Chapter XV: Part 15

MOSES KIMHI was the author of a Hebrew grammar, known--after the first three words--as _Mahalak Shebile Ha-daat_, or briefly as _Mahalak_. It is an elementary introduction to the study of Hebrew, the first of its kind, in which only the most indispensable definitions and rules have a place, the remainder being almost wholly occupied by paradigms. Moses Kimhi was the first who made the verb _paqadh_ a model for conjugation, and the first also who introduced the now usual sequence in the enumeration of stem-forms. His handbook was of great historical importance as in the first half of the 16th century it became the favourite manual for the study of Hebrew among non-Judaic scholars (1st ed., Pesaro, 1508). Elias Levita (q.v.) wrote Hebrew explanations, and Sebastian Münster translated it into Latin. Moses Kimhi also composed commentaries to the biblical books; those on Proverbs, Ezra and Nehemiah are in the great rabbinical bibles falsely ascribed to Abraham ibn Ezra.

DAVID KIMHI (c. 1160-1235), also known as _Redaq_ (= R. David Kimhi), eclipsed the fame both of his father and his brother. From the writings of the former he quotes a great number of explanations, some of which are known only from this source. His _magnum opus_ is the _Sefer Miklol_, "Book of Completeness." This falls into two divisions: the grammar, to which the title of the whole, _Miklol_, is usually applied (first printed in Constantinople, 1532-1534, then, with the notes of Elias Levita, at Venice, 1545), and the lexicon, _Sefer Hashorashim_, "Book of Roots," which was first printed in Italy before 1480, then at Naples in 1490, and at Venice in 1546 with the annotations of Elias. The model and the principal source for this work of David Kimhi's was the book of R. Jonah (Abulwalid), which was cast in a similar bipartite form; and it was chiefly due to Kimhi's grammar and lexicon that, while the contents of Abulwalid's works were common knowledge, they themselves remained in oblivion for centuries. In spite of this dependence on his predecessors his work shows originality, especially in the arrangement of his material. In the grammar he combined the paradigmatic method of his brother Moses with the procedure of the older scholars who devoted a close attention to details. In his dictionary, again, he recast the lexicological materials independently, and enriched lexicography itself, especially by his numerous etymological explanations. Under the title _Et Sofer_, "Pen of the Writer" (Lyk, 1864), David Kimhi composed a sort of grammatical compendium as a guide to the correct punctuation of the biblical manuscripts; it consists, for the most part, of extracts from the _Miklol_. After the completion of his great work he began to write commentaries on portions of the Scriptures. The first was on Chronicles, then followed one on the Psalms, and finally his exegetical masterpiece--the commentary on the prophets. His annotations on the Psalms are especially interesting for the polemical excursuses directed against the Christian interpretation. He was also responsible for a commentary on Genesis (ed. A. Günsburg, Pressburg, 1842), in which he followed Moses Maimonides in explaining biblical narratives as visions. He was an enthusiastic adherent of Maimonides, and, though far advanced in years, took an active part in the battle which raged in southern France and Spain round his philosophico-religious writings. The popularity of his biblical exegesis is demonstrated by the fact that the first printed texts of the Hebrew Bible were accompanied by his commentary: the Psalms 1477, perhaps at Bologna; the early Prophets, 1485, Soncino; the later Prophets, ibid. 1486.

His commentaries have been frequently reprinted, many of them in Latin
translations. A new edition of that on the Psalms was begun by
Schiller-Szinessy (_First Book of Psalms_, Cambridge, 1883). Abr.
Geiger wrote of the three excursuses Kimhis in the Hebrew periodical
_Ozar Nehmad_ (vol. ii., 1857 = A. Geiger, _Gesammelte Schriften_, v.
1-47). See further the _Jewish Encyclopedia_. (W. Ba.)

KIN (O.E. _cyn_, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. _kunne_, Dan. and Swed. _kön_, Goth _kuni_, tribe; the Teutonic base is _kunya_; the equivalent Aryan root _gan_-to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. [Greek: genos], Lat. _genus_, cf. "kind"), a collective word for persons related by blood, as descended from a common ancestor. In law, the term "next of kin" is applied to the person or persons who, as being in the nearest degree of blood relationship to a person dying intestate, share according to degree in his personal estate (see INTESTACY, and INHERITANCE). "Kin" is frequently associated with "kith" in the phrase "kith and kin," now used as an emphasized form of "kin" for family relatives. It properly means one's "country and kin," or one's "friends and kin." Kith (O.E. _cyððe_ and _cyð_, native land, acquaintances) comes from the stem of _cunnan_, to know, and thus means the land or people one knows familiarly.

The suffix -_kin_, chiefly surviving in English surnames, seems to
have been early used as a diminutive ending to certain Christian names
in Flanders and Holland. The termination is represented by the
diminutive -_chen_ in German, as in _Kindchen_, _Häuschen_, &c. Many
English words, such as "pumpkin," "firkin," seem to have no diminutive
significance, and may have been assimilated from earlier forms, e.g.
"pumpkin" from "pumpion."

