Chapter XXXIV: Appendix: D

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The works enumerated in this bibliography are such as may usually be found in the larger public libraries, or are available to members of the London Library. In most cases a few words of description are added, and the whole list has been so classified that the reader--it is hoped--will be able without much difficulty to pick out those volumes which will best help him whether to a general view or in gathering detailed information on specific points.

* * * * *

To a student "taking up" the Tudor period, the best brief general introduction, as a preliminary survey of the whole subject is to be found-- judging from the writer's early experiences--in two small volumes in the "Epoch" Series (Longmans), Seebohm's _Era of the Protestant Revolution,_ and Creighton's _Age of Elizabeth._

The continuous narrative, _in extenso,_ is presented consecutively in _The Tudor Period,_ vol. i., by W. Busch (translated by A. M. Todd) for Henry VII.: Brewer's _Henry VIII._ (2 vols.) for Henry VIII. to the fall of Wolsey: Froude's _History of England_ (12 vols.) from the fall of Wolsey to the Armada--cautious though the reader must be; with Major Martin Hume's _Treason and Plot_ for Elizabeth's closing years.

Proceeding to the detailed list; the first division gives authorities covering all sections of the Tudor Period. Then, under each reign, are the authorities for that reign, selected as being on the whole the most prominent or the most informing. These are divided into contemporary, _i.e._ Tudor; Intermediate; and Modern, _i.e._ publications (roughly) of the last half century. Further classification is introduced, where it seems likely to be of assistance.

TUDOR PERIOD CONTEMPORARY

The _Carew Papers_ (Ireland).

_Four Masters, Chronicle of The:_ Celtic Chronicles, collated and translated _circa_ 1632 by four Irish Priests. Hakluyt's _Voyages_.

The _Hatfield Papers_ (Historical MSS. Commission). The period before Elizabeth occupies only half of vol. i.; the rest of which, with the following volumes of the series, is devoted to that reign. Rymer's _Foedera_. Stow, _Annals_ and _Survey of London and Westminster_.

INTERMEDIATE

Hallam's _Constitutional History of England_. A valuable study of the constitutional aspects of the period; and especially of the attitude of the Government to the great religious sections of the community.

Hook's _Lives of the Archbishops_; a work somewhat coloured by the author's ecclesiastical predilections.

Lingard's _History of England_; a fair-minded account written avowedly from a Roman Catholic point of view. Valuable data have however been brought to light since Lingard wrote.

Von Ranke's _Englische Geschichte_, translated as "_History of England principally in the seventeenth century_": not a detailed history of this period, but marked by the Author's keen historical insight.

------ _History of the Popes_, for those aspects of the period suggested by the title: see also Macaulay's _Essay_ on this work.

Strype's _Ecclesiastical Memorials_, containing transcripts of many important documents. The compiler however occasionally went astray; as in a remarkable instance noted at p. 129.

MODERN

Ashley, W. J., _Introduction to English Economic History_. Brown, P. Hume, _History of Scotland_.

_Cambridge Modern History_: vol. ii., The Reformation. Useful for reference, and containing a very full bibliography of the subject. Cc. xiii.-xvi. deal more particularly with England. Also vol. iii., The Wars of Religion.

Chambers, _Cyclopaedia of English Literature_, containing useful surveys, criticisms, and extracts. [New edition.]

Chambers, E. K., _The Mediaeval Stage_, invaluable prolegomena to a History of the Elizabethan stage as yet unwritten. Clowes, Sir W. Laird, _The Royal Navy_; vol. i.

Cunningham, W., _Growth of English Industry and Commerce_: the best Economic Authority. _Dictionary of National Biography_.

Green, J. R., _Short History of the English People_, admirably reproducing the atmosphere of the period.

Lang, Andrew, _History of Scotland_, vols. i. and ii.: a strong corrective to the ordinary English treatment of Scottish relations.

Morley, Henry, _English Writers_; partly critical, partly consisting of numerous and ample extracts.

Rait, J. S., _Relations between England and Scotland, 500 to 1707_. A short study.

Rogers, Thorold, _Six Centuries of Work and Wages_, and _History of Agriculture and Prices_.

_Social England_, edd. H. D. Traill and J. S. Mann. Contributions by leading authorities, dealing at length with aspects commonly neglected in Political Histories.

Stubbs (Bishop), _Seventeen Lectures on the Study of Medieval and Modern History_; and _Lectures on European History_ (pub. 1904, delivered twenty-five years earlier); very useful to the student, from their extremely lucid method.

