Chapter LVII: Section VI: Finance and Foreign Trade (3)

Boroughs and towns, 10-25, 279-312;
in Domesday Book, 4;
affiliation of, 112, 124;
assessment of wages by, 315;
bakehouses in, 13;
bondmen received in, 121, 125;
charters to (_see_ Charters);
charters to, confiscated 257;
courts in, 12, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 125, 129, 131, 132;
crimes in, fines and forfeitures for, 14, 15;
customs in, 10-14;
bequest of burgages, 117;
cannemol, 133;
gyeresyeve, 120;
scotale, 120;
decay of, alleged, 180, 425;
election of officers in, 118, 120, 121, 257;
exclusiveness of, 118;
farmers of, 131;
farms of, 10-14, 37, 119, 123, 292;
fines, gersums, in, 12;
gildhalls in, 4, 10, 129, 137, 141, 142, 144;
hansing-silver exacted in, 128;
hosting in, 160;
hosting of aliens in, 197-199, 209, 212, 213;
housecarles in, 14;
hue and cry in, 160;
Jewries in, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50;
the king's, tallage assessed on, 35;
king's demesne in, 13;
lords of, 32;
lords of, disputes with and complaints against, 123, 128, 131;
mayors and bailiffs of, 32, 48, 118, 121, 122, 130, 132, 136-145, 147,
157, 160, 165, 166, 172-175, 181, 189, 192, 195, 200-202, 206, 214, 216,
231, 282-284, 294-297, 299, 303, 309, 327-329, 332, 333, 340, 366, 367,
370-372;
origin of, 111;
reeves of, 10, 32, 155;
rents in, 10, 13, 14, 15;
rents in, enhancement of, 521;
sanitary conditions in, in nineteenth century, 519, 520;
do, recommendations for improvement of, 614-616;
stewards of, 117, 118;
supervision of strangers in, 160;
watch and ward in, 160, 389
(_see also_ Market Towns)

Borough tolls, 10, 112, 119-123, 125-127, 131-135, 212, 282;
disputes touching, 121, 126;
exemption from, 119, 120, 121, 124, 126, 127;
exemption of Jews from, 45;
intermunicipal agreement on, 126
(_see also_ Lastage, Murage, Passage, Pavage, Pesage, Pontage,
Stallage)

Bracton, quotations from, 75_n._, 97_n._, 126

Bracton's Note Book, 88-90, 92, 93, 95-97

Brewers, Stuart patent for licensing, 473

Bridewells, 370, 371
(_see also_ Houses of Correction, Workhouses)

Brokerage, 422, 423

Bullion, export of, 203, 216-223, 398, 416, 419, 420, 668, 671, 672;
free coinage of, at the Mint, 674
(_see also_ Currency, Mint).

Burgage tenure, 117

Cabots, the, 400-402

Calico-printers, journeymen, grievances of, 573-576

Capital, discussion on employment of, in factories, 606, 607

Capitalism, Disraeli's protest against domination of, 710, 711;
growth of, 668;
in textile industries, 314, 315, 317, 320-322;
in agriculture, 228

Capitalists, 561;
mercantile, 280

Cartbote, 242

Cecil, Lord, industrial programme of, 323-324

Chancery, court of, 106, 146, 150, 236;
appeals to, by an alleged villein, 100;
by copyholders, 85, 234, 241;
by a craftsman, 148, 199;
by a woolmerchant, 186;
touching usury, 201;
certifications into, 328;
equitable jurisdiction of, 87, 148_n._, 228;
original writs of, 48;
patents to make writs and file bills in, 441, 442;
protection of customary tenure in, 87_n._, 228, 235, 241

Chantries, 286-293

Charters, 152, 153;
of Henry II., 45, 124, 308;
of Richard I., 125;
of John, 44, 121, 122, 124, 126, 158;
of Henry III., 119, 124, 126, 127, 192;
of Edward I., 158, 164, 208, 211;
of Edward III., 119_n._, 211;
of Gilbert de Clare, 116;
to alien towns and merchants, 152, 192, 194, 199, 208, 211;
to boroughs, 116, 119, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127;
to craft-gilds and companies, 144, 303, 308, 399, 427, 454, 461.

Chartists, 618;
manifestoes of, 618, 641, 642.

Chevage, 72, 73, 74, 75

Child-labour, 436;
half-timers, 613;
Oastler's campaign against, 544, 592-594;
in coalmines, 516-9, 598, 599;
in factories, 480, 495, 496, 502-505, 510-516, 544, 571-573, 591-595,
600, 609, 610, 612-614;
in woollen industry, 483

Children's Employment Commission, 600, 603.

Churches, free fees of, exempted from taxation, 33

Churchwardens, administrative duties of, touching labour and poor
relief, 324, 648

Civil War, the, 310, 399, 475

Cloth, assize of, 152, 154, 155, 319;
suspension of, 319, 320;
aulnage of, 163, 164;
customs on (_see Customs_);
industry (_see_ Woollen Cloth);
retailing of, 131 (_see also_ Woollen Cloth)

Coal Industry, commission on employment in, 480, 516-519;
condition of, in 18th century, 479, 491-492;
act regulating, 598;
dispute between employers and workmen in, 625;
hours of labour in, 517-519;
inspectors of, 598;
production, transport and distribution in, 491, 492;
regulation of prices and limitation of output in, 497-499;
woman and child labour in, 516-519, 598, 599

Coin, clipping of, 678

Colonial preference, 708

Colonies, advantages of, 434-438;
effect of Navigation Act on, 672-674;
wages in, 315, 360

Combinations, of masters, 590, 634;
of journeymen, 138-141, 196, 549, 560, 583, 590, 617-643;
of agricultural labourers, 105-110, 552, 553, 618, 638-641;
of bricklayers, 624;
of carpenters, 624;
of coach-makers, curriers, farriers, smiths and sailmakers, 623;
of coalminers, 625;
of feltmakers, 617, 619-622;
of joiners, 624;
of tailors, 617, 618, 622-624;
of woolcombers, 617, 626

Combination Acts, 575, 618, 626, 627-631, 633, 636-638;
repeal of, 633

Commissions, Royal, on depopulation, 276, 277_n_;
on enclosure, 229, 262, 262_n._;
on child labour, 600, 603;
on health in towns, 614-616;
on industrial conditions, in textile industry, 316;
in coal mines, 480, 516-519;
on Poor Law, 661;
petitions for, 260

Common fields, 54;
disadvantages of, 527;
distribution of strips in, 22, 55, 73, 76;
enclosure of, 73, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 540, 541;
regulation of, 76-79;
system, 54

Common Law, and copyholders, 86, 87, 88, 228, 241, 255;
and enclosure, 88, 89, 271;
and villeinage, 89-97;
and restraint of trade, 305-307, 315, 361, 362;
and engrossing of corn, 393;
and monopolies, 466;
and combinations, 618, 634-636

Common pasture, 57, 58, 77, 88, 89, 259, 531;
enclosure of, 88, 89, 257;
in boroughs, 119;
rights of, stinted by agreement, 256

