of, imprisoned, 161, 187; failure of his struggle for freedom, 187

China, Dowager Empress of, her summer residence, 160; appearance and dress, 183; character, 183; reception of the representatives of the Powers, 184; interest in the ladies, 186; diplomatic ability, 186

"China's Only Hope," extracts from, 353-5

Chinampoo, 225

Chinese, relations with Russians, 94, 119; capacity for work, 127; energy and industry, 176; character of their art, 182, 348-50; characteristics, 341-3; superiority of the native servant, 342; labour question, 344; virtues of the lower middle class, 344; honesty of tradesmen, 345; guild or club houses, 346; musical and theatrical entertainments, 347; intellectual capacity, 351, 371; ideal of happiness, 369, 378; dress, 373; family affection, 373; their view of Anglo-Saxons, 374; care of the poor, 375; number of Christians, 376; schools, 377

Ching, Prince, Prime Minister for Foreign Affairs, 177; his appearance, 177; characteristics, 178

Chitta, 59

Cholera, epidemic of, at Mukden, 105

Chopsticks, use of, 148

Chunchuses, band of, 82, 118

Clement V, Pope, appoints the first Bishop of Pekin, 376

Confucius, influence of his teaching, 159

Convicts, number of, 43

Cossacks, their characteristics, 54; escort of, 111; hilarity, 115; steeplechase 115-18

Cryptomerea, avenue of, 302

Dalny, 123

_Datshas_, 3

Dogs of Korea, their character, 256-8; of Manchuria, 69

Dostoievsky, on the miseries of Omsk, 57

Earth, Temple of the, in Pekin, 172

Eastern Chinese Railway Co., 59, 63, 76, 125; system of construction, 64; festivities on the transfer to China, 129

Education method of, in Japan, 292; in Korea, 209, 234, 238, 272

Erbolinsk, 42

Formosa, 284

Funeral, torchlight procession in Seoul, 258-62

Funerals, style of, in Korea, 220

Fusan, 225, 229

Gardens, style of, in Japan, 310

Gen-San, 225

Genghis Khan, 61

Germany, trade with Korea, 226

_Gen-sen_ plant, value of, in Korea, 194, 227

Gobi desert, 59, 64

Goods train, travelling by, 65

Guild or club houses in China, 346

Halung-kiang, 75

Han river, 193, 229

Hang-Jang, 200

Hankau, club house at, 347

Hankau-chwang, 129, 131

"Hara-kiri," or suicide, 323-6

_Haras_, 69

Harbin, 59

Heaven, Temple of, in Pekin, 171; in Seoul, 252

Honolulu, 386

Hwang-ssu temple, 170

_Insatsu Kyoku_, or Printing Office in Tokio, 294

Irkutsk, 39, 42; characteristics, 42; inhabitants, 43, 50; railway station, 44-6; impressions of, 48-50; attractions, 50; Imperial Opera House, 50; Chinese colony, 50

Ivasaki, Baron, his articles on Japan, 290, 368

Jade Canal, 142

Japan trade with Korea, 225; outbreak of war in 1894 with China, 231; administration of Korea, 232, 235; temples, 276; lacquer-work, 277; monuments, 277; character of art, 278-81; Katsura-no-Rikyu Palace, 278; tea ceremonies, 281, 322; construction of railways, 284; telegraph lines, 285; telephones, 285; electricity, 286; steamship service, 286-8; reorganization of the country, 289-91, 314, 332, 367; education, 292; Tokio University, 292; character of the military equipment, 296, 316; reception at the Yeddo Palace, 301-10; avenue of cryptomerea, 302; style of gardens, 310; history, 315; system of vassalage, 315; the _Samurais_ military code, 316-23, 334; definition of the word "Bushido," 316; origin, 317; "hara-kiri," or suicide, 323-6; "kataki-ushi," or vengeance, 326-8; creed, 330; military discipline, 333; religion, 336-8; Shintoism or nature-worship, 337; imitations and appropriations, 364-7; development, 367; relations with China, 363-7; conclusion of peace with Russia, 381; motives for desisting from war, 383-5; moderation and self-control, 382, 388; policy, 385, 387-9

Japan, Emperor of, 305; audience with, 305-7; his interest in various questions, 306

Japan, Empress of, audience with, 308-10; her dress, 308; characteristics, 308

Japanese, their force of imagination, 280, 282; characteristics, 280-3, 289, 296, 311, 315, 341; gift of adaptation, 291, 315; causes of their success, 315; faculty of assimilation, 315, 367; power of discipline, 315; courteousness, 322; conventional smile, 329; creed, 330; sword, 331; fondness for study, 335; religious views, 337

