Chapter VIII (2)

[38] Church chroniclers who were contemporaries of WYCLIF, girded at him as a blasphemer. CAPGRAVE: _Cron. of Eng. (Rolls Series)_, speaks of him as “the orgon of the devel, the enmy of the Cherch, the confusion of men, the ydol of heresie,” etc. NETTER collected his (alleged) false doctrines under title of _Bundles of Tares (Fasciculi Zizaniorum)_, Ed. by SHIRLEY, 1858. Dr. ROBT. VAUGHAN is author of a very pleasant monograph on WYCLIF, with much topographic lore. Dr. LECHLER is a more scholarly contributor to WYCLIF literature; and the Early Eng. Text Soc. has published (1880) MATHEWS’ Ed. of “_hitherto unprinted Eng. works_ of WYCLIF, with notice of his life.” RUDOLPH BUDDENSEIG, (of Dresden) has Ed. his polemical works in Latin (old) besides contributing an interesting notice for the anniversary just passed. Nor can I forbear naming in this connection the very eloquent quin-centenary address of Dr. RICHARD S. STORRS, of Brooklyn, N. Y.

[39] Those who love books which are royal in their dignities of print and paper, will be interested in FORSHALL & MADDEN’S elegant 4to. edition of the Wyclifite versions of the Bible.

[40] The biographers used to say 1328: this is now thought inadmissible by most commentators. FURNIVAL makes the birth-year 1340--in which he is followed by the two WARDS, and by Professor MINTO (_Br. Ency._). Evidence, however, is not as yet conclusive; and there is an even chance that further investigations may set back the birth-year to a date which will better justify and make more seemly those croakings of age which crept into some of the latter verse of the poet. For some facts looking in that direction, and for certain interesting genealogic Chaucer puzzles, see paper in _London Athenæum_ for January 29, 1881, by WALTER RYE.

[41] _House of Fame_, Book II.

[42] There is question of the authenticity of the translation usually attributed to Chaucer--of which there is only one fifteenth century MS. extant. Some version, however, Chaucer did make, if his own averment is to be credited. Prof. MINTO (_Br. Ency._) accepts the well-known version; so does WARD (_Men of Letters_); Messrs. BRADSHAW (of Cambridge) and Prof. TEN BRINK doubt--a doubt in which Mr. HUMPHREY WARD (_Eng. Poets_) seems to share.

[43] SANDRAS: _Étude sur Chaucer_.

[44] A notable edition is that of Prof. Lounsbury (Ginn & Heath, 1877); and it is much to be hoped that the same editor will bring his scholarly method of estimating dates, sources, and varying texts, to some more important Chaucerian labors.

[45] Another possible epoch of meeting with Petrarch may have been in the year 1368, when at the junketings attending the wedding of Prince Lionel (in Milan), Petrarch was present; also--perhaps--Chaucer in the suite of the Prince. FROISSART makes note of the _Feste_, but without mention of either poet, or of his own presence. _Chap. ccxlvii., Liv. I._

WALTER BESANT (_Br. Ency., Art. Froissart_), I observe, avers the presence of all three--though without giving authorities. MURATORI (_Annali_) mentions Petrarch as seated among the princely guests--_tanta era la di lui riputazione_--but there is, naturally enough, no naming of Chaucer or Froissart.

[46] “_Nous lui lairrons toute seule faire les honneurs; nous ne irons ni viendrons en nulle place ou elle soit_,” etc.--Chroniques de SIRE JEAN FROISSART (_J. A. Buchon_), tome iii., p. 236. Paris, 1835.

[47] “In the spandrils are the arms of Chaucer on the dexter side, and on the sinister, Chaucer impaling those of (Roet) his wife.”--_Appendix III._ to FURNIVAL, _Temporary Preface_, etc.

[48] Some MSS. have this poem with title of _Supplication to King Richard_.

[49] This--in the engraving; the autotype published by the Chaucer Society gives, unfortunately, a very blurred effect to the upper part of the face: but who can doubt the real quality of Chaucer’s eye?

[50] The name, indeed, by some strange metonymy not easily explicable, had become “Talbot.” There is a later “Tabard,” dreadfully new, on the corner of “Talbot Inn Yard,” 85 High Street, Borough.