KINCARDINESHIRE, or THE MEARNS, an eastern county of Scotland, bounded E. by the North Sea, S. and S.W. by Forfarshire, and N.W. and N. by Aberdeenshire. Area, 243,974 acres, or 381 sq. m. In the west and north-west the Grampians are the predominant feature. The highest of their peaks is Mount Battock (2555 ft.), where the counties of Aberdeen, Forfar and Kincardine meet, but there are a score of hills exceeding 1500 ft. in height. In the extreme north, on the confines of Aberdeenshire, the Hill of Fare, famous for its sheep walks, attains an altitude of 1545 ft. In the north the county slopes from the Grampians to the picturesque and finely-wooded valley of the Dee, and in the south it falls to the Howe (Hollow) of the Mearns, which is a continuation north-eastwards of Strathmore. The principal rivers are Bervie Water (20 m. long), flowing south-eastwards to the North Sea; the Water of Feugh (20 m.) taking a north-easterly direction and falling into the Dee at Banchory, and forming near its mouth a beautiful cascade; the Dye (15 m.) rising in Mount Battock and ending its course in the Feugh; Luther Water (14 m.) springing not far from the castle of Drumtochty and meandering pleasantly to its junction with the North Esk; the Cowie (13 m.) and the Carron (8½ m.) entering the sea at Stonehaven. The Dee and North Esk serve as boundary streams during part of their course, the one of Aberdeenshire, the other of Forfarshire. Loch Loirston, in the parish of Nigg, and Loch Lumgair, in Dunnottar parish, both small, are the only lakes in the shire. Of the glens Glen Dye in the north centre of the county is remarkable for its beauty, and the small Den Fenella, to the south-east of Laurencekirk, contains a picturesque waterfall. Its name perpetuates the memory of Fenella, daughter of a thane of Angus, who was slain here after betraying Kenneth II. to his enemies, who (according to local tradition) made away with him in Kincardine Castle. Excepting in the vicinity of St Cyrus, the coast from below Johnshaven to Girdle Ness presents a bold front of rugged cliffs, with an average height of from 100 to 250 ft., interrupted only by occasional creeks and bays, as at Johnshaven, Gourdon, Bervie, Stonehaven, Portlethen, Findon, Cove and Nigg.

_Geology._--The great fault which traverses Scotland from shore to
shore passes through this county from Craigeven Bay, about a mile
north of Stonehaven, by Fenella Hill to Edzell. On the northern side
of this line are the old crystalline schists of the Dalradian group;
on the southern side Old Red Sandstone occupies all the remaining
space. Good exposures of the schists are seen, repeatedly folded, in
the cliffs between Aberdeen and Stonehaven. They consist of a lower
series of greenish slates and a higher, more micaceous and schistose
series with grits; bands of limestone occur in these rocks near
Bunchory. Besides the numerous minor flexures the schists are bent
into a broad synclinal fold which crosses the county, its axis lying
in a south-westerly-north-easterly direction. Rising through the
schists are several granite masses, the largest being that forming the
high ground around Mt Battock; south of the Dee are several smaller
masses, some of which have been extensively quarried. The lower part
of the Old Red Sandstone consists of flags, red sandstones and purple
clays in great thickness; these are followed by coarse conglomerates,
well seen in the cliff at Dunnottar Castle, with ashy grits and some
thin sheets of diabase. The diabase forms the Bruxie and Leys Hills
and some minor elevations. Above the volcanic series more red
sandstones, conglomerates and marls appear. The Old Red Sandstone is
folded synclinally in a direction continuing the vale of Strathmore;
south of this is an anticline, as may be seen on the coast between St
Cyrus and Kinneff. Glacial striae on the higher ground and débris on
the lower ground show that the direction taken by the ice flow was
south-eastward on the hills but as the shore was approached it
gradually took on an easterly and finally a northerly direction.

_Climate and Agriculture._--The climate is healthy, but often cold,
owing to the exposure to east winds. The average temperature for the
year is 45° F., for July 58°, and for January 37°. The average annual
rainfall is 34 in. Much of the Grampian territory is occupied by
grouse moors, but the land by the Dee, in the Howe and along the
coast, is scientifically farmed and yields well. The soil of the Howe
is richer and stronger than that in the Dee valley, but the most
fertile region is along the coast, where the soil is generally deep
loam resting on clay, although in some places it is poor and thin, or
stiff and cold. Oats are the principal crop, wheat is not largely
grown, but the demands of the distillers maintain a very considerable
acreage under barley. Rather more than one-tenth of the total area is
under wood. Turnips form the main green crop, but potatoes are
extensively raised. A little more than half the holdings consist of 50
acres and under. Great attention is paid to livestock. Shorthorns are
the most common breed, but the principal home-bred stock is a cross
between shorthorned and polled, though there are many valuable herds
of pure polled. Cattle-feeding is carried on according to the most
advanced methods. Blackfaced sheep are chiefly kept on the hill runs,
Cheviots or a cross with Leicesters being usually found on the lowland
farms. Most of the horses are employed in connexion with the
cultivation of the soil, but several good strains, including
Clydesdales, are retained for stock purposes. Pigs are also reared in
considerable numbers.

_Other Industries._--Apart from agriculture, the principal industry is
the fishing, of which Stonehaven is the centre. The coast being
dangerous and the harbours difficult in rough weather, the fishermen
often run great risks. The village of Findon (pron. _Finnan_) has
given its name to the well-known smoked haddocks, which were first
cured in this way at that hamlet. The salmon fisheries of the sea and
the rivers yield a substantial annual return. Manufactures are of
little more than local importance. Woollens are made at Stonehaven,
and at Bervie, Laurencekirk and a few other places flax-spinning and
weaving are carried on. There are also some distilleries, breweries
and tanneries. Stonehaven, Gourdon and Johnshaven are the chief ports
for seaborne trade.