Commons or Wastes, 54, 249;
enclosure of, 54, 55, 63, 64, 87, 88, 244, 256, 257, 526-529, 532,
534, 540, 541;
encroachments on, 54, 63, 64, 542;
objection to lords commoning on, 248;
rights on, 54, 529, 531, 534, 535, 538, 541

Companies, Industrial, 280 (_see also_ Craft-gilds, Mining);
Stuart patents of incorporation of, revoked, 474

Companies, Mercantile, monopoly of, discussed, 443-453;
Staplers, 153, 178-186, 484, 485;
Merchant Adventurers, 302, 398, 399, 402-404, 446, 447, 449, 450,
452, 453, 454;
new company of, incorporation of, 454-460;
East India Company, interlopers and, 675;
Eastland Company, 399;
Muscovy Company, 399, 449, 450, 452, 453;
Turkey Company, 431, 450

Co-operative Societies, 618, 643

Copyhold, 228, 234-240, 248-250, 254-259, 326, 527, 528, 538;
conversion of, to leasehold, 538;
eviction from, 85-87 (_see also_ Customary holdings, Villeinage)

Copyholders, 228, 244;
of inheritance, 258 (_see also_ Customary tenants, Villeins)

Corn-badgers, 365, 375-377, 385, 386;
-carriers, 326, 375, 376, 385, 487, 488;
-factors, 487-491;
engrossing and engrossers of, 376, 386, 389, 391-396;
export and import of, 398, 407-411, 424, 428-430, 487;
do., discussed, 274, 407-412;
Laws, of 1815, 697;
do., debates on, 692, 705;
do., repeal of, 523;
price of, fluctuations in, 368;
do., means of enhancing, 407-412;
production of, fluctuations in, 273-275;
regulation of price and distribution of, 367, 368, 374-378, 385, 386,
389, 391-396;
trade, condition of, in 18th century, 479, 487-491 (_see also_
Customs)

Coroners, 27, 38, 39

Cost of living, in 19th century, 521

Costermongers, excluded from operation of Statute of Artificers, 356

Cotters, cotmen, 5, 9, 61, 63, 65, 242

Cotton industry, in the 18th and 19th centuries, 545, 546, 571, 572,
576, 577;
arbitration on disputes in, 544, 568-571;
depression of wages in, 500, 501;
fluctuations in, 480;
introduction of power loom weaving in, 505-510;
petition of journeymen in, to House of Commons, 480, 500 (_see also_
Factories)

Council, the King's, 48;
Privy, 328, 455, 473, 474;
intervention of, 229;
for the protection of tenants, 266;
for the regulation of wages, 316;
for the regulation of prices, 365, 368;
for the relief of the poor, 363, 364, 379, 382-384, 390, 649;
of the North, 429, 430;
of Wales, 429, 430

Council, Orders in, effect of, on industry and commerce, 480, 691

County courts, 34, 94

Courts, Royal (_see_ Chancery, Requests, Star Chamber, Wards and
Liveries)

Craft-gilds, 111, 131, 133, 279, 315;
adulterine, 114-116;
censured, 296;
charters to, protected in the Statute of Monopolies, 467;
common box of, 136, 137;
control of trade and industry by, 136-147, 284, 297-299, 300, 303,
307-311, 345;
dependence of industrial on mercantile, 302-305;
election of officers of, 137, 138, 142, 145, 309, 310, 311;
exclusiveness of, 142, 143, 145, 280, 282, 299, 307, 361;
incorporation of, 113, 144, 305, 308, 474;
litigation of, 311;
the livery of, 310;
monopoly of, 280, 306, 311;
municipal control of, 137-144, 147;
ordinances of, 136-144, 195-197, 297;
state supervision of, 113, 279, 284, 285, 286, 306, 307;
religious aspect of, 136, 137, 139, 140, 144, 145, 280, 289, 290;
restraint of trading by, 469;
(_see also_ Apprentices, Journeymen, Yeomanry)

Craft-gilds and Companies of London, Clothworkers, 300-302;
Feltmakers, 302;
incorporation of, 303;
Haberdashers, 302-304;
incorporation of, 144-146;
Weavers, alien, ordinances of, 195-197;
Whitetawyers, ordinances of, 136-138

Craftsmen, alien, ordinances of, 195;
classification of, in Tudor period, 414;
desire of, for cheap corn, 409;
for protection, 426;
excessive prices charged by, 165, 166, 168, 169;
excluded from operation of Statute of Artificers, 356;
licensed to exercise more than one craft, 70;
limited to one craft, 70, 294, 295, 306, 321 (_see also_
Apprentices, Industry, Journeymen, Labour, Labourers, Prices, Wages)

Credit, trading on, 305, 416-418, 420-424, 493-495

Crown, indebtedness of the, 153, 416-418

Currency, condition of, in fourteenth century, 217-223;
in seventeenth century, 668, 677, 678;
debasement of, 398, 405, 406, 416-418;
discussions on, 220, 405;
provisions for, 180, 181;
recoinage of Queen Elizabeth, 419, 677;
recoinage of 1696, 668, 677, 678 (_see also_ Bullion, Mint)

Customary holdings, 228;
alienation of, 243, 258;
bequest of, 233, 234;
cotlands, 63;
custom touching inheritance of, 233, 234;
dayworks, 64;
division of, among heirs, 232;
eviction from, 254, 255, 263;
fines for entry on, 66, 67, 68, 69, 86, 229, 233, 235, 238, 239, 240,
249, 251, 259;
do., enhancement of, 229, 249, 251, 253, 255, 265;
forelands, 62;
forfeited, 242, 243;
lease of, 55, 76, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 91, 235, 238, 241, 242, 254,
255, 258, 259;
oxgangs, 258;
sale and purchase of, 233, 234;
yardlands, 242 (_see also_ Copyhold, Landmeasures, Leasehold, Manor)

Customary tenants, 5-9, 23, 24, 54, 80-86, 228, 232-246, 251-255;
eviction of, 364;
grant of manor to, 81;
lease of manor to, 81 (_see also_ Bordiers, Copyholders, Cotters,
Manor, Serfs, Villeins)

Customary tenure, 54, 55

Customs, the, in Middle Ages, 203, 207-216;
in London and the outports, contrasted, 445;
in American colonies, suggested, 673;
on imports, 211-216, 401;
exemption of the Cabots from, 401;
on cloth, 403, 412, 417, 440, 459, 469, 471;
on coal, 472;
on exported corn, 398, 407, 430;
on wine, 208, 214;
on wool, 207, 215, 407, 413

Debt, the National, 676, 677;
measures for reduction of, 679-681

Debts, recovery of, in Middle Ages, 161-163, 192

Defoe, Daniel, his accounts of eighteenth century industrial and trade
conditions, 482-492;
his criticism of Poor Laws, 649