[51] Dean Stanley, without doubt in error, in measuring the pilgrimage by twenty-four hours. See _Temp. Pref. to Six Text Edit._ FURNIVAL.

[52] _Nov. VI. Giorn. IX._ It may be open to question if Chaucer took scent from this trail, or from some as malodorous _Fr. Fabliau_--as TYRWHITT and WRIGHT suggest. The quest is not a savory one.

[53] His dethronement preceded his death, by a twelvemonth or more.

[54] Edited by Dr. Reinhold Pauli, London, 1857. Henry Morley (_Eng. Writers_, IV., p. 238) enumerates a score or more of existing MSS. of the poem. The first printed edition was that of Caxton, 1483.

[55] A more modern and accepted translation--by a wealthy Welsh gentleman, Thos. Johnes--was luxuriously printed on his private press at Hafod, Cardiganshire, in 1803.

[56] There is a manuscript copy in the (so-called) _Bibliothèque du Roi_ at Paris. A certain number--among them, the _Espinette Amoureuse_--appear in the _Buchon_ edition of the _Chroniques_; Paris, 1835.

[57] John Lydgate: dates of birth and death unsettled.

[58] _The Storie of Thebe_ and _the Troy booke_ were among his ambitious works. Skeat gives his epoch “about 1420,” and cites _London Lickpenny_--copying from the Harleian MS. (367) in the British Museum.

[59] James I. (of Scotland), b. 1394 and was murdered 1437.

_The King’s Quair_, from which quotation is made, was written in 1423. It is a poem of nearly 1400 lines, of which only one MS. exists--in the Bodleian Library.

An edition by Chalmers (1824) embodies many errors: the only trustworthy reading is that edited by the Rev. Walter Skeat for the Scottish Text Soc. (1883-4). A certain _modernizing_ belongs of course to the citation I make--as well as to many others I have made and shall make.

[60] Priest at Diss in Norfolk, b. (about) 1460; d. 1529. Best edition of works edited by Rev. A. Dyce, 1843.

[61] Bedford (when Regent of France) is supposed to have transported to England the famous Louvre Library of Charles V. (of France). There were 910 vols., according to the catalogue drawn up by Gilles Mallet--“the greater number written on fine vellum and magnificently bound.”

[62] 1455 to 1485.

[63] Miss Halsted in her _Richard III._, chap. viii. (following the _Historic Doubts_ of Horace Walpole), makes a kindly attempt to overset the Shakespearean view of Richard’s character--in which, however, it must be said that she is only very moderately successful. See also a more recent effort in the same direction by Alfred O. Legge (_The Unpopular King, etc._ London, 1885).

[64] Caxton had been concerned, in company with Colard Mansion, in printing other books, on the Continent, at an earlier date than this. The first book “set up” in England, was probably Caxton’s translation--entitled “_The Recuyle of the Histories of Troye_.” Vid. Blade’s _William Caxton_: London, 1882.

[65] Noticeable among these Louis de Bruges, Seigneur de la Gruthuyse--afterward made (by Edward IV. of England) Earl of Winchester.

[66] More frequently called _Juliana Berners_--supposed relative of the Lords Berners and Abbess of Sopwell. Rev. Mr. Skeat, however--a very competent witness--confirms the reading given. For discussion of the question see the _Angler’s Note Book_, No. iv. (1884) and opinions of Messrs. Quaritch & Westwood.

[67] The authenticity of these letters, published by John Fenn, Esq., F.A.S., has been questioned by Herman Merivale and others; James Gairdner, however (of the Record office), has argued in their favor, and would seem to have put the question at rest.

[68] Fuller, in his _Worthies of England_, says “The comedian is not excusable by some alteration of his name, seeing the vicinity of sounds intrench on the memory of a worthy Knight; and few do heed the inconsiderable difference in spelling their names.”

[69] The equipment of a parsonage house in Kent in those days, is set forth in full inventory (from MS. in the Rolls House) by Mr. Froude.--_History of England_, chap. i, p. 47.

[70] Not to be confounded with William Lilly the astrologer of the succeeding century. William Lilly of St. Paul’s was b. 1468; d. (of the plague) in 1532. His Latin Grammar was first published in 1513.

