Chapter VI: ‘nicknames.’ (8)

A well-known Durham family of the name of ‘Burletson’ existed till the
close of the eighteenth century in that county, and I am not sure that
it does not still survive there. This, I doubt not, is but a
corruption of ‘Bartelotson’ or ‘Bartleson.’ (_Vide_ Surtees’ _History
of Durham_, vol. i. p. 106.)

Footnote 87:

John Toloson was Sheriff of London in 1237.

Footnote 88:

The romance form, ‘Thomasine,’ existed till recent days, and was at
the zenith of its popularity in Elizabeth’s reign. It is found in
every register of that period. It is found as ‘Thomasing’ in
Worksworth Ch. (Derbyshire): ‘Thomasing, filia William Sympson; buried
Jan. 31, 1640.’

Footnote 89:

Thus Skelton, in _Why come ye nat to Courte?_ says:—

‘Twit, Andrewe, twit, Scot,
Ge hame, ge scour thy pot.’

Footnote 90:

An instance of the diminutive is found in ‘Thomas Jemmitt,’ recorded
in Clutterbuck’s _Hertford_, Index, vol. i.

Footnote 91:

Thus, in _Why come ye nat to Courte?_ Skelton introduces such
fictitious characters as—

‘Havell, and Harvy Hafter,
Jack Travell, and Cole Crafter.’

Footnote 92:

I have stated in p. 80 that Polson is nothing more than Paulson. A
proof of this is found in the case of ‘Pol Withipol,’ who was summoned
to attend the council to show why the statute passed 27th Henry VIII.,
for the making of broadcloths and kerseys, should not be
repealed.—Proc. and Ord. Privy Council, vii. 156.

Footnote 93:

Capgrave, in his ‘Chronicles,’ under date 1394, says: ‘In this time
the Lolardis set up scrowis at Westminster and at Poules.’

Footnote 94:

Lord Macaulay has noticed this. Speaking of the Old Testament, and in
respect of the old Puritans, he says: ‘In such a history it was not
difficult for fierce and gloomy spirits to find much that might be
distorted to suit their wishes. The extreme Puritans, therefore, began
to feel for the Old Testament a preference which, perhaps, they did
not distinctly avow even to themselves, but which showed itself in all
their sentiments and habits. They paid to the Hebrew language a
respect which they refused to that tongue in which the discourses of
Jesus and the epistles of Paul have come down to us. They baptized
their children by the names, not of Christian saints, but of Hebrew
patriarchs and warriors.’—(_Hist. Eng._ ch. 1.)

Footnote 95:

The most curious illustration of this class is that of ‘Melcom Groat’
(T.T.). ‘Milcom, the abomination of the children of Ammon.’—2 Kings,
xxiii. 13. This is a conversion by baptism which would astonish
equally Mr. Spurgeon and Dr. Pusey, I should imagine. A sister of
Archbishop Leighton (son of a much persecuted Presbyterian minister)
was ‘Sapphira.’

Footnote 96:

The same writer quotes from the register of Waldron the following
curious entry:—‘Flie-fornication, the bace sonne of Catren Andrewes,
bapt. ye 17th Desemb., 1609.’

Footnote 97:

‘The Rev. Experience Mayhew, A.M., born Feb. 5th, 1673, died of an
apoplexy, Nov. 9th, 1758.’ He was a missionary to Vineyard Island.
(_Vide_ ‘Pulpit,’ Dec. 6, 1827.)

Footnote 98:

‘Here lieth the body of Abstinence Pougher, Esq., who died Sept. 5th,
1741, aged 62 years.’ (All Saints, Leicester. _Vide_ Nicholls’
‘Leicester.’)

Footnote 99:

Dr. Increase Mather was sent from New England to represent to James
II. the gratitude of the Dissenters for a Toleration Act in 1685.
(_Vide_ Neales’ ‘Puritans,’ vol. v. p. 31.)

Footnote 100:

Rev. Accepted Frewen (died 1664) was Archbishop of York, and son of a
Puritan minister in Sussex. (_Vide_ Walker’s ‘Sufferings of Clergy,’
p. 38.) ‘Thankfull’ was his brother.

Footnote 101:

Mr. Livewell Sherwood, an alderman of Norwich, was put on a commission
for sequestering Papists, in 1643. (Scobell’s ‘Orders of Parl.,’ p.
38.)

Footnote 102:

Faythful Fortescue. (‘Visitation of Yorkshire.’)