HENRY VII CONTEMPORARY

André, Bernard, _De Vita atque gestis Henrici Septimi_, and _Annales Henrici Septimi_ (to be found in Gairdner's _Memorials, infra_). André was the court historiographer, and was blind. Honest, but not altogether trustworthy, or adequate.

Fabyan, Robert, _New Chronicles of England and France_, (supplement), ed. Ellis: and _London Chronicle_: both, in their present form, probably summaries from the original record compiled by Fabyan as the events took place; upon which original it would seem that both Hall and Stow largely based their Chronicles of the reign.

Hall, Edward, _Chronicle_: compiled chiefly from Polydore Vergil, and Fabyan for this reign. For Henry VIII., he is literally a contemporary.

_Italian Relation, An_, (Author unknown: ed. Camden Society), by an Italian visitor to England.

_Letters and Papers, Richard III. and Henry VII._, ed. Gairdner.

_Letters and Papers Henry VIII._, (vols. i. and ii.) ed. Brewer.

_Letters, Despatches and State Papers_, from Simancas, ed. Bergenroth. Spanish relations.

Lyndsay of Pitscottie, _Historie of Scotland_: picturesque but not too trustworthy.

Macchiavelli, N., _The Prince_. An interesting contrast to the political philosophy of the _Utopia_.

_Memorials of Henry VII._, ed. Gairdner: contemporary records.

More, Sir T., _Utopia_, first book (illustrating social and economic conditions).

_Paston Letters_, ed. Gairdner; correspondence of the Paston family.

Polydore Vergil, _Historiae Anglicae Libri_. P. V. was an Italian who came to England in 1502. For the earlier years of Henry VII. he had access to good sources of information; for the latter years he was a witness, but with the inevitable limitations of a foreign observer.

INTERMEDIATE

Bacon, Francis, _History of the Reign of King Henry VII._ This has been the basis of all the popular histories, for the reign. It is often referred to as "contemporary". But Bacon was not born till fifty years after Henry's death, and did not write the history till he was over fifty himself. His work contains much that is merely rhetorical amplification of above named contemporary authorities, with occasional imaginative variations and misreadings: nor does he appear to have had additional sources of information.

Ware, _De Hibernia;_ a supplement to which contains annals of Irish History in the reign of Henry VII.; written in the time of Charles I.

MODERN

Busch, Wilhelm, _England under the Tudors,_ vol. i., Henry VII. Translated by A. M. Todd. The one complete and thorough account of the reign, with an exhaustive examination of the authorities: and notes by J. Gairdner.

Gairdner, J., _Henry VII._ (Twelve English Statesmen series), an admirable study but with less detail; written before Busch's work was published.

Seebohm, F., _The Oxford Reformers,_ Colet, Erasmus and More: an illuminating study.

HENRY VIII

CONTEMPORARY: A. DOCUMENTARY

_Calendar of State Papers_

(1) _State Papers, Henry VIII._ A series of eleven volumes edited before the commencement of the series next named. These are referred to in this work as "S. P."; and the next series mentioned, as "L. & P."

(2) _Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the reign of Henry VIII._ Vols. i.-iv. ed. Brewer, vols. v. ff. ed. J. Gairdner and others. Dr. Brewer carried his work down to the fall of Wolsey, arranging all available documents so far as possible chronologically, but without other classification. His introductions have been edited as two solid volumes (_v. infra_) by Dr. Gairdner. The subsequent editors were restricted as to the length of introduction permitted but the same system of arrangement is followed. Throughout, all documents of any importance are transcribed with fulness.

(3) _State Papers, Venetian,_ (4) _State Papers, Ireland,_ (5) (State Papers, Spanish;_ all official collections throwing some light on (various aspects of the history. [2, 3, and 5 belong to the Rolls series.]

_Hamilton Papers_ (Scotland) 2 vols.: full transcriptions of the Hamilton collection of Papers.

_Letters of Thomas Cromwell,_ ed. Merriman, a complete collection of all the available letters of Cromwell, with a historical survey.

B. CHRONICLES AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS

Buchanan, G., _History of Scotland;_ the author was an excellent scholar but a violent partisan with a rudimentary idea of evidence.

Cavendish, _Life of Cardinal Wolsey_. The author was a member of Wolsey's household, from 1526, and regarded him with affection and admiration.

Fabyan: see under Henry VII.

Fish, Simon, _The Supplicacyon for the Beggers,_ a pamphlet illustrating the most extravagant anti-clerical attitude, just before Wolsey's fall.