Demesne, ancient, 36, 89;
tenants of, 36, 55, 90, 91

Demesne lands, in boroughs, 132;
in manors, 6, 9, 16, 17, 32, 33, 54, 56, 57, 64, 228, 237, 238, 240,
245, 246, 254, 258, 259;
farmers of, 228;
lease of, 259;
lying in scattered strips, 76

Demesnes, the king's, 21, 36, 161;
tallage assessed on, 35, 65

Depopulation, caused by the Black Death, 65-68, 102, 164;
in rural districts, 267, 269, 395, 531, 536;
acts against, 229, 260, 270_n._, 315

_Dialogus de Scaccario_, 4_n._

Diminishing Returns, Law of, 272

Discovery, voyages of, 400-402

Disraeli, Benjamin, protest of, against capitalist domination, 710, 711

Domesday Book, 3, 4, 20, 40_n_, 54;
extracts from, 9-17

Domestic System, 355, 483, 508

Dorchester Agricultural Labourers Union, 618, 638-641;
rules of, 640, 641

Dyeing, English and foreign, 155, 432, 433

Dyers of Bristol, ordinances of, 141-144

Eastland Merchants, 399

Economic theory and opinion, in eighteenth century, 488, 559, 590, 668;
of state regulation, 365 (_see also_ Mercantile Theory)

Education, of working classes, 611, 711 (_see also_ Schools,
industrial)

Edward I, charters of, 158, 164;
enquiry of, touching royal rights and feudal liberties, 36-40

Enclosures of land, in Middle Ages, 54, 229;
in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 229, 247, 248_n._, 389;
in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, 482, 483, 523-542;
advocated, 526, 527;
effect of, on cottagers, 532;
expense of fencing, 535, 539;
petition against, 531;
speeches in House of Commons on, 270-275;
statutes against, 247;
by Act of Parliament, 523, 528, 532-542;
do., expense of, 532, 535_n._;
by agreement ratified in Chancery, 523, 525, 526, 530;
of arable, 260-277, 408;
of common fields, 73, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 540, 541;
of common pasture, 88, 89, 257;
of waste, 54, 55, 87, 88, 244, 526-529, 532, 534, 540, 541;
Consolidating Act, 537;
General Act, 541

Encroachments (_see_ Purprestures)

Escheat (_see_ Feudal Incidents)

Escheators, 20, 23-26, 30, 31, 40, 107-110, 249, 250;
offences of, 40;
office of, 20, 21

Exchange, letters of, 421-424

Exchanges, foreign, fluctuations and manipulation of, 398, 416-424;
tax on, 398, 420-424;
certifications into, 35, 47;
fines paid in, 34

Excise, 399, 475-6, 667;
imposition of, in lieu of feudal dues, 670;
Walpole's proposal for, on salt, 678-9

Factories, growth of, checked in Tudor Period, 320, 321, 344;
cotton, 495, 496, 591 (_see also_ Cotton Industry);
child labour in, 480, 495, 496, 502-505, 510-516, 544, 571-573,
591-595, 600, 609, 610, 612-614;
effect of, on health of operatives 495, 496, 503-505, 511, 514-516,
609, 610;
hours of labour in, 503, 510-516, 591-593, 594, 595, 599-614;
inspection of, by magistrates and parsons, 572, 573;
do., by state inspectors, 595, 609, 610, 612;
wages in, 512, 513;
woman labour in, 614

Factory Acts, 480, 503, 504, 544, 545, 571-573, 591, 594-596, 612-614;
alleged failure of, 608;
debate on, in House of Commons, 599-612

Factory system, 320_n._

Fairs, 121, 152, 155, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 188, 193, 209, 210,
213, 340, 421, 484;
courts of, proceedings in, 159, 162, 163, 188, 193;
granted to the lord of a manor, 157, 158;
tolls at, 119

Fealty, 70

Felony, concealment of, 38

Feltmakers, journeymen, strike of, 617, 619-622

Feodary, 21, 249

Feudal, army, 4;
commendation, 11, 16;
commutation of services for rent, 21;
courts or sokes, 12, 15, 16;
customs and services, 5, 37;
do., castleguard, 29;
do., foreign, 29;
do., commutations of, 27;
franchises and liberties, 4, 39, 152 (_see also_ Gallows,
Frankpledge, Infangenethef, Sac and soc);
do., enquiry touching, 36-40;
incidents, escheat, 33, 36, 81, 82, 83;
do., relief, 25, 65, 70, 116, 242;
do., wardship and marriage, 26, 27, 29-31, 34, 40, 65, 68, 69, 237,
250, 670;
knight's fees, 21, 33, 34, 36, 38;
do., the king's, alienation of, 36;
subinfeudation, 21, 28, 29;
tenants, thegns, 14, 15;
tenures, frankalmoin, 12, 22, 32, 90;
do., knight service, 13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 32, 34, 69, 123, 670;
do., payment of fines in lieu of, 34;
do., serjeanty, 21, 27, 33, 34;
do., grand, 24;
do., petty, 25;
socage, free, 26, 670

Feudal System, the, 19-22;
documents illustrating, 22-41

Firebote, 242

Fiscal policy, documents illustrating, 207-216, 416, 424, 440-476, 667,
670, 671, 672-674, 689-702, 705-711

Fishing, fishmongers and fishermen, 133, 166, 326, 435

Forelanders, 62

Forestallers, 168, 388

Frankpledge, view of, 65, 80, 82, 84, 156

Free trade, 468_n._;
arguments for, 696, 698-701;
Sir Edwin Sandys' Bill for, 399, 443-453

Freehold, 48, 88, 89, 90, 93, 97 250, 324, 326, 332

Freeholders, 23, 65, 87, 91, 228, 248, 255, 256, 257, 526

Freemen, 7, 9, 16, 17, 32, 96, 101;
marriage of, to bondwomen, 72

French Revolution, 590

French wars, in 18th and 19th centuries, effect of, on industry and
commerce, 480, 501, 544, 689, 690

Friendly Societies, 561, 566, 640

Gallows, feudal liberty of, 37, 156

Gatebote, 242

Gebur, 6

Geneat, 5

_Gerefa_, 3

Gigmills, 442

Gild, at Dover, 4, 10

Gilds, craft (_see_ Craft-gilds)

Gilds, lands of, confiscation of, 280, 286-294;
do., exceptions to, 291-294;
do., distribution of, by agreement, 267

Gilds, merchant, 111, 112, 114, 115, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127,
128, 129, 130, 131;
characteristic features of, defined, 130;
disputes of, with lords, 123, 128;
privileges of, 123;
restraint of trade by, 123

Gilds, social, 148-150

Half-time Child Labour, 613

Health, Public, effect of factory conditions on, 496, 503-505, 511,
514-516, 609, 610;
in towns, 519, 520;
recommendations of commission on, 614-616;
provision for, in factories (_see_ Factory Acts)