Footnote 103:

‘Robert Thyer and Silence Leigh, married Dec. 9, 1741.’ (St. Ann’s,
Manchester.) She was evidently the daughter of some old stickler for
St. Paul’s doctrine—‘Let the women learn in silence, with all
subjection’—or had he been himself a sufferer in his married life?

Footnote 104:

Charles Chauncy died in New England, 1671. He went from Hertfordshire,
where the family had been settled for centuries. His children were
‘Isaac,’ ‘Ichabod,’ ‘Sarah,’ ‘Barnabas,’ ‘Elnathan,’ ‘Nathaniel,’ and
‘Israel.’ (Clutterbuck’s _Hertford_, vol. ii. 401.) Elnathan and
Nathaniel are the same, with syllables reversed, like ‘Theodora’ and
‘Dorothea.’

Footnote 105:

‘What is your name?’ then said Robin Hood,
‘Come, tell me, without any fail;’
‘By the faith of my body,’ then said the young man,
‘My name it is Allan a Dale.’

(_Robin Hood_, vol. ii, 261.)

Footnote 106:

One of the best puns extant is put to the credit of the Duke of
Buckingham by Walter Scott, in his _Peveril of the Peak_. A Mrs.
Cresswell, who had borne anything but a creditable character,
bequeathed 10_l._ for a funeral sermon, in which nothing ill-natured
was to be said of her. The duke wrote the following brief but pointed
discourse: ‘All I shall say of her is this: she was born _well_, she
married _well_, she lived _well_, and she died _well_; for she was
born at “Shad-well,” married to “Cress-well,” lived at “Clerken-well,”
and died in “Bride-well.”’

Footnote 107:

A will, dated 1553, among other bequests mentions: ‘Also to _my nawnt_
Bygott an old angell of golde.’ The old angel, I need not say, refers
to the coin, not the aunt. (Richmondshire Wills, p. 76.)

Footnote 108:

This name thus formed existed till the sixteenth century, at least,
for ‘Christopher Nend’ is set down in the Corpus Christi Guild, York,
1530.

Footnote 109:

William de Okholt is found in the ‘Inquis. post mortem.’ This would be
the original form.

Footnote 110:

‘Emelina de Hogshawe’ (Inquis. post mortem). The name is now extinct,
I believe.

Footnote 111:

Our ‘Deardens,’ however, may be in some cases but a corruption of the
old ‘Derneden’—that is, the secret or secluded den. The Hundred Rolls
give us, for instance, a ‘Ralph de Derneden.’ This word ‘dern’ was
then in the most familiar use. Thus, in ‘Cursor Mundi,’ mention is
made of ‘a mountain dern.’ Chaucer speaks of ‘derne love,’ and Piers
Plowman of ‘derne usurie.’ Our ‘Durnfords’ but represent such an early
entry as ‘Robert de Derneford;’ and of names now obsolete, we might
instance ‘Dernehus,’ found also in the same roll as the above. Our
‘Dernes’ simple probably originated in the reticent and cautious
disposition of their first ancestor. We may take this opportunity of
noticing that ‘Dibdin’ is but ‘Deepden.’ One of our older rolls has a
‘Randolph de Depeden.’

Footnote 112:

By ‘ley’ I include both ‘lee,’ a shelter, and ‘lea,’ a pasture, for it
is impossible to distinguish the two.

Footnote 113:

‘John de Foxlee’ is mentioned. (Fines, Ric. I.)

Footnote 114:

More personal forms are found in ‘Henry Legeman’ (H.R.) and ‘Elias
Layman’ (H.R.).

Footnote 115:

‘William de Waldeslade’ occurs in the ‘Great Roll of the Pipe.’

Footnote 116:

Quite as good a story, and one less objectionable, is told of a
Scottish Member of Parliament called Dunlop, who, at a large dinner
party, having asserted that no one could make a pun upon his name, met
with the instant reply from one of his guests, ‘Oh, yes, I can. _Lop_
off the last syllable, and it is _done_.’

Footnote 117:

Thus in the ‘Proverbs of Hending,’ it is said: ‘When the coppe is
fullest, then the hair is fairest.’

Footnote 118:

Talking of ‘Manners,’ however, we may add one on the celebrated
Marquis of Granby:—

‘What conquest now will Britain boast,
Or where display her banners?
Alas! in Granby she has lost
True courage and good _Manners_.’