The Deeside railway runs through the portion of the county on the
northern bank of the Dee. The Caledonian and North British railways
run to Aberdeen via Laurencekirk to Stonehaven, using the same metals,
and there is a branch line of the N.B.R. from Montrose to Bervie.
There are also coaches between Blairs and Aberdeen, Bervie and
Stonehaven, Fettercairn and Edzell, Banchory and Birse, and other
points.

_Population and Government._--The population was 35,492 in 1891, and 40,923 in 1901, when 103 persons spoke Gaelic and English. The chief town is Stonehaven (pop. in 1901, 4577) with Laurencekirk (1512) and Banchory (1475), but part of the city of Aberdeen, with a population of 9386, is within the county. The county returns one member to parliament, and Bervie, the only royal burgh, belongs to the Montrose group of parliamentary burghs. Kincardine is united in one sheriffdom with the shires of Aberdeen and Banff, and one of the Aberdeen sheriffs-substitute sits at Stonehaven. The county is under school-board jurisdiction. The academy at Stonehaven and a few of the public schools earn grants for higher education. The county council hands over the "residue" grant to the county secondary education committee, which expends it in technical education grants. At Blairs, in the north-east of the shire near the Dee, is a Roman Catholic college for the training of young men for the priesthood.

_History._--The annals of Kincardineshire as a whole are almost blank. The county belonged of old to the district of Pictavia and apparently was overrun for a brief period by the Romans. In the parish of Fetteresso are the remains of the camp of Raedykes, in which, according to tradition, the Caledonians under Galgacus were lodged before their battle with Agricola. It is also alleged that in the same district Malcolm I. was killed (954) whilst endeavouring to reduce the unruly tribes of this region. Mearns, the alternative name for the county, is believed to have been derived from Mernia, a Scottish king, to whom the land was granted, and whose brother, Angus, had obtained the adjoining shire of Forfar. The antiquities consist mostly of stone circles, cairns, tumuli, standing stones and a structure in the parish of Dunnottar vaguely known as a "Picts' kiln." By an extraordinary reversion of fortune the town which gave the shire its name has practically vanished. It stood about 2 m. N.E. of Fettercairn, and by the end of the 16th century had declined to a mere hamlet, being represented now only by the ruins of the royal castle and an ancient burial-ground. The Bruces, earls of Elgin, also bear the title of earl of Kincardine.

See A. Jervise, _History and Traditions of the Lands of the Lindsays_
(1853), _History and Antiquities of the Mearns_ (1858), _Memorials of
Angus and the Mearns_ (1861); J. Anderson, _The Black Book of
Kincardineshire_ (Stonehaven, 1879); C. A. Mollyson, _The Parish of
Fordoun_ (Aberdeen, 1893); A. C. Cameron, _The History of Fettercairn_
(Paisley, 1899).

KINCHINJUNGA, or KANCHANJANGA, the third (or second; see K2) highest mountain in the world. It is a peak of the eastern Himalayas, situated on the boundary between Sikkim and Nepal, with an elevation of 28,146 ft. Kinchinjunga is best seen from the Indian hill-station of Darjeeling, where the view of this stupendous mountain, dominating all intervening ranges and rising from regions of tropical undergrowth to the altitude of eternal snows, is one of the grandest in the world.

KIND (O.E. _ge-cynde_, from the same root as is seen in "kin," _supra_), a word in origin meaning birth, nature, or as an adjective, natural. From the application of the term to the natural disposition or characteristic which marks the class to which an object belongs, the general and most common meaning of "class," genus or species easily develops; that of race, natural order or group, is particularly seen in such expressions as "mankind." The phrase "payment in kind," i.e. in goods or produce as distinguished from money, is used as equivalent to the Latin _in specie_; in ecclesiastical usage "communion in both kinds" or "in one kind" refers to the elements of bread and wine (Lat. _species_) in the Eucharist. The present main sense of the adjective "kind," i.e. gentle, friendly, benevolent, has developed from the meaning "born," "natural," through "of good birth, disposition or nature," "naturally well-disposed."

KINDERGARTEN, a German word meaning "garden of children," the name given by Friedrich Froebel to a kind of "play-school" invented by him for furthering the physical, moral and intellectual growth of children between the ages of three and seven. For the theories on which this type of school was based see FROEBEL. Towards the end of the 18th century Pestalozzi planned, and Oberlin formed, day-asylums for young children. Schools of this kind took in the Netherlands the name of "play school," and in England, where they have especially thriven, of "infant schools" (q.v.). But Froebel's idea of the "Kindergarten" differed essentially from that of the infant schools. The child required to be prepared for society by being early associated with its equals; and young children thus brought together might have their employments, especially their chief employment, play, so organized as to draw out their capacities of feeling and thinking, and even of inventing and creating.

Froebel therefore invented a course of occupations, most of which are social games. Many of the games are connected with the "gifts," as he called the simple playthings provided for the children. These "gifts" are, in order, six coloured balls, a wooden ball, a cylinder and a cube, a cube cut to form eight smaller cubes, another cube cut to form eight parallelograms, square and triangular tablets of coloured wood, and strips of lath, rings and circles for pattern-making. In modern kindergartens much stress has been laid on such occupations as sand-drawing, modelling in clay and paper, pattern-making, plaiting, &c. The artistic faculty was much thought of by Froebel, and, as in the education of the ancients, the sense of rhythm in sound and motion was cultivated by music and poetry introduced in the games. Much care was to be given to the training of the senses, especially those of sight, sound and touch. Intuition or first-hand experience (_Anschauung_) was to be recognized as the true basis of knowledge, and though stories were to be told, instruction of the imparting and "learning-up" kind was to be excluded. Froebel sought to teach the children not what to think but how to think, in this following in the steps of Pestalozzi, who had done for the child what Bacon nearly two hundred years before had done for the philosopher. Where possible the children were to be much in the open air, and were each to cultivate a little garden.