[71] William Camden, antiquary and chronicler; b. 1551; d. 1623. _Annales Rerum Anglicarum et Hibernicarum regnante Elizabetha_, pub. 1615. In 1597 he published a Greek Grammar--for the Westminster boys; he being at the time head-master of the school.

[72] _Erasmus_: by Robert Blackley Drummond (chap. vii.) London, 1873.

[73] Cranmer, b. 1489; d. 1556.

Complete edition of his works published 1834 (Rev. H. Jenkyns). Cranmer’s _Bible_ so called, because accompanied by a prologue, written by Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop, etc.

[74] There are many reasons for doubting if these lines were from Shakespeare’s own hand. Emerson (_Representative Men_)--rarely given to Literary criticism, remarks upon “the bad rhythm of the compliment to Queen Elizabeth” as unworthy the great Dramatist: so too, he doubts, though with less reason--the Shakespearean origin of the Wolsey Soliloquy. See also Trans. New Shakespere Society for 1874. Part I. (Spedding _et al._)

[75] William Tyndale, b. about 1480; d. (burned at the stake) 1536. G. P. Marsh (_Eng. Language and Early Lit._) says “Tyndale’s translation of the New Testament has exerted a more marked influence upon English philology than any other native work between the ages of Chaucer and of Shakespeare.”

[76] Latimer (Hugh) b. 1491; d. (at the stake) 1555. He was educated at Cambridge--came to be Bishop of Worcester--wrote much, wittily and strongly. A collection of his Sermons was published in 1570-71; and there have been many later issues.

[77] John Foxe, b. 1517; d. 1587. He was a native of Boston, Lincolnshire; was educated at Oxford; his _History of the Acts and Monuments of the Church_ was first published in England in 1563. There was an earlier edition published at Strasbourg in 1554.

[78] Born near Haddington, Scotland, in 1505 (d. 1572); bred a friar; was prisoner in France in 1547; resided long time at Geneva; returned to Scotland in 1559. Life by Laing (1847) and by Brandes (1863); Swinburne’s _Bothwell_, Act iv., gives dramatic rendering of a sermon by John Knox. See also Carlyle’s _Heroes and Hero-worship_, Lecture IV.

[79] In the issue of _Sternhold and Hopkins’ Psalmody_ of 1549 one year after Sternhold’s death, there were 37 psalms by Sternhold, and 7 by Hopkins. In subsequent editions more of Hopkins’ work was added.

[80] 34 and 35 Henry VIII.: A.D. 1542-43. The full text (_Statutes of the Realm_, Vol. III., pp. 895-7) gives some alleviating provisions in respect to “Noble women and gentle women, who reade to themselves;” and the same Statute makes particular and warning mention of the “Craftye, false and untrue translation of Tyndale.”

[81] A coarse comedy written (probably) by John Still, one time Bishop of Bath. Its title on the imprint of 1575 runs thus:--“_A ryght pithy, pleasant and merie Comedy, intytuled Gammer Gurton’s Nedle; played on the Stage not longe ago in Christes Colledge, in Cambridge, made by Mr. S., Master of Art._”

[82] Sir Thomas Wyatt (or Wyat), b. 1503; d. 1542. The Earl of Surrey (Henry Howard, and cousin to Catharine Howard, one of the wives of Henry VIII.), b. about 1517, and beheaded 1547.

[83] Understood to be based on the relations of a certain _Unfortunate Traveller_ (Jack Wilton) by Nash, 1595. The story was credited by Drayton, Winstanley, the _Athenæ Oxonienses_ of Wood (edition of 1721), by Walpole (_Noble Authors_), and by Warton: The relations spoken of, however, show anachronisms which forbid their acceptance.

[84] B. 1515; d. 1568. His works (in English) were collected and edited by Bennett in 1761. Fuller (_of the Worthies_) writes of Ascham: “He was an honest man and a good shooter. His _Toxophilus_ is a good book for young men; his _Scholemaster_ for old; his _Epistles_ for all men.”

[85] Report of Giacomo Soranzo (Venetian Ambassador) under date of 1554: Rawdon Brown’s Calendar State Papers, 1534-54.

[86] Rawdon Brown’s Calendar State Papers, 1554. From Venetian Archives.

[87] A Thomas Sackville, b. 1527; d. 1608, was author of a portion of _Mirror for Magistrates_; also associated with Thomas Norton, in production of the Tragedy of _Gorboduc_.