Puns of this nature may be met with frequently in books of the last
century. Some complimentary verses to Dr. Gill, on account of a
supposed victory in a public controversy, in 1727, in support of
immersion at baptism, have a play of this kind at one part:—

‘Stennet,’ at first, his furious foe did meet,
Cleanly compelled him to a swift retreat;
Next powerful ‘Gale,’ by mighty blast made fall
The Church’s Dagon, the gigantic ‘Wall.’
(_Gill’s Works_, edit. 1839.)

Footnote 119:

Our now vulgar term ‘nob’ is a relic of this: ‘To hit a man on the
nob’ is, in the north, to strike on the head. In the same districts a
‘nob’ is a rich man, one of family and influence.

Footnote 120:

Our Authorised Version has it, in Exodus xxv. 33: ‘Three bowls made
like unto almonds, with a knop and flower in one branch.’ Here a bud
is evidently intended. I need scarcely say that ‘knob’ is but the
modern form of this word.

Footnote 121:

Besides ‘David atte Lawe’ (M.), we have the more personal ‘John
Laweman’ (A.), or ‘Ranulf Laweman’ (A.). I doubt not these are also
local, but one cannot help thinking of Chaucer’s ‘Sergeant of the
Lawe, ware and wise.’

Footnote 122:

‘William de Thornover’ and ‘Walter de Ashovere’ will represent
compound forms.

Footnote 123:

Several local names of this class are found with ‘tree’ appended.
Thus, ‘Thomas Appletree’ occurs in the Chancery suits of Elizabeth;
and ‘Crabtree,’ ‘Plumtree,’ or ‘Plumptree,’ and ‘Rowntree’ (rowantree)
may still be seen in our busiest streets.

Footnote 124:

In the ‘Townley Mysteries,’ Jacob, in his vision, is represented as
saying:—

‘And now is here none othere gate
But Godes howse and hevens yate.’

Footnote 125:

I believe this word is not yet extinct in our North-country
vocabulary. A Yorkshire inventory of goods, of 1540 or thereabouts,
concludes by stating what moneys had been discovered in corners and
out of the way places in the house: ‘In hernes, xiii_s._ iiii_d._;
item, x sylver spones, xxiii_s._iiii_d._’ (Richmondshire Wills, p.
41.)

Footnote 126:

Thus, also, is it with ‘Duffus.’ We find it in the Hundred Rolls set
down in the same form as ‘de Duffus’ or ‘del Duffus,’ the more literal
dress being met with in the London city archives in the name of
‘Thomas Dufhous.’ (_Vide_ Riley’s _Memorials of London_, p. 555.)
‘Dove-house’ is the root.

Footnote 127:

‘Agnes atte Punfald’ (A.) reminds us of our ‘Penfold,’ or ‘Pinfold,’
_i.e._ the pound.

Footnote 128:

‘Ralph ate Med’ (A.). ‘Philip atte Medde’ (M). In the Hundred Rolls we
find ‘William le Medward’ corresponding to ‘Hayward.’ (_Vide_ p. 198.)

Footnote 129:

‘His tenants, the graingers, are tyed to come themselves and winde the
woll, they have a fatte weather and a fatte lambe killed, and a dinner
provided for their paines.’ (Henry Best’s _Farming Book_ (1641), p.
97.)

Footnote 130:

‘John Grangeman’ occurs in the Proc. in Chancery. (Elizabeth.)

Footnote 131:

The coney, or rabbit, has made a mark upon our local nomenclature. An
old form of the word was ‘coning’ or ‘conig.’ Thus Piers Plowman
says:—

‘The while he caccheth conynges,
He coveiteth naught youre caroyne,
But feedeth hym all with venyson.’

Relics of this are found in such an entry as ‘Nicolas Conyng’ or
‘Peter Conyng,’ though now met with as ‘Coney.’ More local
registrations, such as ‘Thomas de Conyton,’ ‘John de Conington,’ ‘John
de Conyngsby,’ or ‘Walter de Cunnyngby,’ are still familiarised to us
in ‘Conington’ and ‘Coningsby.’ The North English form was ‘Cuning,’
whence the ‘de Cunnyngby’ above instanced and our modern
‘Cunninghams.’

Footnote 132:

_Vide_ Lower’s _Surnames_.

Footnote 133:

One of Edward III.’s regulations concerning the sale and purchase of
wool speaks of ‘merchandises en Engleterre, Gales, ou Irlande;’ and
further on more personally of ‘merchantz Engleis, Galeis, ou Irreis.’
(‘Stat. of Realm,’ vol. i. p. 334.) ‘Henry le Galeys,’ that is, as we
should say now, ‘Henry Welsh,’ was Mayor of London in 1298.