The first kindergarten was opened at Blankenburg, near Rudolstadt, in
1837, but after a needy existence of eight years was closed for want
of funds. In 1851 the Prussian government declared that "schools
founded on Froebel's principles or principles like them could not be
allowed." As early as 1854 it was introduced into England, and Henry
Barnard reported on it that it was "by far the most original,
attractive and philosophical form of infant development the world has
yet seen" (_Report to Governor of Connecticut_, 1854). The great
propagandist of Froebelism, the Baroness Berta von Marenholtz-Bülow
(1811-1893), drew the attention of the French to the kindergarten from
the year 1855, and Michelet declared that Froebel had "solved the
problem of human education." In Italy the kindergarten was introduced
by Madame Salis-Schwabe. In Austria it is recognized and regulated by
the government, though the Volks-Kindergärten are not numerous. But by
far the greatest developments of the kindergarten system are in the
United States and in Belgium. The movement was begun in the United
States by Miss Elizabeth Peabody in 1867, aided by Mrs Horace Mann and
Dr Henry Barnard. The first permanent kindergarten was established in
St Louis in 1873 by Miss Susan Blow and Dr W. T. Harris. In Belgium
the mistresses of the "Écoles gardiennes" are instructed in the "idea
of the kindergarten" and "Froebel's method," and in 1880 the minister
of public instruction issued a programme for the "Écoles Gardiennes
Communales," which is both in fact and in profession a kindergarten
manual.

For the position of the kindergarten system in the principal countries
of the world see _Report of a Consultative Committee upon the School
Attendance of Children below the Age of Five_, English Board of
Education Reports (Cd. 4259, 1908); and "The Kindergarten," by Laura
Fisher, _Report of the United States Commissioner for Education for
1903_, vol. i. ch. xvi. (Washington, 1905).

KINDI [ABU YUSUF YA'QUB IBN ISHAQ UL-KINDI, sometimes called pre-eminently "The Philosopher of the Arabs"] flourished in the 9th century, the exact dates of his birth and death being unknown. He was born in Kufa, where his father was governor under the Caliphs Mahdi and Harun al-Rashid. His studies were made in Basra and Bagdad, and in the latter place he remained, occupying according to some a government position. In the orthodox reaction under Motawakkil, when all philosophy was suspect, his library was confiscated, but he himself seems to have escaped. His writings--like those of other Arabian philosophers--are encyclopaedic and are concerned with most of the sciences; they are said to have numbered over two hundred, but fewer than twenty are extant. Some of these were known in the middle ages, for Kindi is placed by Roger Bacon in the first rank after Ptolemy as a writer on optics. His work _De Somniorum Visione_ was translated by Gerard of Cremona (q.v.) and another was published as _De medicinarum compositarum gradibus investigandis Libellus_ (Strassburg, 1531). He was one of the earliest translators and commentators of Aristotle, but like Farabi (q.v.) appears to have been superseded by Avicenna.

See G. Flügel, _Al Kindi genannt der Philosoph der Araber_ (Leipzig,
1857), and T. J. de Boer, _Geschichte der Philosophie im Islam_
(Stuttgart, 1901), pp. 90 sqq.; also ARABIAN PHILOSOPHY. (G. W. T.)

KINEMATICS (from Gr. [Greek: kinêma], a motion), the branch of mechanics which discusses the phenomena of motion without reference to force or mass (see MECHANICS).

KINETICS (from Gr. [Greek: kinein], to move), the branch of mechanics which discusses the phenomena of motion as affected by force; it is the modern equivalent of dynamics in the restricted sense (see MECHANICS).

KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888), English writer on ancient gems, was born at Newport (Mon.) on the 5th of September 1818. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1836; graduated in 1840, and obtained a fellowship in 1842; he was senior fellow at the time of his death in London on the 25th of March 1888. He took holy orders, but never held any cure. He spent much time in Italy, where he laid the foundation of his collection of gems, which, increased by subsequent purchases in London, was sold by him in consequence of his failing eyesight and was presented in 1881 to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. King was recognized universally as one of the greatest authorities in this department of art. His chief works on the subject are: _Antique Gems, their Origin, Uses and Value_ (1860), a complete and exhaustive treatise; _The Gnostics and their Remains_ (2nd ed. by J. Jacobs, 1887, which led to an animated correspondence in the _Athenaeum_); _The Natural History of Precious Stones and Gems and of the Precious Metals_ (1865); _The Handbook of Engraved Gems_ (2nd ed., 1885); _Early Christian Numismatics_ (1873). King was thoroughly familiar with the works of Greek and Latin authors, especially Pausanias and the elder Pliny, which bore upon the subject in which he was most interested; but he had little taste for the minutiae of verbal criticism. In 1869 he brought out an edition of Horace, illustrated from antique gems; he also translated Plutarch's _Moralia_ (1882) and the theosophical works of the Emperor Julian (1888) for Bonn's Classical Library.

KING, CLARENCE (1842-1901), American geologist, was born at Newport, Rhode Island, U.S.A., on the 6th of January 1842. He graduated at Yale in 1862. His most important work was the geological exploration of the fortieth parallel, of which the main reports (1876 and 1877) comprised the geological and topographical atlas of the Rocky Mountains, the Green River and Utah basins, and the Nevada plateau and basin. When the United States Geological Survey was consolidated in 1879 King was chosen director, and he vigorously conducted investigations in Colorado, and in the Eureka district and on the Comstock lode in Nevada. He held office for a year only; in later years his only noteworthy contribution to geology was an essay on the age of the earth, which appeared in the annual report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1893. He died at Phoenix, Arizona, on the 24th of December 1901.