Hedgebote, 242

Henry II., charters of, 45, 124, 308

Henry III., charters of, 119, 124, 126, 127

Heriots, 65, 84, 116, 242

Highways, enlarged for safety of merchants and travellers, 160, 161

Homage, 59, 70, 123

House of Commons, Bills in, on labourers and wages (1388), 176;
on minimum rates in textile industry (1593), 336;
on free trade (1604), 443;
on minimum wages (1795), 554;
on factories (1844), 599;
debates in, on enclosures (1597, 1601), 270-275;
on the confiscation of gild lands (1548), 292;
on salt duties (1732), 678;
on Whitbread's minimum wage bill (1795), 554;
on the income tax (1798), 683;
on apprenticeship (1813-14), 577;
on the Corn Laws (1815, 1846), 692, 705;
on factory legislation (1844), 599;
petitions of journeymen to, 307-312, 573, 624

Housebote, 242

Houses of Correction, 364, 378, 381, 389, 627 (_see also_ Bridewells,
Workhouses)

Hundred aid, 80

Hundred, the, as a geographical unit, 12, 17;
as an administrative unit, 9, 32, 36-38, 47, 111, 172, 174, 324, 327,
374, 379, 384;
as a feudal liberty, 15, 37, 117; bailiffs of, 32;
farms of, 36-37;
do., enhancement of, 38

Hurdle, punishment of the, 157

Income Tax, 667;
objections to, 688;
Pitt's speech on, 683

Industrial Revolution, 480, 509, 617, 618, 668

Industrial riots, 495

Industries (_see_ Calico printers, Coal, Cotton, Craft-gilds,
Feltmakers, Iron, Linen, Woollen Cloth)

Industry, changes in organisation of, in 18th century, 479, 480, 617;
encouragement of, by patents, 467;
migration of, to suburbs and country districts, 304, 314, 321;
municipal regulation of, 195-197, 280, 282-284, 294-299 (_see also_
Craft-gilds, Markets, Prices, Wages);
protection of small masters by Stuarts, 280;
state encouragement of, 399;
state regulation of, 313-362;
do., delegated to private speculators, 336_n._;
in country districts, 14;
in manors, 70, 111 (_see also_ Combinations, Craft-gilds,
Craftsmen, Labour, Prices, Wages)

Infangenethef, 125, 156, 156_n._

Inquisitions, royal, 38

Interlopers, and the East India Company, 675

Irish Potato Famine, 705, 706

Iron industry, in 18th century, 545

Iron-works, 55;
accounts of, 103-105;
Elizabethan patent as to, 442

Jews, the, charter of liberties to, 44;
conversion of, 46;
chirographs and chests of, 46, 49, 50;
debts to, 44-51;
exemption of, from tolls, 45;
expulsion of, 51;
function of, 43;
grant of, 47;
justices of, 46, 47, 48, 50;
litigation between Christians and, 44, 47, 48;
ordinances touching, 45, 48, 51;
pledging of land to, 48, 49;
prohibited from acquiring freehold, 48, 49;
restrictions on worship of, 45;
royal protection of, 43, 44;
tallage assessed on, 46;
transferred from town to town, 43, 50

John, King, charters of, 44, 126, 158

Joint Stock Companies, 399;
incorporation of, 427

Journeymen, yeomen, servants 113, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142,
143, 280, 285, 286, 297-299, 305, 310, 311, 325-332, 334-336, 341,
344, 345, 349, 350, 499_n._, 547-551, 588, 589;
associations of, 138-141, 280, 297-299, 307-312;
do., common fund of, 298, 299, 301;
combinations of (_see_ Combinations);
disciplinary rules as to, 113, 137, 140, 141, 345;
disputes between masters and, 137, 138-141, 196 (_see also_ Labour
disputes);
petitions of, to House of Commons, 500;
proportion of, to apprentices, fixed, 332, 550, 551, 573, 574;
wages of, effect of fall in value of money on, 405;
do., regulation of (_see_ Wages);
(_see also_ Agricultural Labourers, Calico Printers, Feltmakers,
Tailors, Weavers, Woolcombers)

Justice, administration of royal and feudal, 19, 20, 36_n._, 39
(_see also_ King's Bench)

Justices, 105, 106, 109, 110, 128, 155, 170, 183, 229

Justices of assize, 26, 55, 90, 93-96, 285, 297, 340, 343, 391, 429,
430, 622

Justices of the Bench, 75, 176, 285

Justices of the Jews, 46, 47, 48, 50

Justices of the Peace, administration of Statutes of Labourers and
Artificers by, 172, 173, 176, 178, 231, 326, 329, 333, 352, 353, 356,
577;
attacked in the Peasants' Revolt, 106, 107;
inspection of factories by, 572, 573;
intervention in industrial disputes by, 569, 570, 576, 623, 631;
regulation of apprenticeship by, 332, 333, 344, 352;
regulation of cloth industry by, 318, 340, 343, 358, 359;
regulation of export of corn by, 429, 430;
regulation of markets and prices by, 368, 373-380, 385, 386, 388, 389,
391-396;
regulation of poor relief by, 364, 372, 380, 564, 646;
regulation and assessment of wages by, 314, 315, 316, 324, 328, 329,
341-343, 345, 351, 352, 353, 356, 359, 361, 546-551, 554, 558, 565,
566, 577, 624_n._, 631, 632;
returns to Privy Council made by, on enclosure, 275;
do., on the cloth industry, 318;
do., on scarcity of corn, 373-374 (_see also_ Quarter Sessions)

Justiciar, 36

Ket's Rebellion, 247

King's Bench, 623

Knight service (_see_ Feudal)

Knighthood, respite from, 39

Knights, 87

Knight's Fees (_see_ Feudal)

Labour, cheap, deprecated, 589;
Child and Woman (_see_ Child labour, Women);
disputes, arbitration in, 544, 568-571, 617, 630 (_see also_
Combinations, Craft-gilds, Journeymen);
hours of, 630, 637;
do., in agriculture 327;
do., in factories, 503, 510-516, 591-593, 594, 595, 599-614;
do., in mines, 516-519

Labour, movement of, 164-166, 172-177, 314;
effect of Poor Laws on, 561;
effect of enclosure on, 532

Labourers, Ordinance of (1349), 164;
Statutes of (_see_ Statutes)

Land, alienation of, without licence, 30;
do., fines for, 670;
disseisins of, 38, 88, 89, 93, 96, 97;
extents of, 40;
limitation of purchase of, by merchants, husbandmen and artificers, 324;
low rents of, in eighteenth century, 509;
measures of:--
acres, _passim_;
bovates, 66, 67, 68, 69, 92;
carucates, 16, 32, 33;
fardels, 24;
hides, 9, 15, 16, 17, 28, 29, 32, 54;
league, 16, 17;
ploughlands, 32;
roods, _passim_;
selions, 61;
virgates, 13, 23, 27, 28, 29, 54, 59, 60, 61, 62, 84, 95, 246, 247;
ownership of, as qualification for apprenticeship, 330;
pledged to Jews, 48, 49;
speculation in, 229, 251, 259;
waste committed in, by escheators, 40;
(_see also_ Agriculture, Enclosures, Feudal, Manor)