Footnote 134:

In two different rolls we come across such cognomens as ‘Osbert
Diabolus’ and ‘Roger le Diable.’ These are very likely but relics of
early jesting upon the local forms mentioned in the text. A ‘Thomas de
Devyle’ occurs in the Parliamentary Rolls, while in the Writs of the
same we find a ‘John de Evylle.’ The former instance, again, may be
but a sarcastic reduplication of the prefix. Dean Milman, quoting the
author of _Anglia Judaica_, tells the following story, which shows how
early this name had been so played upon:—‘A certain Jew travelling
towards Shrewsbury in company with Richard Peche, Archdeacon of
Malpas, in Cheshire, and a reverend dean whose name was “Deville,” was
told amongst other things, by the former, that his “jurisdiction was
so large as to reach from a place called Ill Street all along till
they came to Malpas, and took in a wide circumference of country.” To
which the infidel, being more witty than wise, immediately replied:
“Say you so, sir? God grant me then a good deliverance! For it seems I
am riding in a country where Sin (Péché) is the archdeacon, and the
Devil himself the dean; where the entrance into the archdeaconry is in
Ill Street, and the going from it Bad Steps (Malpas).”’ (_History of
Jews_, vol. iii. p. 232.)

Footnote 135:

Hall, in his ‘Chronicles,’ speaks of the ‘Duke of Burgoyne.’ (F.
xxiiii.)

Footnote 136:

‘Champaigne,’ of course, means simply _plain-land_, and is found
locally in various parts of Western Europe. I have included ‘Champion’
with the others because, though sometimes a combative sobriquet, it is
as often found to be the mediæval form of the local term, ‘Champian’
and ‘Champain’ being other modes of spelling the same to be met with
at this period. Thus we find such double entries as ‘Katerina le
Champion’ and ‘Roger de Champion.’ Our present Authorised Version uses
the word twice, as in Deut. xi. 30:—‘Are they not on the other side
Jordan, by the way where the sun goeth down, in the land of the
Canaanites, which dwell in the champaign over against Gilgal, beside
the _plains_ of Moreh?’ In the various translations of this passage
almost all the above modes of spelling have been used.

Footnote 137:

_Vide_ _Words and Places_, p. 436.

Footnote 138:

Camden says: ‘When Rollo had Normandy made over to him by Carolus
Stultus, with his daughter Gisla, he would not submit to kiss
Charles’s foot. And when his friends urged him by all means to kiss
the king’s foot, in gratitude for so great a favour, he made answer in
the English tongue, “Ne se, by God”—“Not so, by God”—upon which the
king and his courtiers, deriding him, and corruptly repeating his
answer, called him “Bigod,” from whence the Normans are to this day
termed “Bigodi.”’

Footnote 139:

‘John Spaynard’ is found in the _Cal. Rot. Patentium_; but the name is
now obsolete, I imagine. ‘Peter Ispanier’ occurs in Clutterbuck’s
_Hertford_ (vol. i. Index).

Footnote 140:

Hence we find Skelton speaking in one of his poems of ‘That gentyll
Jorge the Januay.’

Footnote 141:

Wicklyffe, in his preface to St. Paul’s Epistle to the ‘Romayns,’
quotes St. Jerome, and adds, ‘This saith Jerom in his prologe on this
pistle to Romaynes.’

Footnote 142:

‘Turk,’ we must not forget, was a general term for anyone of the
Mahommedan faith. It still lingers in that sense in the _Jews, Turks,
Infidels, and Heretics_ of our Book of Common Prayer.

Footnote 143:

Thus we find Bishop Coverdale, in his _Prologue to the New Testament_,
written 1535, saying, ‘And to help me herein I have had sundry
translations, not only in Latin, but also of the Dutch interpreters,
whom, because of their singular gifts and special diligence in the
Bible, I have been the more glad to follow.’ (_Park: Soc._ p. 12.)
Here he is manifestly speaking of the German reformers.

Footnote 144:

Andrew Borde speaks of ‘Flaunders, Hanway, and Braban, which be
commodious and plentiful contreys.’—_Boke of the Introduction of
Knowledge._

Footnote 145:

An act passed in 1464 speaks of tonnage upon wines brought into
England ‘by eny Marchaunt Alien, as well by the Marchauntes of Hance
and of Almayn, as of eny other Marchauntes Alien.’ (Rot. Parl. Ed.
IV.) Bishop Coverdale’s exposition of the 22nd Psalm is entitled, ‘A
very excellent and swete exposition upon the two and twenty Psalme of
David, called in Latyn, “Dominus regit me, et nihil.” Translated out
of hye Almayne in to Englyshe by Myles Coverdale, 1537.’