KING, EDWARD (1612-1637), the subject of Milton's _Lycidas_, was born in Ireland in 1612, the son of Sir John King, a member of a Yorkshire family which had migrated to Ireland. Edward King was admitted a pensioner of Christ's College, Cambridge, on the 9th of June 1626, and four years later was elected a fellow. Milton, though two years his senior and himself anxious to secure a fellowship, remained throughout on terms of the closest friendship with his rival, whose amiable character seems to have endeared him to the whole college. King served from 1633 to 1634 as praelector and tutor of his college, and was to have entered the church. His career, however, was cut short by the tragedy which inspired Milton's verse. In 1637 he set out for Ireland to visit his family, but on the 10th of August the ship in which he was sailing struck on a rock near the Welsh coast, and King was drowned. Of his own writings many Latin poems contributed to different collections of Cambridge verse survive, but they are not of sufficient merit to explain the esteem in which he was held.

A collection of Latin, Greek and English verse written in his memory
by his Cambridge friends was printed at Cambridge in 1638, with the
title _Justa Edouardo King naufrago ab amicis moerentibus amoris et_
[Greek: mneias charin]. The second part of this collection has a
separate title-page, _Obsequies to the Memorie of Mr Edward King, Anno
Dom. 1638_, and contains thirteen English poems, of which _Lycidas_[1]
(signed J. M.) is the last.

FOOTNOTE:

[1] J. W. Hales, in the _Athenaeum_ for the 1st of August 1891,
suggests that in writing King's elegy Milton had in his mind, besides
the idylls of Theocritus, a Latin eclogue of Giovanni Baptista
Amalteo entitled _Lycidas_, in which Lycidas bids farewell to the
land he loves and prays for gentle breezes on his voyage. He was
familiar with the Italian Latin poets of the Renaissance, and he may
also have been influenced in his choice of the name by the shepherd
Lycidas in Sannazaro's eclogue _Phillis_.

KING, EDWARD (1829-1910), English bishop, was the second son of the Rev. Walter King, archdeacon of Rochester and rector of Stone, Kent. Graduating from Oriel College, Oxford, he was ordained in 1854, and four years later became chaplain and lecturer at Cuddesdon Theological College. He was principal at Cuddesdon from 1863 to 1873, when he became regius professor of pastoral theology at Oxford and canon of Christ Church. To the world outside he was only known at this time as one of Dr Pusey's most intimate friends and as a leading member of the English Church Union. But in Oxford, and especially among the younger men, he exercised an exceptional influence, due, not to special profundity of intellect, but to his remarkable charm in personal intercourse, and his abounding sincerity and goodness. In 1885 Dr King was made bishop of Lincoln. The most eventful episode of his episcopate was his prosecution (1888-1890) for ritualistic practices before the archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Benson, and, on appeal, before the judicial committee of the Privy Council (see LINCOLN JUDGMENT). Dr King, who loyally conformed his practices to the archbishop's judgment, devoted himself unsparingly to the work of his diocese; and, irrespective of his High Church views, he won the affection and reverence of all classes by his real saintliness of character. The bishop, who never married, died at Lincoln on the 8th of March 1910.

See the obituary notice in _The Times_, March 9, 1910.

KING, HENRY (1591-1669), English bishop and poet, eldest son of John King, afterwards bishop of London, was baptized on the 16th of January 1591. With his younger brother John he proceeded from Westminster School to Christ Church, Oxford, where both matriculated on the 20th of January 1609. Henry King entered the church, and after receiving various ecclesiastical preferments he was made bishop of Chichester in 1642, receiving at the same time the rich living of Petworth, Sussex. On the 29th of December of that year Chichester surrendered to the Parliamentary army, and King was among the prisoners. After his release he found an asylum with his brother-in-law, Sir Richard Hobart of Langley, Buckinghamshire, and afterwards at Richkings near by, with Lady Salter, said to have been a sister of Dr Brian Duppa (1588-1662). King was a close friend of Duppa and personally acquainted with Charles I. In one of his poems dated 1649 he speaks of the _Eikon Basilike_ as the king's own work. Restored to his benefice at the Restoration, King died at Chichester on the 30th of September 1669. His works include _Poems, Elegies, Paradoxes and Sonets_ (1657), _The Psalmes of David from the New Translation of the Bible, turned into Meter_ (1651), and several sermons. He was one of the executors of John Donne, and prefixed an elegy to the 1663 edition of his friend's poems.

King's Poems and Psalms were edited, with a biographical sketch, by
the Rev. J. Hannah (1843).