Landowners, competition of manufacturing interest with, 600, 668, 694, 710

Lastage, 24, 119, 122, 124, 127

Laud, agrarian policy of, 276, 277

Law Merchant, 130, 210, 213, 214

Leasehold, 55, 87, 228, 530, 539;
(_see also_ Copyhold, Customary holdings, Manor)

Leyrwite, 71, 84

Linen manufacture, in Ireland, establishment of, 471

Local Government Board, 646

London, craft-gilds and companies of (_see_ Craft-gilds);
mercantile interest concentrated in, 443;
merchant gild of, 127;
regulation of entry into companies in, 309;
regulation of usury in, 200

Lords, mesne, 36

Machinery, accidents to children, in cleaning, 512, 609;
Arkwright's and Watt's inventions, 582;
discouraged by Tudors, 321, 442, 544;
effect of, on industry, 480;
introduction and development of, 505-510;
regulations for cleaning, 612

_Magna Carta_, 20, 22, 31_n._, 36_n._, 152

Manor, the Saxon, 3, 4, 5-9;
in Domesday Book, 9, 16, 17;
documents illustrating, 3-9, 16, 17, 53-102, 155, 158, 232-255, 258;
the king's, alienation of, 36;
common fields in (_see_ Common Fields);
courts, 20, 22, 36_n._, 54, 89;
do., proceedings before, 65-75, 95, 232;
do., pleas and perquisites of, 65, 80, 81;
court rolls, 54, 55, 85, 234-236, 238-240, 259, 527;
do., extracts from, 65-75;
custom and customs of, 54, 66-75, 228, 229, 232-235, 238-244, 254-259
(_see also_ Cartbote, Firebote, Gatebote, Hedgebote, Housebote,
Pannage, Ploughbote);
do., breach of, by lords, 241, 248, 249, 251, 252, 254, 258, 259;
do., repudiated by tenants, 108;
do., touching inheritance, 243;
do., touching widows, 234;
do., grass-swine, 5 (_see also_ Pannage);
do., leph, 58;
customaries, 56, 232, 314;
customary services in, 24, 54, 57-61, 64, 80-82, 84, 85, 90-93, 96,
241, 246;
do., commutation of, for rent, 21, 27, 28, 55, 60-62, 85;
do., boon-works, 6, 7, 85, 92;
do., castle-guard, 248;
do., heriots (_see_ Heriots);
do., of being crier in the lord's court, 244;
do., of serving with horses against the Scots, 254;
do., reliefs (_see_ Reliefs);
do., suit of court, 70, 242;
demesne lands of (_see_ Demesne);
extent of, 56;
fines, gersoms, and forfeitures in, 17, 232;
do., for entry, 80, 242, 247;
do., enhancement of, 254;
do., for offences, 66-75;
do., for marriage, 80, 90, 92, 93, 96, 241, 243 (_see also_
Merchet);
do., for waste committed, 242, 243;
grant of, to customary tenants, at fee farm, 81;
leases of, to farmers, 55, 85, 91, 245, 246;
do., to tenants, 55, 79, 91;
lords of, 5-9, 21, 37, 66-76, 90-100, 161, 228, 232, 235-246, 248-255,
259, 541;
do., grant of liberties to, 156;
officers of, 3, 5-8;
bailiffs, 36, 57, 58, 65, 72, 80, 81, 82, 95, 233, 250;
hayward, 8, 79;
radman, 17;
reeves, 5, 9, 17, 32, 80;
do., complaints against, 84;
serjeant, 81;
stewards, 32, 37, 70, 74, 172, 173, 232, 233, 243, 259, 340, 526;
woodward, 8;
rents, 5-9, 23, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 79, 86, 92;
do., decay of, 83;
do., enhanced, 252, 253;
rents of assize, 60, 63;
social and economic development of, 53, 54, 227-230;
stock, 6-8, 16, 17, 57, 58, 61, 77-81;
strips, 8, 9, 22;
tenants, 3, 21, 54, 55, 57 (_see also_ Bordiers, Copyholders,
Cotters, Customary tenants, Forelanders, Freeholders, Freemen, Gebur,
Geneat, Serfs, Sokemen, Villeins);
do., marriage of, 65;
sub-tenants, 64;
waste (_see_ Commons)

Markets, 14, 58, 69, 111, 257, 340;
customs in, 129;
for corn, 488-491;
for woollen goods, 484, 485, 493;
granted to the lord of a manor, 157, 158;
organisation of, in eighteenth century, 479, 487-491;
regulation of, by justices of the peace, 364, 365, 367, 374-378, 385,
386, 388, 389, 391-396;
do., by towns, 280, 283, 296;
sale and purchase by samples in, 490, 491

Market towns, 34, 166, 209, 210, 213, 260, 321, 322, 331 (_see also_
Boroughs)

Marque and Reprisals, letters of, 190

Mercantile System, 397, 398, 399

Mercantile Companies (_see_ Companies)

Mercantile Theory, 220-222, 420;
expounded, 407-416

Merchants (_see_ Aliens, Companies, Corn, Gilds, Middlemen, Staple,
Wool)

Merchet, 71, 93 (_see also_ Manor, fines for marriage)

Middlemen, 479;
corn badgers, 365, 375-7, 385, 386;
corn factors, 487-491;
mealmen, 487, 488, 491;
wool-merchants, 354, 355 (_see also_ Staple);
in woollen industry, 492-495;
yarn-jobbers 336, 340, 341

Milan Decrees, 692

Mills, 9, 11, 16, 79;
fulling, 483;
tucking, 321 (_see also_ Factories, Gigmills)

Miners, 326, 389 (_see also_ Coal Industry)

Mining Company, incorporation of, 427

Mint, 220, 417;
coinage of money at, before 1696, 677, 678;
free coinage of bullion at, 674;
profits of, 221, 222, 406 (_see also_ Moneyers)

Monasteries, effect of dissolution of, 229, 251

Money, fall in value of, 314, 398, 405, 406;
regulation of export and import of, 216-223

Moneyers, 12, 13, 119

Monopoly and monopolies, 480, 497, 584, 587, 611 (_see also_
Patents);
of craft and merchant gilds, 112;
of mercantile companies, 443-453

Murage, 126, 127, 212, 282

Muscovy or Russia Merchants, 399, 449, 450, 452, 453

Navigation Act (1660), 670;
attack on, 672-674

Newcastle Coal Vend, 497

Norman Conquest, the, 3, 4, 53, 54, 55, 90;
effects of, on boroughs, 10-14;
do., on rural population, 54, 55

North-West Passage, 436

Oastler, Richard, campaign of, against child labour, 544, 592-594

Orders in Council, effect of, on British industry and trade, 480,
501, 691

Outdoor relief, condemned by Poor Law Commission (1834), 662;
prohibitory order as to, 665

Pannage, 58, 61, 243, 259

Parish, as a unit for poor relief, 372, 379, 380, 647;
overseers (_see_ Poor)