Footnote 146:

The old form of ‘Dutch’ was ‘Douch’ or ‘Dowch.’ Skelton in his
‘Parrot’ says that, besides French, Lattyn, Ebrew,

‘With Douch, with Spanysh, my tong can agree.’

Our ‘Dowch’s’ and ‘Douch’s’ still preserve this spelling.

Footnote 147:

Our ‘Sarsons’ may be metronymically descended from ‘Sare’ or ‘Sarra.’
Skelton, in ‘Elynore Rummyng,’ speaks of

‘Dame Dorothe and lady Besse,
Dame Sare, our pryoresse.’

Nevertheless the same writer, in his ‘Poem against Garnesche,’
addresses a Saracen thus—

‘I say, ye solem Sarson, alle blake is your ble.’

Such entries as ‘William fil. Sare,’ ‘John Saresson,’ ‘Henry Sarrasin’
or ‘Peter Sarracen,’ show both origins to be possible.

Footnote 148:

This surname is found uncorrupted so late as 1626. A ‘John Jewry’ is
set down in C. C. Coll. register for that date. (_Vide Hist. C. C.
Coll._) ‘Jewsbury’ has the same origin.

Footnote 149:

We must not forget, however, that the term ‘convert’ was applied to
such as were lay members of a monastery. They were also working
brethren, and thus were distinguished from the ‘monachi,’ or monks,
who were wholly confined to religious offices and meditation. Thus, in
the _Life of Hugh of Lincoln_, it is said, ‘Omnes interea Hugonem
loquebantur sive prior, sive monachus, sive _conversus_, gratiam
attolebat collatam Hugoni.’ (P. 46. See, also, Glossary to same.)

Footnote 150:

‘Edward I. went so far as to give the Dominican Friars, at their
particular request, power to constrain the Jews to listen to their
preaching, and even proceeded to waive his claim for seven years to
more than a moiety of the goods of the converts, the other half being
given to maintain the poor in the Hospital for Converts.’ (_Anglia
Judaica_, p. 231.)

Footnote 151:

Hall, in his _Chronicles_, spells it ‘Bullein.’ (F, xxiii.)

Footnote 152:

So late as the year 1562 we find, in an old inventory, mention made of
‘One bede coveringe of ariesworke, 8_s._ (_Richmondshire Wills_, p.
161.) ‘Grant to John Bakes, arras-maker, of the office of maker and
mender of the King’s cloths and pieces of arras and tapestry, with
12_d._ a day for wages.’—_Materials for History of Reign of Henry
VII._ (p. 259).

Footnote 153:

The _Gildhallæ Munimenta_ mention, among other goods, ‘mercerie,
canevas, conins-panes, fustiane, chalons, _draps du Reynes_, et draps
de soye.’ (P. 231.) ‘Then take a towell of reynes of two yerdes and an
halfe, and take the towell by ye endes double and laye it on the
table.’—_The Boke of Kervynge._

Footnote 154:

Foxe, in his _Martyrology_, speaks of the ‘Bishop of Mentz, of Cullen,
and of Wormes.’ (Vol. i. p. 269, ed. 1844.)

Footnote 155:

The same remark will apply to our ‘Cardinals’ and ‘Pontifexs.’
‘Cardinal’ is early found in ‘Walter Cardinall’ (P.), and ‘William
Cardynall’ (Z.).

Footnote 156:

In one of our old mediæval ‘mysteries,’ representing the Nativity, one
of the Magi says:—

Certain Balaam speakys of this thyng,
That of Jacob a star shall spryng,
That shall overcom kasar and kyng.
—_Townley Mysteries._

Footnote 157:

Some of these forms may be but corruptions of ‘Casier,’ the old
cheese-maker, found in the Writs of Parliament in such entries as
‘Michael le Casiere,’ or ‘Benedict le Casiere.’ ‘Cayser’ would require
little variation to make it such.

Footnote 158:

‘Ellice Prynce’ (Z.), ‘John le Cunte’ (E.), ‘Peter le Counte’ (G.),
‘John le Viscounte’ (B.).

Footnote 159:

‘William le Duck’ (T.). Our ‘Ducks’ may thus be official rather than
ornithological.

Footnote 160:

This word is found as a compound in ‘William Burtheyn,’ a Saxon title
equivalent to the Norman ‘Chamberlain.’ The Prompt. Par. has
‘burmayden,’ _i.e._ ‘chamber-maid.’