Foxe, J., _Acts and Monuments,_ commonly known as the "_Book of Martyrs_". The work of a strong but honest partisan and a good hater. _Narratives of the Reformation_ by the same author.

Hall's Chronicle: see under Henry VII.

Holinshed, Raphael, _Chronicle_: compiled in the reign of Elizabeth. It forms with Hall's Chronicle, the basis of the popular impressions of English History down to Elizabeth, partly no doubt because Shakespeare, drawing upon those works, has made those popular impressions permanent.

Knox, John, _History of the Reformation;_ less valuable perhaps as a record of facts set forth with a strong bias than as a revelation of the mental attitude of the great Reformer and his followers.

Latimer, Hugh, _Sermons_.

Lyndsay, Sir David, _Poetical Works,_ for Social and Ecclesiastical conditions in Scotland.

Lyndsay of Pitscottie, _Historie of Scotland_. See under Henry VII.

More, Thomas, _Utopia_ (1516) expresses the ideas of an advanced political thinker, and incidentally, directly or by implication, conveys much information as to prevalent social economic and intellectual conditions.

Pole, Reginald (Cardinal), _Epistolae,_ illustrating the Cardinal's own views.

Roper, W., _Life of Sir T. More,_ whose son-in-law the author was.

Sanders, Nicholas, _History of the Anglican Schism_ presented from the extreme (contemporary) Catholic point of view.

Skelton, J., _Poems_.

Macchiavelli, N., _The Prince_.

INTERMEDIATE

Burnet, Gilbert, _History of the Reformation;_ painstaking, liberal-minded and Orthodox, but requiring modification in the light of later information.

Prescott, _Conquest of Mexico and Peru_: the classical work on the subject.

Robertson, _Charles V_.

Strype, _Memorials of Cranmer_.

MODERN: A. GENERAL

Armstrong, E., _Charles V_., the best record of the Emperor's career.

Brewer, J. S., _The Reign of Henry VIII._: Introductions to the vols. of "L. & P." to the fall of Wolsey: edited in 2 vols. by J. Gairdner. Incomparable as an examination and exposition of the Cardinal's career.

Creighton (Bishop), _Wolsey_ (in the Twelve English Statesmen series), practically an exposition of Brewer for the general reader.

Froude, J. A., _History of England_ from the fall of Wolsey to the defeat of the Armada. An English classic, but an unsafe guide. Mr. Froude studied and made use of an immense mass of evidence not before available; but his transcriptions and summaries are not always distinguishable nor always accurate. He was unable to describe otherwise than picturesquely and impressively, and his colouring of events is frequently imaginative; he was overpowered by an anti-clerical passion and an almost blind enthusiasm for Henry VIII.

Oppenheim, M., _History of the Administration of the Royal Navy, etc._

Seebohm, F., _Era of the Protestant Revolution_ ("Epoch" series), professedly for school use, but extremely useful to even advanced students.

Pollard, A. F., _Henry VIII.;_ a sumptuous study.

MODERN: B. REFORMATION

Dixon, R. W., _History of the English Church_ (vols. i. and ii.): actually, of the Reformation in England, down to Elizabeth. Further volumes have however been added. The author holds a brief against the anti-clericals of every kind; his view may be summarised as Anglo-Catholic: the precise antithesis of Froude. He is full and careful in his documentary evidence, but is so persistently ironical as occasionally to convey _prima facie_ an impression diametrically opposed to what was intended.

Gairdner, J., _History of the English Church in the Sixteenth Century,_ concluding with the death of Mary. An admirably judicial survey, with a moderate predilection for the Conservative side.

Gasquet, F. A., _Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries,_ and _The Eve of the Reformation_. Very able and judicial statements of the case for Home and the loyal Roman Catholics.

Innes, A. D., _Cranmer and the English Reformation_ (in "The World's Epoch Makers"): a short study.

Mason, A. J., _Thomas Cranmer_ (in "Leaders of Religion"): a short study.

Moore, Aubrey, _History of the Reformation_. This volume consists almost entirely of notes, varying in fulness, for courses of lectures delivered by Canon Moore. The student will find them of much assistance in classifying and correlating events, and touched with flashes of insight. The High Anglican position is taken for granted throughout.

Pollard, A. F., _Cranmer_ (in "Heroes of the Reformation" series); somewhat fuller than the above-mentioned studies.

Seebohm, F., _The Oxford Reformers_. (See under Henry VII.)

Taunton, E., _Thomas Wolsey, Reformer and Legate_--from the Roman point of view.

Westcott (Bishop), _History of the English Bible_.