Parliament, 20, 103, 180, 206, 217, 229, 261, 537;
and minimum wages, 316;
petitions to, 553;
regulation of trade and industry by, 153, 160-163, 171-178 (_see
also_ House of Commons)

Passage, 122, 124

Pasture, reconversion of, to arable, 271-273, 275, 276 (_see also_
Arable, Common, Enclosures)

Patents and Monopolies, 399, 443-453, 461, 465-468, 472-474;
list of, 440-443;
revoked, 472-475

Paupers (_see_ Poor)

Pavage, 126, 127, 133-135, 212;
collectors of, 135

Peasants' revolt, the, 55, 105-110;
burning of muniments in, 108

Perceval, Dr., report of, on child labour, in factories, 480, 495

Pesage, 122

Picketing, 549, 627, 637

Pilgrimage of Grace, agrarian programme of, 247

Pillory, punishment of the, 156, 157, 393, 394

Piracy, 188-192

Place, Francis, 618

Pleas, of _quo warranto_, 40_n._;
of replevin, 37

Ploughbote, 242

Pontage, 119, 122, 124, 126, 127, 212

Poor, analysis of classes of, in 19th century, 663;
children, apprenticing of, 381, 388, 504, 652;
do., boarding out of, 653, 654;
do., education of, 663;
farmed to contractors, 646, 657;
fines for enhancing price of corn, reserved to, 392, 393;
guardians of, 652, 653, 654, 655, 663, 664;
impotent, 174, 175, 364, 378, 388;
impotent and idle, distinguished, 174, 175, 364;
licensed to beg, 174, 175;
overseers of, 372, 380, 381, 384, 648, 660, 661;
do., misconduct of, 652;
proportionate taxation of, 35;
provision made by gilds for, 136, 150;
provision made by enclosure acts for, 534, 535;
provision of food for, 377;
provision of work for, 364, 367, 369-371, 373, 378, 380, 383, 384,
389, 391, 648 (_see also_ Houses of Correction, Workhouses);
rates, 468, 533, 536, 537, 552, 555, 561, 562, 651,662;
do., made compulsory, 364, 372, 380;
do., increase of, in 18th century, 557;
relief of, in Middle Ages, 113, 150, 174, 175;
do., in 16th and 17th centuries, 272, 287_n._, 363-391, 647;
do., in 18th and 19th centuries, 544, 649-665;
do., by craft and other gilds, 113, 150, 311, 345;
do., by parishes, 270;
do., by towns, 363, 366, 369, 649;
do., by journeymen associations, 299;
do., by private charity, 364, 366;
do., Pitt's suggested changes in, 563-565, 647;
do., unions of parishes for, 651, 664, 665;
settlement of, 364, 372, 381, 382, 386, 387, 561, 647, 651, 655

Poor Laws, 275, 366, 372, 373, 380, 567, 646, 648, 652;
administration of, by justices of the peace (_see_ Justices
of the Peace);
18th century abuses in, 560-562;
inspectors advocated for, 564;
Amendment Act (1834), 545, 646, 663;
Settlement Act (1662), 645, 647;
Workhouse Test Act (1722), 650;
Gilbert's Act (1782), 645, 652;
Speenhamland "Act of Parliament" (1795), 646, 655;
Board, 646;
Commission (1834), 646;
do., recommendations of, 661-663

Poverty, alleged causes of, in 18th century, 649

_Precipe_, writs of, 21, 36, 36_n._

Prerogative, the royal, 153

Prerogative Courts, 229, 230
(_see also_ Requests and Star Chamber, Courts of)

Prices, enhancement of, 265, 368, 391-396, 404, 405, 407-411;
regulation of, by Privy Council and Justices of the Peace, 341, 364;
rise in, after the Black Death, 166, 168, 169;
do., in Tudor period, 314;
do., in 18th and 19th centuries, 555-559, 565-567, 576, 692-696, 707;
of coal, regulation of, 497-499;
of grain, 283;
and wages, lack of correspondence between, 553, 555-559, 565-567,
576, 695, 696

Price of wines, 45, 206, 209, 214

Privy Council (_see_ Council, Privy)

Profit, a just, views on, 294, 295, 296, 367, 368

Protection, for native manufactures, 425

Protective tariffs, arguments for and against, 696, 698-701, 706-711;
for revenue, 700

Purprestures or Encroachments, 38, 54, 63, 64, 542

Quarter Sessions, 173, 176, 316, 324, 343, 345, 351, 352, 356, 392, 429,
543, 546, 548,
549, 551, 576, 577, 623, 648, 656 (_see also_ Justices of the
Peace)

Rackrenting, 251_n._, 252, 253, 265

Regrators, 156, 336, 386, 388

Reliefs, 25, 65, 70, 116, 242

Revenue, the national, 153, 667;
effect of debasement of coin on, 405, 406
(_see also_ Customs, Excise, Taxation)

Report of Committee on Ribbon weavers, 590, 591

Richard I., charter of, 125

Riots, agrarian (_see_ Ket, Peasants' Revolt, Pilgrimage of Grace);
industrial, 495

Rochdale Pioneers, 618

Roundsmen, 646, 660, 661

Sac and Soc, 10, 11, 125

Saltpans mentioned in Domesday Book, 17

Schools, 249, 287;
fine for attending, 84;
industrial, in 18th century, 563;
provision for, in 16th century, 287, 290

Scotch weavers, strike of, 618, 631-633

Scutage, 21, 29, 33, 34_n._, 80

Seisin, 122;
feudal conception of, 63_n._

Serfs, 7, 9, 16, 17, 75_n._, 323

Sheep, restriction of numbers of, to be owned by individuals, 264-266

Sheep-graziers and sheep-grazing, 250, 264-266, 269, 274, 407, 408, 530,
531;
in 18th century, 484-487

Sheriffs, 6, 9, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 27, 32, 34, 35, 40, 46-48, 50, 90,
94, 109, 114, 115, 120, 121, 136, 155-157, 160, 161, 164, 165, 174,
175, 189, 192, 200-202, 214, 250, 264, 324, 329, 372, 374, 379, 429,
473;
offences of, 38, 39

Sheriff's aid, 80

Sheriffs' tourns, 38, 340

Shipping and Ships, 10, 188, 190, 191, 192, 197, 206, 210, 401, 402,
431, 675;
encouragement and protection of, 153, 190, 206, 428, 437, 670, 671
(_see also_ Navigation Act)

Silkweavers (_see_ Spitalfields)

Sinking Fund, 667, 689;
Act, 679

Small holders, enclosure disadvantageous to, 531, 532, 534, 535, 537

Small holdings, consolidation of, 523, 530, 541

Soap manufacture, 461-465

Social Contract, theory of, 281, 308

Sokemen, socmen, 9;
bond, 36;
free, 36

Somerset, Lord, Protector, 292, 293;
agrarian policy of, 266

Speenhamland "Act of Parliament," 646

Spitalfields, silk weavers of, 484

Spitalfields Act, authorising the regulation of wages of London
silk-weavers, 544, 547-551, 558, 575, 577, 591, 596