[88] Thomas Tusser, b. about 1527; d. 1580.

[89] Raphael Holinshed, d. about 1580. First edition of his Chronicle was published in 1577.

[90] William Cecil, b. 1520; d. 1598. Biography by Nares, 1828-31.

[91] Richard Hooker (1553-1600). Edition of his works (by Keble) first appeared 1836. First book of _Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity_ has been edited for Clarendon Press Series by R. W. Church, 1868.

[92] Grosart, in his _Life of Spenser_ (pp. 236-37), gives good reasons for doubting this story which is based mainly on the Jonson-Drummond interviews. Grosart also questions--as Prof. John Wilson had done before him--all the allegations of Spenser’s extreme indigence.

[93] Philip Sidney, b. 1554; d. 1586.

[94] The first edition of Rinaldo was printed at Venice in 1562: this great epic was completed at Padua in 1575.

[95] John Lyly, b. 1554; d. 1606.

[96] The style of Lyly has been traced by Dr. Landmann, an ingenious German critic, to the influence of Don Antonio de Guevara, a Spanish author, who wrote _El Libro Aureo de Marco Aurelio_, 1529. It was translated into English by Lord Berners in 1531 (published in 1534).

[97] James Spedding, b. 1803; d. 1881. His chief work was the Bacon life; and there is something pathetic in the thought of a man of Spedding’s attainments, honesty of purpose, and unflagging industry, devoting thirty of the best years of his life to a vindication of Bacon’s character. His aggressive attitude in respect to Macaulay is particularly shown in his _Evenings with a Reviewer_ (2 vols., 8vo), in which he certainly makes chaff of a good deal of Macaulay’s arraignment.

[98] We are disinclined, however, to accept the same biographer’s over-mild treatment of the bribe-taking, as a “moral negligence”--coupling it with Dr. Johnson’s moral delinquency of lying a-bed in the morning! See closing pages of _Evenings with a Reviewer_.

[99] The extraordinary habits of Hobbes are made subject of pleasant illustrative comment in Sydney Smith’s (so-called) _Sketches of Moral Philosophy_, Lecture XXVI.

[100] Hobbes’ _Thucydides_ was first published in the year 1628. An earlier English version (1550) was, in effect, only a translation of a translation, being based upon the French of Claude de Seyssel, Bishop of Marseilles. Hobbes sneers at this, and certainly made a better one--very literal, sometimes tame--sometimes vulgar, but remaining the best until the issue of Dean Smith’s (1753).

[101] Among the best known with which Chapman’s name is connected (jointly with Ben Jonson’s and Marston’s) is “_Eastward Hoe!_” containing a good many satirical things upon the Scotch--which proved a dangerous game--under James; and came near to putting the authors in limbo.

[102] B. 1564; d. 1593.

[103] Henceforth one who would know of Marlowe, and read what he wrote, in text which comes nearest the dramatist’s own (for we can hardly hope for absolute certainty) should consult the recent scholarly edition, edited by A. H. Bullen (Nimmo, 1884), in three volumes. We doubt, however, if such popular re-establishment of the poet’s fame can be anticipated as would seem to be foreshadowed in the wishes and glowing encomiums of his editor.

[104] B. about 1556; d. 1625.

[105] Thomas Nashe, b. about 1564; d. 1601.

[106] B. 1560(?); d. 1592. See Grosart’s edition of his writings (in Huth Library) where Dr. G. gives the best color possible to his life and works.

[107] B. 1558 or thereabout; and d. 1598.

[108] Thomas Dekker, b. about 1568; d. about 1640. Best edition of his miscellaneous works that of Grosart (Huth Library), which is charming in its print and its pictures--even to the poet in his bed, busy at his _Dreame_.

[109] Drayton, b. 1563; d. 1631. An edition of his works (still incomplete) by Rev. R. Hooper is the most recent.

[110] There is an exquisite sonnet usually attributed to him beginning--“Since there’s no help, come let us kiss and part;” but this is so very much better than all his other sonnets, that I cannot help sharing the doubts of those who question its Drayton origin. If Drayton’s own, the sonnet certainly shows a delicacy of expression, and a romanticism of hue quite exceptional with him.

[111] Ben Jonson, b. 1573; d. 1637.