EDWARD VI

CONTEMPORARY: A. DOCUMENTARY

_Calendar of State Papers, Edward VI., etc., Domestic;_ vol. i. (Rolls.) Little more than a catalogue. Somewhat amplified by the Addenda in vol. vi.

_Calendar of State Papers, Edward VI., Foreign,_ 1 vol. (Rolls.) Fairly full.

_Calendar of Scottish State Papers,_ Ed. Bain.

_Hamilton Papers_ (Scotland).

B. CHRONICLES AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS

Buchanan, _History of Scotland_.

Foxe, _Acts and Monuments_.

Holinshed, _Chronicle_.

Knox, _History of the Reformation_.

Lyndsay of Pitscottie, _Historie of Scotland_.

_Literary Remains of Edward VI.,_ Ed. Nichols.

Pole, Reginald, _Epistolae_.

Sanders, Nicholas, _History of the Anglican Schism_.

Smith, Sir T., _De Republica Anglorum_

INTERMEDIATE

As for Henry VIII.

MODERN: A. GENERAL

Armstrong, E., _Charles V._

Dicey, A. V., _The Privy Council_.

Froude, J. A., _History of England_. In this and the next reign, Mr. Froude is much less erratic.

Oppenheim, M., _The Royal Navy, etc._

Pollard, A. F., _England under Protector Somerset_. The best work on the time; though the impression given of Somerset is somewhat more favourable than the facts quite warrant, the rehabilitation was to a great extent necessary and justified. Much information as to authorities is given in the bibliography.

Tytler, P. F., _England in the Reigns of Edward VI. and Mary_.

B. REFORMATION

Dixon, _History of the English Church,_ vols. iii, iv.

Gairdner, J., _History of the English Church in the Sixteenth Century._

Gasquet, F. A., _Edward VI. and the Book of Common Prayer_.

Innes, A. D., _Cranmer and the English Reformation_.

Mason, A. J., _Thomas Cranmer_.

Moore, Aubrey, _History of the Reformation_.

Pollard, A, F., _Cranmer_.

MARY

CONTEMPORARY

_Calendar of State Papers, Mary, Foreign,_ 1 vol.

Otherwise, the list of contemporary authorities is the same as for Edward VI., with some omissions. The _Domestic Calendar, Edward VI., etc._ (vol. i.) extends on to 1580: and the remaining vols. to the end of Elizabeth bear the same title.

INTERMEDIATE

As for Henry VIII.

MODERN

Stone, J. M., _Mary I. Queen of England_ takes the place of _England under Protector Somerset_ for Edward VI. The facts are fairly and honestly stated; though the perspective differs considerably from that of Protestant writers, the bias is not nearly so marked as in the same writer's work on the _Renaissance_: and the portrait of Mary herself is probably the truest we have.

Otherwise, the list for Edward VI. is practically repeated for Mary.

ELIZABETH

CONTEMPORARY: A. DOCUMENTARY

_Calendar of State Papers, Edward VI., etc., Domestic_: (Rolls). Vol. i. 1547-80. A meagre catalogue. Vol. ii. 1580-90, somewhat less meagre. Vols. iii.-vi. 1590-1603, generally full transcriptions; but the Introductions are of much less use to the student than in _Henry VIII. L. & P.,_ or the other "Rolls" series of Elizabeth. Vols. vi. and vii., addenda to vols. i. and ii.; the description, as for vols. iii-vi.

_Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, Elizabeth_: (Rolls). 14 vols., 1558-81. Very full and informing; the introductions being very useful guides to the contents.

_Calendar of State Papers, Irish_: (Rolls). Sufficiently full and satisfactory.

_Calendar of State Papers, Spanish_: (Rolls). 1558-1603. Selected and translated by Major Martin Hume, chiefly from the Simancas archives. Very valuable, and full for most of the period.

_Slate Papers relating to the Spanish Armada_: 2 vols.: ed. Professor Laughton, whose Introduction is of great interest. _Sidle Papers: Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_. _Hamilton Papers_. _Hardwicke Papers_. _Letters of Mary Queen of Scots_: ed. A. Strickland. _Statutes and Constitutional Documents_: ed G. W. Prothero.