Jasper, waters of, 143

Kai-Teng, 200

Kalmuks, the, 43, 58

Kanks, 40

Kao-Li, 199

_Kasha_, 67

_Kataki-ushi_, or vengeance, 326-8

Katsura-no-Rikyu Palace, 278

Kharbin, 70-73

Ki-Tsze, founder of Korea, 197

Kiahta, 51

Kien-lung, Empress, 170

Kirghiz, steppes of the, 58

Kirin, 68, 75

Kirinsk, 42

Kinshiu railway, 284

Kobe, 284, 339

Koerber, Professor, 294

Korea, its origin, 189, 197; difference between ancient and modern, 190; situation, 192; area, 192; mines, 192, 227; rivers, 193, 229; climate, 193; flora, 193; value of the _gen-sen_ plant, 194, 227; timber, 194; animals, 195; minerals, 195; founder of the nation, 197; law forbidding the writing of history, 198; diaries of court officials, 198; three kingdoms, 199; history, 199-203; under the suzerainty of China, 200; system of administration, 203-5; number of governorships, 204; organization of the army, 204; corruption of officials, 205; system of justice, 206; criminal cases, 207; practice of torture, 207; prisons, 207; methods of punishment, 208; education, 209, 234, 238, 272; language, 211; Emperor Li Hsi, 211; revolution of 1895, 213; family life, 214; condition of women, 215; rights of marriage, 216; wedding ceremony, 217; methods of agriculture, 218, 226; work and recreations of women, 219; amusements of men, 219; music, 220; funerals, 220; children, 221; schools, 221; houses, 222; food, 222; dress, 222; games, 223; recitations, 223; relations with foreign Powers, 224; trade, 224-6; means of transport, 227; the "Pedlars' Guild," 228; railways, 229; harbours, 229; money, 230; independence, 231; under Japanese and Russian influence, 232, 235; character of the people, 233, 237; college at Yong Sang, 238; dogs, 256; governed by Japan, 362

Korea, Crown Prince of, 273

Korea, Emperor of, his attempts at reform, 212; intrigues and plots against his life, 213; sons, 213; his power, 269; appearance, 270; costume, 270; interest in the West, 270-2

Korea, Empress of, murdered, 267

Koreans, their origin, 195; physical characteristics, 196, 233, 237; intellectual powers, 238; costume, 244, 248, 263; method of education, 252, 272

Krasnoyark, 40

Ku-hung-ming, extracts from his "Letters from a Viceroy's Residence," 356-60

Kublai Khan, 376

Kunsan, 225

Kuropatkin, General, 124

Kwo-tsze-chien temple, 170

Kyoto, 284

Lacquer-work in Japan, 277

Lama of Lhassa, pilgrimages to, 59

Lama monastery in Pekin, 170

Legations in Pekin, 152

Lena, 41

"Letters from a Viceroy's Residence," extracts from, 355-60

Li Cheng Ying, 211

Li Hsi, Emperor of Korea, 211

Li-Hu, 80

Li Hung-Chang, Viceroy, his country house, 132; character as a financier, 132; development of Tien-tsin, 134

Li Ping, 211

Liao river, 124, 126

Liaotung, peninsula, 122, 125; gulf of, 124

Liaoyang, bridge near, carried away by the floods, 71, 120; crossing the, 121

Lotus Lake, 160

Maisan Hill, 160, 162; origin of the name, 162

Manchuria, 59; journey across, 66-121; refreshment rooms, 67; capital, 68; inhabitants, 69, 70; homes, 69; pigs, 69; poultry, 69; dogs, 69; mineral wealth, 75; size, 75; population, 75; fertility, 109; character of the scenery, 110; occupied by Russia, 231

Manchury, 59

Manchus, their characteristics, 70, 110; mode of locomotion, 90; relations with the Russians, 94; fatalism, 105

Mandarin, mode of travelling, 113

Marsanka, 28

Masampo, 225

Metropole, Hotel du, arrival at, 47

Mikado, audience with, 306. _See_ Japan, Emperor of

Min, Prince, his typical old Korean home, 266

Mines in Korea, 227

Ming dynasty, 199

Ming, General, his funeral, 221

Mission, Roman Catholic, at Niu-chwang, 128; at Pekin, siege of the, 149; at Seoul, 254