[112] Prefacing the edition of Jonson’s works of 1816; also in the elegant re-issue of the same--under editorship of Colonel Cunningham in 1875. Gifford seems to have spent his force (of a biographic sort) in picking up from various contemporary authors whatever contained a sneer at Jonson, and exploding it, after blowing it up to its fullest possible dimensions;--reminding one of those noise-loving boys who blow up discarded and badly soiled paper-bags, only to burst them on their knees.

[113] Ward (_Ency. Br._) is inclined to doubt his going at all to Cambridge: I prefer, however, to follow the current belief--as not yet sufficiently “upset.”

[114] The facts regarding this “felony” of Jonson’s have been subject of much and varied averment: recent investigation has brought to light the “Indictment” on which he was arraigned, and some notes of the “Clerk of the Peace.” See _Athenæum_, March 6, 1886.

[115] In his _Discoveries (De Shakespeare)_ Jonson says, “The players have often mentioned it as an honour to Shakespeare, that in his writing (whatsoever he penned) he never blotted out a line. My answer hath been, would he had blotted a thousand. Which they thought a malevolent speech.… I loved the man, and do honour his memory, on this side idolatry as much as any.”

[116] John Stow, b. 1525; d. 1605. His _Survey_ published in 1598: reprinted over and over. Edition of 1876 has illustrations.

[117] Richard Hakluyt, b. about 1558; d. 1616.

[118] Thomas Coryat, b. 1577; d. 1617. Full title of his book is--_Coryat’s Crudities hastily gobbled up in Five moneths Travells in France, Savoy, Italy, Rhetia, commonly called the Orisons Country, Helvetia, alias Switzerland, and some parts of Germany and the Netherlands_.

[119] First published in 1589.

[120] Dates of birth and death uncertain. His _Anatomie of Abuses_ first published in 1583.

[121] George Puttenham, b. about 1532: the book printed 1589.

[122] Nichols, in his _Progresses of Queen Elizabeth_, vol. i. (Preface), says: “She was twelve times at Theobalds, which was a very convenient distance from London, … the Queen lying there at his Lordship’s charge, sometimes three weeks, or a month, or six weeks together.”

[123] George Gascoigne (b. 1530; d. 1577) published a tract, in those days, entitled _The Princely Pleasures of Kenelworth Castle_, which appears in Nichol’s _Progresses of Queen Elizabeth_; as does also Laneham’s Account of the _Queen’s Entertainment at Killingworth _[sic]_ Castle_.

INDEX.

Abbeys and Priories of England, 66 _et seq._

Aldhelm, the Saxon scholar and poet, 10, 64.

Alfred, King, 17 _et seq._

Aneurin, a Welsh bard, the reputed author of Gododin, 7.

“Arcadia” of Philip Sidney, 237.

Archery in England, 199.

Arnold, Matthew, on Celtic literature, 8.

Arthur, King, the legends of, 39 _et seq._;
Geoffrey’s version of, 42;
Map’s version, 42;
Layamon’s version, 43.

Ascham, Roger, 197;
his “Toxophilus,” 199;
his “Schoolmaster,” 199;
teacher of Queen Elizabeth, 201.

Bacon, Francis, 242;
his character, 250 _et seq._;
his essays, 257;
his _Novum Organum_ and _De Augmentis_, 258;
his death, 259.

Bacon, Roger, 77 _et seq._

Balladry, English, 158.

Barnes, Dame Juliana, 153.

Battle Abbey, 35.

Beda, 15, 64.

Beowulf, 41.

“Betrothed,” Scott’s novel, 48.

Berners, Lord, his translation of Froissart, 129.

Bible, Wyclif’s translation of, 90;
Tyndale’s translation, 185;
reading of, by the common people forbidden in reign of Henry
VIII., 191.

Black Prince, 93, 104, 106.

Boccaccio, 83.

Bœthius’ “Consolation of Philosophy,” translated by King Alfred, 19.

“Boke of the Duchesse,” Chaucer’s poem, 107.

Books at the end of the thirteenth century, 62;
decoration of, 65.

“Brut” of Layamon, 43.

Burleigh, Lord, 212, 242.

Cædmon, 13 _et seq._;
possible influence of his paraphrase on Milton, 15.

Camden, William, 176, 303.

Camelot, 39, 40.