B. CHRONICLES AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS

Buchanan, _History of Scotland_. Camden, W., _Britannia_, a survey of the realm, and _Annals of Queen_ _Elizabeth_. Foxe, J., _Book of Martyrs_. Holinshed, _Chronicle_. Knox, John, _Works_. Lesley, John (Bishop of Ross), _History of Scotland_. The Bishop was in constant diplomatic employment, on behalf of Mary. Lyndsay of Pitscottie, _Historie of Scotland_, ending 1563. _Marprelate_ Tracts. Sanders, N., _History of the Anglican Schism_. Raleigh, Sir W., _Works;_ notably _The Discovery of Guiana_, _The Fight at_ _the Azores_, and the _Relation of the Cadiz Action_. But the works contain _passim_ discussions which throw light on contemporary history. Spenser, E., _Faerie Queen_, Book I.; the Elizabethan spirit embodied in poetry. Not less necessary to a sympathetic understanding of the times than the Canterbury Tales, or Milton's Poems, for other periods.

INTERMEDIATE

Burnet, _History of the Reformation_. Macaulay, Lord, Essay on _Burleigh and his Times_, ostensibly a critique on the Nares Biography. Nares, E., _Memoirs of Lord Burleigh_. Neal, D., _History of the Puritans_. Strype, _Annals of the Reformation_; and _Lives of Parker_, _Grindal_, and _Whitgift_. Wright, T., _Queen Elisabeth and her Times_.

MODERN

Beesley, E. S., _Queen Elizabeth_ in the Twelve English Statesmen series. Rather a biography than a history; _i.e._ the Queen's personality holds almost exclusive possession of the stage. Brown, P. Hume, _Scotland in the Time of Queen Mary_; a study of social conditions, not politics or persons, in Scotland; inferentially, useful to the student of English social conditions.

Corbett, J., _Drake and the Tudor Navy_, 2 vols., the most complete study of the Naval development under Elizabeth. Indispensable for this subject. Also _Drake_ in the English Men of Action series.

Creighton (Bishop), _Queen Elizabeth_.

Dixon, _History of the English Church_.

Fleming, D. Hay, _Mary Queen of Scots; (to her captivity in England).

Frere, W. H., _History of the English Church_.

Froude, _History of England_, vols. vii.-xii.; closing with the Armada. Mary Queen of Scots is the wicked heroine, Burghley the hero, the dramatic presentation of other characters depending largely on--and varying with--their relations to these two. These preconceptions must be borne in mind, in following a most fascinating narrative. Mr. Froude accumulated an unprecedented quantity of evidence, but does not always present it with accuracy, or weigh its value. The _Elizabethan Seamen_ is also an interesting and graphic study.

Harrison, F., _William the Silent_, in the "Foreign Statesmen" series.

Hosack, J., _Mary Queen of Scots and her Accusers_, a vigorous presentation of the case on Mary's behalf.

Hume, Martin: (1) _The Courtships of Queen Elizabeth_--a special aspect of the reign which called for a specific treatment. (2) _The Love Affairs of Mary Queen of Scots_ treated from the political, not the dramatic, point of view. (3) _The Great Lord Burghley_, a sympathetic study. (4) _The Year after the Armada_, to be read in conjunction with Corbett's _Drake_. (5) _Treason and Plot_, the best account of the Queen's closing years. (6) _Life of Sir Walter Ralegh_. (7) Introductions to the _State Papers, Spanish, Elizabeth_.

Jusserand, J. J., _The Elizabethan Novel_, a very interesting study, by a Frenchman, of this particular literary development; and _A Literary History of the English People_.

Lang, Andrew, _The Mystery of Mary Stewart_, a most ingenious examination of a practically insoluble problem: performed in the true spirit of historical investigation. The conclusions, with a less exhaustive treatment of the evidence, are presented in the _History of Scotland_--which is also a running criticism on English affairs as they affected, or were affected by, Scotland.

Laughton, Introduction to the _State Papers relating to the Armada_.

Lee, Sidney, _Life of Shakespeare_; and _Great Englishmen of the Sixteenth Century_.

Moore, Aubrey, _History of the Reformation_.

Motley, J. R., _Rise of the Dutch Republic_, the classical work on the subject.

Oppenheim, M., _History of the Administration of the Royal Navy, etc._

Procter, F., and Frere, W. H., _New History of the Book of Common Prayer_.

Rodd, Sir Rennell, _Raleigh_ in English Men of Action series.

Seeley, Sir J. R., _The Expansion of England_, lecture v.; and, _The Growth of British Policy_ from Elizabeth to William III. (2 vols.).

Sichel, E., _Catherine de Medici_, etc.; an account of some leading characters on the Continent.

Skelton, J., _Maitland of Lethington_, an able study of the "Scottish Macchiavelli".

Tomlinson, J. R., _The Prayer-Book, Articles, Homilies_--from a strongly "Protestant" point of view.

End of Project Gutenberg's England Under the Tudors, by Arthur D. Innes