Stallage, 119, 122, 124

Staple, the, 153, 178-185, 407;
custom of partition in, 185;
mayor, council and merchants of, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185

Staplers, 484, 485. (_See also_ Wool merchants)

Star Chamber, Court of, 302, 365, 460;
case in, 391

Statutes, 153;
touching alienation of land, 69;
touching depopulation, 315 (_see also below_);
touching enclosure, 247 (_see also below_);
of Merton (1234), 87;
of Marlborough (1267), 37;
of Acton Burnel (1283), 162;
of Merchants (1285), 161-163;
of Winchester (1285), 160;
of Mortmain, 146, 150;
of Quia Emptores (1290), 29_n._;
of Labourers, 153, 168, 171-178, 231, 314, 323, 325, 367, 388
(_see also below_);
of Monopolies, 399, 465-468 (_see also below_);
of Inmates, 275;
Poor Law, 275, 366 (_see also below_);
3 Edward I., touching freedom of elections, 309, 310;
12 Richard II., touching labourers, 171, 314, 323;
13 Richard II., touching wages, 324;
8 Henry VI., touching regrators of yarn, 340;
15 Henry VI., touching gild ordinances, 279;
18 Henry VI., touching hosting of aliens, 153, 198, 199;
4 Edward IV., touching truck, 318;
4 Henry VII., touching depopulation, 229, 271_n._, 324;
12 Henry VII., touching merchant companies, 444, 445, 453;
19 Henry VII., touching gild ordinances, 279, 284, 307;
6 Henry VIII., touching depopulation, 229;
7 Henry VIII. ditto, 229, 260;
22 Henry VIII., touching gilds, 280, 285, 310;
25 Henry VIII., touching depopulation, 229, 264;
27 Henry VIII., ditto, 229, 269;
28 Henry VIII., touching gilds, 280, 284;
31 Henry VIII., touching cornmarkets, 368;
33 Henry VIII., touching gaming houses, 442;
35 Henry VIII., touching depopulation, 269;
37 Henry VIII., touching gilds and chantries, 280, 287_n._;
1 Edward VI., ditto, 280, 286, 291;
do., touching vagrants, 323;
5 Edward VI., touching depopulation, 324;
5 and 6 Edward VI., ditto, 229;
do., touching gig-mills, 442;
3 Philip and Mary, touching depopulation, 229;
5 Elizabeth, touching depopulation, 229;
do., touching weavers, 344;
5 Elizabeth, Statute of Artificers, 306, 307, 315, 325-336, 361,
424, 442, 544, 557, 576, 591, 624, 656;
apprenticeship clauses of, 544, 579-589, 590;
do., administration of, 353, 361;
do., repeal of, 588;
wages clauses of, 544, 576, 577;
do., administration of, 341, 352;
do., repeal of, petition against, 576;
breaches of, 334, 342, 352, 353, 361;
proceedings before Privy Council on, 361, 362;
19th century opinion on, 576-589;
8 Elizabeth, touching export of cloth, 426;
establishing Muscovy Company, 453;
13 Elizabeth, touching export of corn, 428;
14 Elizabeth, touching compulsory poor rate, 372;
31 Elizabeth, touching depopulation, 229;
39 Elizabeth, ditto, 229, 268, 270_n._;
43 Elizabeth, touching poor relief, 364, 380, 662;
1 James I., ditto, 343, 557, 656;
21 James I., touching depopulation, 229;
21 James I., touching monopolies, 465;
12 Charles II., Navigation Act, 670;
14 Charles II., Settlement Act, 647;
7 George I., touching combinations, 624;
9 George I., touching workhouses, 650;
12 George I., touching truck, 546;
7 George III., touching poor relief, 663;
13 George III., Spitalfields Act, 547;
39 George III., touching combinations, 626;
26 George III., touching Sinking Fund, 679;
39 and 40 George III., touching industrial arbitration, 568, 570, 576;
39 and 40 George III., touching combinations, 618, 627, 633;
41 George III., touching enclosures, 537;
42 George III., touching factories, 504;
44 George III., touching industrial arbitration, 570, 576;
54 George I I., touching apprenticeship, 588;
55 George III., Corn Law, 697;
59 George III., Factory Act, 591;
3 and 4 William IV., ditto, 594;
4 and 5 William IV., Poor Law Amendment Act, 663;
7 and 8 Victoria, Factory Act, 612;
do., Bank Charter Act, 702;
8 and 9 Victoria, General Enclosure Act, 541

Statute Law Revision Act (1863), 229

Steam power, use of, 544

Steelyard, the, 416, 417, 418, 440

Stock and land leases, 79, 81_n._, 245, 246

Stocks, punishment of, 172, 329, 366

Stafford, policy of, in Ireland, 399, 470-472

Strikers, prosecuted under law of conspiracy, 635

Strikes, 196, 617, 618, 619-622, 631-633, 635
(_see also_ Combinations, Labour disputes)

Stuarts, the, fiscal methods of, 399
(_see also_ Patents)

Tailors, journeymen, combination of, 617, 622-624

Tariff war, with Netherlands, 399

Taxation, 203-216, 667; aids, 29;
carucage, 21, 32;
do., fines for evasion of, 32, 33;
geld, 12, 15, 16;
Parliamentary subsidies, 406, 468;
tonnage and poundage, 206;
Parliamentary tenths and fifteenths, 170, 171;
do., assessment of, 204, 205;
scutage (_see_ Scutage);
tallage, 27, 65, 80, 82, 93, 117, 127;
do., assessment of, in London, 35;
do., assessed on Jews, 46;
Pitt on incidence of, 686 (_see also_ Income Tax);
Walpole on incidence of, 679

Taxes, the Assessed, 684

Tenures of land (_see_ Burgage, Copyhold, Customary tenure, Feudal,
Freehold, Leasehold, Villeinage)

Testimonials or certificates of service, 172, 174, 175, 324, 327,
334-336, 353

Theam, 125

Tin, internal trade in, patent for, 442

Tithes, 249, 288, 289, 380, 528

Tolls (_see_ Boroughs, Fairs, Lastage, Markets, Murage, Passage,
Pavage, Pesage, Stallage)

Towns (_see_ Boroughs)

Trade, Internal, combinations in restraint of, 108, 128-130
(_see also_ Craft-gilds, Gilds Merchant, Trade Unions);
intermunicipal, 112, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 133, 134,
152, 280, 282;
municipal regulation of, 280, 282, 283, 294-299;
state regulation of, 152, 153, 160-178;
restrictions on, by a lord, 133;
of aliens in England, 127