KING, RUFUS (1755-1827), American political leader, was born on the 24th of March 1755 at Scarborough, Maine, then a part of Massachusetts. He graduated at Harvard in 1777, read law at Newburyport, Mass., with Theophilus Parsons, and was admitted to the bar in 1780. He served in the Massachusetts General Court in 1783-1784 and in the Confederation Congress in 1784-1787. During these critical years he adopted the "states' rights" attitude. It was largely through his efforts that the General Court in 1784 rejected the amendment to the Articles of Confederation authorizing Congress to levy a 5% impost. He was one of the three Massachusetts delegates in Congress in 1785 who refused to present the resolution of the General Court proposing a convention to amend the articles. He was also out of sympathy with the meeting at Annapolis in 1786. He did good service, however, in opposing the extension of slavery. Early in 1787 King was moved by the Shays Rebellion and by the influence of Alexander Hamilton to take a broader view of the general situation, and it was he who introduced the resolution in Congress, on the 21st of February 1787, sanctioning the call for the Philadelphia constitutional convention. In the convention he supported the large-state party, favoured a strong executive, advocated the suppression of the slave trade, and opposed the counting of slaves in determining the apportionment of representatives. In 1788 he was one of the most influential members of the Massachusetts convention which ratified the Federal Constitution. He married Mary Alsop (1769-1819) of New York in 1786 and removed to that city in 1788. He was elected a member of the New York Assembly in the spring of 1789, and at a special session of the legislature held in July of that year was chosen one of the first representatives of New York in the United States Senate. In this body he served in 1789-1796, supported Hamilton's financial measures, Washington's neutrality proclamation and the Jay Treaty, and became one of the recognized leaders of the Federalist party. He was minister to Great Britain in 1796-1803 and again in 1825-1826, and was the Federalist candidate for vice-president in 1804 and 1808, and for president in 1816, when he received 34 electoral votes to 183 cast for Monroe. He was again returned to the Senate in 1813, and was re-elected in 1819 as the result of a struggle between the Van Buren and Clinton factions of the Democratic-Republican party. In the Missouri Compromise debates he supported the anti-slavery programme in the main, but for constitutional reasons voted against the second clause of the Tallmadge Amendment providing that all slaves born in the state after its admission into the Union should be free at the age of twenty-five years. He died at Jamaica, Long Island, on the 29th of April 1827.

_The Life and Correspondence of Rufus King_, begun about 1850 by his
son, Charles King, was completed by his grandson, Charles R. King, and
published in six volumes (New York, 1894-1900).

Rufus King's son, JOHN ALSOP KING (1788-1867), was educated at Harrow and in Paris, served in the war of 1812 as a lieutenant of a cavalry company, and was a member of the New York Assembly in 1819-1821 and of the New York Senate in 1823. When his father was sent as minister to Great Britain in 1825 he accompanied him as secretary of the American legation, and when his father returned home on account of ill health he remained as chargé d'affaires until August 1826. He was a member of the New York Assembly again in 1832 and in 1840, was a Whig representative in Congress in 1849-1851, and in 1857-1859 was governor of New York State. He was a prominent member of the Republican party, and in 1861 was a delegate to the Peace Conference in Washington.

Another son, CHARLES KING (1789-1867), was also educated abroad, was captain of a volunteer regiment in the early part of the war of 1812, and served in 1814 in the New York Assembly, and after working for some years as a journalist was president of Columbia College in 1849-1864.

A third son, JAMES GORE KING (1791-1853), was an assistant adjutant-general in the war of 1812, was a banker in Liverpool and afterwards in New York, and was president of the New York & Erie railroad until 1837, when by his visit to London he secured the loan to American bankers of £1,000,000 from the governors of the Bank of England. In 1849-1851 he was a representative in Congress from New Jersey.

Charles King's son, RUFUS KING (1814-1876), graduated at the U.S. Military Academy in 1833, served for three years in the engineer corps, and, after resigning from the army, became assistant engineer of the New York & Erie railroad. He was adjutant-general of New York state in 1839-1843, and became a brigadier-general of volunteers in the Union army in 1861, commanded a division in Virginia in 1862-1863, and, being compelled by ill health to resign from the army, was U.S. minister to the Papal States in 1863-1867.

His son, CHARLES KING (b. 1844), served in the artillery until 1870 and in the cavalry until 1879; he was appointed brigadier-general U.S. Volunteers in the Spanish War in 1898, and served in the Philippines. He wrote _Famous and Decisive Battles_ (1884), _Campaigning with Crook_ (1890), and many popular romances of military life.

KING, THOMAS (1730-1805), English actor and dramatist, was born in London on the 20th of August 1730. Garrick saw him when appearing as a strolling player in a booth at Windsor, and engaged him for Drury Lane. He made his first appearance there in 1748 as the Herald in _King Lear_. He played the part of Allworth in the first presentation of Massinger's _New Way to Pay Old Debts_ (1748), and during the summer he played Romeo and other leading parts in Bristol. For eight years he was the leading comedy actor at the Smock Alley theatre in Dublin, but in 1759 he returned to Drury Lane and took leading parts until 1802. One of his earliest successes was as Lord Ogleby in _The Clandestine Marriage_ (1766), which was compared to Garrick's Hamlet and Kemble's Coriolanus, but he reached the climax of his reputation when he created the part of Sir Peter Teazle at the first representation of _The School for Scandal_ (1777). He was the author of a number of farces, and part-owner and manager of several theatres, but his fondness for gambling brought him to poverty. He died on the 11th of December 1805.

KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729), Anglican divine, the son of James King, an Aberdeen man who migrated to Antrim, was born in May 1650. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and after being presented to the parish of St Werburgh, Dublin, in 1679, became dean of St Patrick's in 1689, bishop of Derry in 1691, and archbishop of Dublin in 1702. In 1718 he founded the divinity lectureship in Trinity College, Dublin, which bears his name. He died in May 1729. King was the author of _The State of the Protestants in Ireland under King James's Government_ (1691), but is best known by his _De Origine Mali_ (1702; Eng. trans., 1731), an essay deemed worthy of a reply by Bayle and Leibnitz. King was a strong supporter of the Revolution, and his voluminous correspondence is a valuable help to our knowledge of the Ireland of his day.