Mochi-Shan, coal mines at, 125

Moji, Straits of, 285

Mokpo, 225

Monte Corvino, appointed first Bishop of Pekin, 376

Moonkov-Sarde Mountain, 42

Moscow, 26

Mujiks, their character, 111

Mukden, 68; journey to, 78-86; impressions of, 88; mode of locomotion, 89; plan of the city, 91; public edifices, 92; Imperial Palace, 92, 97; interior, 93; character of the people, 94; system of local government, 95; the yamen, 95; reception given by the Governor, 96-100; number of dishes, 98; visit to the Imperial Tombs, 100-4; epidemic of cholera, 105; journey from, 109-18

Muraviev, Count, 59

Myssowa, 55

Nagasaki, shipbuilding yards, 288, 339

Neva, the, 2

New Zealand, 387

Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia, his appearance, 11; reminiscences of his journey across Siberia, 12; love for his subjects, 13; on the blessing of peace, 13

Nijni-Oudinsk, 42

Nippon Tetsudo Railway, 284

Nippon Yusen Kaisha Steam Company, annual report, 286

Nitobe, Dr., 317

Niu-chwang, Port, 124; railway, 124; trade, 125, 127; importation of opium, 125; life on land and on the river, 126; settlement of the Roman Catholic Mission, 128; festivities on the transfer of the railway to China, 129

Obi, 41; valley, 36

Okuma, 369

Omsk, 36, 57

Opium, importation of, 125

Osaka, 339; Commercial Exhibition at, 225

Pacific, the, 59

Pagoda, thirteen-storeyed, at

Pekin, 167

Peasants, Russian, condition of, 27, 30

Pechili, Gulf of, 124

"Pedlars' Guild," organization of, in Korea, 228

Pei-tang, 145, 172

Peiho, 133

Pekin, first impressions of, 140, 145-9; arrival in, 141; shops, 147; signboards, 148; use of chopsticks, 148; the Western Gate, 149; siege of the Mission, 149; climate, 150; legations, 152-4; Banks, 154; siege, 154; result of the Treaty of Chefoo, 155; fortifications of the European quarter, 156; ground plan, 158, 160; Imperial City, 158, 160, 165; Purple or Forbidden City, 158, 165; Imperial Palace, 158, 164, 168; the Southern Gate, 158; influence of Confucius, 159; the Northern Gate, 162; Tartar City, 162, 165; Chinese City, 165; excursions, 167; Imperial deer park, 167; Princesses' tombs, 167; Portuguese Cemetery, 167; thirteen-storeyed pagoda, 167; summer palaces, 167; Ch'ien-men or Great Street, 168; temples, 169-72; towers, 172; reception at the Summer Palace, 177-88

Pekin, Treaty of, in 1860, 59

Pena, Castle of, 3

Pet-Si, 199

Peterhof, 3; palace, 3; cascade, 3; chateaux, 4; station, 7

St. Petersburg, impressions of, 23; conditions of life, 24

Petropaulovsk, 36

Petrovsk, 56

Philippine Islands, 386

Pi-yung-kung, or Hall of the Classics in Pekin, 169

_Piek-Pai_ party, 201

Pienza, 28

Pigs of Manchuria, 69

_Piroshki_, 67

Polo, Marco, 376

Port Arthur, 59, 122; military and naval fortress, 122

Portsmouth, Peace of, result of the, 381, 387

Punishment, methods of, in Korea, 208

Railway, Eastern Chinese, 59, 63, 76, 125; system of construction, 64; festivities on the transfer to China, 129

Railway, Trans-Siberian, 22. _See_ Trans-Siberian

Railways, construction of, in Japan, 284

Railways, Russian, deficit of, 54

Roman Catholic Mission, at Niu-chwang, 128; Pekin, 149; Seoul, 254

Ronins, the forty-seven, story of, 326

Russia, travelling in, 25; condition of the peasants, 27, 30; state railways, deficit of, 54; hospitality, 106; occupation of Manchuria, 231; incorporates the Amur district, 59, 362; conclusion of peace with Japan, 381

Russia, Empress of, her appearance, 5; characteristics, 5; devotion to her children, 6; simplicity of living, 7

Russians and Chinese, relations between, 94, 119

S--a, Baron, 305

Sahara desert, 64

Samara, 31

_Samurai_, meaning of the term, 318; unwritten laws, 320; principles, 320; benevolence, 321; courteousness, 322; calm demeanour, 328; conventional smile, 329; creed, 330; sword, 331