Trade, Colonial, effect of Navigation Act on, 672-674

Trade, Foreign, 152, 698-701;
condition of, in 1587, 438-440;
do., in 19th century, 689-692;
depression of, 364, 383;
encouragement of export and checking of import, 398, 399, 407-416,
424, 425, 426, 431-434, 439, 440, 454-461;
export of dressed cloth, 398, 399, 402-404, 426, 454-461, 469;
export of undressed cloth, 398, 399, 402-404, 424, 426, 454, 459;
fluctuations of, 610;
fostering of, 397, 398;
instructions to a factor in Turkey, 431-434;
perils of, 181, 188-192;
protection of, 153, 187;
relative merits of exports and imports discussed, 413, 421-425;
with Africa, 691;
with the Baltic, 691;
with Canada, 690;
with Continent, 502, 690;
with East Indies, 452;
with Flanders, 413;
with France, 413;
with Italy, 413;
with Levant, 452, 691;
with Low Countries, 179;
with Portugal, 690, 691;
with Russia, 449, 450, 452;
with South America, 690, 691;
with Spain, 413, 690;
with United States, 502, 689, 690, 691;
with West Indies, 690

Trade, Board of, 597

Trade boards, local, advocated, 596, 597

Trade Unions, 281, 617, 618;
benefit clubs of, 618, 626;
funds of, 629, 637
(_see also_ Combinations, Journeymen, Labour disputes)

Trial by battle, 119, 123

Trial by jury, 123

Truck, 284, 318, 513;
acts against, 318, 544, 545

Tumbrel, 156

Turkey Company, 431, 450

Unemployment, 364, 366, 369-373, 383, 390, 398, 573, 611

Unions of parishes for relief of poor, 651, 664, 665

Universities, 287, 287_n._

Usury, 44, 45, 49, 51, 154;
London ordinance touching, 200;
petition in Chancery touching, 201;
petition in Parliament touching, 200

Utopia, Sir Thomas More's, 275

Vagrants, 323, 335, 366, 369, 378, 379, 384, 388, 647, 648, 654
(_see also_ Beggars, Bridewells, Houses of Correction, Labourers,
Ordinance of, Poor, Workhouses)

Village greens, excluded from enclosure act, 541

Villeins, bondmen, 9, 16, 17, 32, 36, 54, 55, 69, 71-75, 90-102, 165,
231, 249;
actions brought by, 55;
flight of, 55;
grant of, 55, 98;
imprisonment of, 99, 100, 101;
licensed to leave a manor, 72, 75;
manumission of, 55, 97;
received in boroughs, 121, 125;
regardant, 101;
runaway, 69, 73, 74, 75, 125

Villeinage (status), 75, 228;
acknowledgment of, 93, 94;
cases before the Courts touching, 88-90, 92-97;
survival of, in sixteenth century, 228, 231

Villeinage (tenure), bondage land, 24, 32, 54, 55, 66, 67, 68, 69, 84,
86, 235, 239, 248;
grant of, by charter, 97

Wages, allowances in aid of, 646, 656;
assessment of, under Statutes of Artificers, 314, 316, 325, 328, 329,
341-343, 345-353, 356-7, 359, 543, 546-7, 554, 576, 577, 631-2;
do., abandoned, 576-7, 656;
do., draft bill in House of Commons for, 336-341;
do., petitions and requests for, 356-7, 361;
do., under Spitalfields Act, 544, 547-551, 558;
conspiracies to raise, 139, 140, 196;
demand of excessive, 139, 140, 164-174, 176, 314, 324, 360, 361;
depression of, 188, 314, 357, 358, 359, 507, 521, 590, 605;
do., in cotton industry, 500, 501;
in colonies, 315, 360;
maximum, 315, 554;
maximum, fixed by Statute, 153, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178, 624_n._;
minimum, 315, 316, 342, 544;
do., bill in House of Commons for, 554-568;
proclamation of, by justices, under Stat. 13 Richard II, 323_n._,
324;
proposals for a sliding scale of, for agricultural labourers, 552-53;
rates of, fixed by journeymen combinations, 620-622, 623, 624, 630,
637, 638;
regulation of, by towns, 280, 282, 284, 296, 316;
do., by wages boards, 544

Wages boards, advocated, 596, 597;
in Scotland, 597

Wales, Council of, 429, 430

Wardpenny, 80

Wardship and marriage (_see_ Feudal)

Wards and Liveries, Court of, 21, 670

Waste (_see_ Commons)

Watchmakers, resolutions of, on apprenticeship, 588

Water power, 592;
in woollen industry, 482

Weavers Act (1555), 320

Weavers, Cotton, journeymen, petition of, to House of Commons, 500;
hand-loom, proposals for wages boards by, 596, 597

Weights and measures, 132, 154, 155, 214, 248, 388;
assize of (_see_ Assizes)

Women, employment of, in agriculture, 7, 8, 173, 177, 178, 329, 346,
347, 547;
in coal mines, 598, 599;
in woollen industry, 350, 483;
suggestions for employment of, in colonies, 436

Wool, 55, 265, 282, 284, 303;
export of, 179-185, 187, 193, 407;
growers, 355, 483;
merchants, 132, 355, 484, 487 (_see also_ Staple and Staplers);
price of, 407;
Spanish, 431;
do., import of, 494;
do., patent to import, 441;
do., worked in England, 492

Woolcombers, benefit clubs of, 626

Woollen Cloth Industry, 154, 183, 184, 187, 188, 265, 282, 284, 357-360,
383, 399, 432, 503;
apprenticeship in, 499, 500;
do., abolished, 587, 587_n_;
condition of, in eighteenth century, 479, 482-487, 492-495, 545, 546;
credit trading in, 493-95;
dyeing in, 141-144;
fraudulent workmanship in, 432;
geographical distribution of, 484;
hiring of looms in, 320, 321;
limitation of number of looms, to clothiers, 318, 321, 344;
organisation of, in seventeenth century, 354;
state regulation of, 317-322, 330, 331, 336-341, 343, 344, 345, 350,
351, 352, 357-360, 382, 383, 398, 399, 402-404, 426, 454-461;
in Ireland, discouraged by Strafford, 471

Woollen Cloth Trade, internal trade in, 399, 404, 468-470;
export trade in, 198, 301, 398, 399, 402-404, 421, 426, 427, 431-434,
438, 440, 441, 446, 447, 450, 453-461, 469;
do., patent for, 443;
foreign criticism of English cloth, 319, 587

Workhouses, 369-372, 380, 586, 646, 648, 649;
character of work provided in, 369, 370, 657-659;
mortality in, 659, 660

Workhouse Test Act (1722), 650

Working Men's Association, address of, to Queen Victoria, 641

Wreck of sea, 37, 40, 122

Writs, 39, 101;
return of, 37;
service of carrying, 28, 63;
of Chancery, 48;
of Jewry, 44, 48;
of _certiorari_, 202;
of _corpus cum causa_, 200;
of _precipe_, 36;
of _quo warranto_, 474;
of _recordari facias_, 236;
of _replevin_, 236;
of right, the little, 55, 91;
_of scire facias_, 474;
of _subpoena_, 186, 244, 277

Yarn, imported from Ireland, 485, 486

Yeomanry organisations, 280, 300, 302
(_see also_ Craft-gilds, Journeymen)

Young, Arthur, his account of farming in Norfolk, 523, 530, 534;
his advocacy of enclosures, 524;
his criticism of commissioners' methods, 536, 537