Canute’s verse about the singing of the monks of Ely, 22.

Canterbury School, 10.

“Canterbury Tales,” Chaucer’s, 114.

Caxton, 45, 149;
books from his press, 151.

Celtic literature, early, 7 _et seq._

Chapman, George, and his Homer, 266.

Chaucer, 89, 97 _et seq._;
his early life in London, 98;
a scholar, 100;
his connection with the royal household, 103;
his translation of the _Roman de la Rose_, 104;
his “Boke of the Duchesse,” 107;
his “Parliament of Foules,” 107;
his “Troilus and Cresseide,” 108;
his journeys on the Continent, 108;
his portrait, 112;
his “Canterbury Tales,” 114;
characters of the Canterbury pilgrims, 114 _et seq._;
localities of the pilgrimage, 117;
his literary thefts, 119;
example of his art, 120 _et seq._

Chevy Chase, ballad of, 159.

“Comus,” Milton’s, its relation to Peele’s “An Old Wives Tale,” 285.

_Confessio Amantis_ of Gower, 128.

Coryat, Thomas, 304.

Cranmer, 182, 185.

“Crayon, Geoffrey,” 38.

Damoiselle, life of a, in the thirteenth century, 72.

Danish invasions of England, 17.

Dante, 83.

Dekker, Thomas, 287.

Drake, Sir Francis, 242.

Drayton, Michael, 291;
his “Poly-olbion,” 292;
his “Nymphidia,” 293.

Edward I., II., and III., 82 _et seq._

Edward VI., 182, 197.

Elizabeth, Queen, Roger Ascham’s encomium of her studiousness, 201;
comes to the throne, 204;
her religion, 206;
Froude’s unfavorable portrait of, 207;
Soranzo’s description of, 208;
her greatness, 209;
her literary attempts, 311;
her love of pageants, 312;
her progresses, 313;
at Kenilworth, 314;
her death, 321.

Elizabethan authors, 214.

Emerson, his enjoyment of Taliesin, 8.

Erasmus, 177.

“Euphues,” by Lyly, 245.

Falstaff, Jack, 133.

Foxe, John, 187.

Froissart, Lord Berners’ translation of, 129.

Froude, Mr., his history characterized, 207.

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 37 _et seq._

Green’s “History of the English People,” 5, 6;
“Making of England,” 10, 17;
cited, 64.

Greene, Robert, 277;
his relations with Shakespeare, 280.

Godiva, Lady, tradition of, 23.

Gower, John, 127.

“Grave, the,” an Anglo-Saxon poem, 21.

Hakluyt, Richard, 304.

Hampton Court, 171.

Harold the Saxon, 29 _et seq._

“Harold,” Tennyson’s play, 29.

Henry II., 48.

Henry III., 56, 65.

Henry IV., 127, 132, 145.

Henry V., 141.

Henry VI. and VII., 144.

Henry VIII., 167;
character of, 172.

Hobbes, Thomas, 261;
his translation of Thucydides, 265.

Holinshed, Raphael, 211.

Hooker, Richard, and the “Ecclesiastical Polity,” 215, 242.

“Ivanhoe,” 50.

James I. of Scotland, 137.

Joan of Arc, 146.

John, King, 53.

John of Gaunt, 92;
a friend of Wyclif, 92;
of Chaucer, 110, 145.

Jonson, Ben, 282, 295.

Katharine of Aragon, 171.

“Kenilworth,” 68;
its picture of Queen Elizabeth’s visit, 314.

“King’s Quair, the,” 137.

Knox, John, 187.

Langlande, William, 84.

Lanier, Sidney, his “Mabinogion,” 8;
his “King Arthur,” 45.

Latimer, Hugh, 186.

Layamon, 43.

Leicester, Earl of, and Queen Elizabeth, 315.

Libraries at the end of the thirteenth century, 63.

Lilly, William, the head-master of St. Paul’s, 173.

Lindisfarne Abbey, 12.

Lodge, Thomas, 275.

London, 6;
in Chaucer’s time, 98.

“London Lickpenny” of Lydgate, 136.

Longfellow’s translation of “The Grave,” 21.

Lord’s Prayer, the, in Tyndale’s version, 185.

Lydgate, John, 135.

Lyly, John, 245.

Lytton, Lord, his “Harold, the Last of the Saxon Kings,” 29.