_San-ju-neu-Shiki_, manufacture of, 295

Sanyo Railway, 284

Sedan-chairs, use of, in Korea, 244, 248

Sentry-boxes, number of, in Seoul, 246

Seoul, 200, 225; railways, 229; electric tramways, 230; first impressions of, 240-2; uniforms of soldiers, 242-4, 256; shops 245; number of sentry-boxes, 246; the Royal Palace, 247; sedan-chairs, 248; wedding procession, 249; British Legation, 251; mode of education, 252, 272; German Consulate, 253; Roman Catholic cathedral, 254; barracks, 255; dogs, 256-8; funeral torchlight procession, 258-62; revolution, 263; the white city, 263; number of palaces, 264; reception at the New Palace, 264-6; style of the building, 267; court livery, 268; the Emperor, 269-73; the Crown Prince, 273; the chief eunuch, 274

Shimbashi, 275

Shintoism, or nature-worship, 337

Shops, signboards of, in Pekin, 148

Shufeldt, Commodore, 224

_Si-Pai_ party, 201

Siba, grove of, 327

Siberia, export of butter, 40; convicts, 43; characteristics, 60; extent, 60; provinces, 60; inhabitants, 61; Central, 38; vegetation, 38; animals, 39; birds, 39; Eastern, cultivation of, 54; Western, 35; townships, 36; colonization, 36

Siberian Railway, 16. _See_ Trans-Siberian

Sin-La, 199

Song-Ching, 225

South Sea Islands, 386

Steam navigation companies of Japan, 286

Suicide, or "hara-kiri," 323-6

Summer Palace, reception at, Pekin, 177-88; artistic beauty of the decorations, 181; state banquet, 188

Ta-chung-ssu, or Temple of the Great Bell, 170

Ta-shik-chia, 125

Tai Wen Kun, assumes the regency of Korea, 211; his character, 212; schemes against the Empress, 212; banished, 212

Taku Fort, 132; bombardment of, 135

Talienwan, Bay of, 123

Tao-Tso, first King of Korea, 199

_Tarantass_, 72, 110

Tashkend, 36

Tasmania, 387

Tea ceremonies in Japan, 281, 322

Telegraph lines in Japan, 285

Telephones, number of, in Japan, 285

Temples of Japan, 276; Pekin, 169-72

Teshoo Lama, 170

Tien-tsin, 133; railway, completion, 127, 134; population, 133; European quarter, 133; situation, 134; export of coal, 135; fighting at, 135

Tobolsk, 36

Tokio, impressions of, 275, 283, 301; University, 292; number of students, 293; the library, 293; Printing Office, or _Insatsu Kyoku_, 294; Commercial Museum, 295; arsenal, 295; style of the buildings, 301

Tombs, Imperial, at Mukden, 100-4

Tombs, Princesses', at Pekin, 167

Tomsk, 36, 39

Tong-Shan, first coal-pit, 135

Tonking, under French administration, 362

Tormer-To, 200

Torture, practice of, in Korea, 207

Trans-Baikalia, mines, 57; inhabitants, 58

Trans-Siberian Railway, 16; extent, 22; construction, 12, 22, 55

_Troikas_, 94

Tsi-tsi-kar, 68, 75; population, 68

Tungus, the, 43

Udinsk, 40

Ural Mountains, 33; mines, 34; inscription, 35

Vladivostok, 59

Volga, the, 31

Wafungtien, 125

Wetzel, Mr., director of the East China Railway, kidnapped by Chunchuses, 118

White, Mr., 124

Windmills, number of, 28

Witte, Count, 383

Women, treatment of, in Korea, 215; form of marriage, 217; work, 219; recreations, 219

Yalu river, 193, 229

Yangtse-kiang, 137

Yeddo Palace, reception at, 303; decorations, 304

Yellow Sea, 59; bays of the, 130

Yenisei, 41

Ying-tse, 124

Yokohama, 339

Yong-Sang, college and seminary at, 238

Yuan-chi-kai, Viceroy, 370; his policy, 371

Yuan-tsi-Khai, 137

Yung-Lo, 171

_Zakouska_, 107

Z'mershan, coal-mines at, 125

PLYMOUTH WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON PRINTERS

Transcriber's Notes : (1) Obvious typographical, punctuation, and consistency errors have been corrected.

(2) Italic text is represented by _underlines_.

(3) [=o] indicates the letter o with a macron mark.