See _A Great Archbishop of Dublin, William King, D.D._, edited by Sir
C. S. King, Bart. (1908).

KING, WILLIAM (1663-1712), English poet and miscellaneous writer, son of Ezekiel King, was born in 1663. From his father he inherited a small estate and he was connected with the Hyde family. He was educated at Westminster School under Dr Busby, and at Christ Church, Oxford (B.A. 1685; D.C.L. 1692). His first literary enterprise was a defence of Wycliffe, written in conjunction with Sir Edward Hannes (d. 1710) and entitled _Reflections upon Mons. Varillas's History of Heresy ..._ (1688). He became known as a humorous writer on the Tory and High Church side. He took part in the controversy aroused by the conversion of the once stubborn non-juror William Sherlock, one of his contributions being an entertaining ballad, "The Battle Royal," in which the disputants are Sherlock and South. In 1694 he gained the favour of Princess Anne by a defence of her husband's country entitled _Animadversions on the Pretended Account of Denmark_, in answer to a depreciatory pamphlet by Robert (afterwards Viscount) Molesworth. For this service he was made secretary to the princess. He supported Charles Boyle in his controversy with Richard Bentley over the genuineness of the _Epistles of Phalaris_, by a letter (printed in _Dr Bentley's Dissertations ..._ (1698), more commonly known as _Boyle against Bentley_), in which he gave an account of the circumstances of Bentley's interview with the bookseller Bennet. Bentley attacked Dr King in his _Dissertation_ in answer (1699) to this book, and King replied with a second letter to his friend Boyle. He further satirized Bentley in ten _Dialogues of the Dead relating to ... the Epistles of Phalaris_ (1699). In 1700 he published _The Transactioneer, with some of his Philosophical Fancies, in two Dialogues_, ridiculing the credulity of Hans Sloane, who was then the secretary of the Royal Society. This was followed up later with some burlesque _Useful Transactions in Philosophy_ (1709). By an able defence of his friend, James Annesley, 5th earl of Anglesey, in a suit brought against him by his wife before the House of Lords in 1701, he gained a legal reputation which he did nothing further to advance. He was sent to Ireland in 1701 to be judge of the high court of admiralty, and later became sole commissioner of the prizes, keeper of the records in the Bermingham Tower of Dublin Castle, and vicar-general to the primate. About 1708 he returned to London. He served the Tory cause by writing for _The Examiner_ before it was taken up by Swift. He wrote four pamphlets in support of Sacheverell, in the most considerable of which, "A Vindication of the Rev. Dr Henry Sacheverell ... in a Dialogue between a Tory and a Whig" (1711), he had the assistance of Charles Lambe of Christ Church and of Sacheverell himself. In December 1711 Swift obtained for King the office of gazetteer, worth from £200 to £250. King was now very poor, but he had no taste for work, and he resigned his office on the 1st of July 1712. He died on the 25th of December in the same year.

The other works of William King include: _A Journey to London, in the
year 1698_. _After the Ingenious Method of that made by Dr Martin
Lister to Paris, in the same Year ..._ (1699), which was considered by
the author to be his best work; _Adversaria, or Occasional Remarks on
Men and Manners_, a selection from his critical note-book, which shows
wide and varied reading; _Rufinus, or An Historical Essay on the
Favourite Ministry_ (1712), a satire on the duke of Marlborough. His
chief poems are: _The Art of Cookery: in imitation of Horace's Art
of Poetry_. _With some Letters to Dr Lister and Others_ (1708), one of
his most amusing works; _The Art of Love; in imitation of Ovid ..._
(1709); "Mully of Mountoun," and a burlesque "Orpheus and Eurydice." A
volume of _Miscellanies in Prose and Verse_ appeared in 1705; his
_Remains ..._ were edited by J. Brown in 1732; and in 1776 John
Nichols produced an excellent edition of his _Original Works ... with
Historical Notes and Memoirs of the Author_. Dr Johnson included him
in his _Lives of the Poets_, and his works appear in subsequent
collections.

King is not to be confused with another WILLIAM KING (1685-1763),
author of a mock-heroic poem called _The Toast_ (1736) satirizing the
countess of Newburgh, and principal of St Mary Hall, Oxford.

KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734), lord chancellor of England, was born at Exeter in 1669. In his youth he was interested in early church history, and published anonymously in 1691 _An Enquiry into the Constitution, Discipline, Unity and Worship of the Primitive Church that flourished within the first Three Hundred Years after Christ_. This treatise engaged the interest of his cousin, John Locke, the philosopher, by whose advice his father sent him to the university of Leiden, where he stayed for nearly three years. He entered the Middle Temple in 1694 and was called to the bar in 1698. In 1700 he was returned to parliament for Beer Alston in Devonshire; he was appointed recorder of Glastonbury in 1705 and recorder of London in 1708. He was chief justice of the common pleas from 1714 to 1725, when he was appointed speaker of the House of Lords and was raised to the peerage. In June of the same year he was made lord chancellor, holding office until compelled by a paralytic stroke to resign in 1733. He died at Ockham, Surrey, on the 22nd of July 1734. Lord King as chancellor failed to sustain the reputation which he had acquired at the common law bar. Nevertheless he left his mark on English law by establishing the principles that a will of immovable property is governed by the _lex loci rei sitae_, and that where a husband had a legal right to the personal estate of his wife, which must be asserted by a suit in equity, the court would not help him unless he made a provision out of the property for the wife, if she required it. He was also the author of the Act (4 Geo. II. c. 26) by virtue of which English superseded Latin as the language of the courts. Lord King published in 1702 a _History of the Apostles' Creed_ (Leipzig, 1706; Basel, 1750) which went through several editions and was also translated into Latin.