“Mabinogion,” the, 8.

Macbeth, the murder of, 23.

“Madoc,” Southey’s poem, 49.

Mallory, Sir Thomas, 45.

Mandeville, Sir John, 59;
doubts respecting his travels, and personality, 60.

Map, Walter, 42.

Marco Polo, 59.

Marini Sanuto on the accession of Henry VIII., 169.

Marlowe, Christopher, 269.

“Marmion,” 3, 12.

Mary, Queen, 182, 184, 197.

Mary Queen of Scots, 241.

Matthew Paris, 46.

Mermaid Tavern, the, 274.

Milton, 15.

“Monastery, the,” 246.

More, Sir Thomas, 175, 185.

Nashe, Thomas, 276.

Norham Castle and “Marmion,” 3.

_Novum Organum_, the, of Bacon, 258.

Nut-Brown Maid, ballad of, 161.

Occleve, 135.

Orderic Vitalis, 46.

Oxford in the thirteenth century, 77.

“Parliament of Foules,” Chaucer’s poem, 107.

Paston Letters, the, 154.

Peele, George, 284;
his “Old Wives Tale,” 285.

Petrarch, 83.

“Piers Plowman, the Vision of,” 84.

Printing, the rise of, in England, 149.

Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, 312.

Purvey, his work on Bible of Wyclif, 96.

Puttenham’s “Arte of English Poesie,” 310.

Raleigh, 242.

Religious houses, spoliation of, 205.

Richard Cœur de Lion, 50.

Richard II., 126, 130.

Richard III., 148.

Rienzi, 83, 90.

Robert of Gloucester, 57.

Robin Hood’s bay, 13.

Robin Hood, 69.

Robin Hood ballads, 159.

Roger de Hoveden, 46.

“Roman de la Rose,” 104.

Roman remains in England, 6.

“Rosalynde,” Lodge’s novel, 275.

Sackville, Thomas, 210, 242.

“Saxon Chronicle, the,” 17, 27, 37.

St. Albans, 66.

St. Augustine in England, 10, 63.

St. Columba, monastery of, 11.

“Schoolmaster, the,” by Ascham, 200.

“Scottish Chiefs, the,” 81.

Shakespeare, his “Henry IV.,” 133;
“Henry V.,” 141;
“Henry VI.,” 146;
“Richard III.,” 148, 243;
with the wits at the Mermaid Tavern, 281.

Sidney, Philip, 230;
his “Arcadia,” 237;
his “Defence of Poesie,” 238.

Skelton, John, 139.

Sonnet, the, first used in English by Wyatt, 193.

Soranzo, Signor, his report of Queen Elizabeth, 208.

Spedding, James, his “Life of Bacon,” 251.

Spenser, Edmund, 217;
his “Shepherd’s Calendar,” 217;
“Faery Queen,” 221 _et seq._;
“Epithalamium,” 228.

Sternhold and Hopkins’ versions of the Psalms, 189.

Stow, John, 304.

Stubbes, Philip, 308.

Surrey, Earl of, 194;
his poetry, and story of his Florentine tourney, 195.

Taillefer, the Norman minstrel, 26.

Taine’s treatment of Richard Cœur de Lion, 50.

Taliesin, 8.

“Talisman, the,” 51.

Tennyson’s “Harold,” 30;
“Idyls of the King,” 40;
“Queen Mary,” 183.

Thackeray’s treatment of Richard Cœur de Lion in “Rebecca and
Rowena,” 51.

Thomas à Becket, 48.

Tolstoi, Count, 180.

Tudor, Sir Owen, and the Tudor succession, 144.

Tusser, Thomas, 211.

Tyndale, William, 185.

“Utopia,” by Sir Thomas More, 178.

_Vox Clamantis_ of Gower, 127.

Wace, 42.

Wallace, William, 81.

“Westward, Ho,” Kingsley’s novel, 40.

Whitby Monastery, 12.

Whittingham, 189.

William the Norman, 25 _et seq._

William of Malmsbury, 46.

William of Newburgh, 46.

Wolsey, Cardinal, 170, 173.

Wyclif, 89, 90 _et seq._;
his translation of the Bible, 95.

Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 193.

Wright, Leonard, 307.

York, 6.

York and Lancaster, the wars of, 145.