His great-great-grandson, WILLIAM (1805-1893), married in 1835 the only daughter of Lord Byron the poet, and was created earl of Lovelace in 1838. Another descendant, PETER JOHN LOCKE KING (1811-1885), who was member of parliament for East Surrey from 1847 to 1874, won some fame as an advocate of reform, being responsible for the passing of the Real Estate Charges Act of 1854, and for the repeal of a large number of obsolete laws.

KING (O. Eng. _cyning_, abbreviated into _cyng_, _cing_; cf. O. H. G. _chun- kuning_, _chun- kunig_, M.H.G. _künic_, _künec_, _künc_, Mod. Ger. _König_, O. Norse _konungr_, _kongr_, Swed. _konung_, _kung_), a title, in its actual use generally implying sovereignty of the most exalted rank. Any inclusive definition of the word "king" is, however, impossible. It always implies sovereignty, but in no special degree or sense; e.g. the sovereigns of the British Empire and of Servia are both kings, and so too, at least in popular parlance, are the chiefs of many barbarous peoples, e.g. the Zulus. The use of the title is, in fact, involved in considerable confusion, largely the result of historic causes. Freeman, indeed, in his _Comparative Politics_ (p. 138) says: "There is a common idea of kingship which is at once recognized however hard it may be to define it. This is shown among other things by the fact that no difficulty is ever felt as to translating the word king and the words which answer to it in other languages." This, however, is subject to considerable modification. "King," for instance, is used to translate the Homeric [Greek: anax] equally with the Athenian [Greek: Basileus] or the Roman _rex_. Yet the Homeric "kings" were but tribal chiefs; while the Athenian and Roman kings were kings in something more than the modern sense, as supreme priests as well as supreme rulers and lawgivers (see ARCHON; and ROME: _History_). In the English Bible, too, the title of king is given indiscriminately to the great king of Persia and to potentates who were little more than Oriental sheiks. A more practical difficulty, moreover, presented itself in international intercourse, before diplomatic conventions became, in the 19th century, more or less stereotyped. Originally the title of king was superior to that of emperor, and it was to avoid the assumption of the superior title of rex that the chief magistrates of Rome adopted the names of _Caesar_, _imperator_ and _princeps_ to signalize their authority. But with the development of the Roman imperial idea the title emperor came to mean more than had been involved in that of _rex_; very early in the history of the Empire there were subject kings; while with the Hellenizing of the East Roman Empire its rulers assumed the style of [Greek: basileus], no longer to be translated "king" but "emperor." From this Roman conception of the supremacy of the emperor the medieval Empire of the West inherited its traditions. With the barbarian invasions the Teutonic idea of kingship had come into touch with the Roman idea of empire and with the theocratic conceptions which this had absorbed from the old Roman and Oriental views of kingship. With these the Teutonic kingship had in its origin but little in common.

Etymologically the Romance and Teutonic words for king have quite distinct origins. The Latin _rex_ corresponds to the Sanskrit _rajah_, and meant originally steersman. The Teutonic king on the contrary corresponds to the Sanskrit _ganaka_, and "simply meant father, the father of a family, the king of his own kin, the father of a clan, the father of a people."[1] The Teutonic kingship, in short, was national; the king was the supreme representative of the people, "hedged with divinity" in so far as he was the reputed descendant of the national gods, but with none of that absolute theocratic authority associated with the titles of _rex_ or [Greek: basileus]. This, however, was modified by contact with Rome and Christianity. The early Teutonic conquerors had never lost their reverence for the Roman emperor, and were from time to time proud to acknowledge their inferiority by accepting titles, such as "patrician," by which this was implied. But by the coronation of Charles, king of the Franks, as emperor of the West, the German kingship was absorbed into the Roman imperial idea, a process which exercised a profound effect on the evolution of the Teutonic kingship generally. In the symmetrical political theory of medieval Europe pope and emperor were sun and moon, kings but lesser satellites; though the theory only partially and occasionally corresponded with the facts. But the elevation of Charlemagne had had a profound effect in modifying the _status_ of kingship in nations that never came under his sceptre nor under that of his successors. The shadowy claim of the emperors to universal dominion was in theory everywhere acknowledged; but independent kings hastened to assert their own dignity by surrounding themselves with the ceremonial forms of the Empire and occasionally, as in the case of the Saxon _bretwaldas_ in England, by assuming the imperial style. The mere fact of this usurpation showed that the title of king was regarded as inferior to that of emperor; and so it continued, as a matter of sentiment at least, down to the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the cheapening of the imperial title by its multiplication in the 19th century. To the last, moreover, the emperor retained the prerogative of creating kings, as in the case of the king of Prussia in 1701, a right borrowed and freely used by the emperor Napoleon. Since 1814 the title of king has been assumed or bestowed by a consensus of the Powers; e.g. the elector of Hanover was made king by the congress of Vienna (1814), and _per contra_ the title of king was refused to the elector of Hesse by the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818). In general the title of king is now taken to imply a sovereign and independent international position. This was implied in the recognition of the title of king in the rulers of Greece, Rumania, Servia and Bulgaria when these countries were declared absolutely independent of Turkey. The fiction of this independent sovereignty is preserved even in the case of the kings of Bavaria, Saxony and Württemberg, who are technically members of a free confederation of sovereign states, but are not independent, since their relations with foreign Powers are practically controlled by the king of Prussia as German emperor.

Divine Right of Kings.