Footnote 161:

In the Hundred Rolls we find a ‘Will Litleking.’ This sobriquet would
readily attach to one such feast-appointed monarch whose diminutive
stature would but impart additional merriment to the occasion. ‘Roger
Wyteking’ (_Testa de Neville_) would owe his _nom-de-plume_ to the
dress he wore. It is to such an institution as this, again, we must
ascribe the origin of such names as ‘Reginald Kyngessone,’ and
perchance ‘Richard Kyngesman,’ both found in the Hundred Rolls also.
That our ‘Kings’ are but a memorial of the festivities of our
forefathers, is an undoubted fact. Every great nobleman had not merely
a professed ‘fool,’ but at particular seasons a ‘King of Misrule.’
This ‘king’ initiated and conducted the merry doings of Christmastide,
and was a proper officer. Besides the ‘King of Misrule,’ there were
also the ‘King’ and ‘Queen’ of each village enthroned on May morning,
who would be sure to keep their regal title through the year at least.
Thus, among the twenty or thirty families that comprised the manor of
Ashton-under-Lyne in 1422, we find ‘Hobbe the King,’ while a festival
to be held there in that year is to be under the supervision of
‘Margaret, widow of Hobbe the King, Hobbe Adamson, Jenkin of the Wood,
Robert Somayster (Sum-master), etc.’ (_Three Lancashire Documents._
Cheth. Soc.) ‘We, Adam Backhous and Harry Nycol, hath made account for
the Kenggam (King-game), that same tym don William Kempe, _Kenge_, and
Joan Whytebrede, _Quen_, and all costs deducted, 4_l._ 5_s._ 0_d._
(_Ch.wardens’ Accounts_: Kingston-upon-Thames. Lyson.)

Footnote 162:

The Ordinary was any ecclesiastic judge, the bishop himself, or his
deputy. Thus, in a statute of Edward III., dated 1341, it is
said:—‘Item, it is accorded and assented that the king and his heirs
shal have the conisance of the usurers dead, and that the Ordinaries
of Holy Church—_les Ordinares de Seinte Esglise_—have the conisance of
usurers in life, as to them appertaineth, to make compulsion by the
censures of Holy Church for the sin,’ &c. (_Stat. Realm_, vol. i. p.
296.) We still call the gaol chaplain the _ordinary_ who conducts the
condemned prisoner to the scaffold and reads the appointed service.
The Parliamentary Writs give us a ‘John Ordeiner’ and a ‘Stephen
Ordinar.’

Footnote 163:

The term ‘poll’ for the head, was far more familiar to our forefathers
than to ourselves, as such terms as ‘poll-tax,’ or ‘going to the
poll,’ testify. It was in great favour for nickname purposes, and
beside the one in the text gave rise to such sobriquets as
‘ranti-poll,’ _i.e._, boisterous fellow; ‘doddy-poll,’ or
‘doddy-poul,’ as Latimer spells it, _i.e._, blockhead; or
‘withy-poll,’ _i.e._, spoiled one. The latter was a term of
endearment, and as such would not be resented. Hence it is found twice
as a surname:—‘Poule Withipoule, taillour’ (_Rutland Papers_, Cam.
Soc.); ‘Edmund Withipole’ (_State Papers, Domestic_).

Footnote 164:

An old sermon, written in the fourteenth century, upon Matt. xxiv. 43,
speaks of those whom we should now term as the ‘Devil and his angels’
as the ‘Devil and his kachereles.’

Footnote 165:

We have the surname of ‘Outlawe,’ or ‘Outlaghe,’ figuring in several
rolls, and that of ‘Felon,’ or ‘le Felun,’ in at least one. These
would be both unpleasant names to bear, perhaps more so then than now.
A ‘felon’ was one who had, by court adjudicature, and for some
specific crime, forfeited all his property, lands, or goods. An
‘outlaw’ was one who had been cited to judgment for some misdemeanour,
and by refusing to make an appearance had put himself out of the
protection of the law. Thus, Robin Hood was an outlaw. ‘Adam Outelaw’
signs ordinances of Guild of St. John Baptist, West Lynn, 1374.
(_English Gilds_, p. 102.) This name, strange to say, lingered on to
within the last two hundred years, a ‘Thomas Outlaw’ being found in a
college register for 1674. (Vide _Hist. C. C. Coll. Cam._) In 1661,
too, ‘Ralph Outlaw’ was rector of Necton in Norfolk. (_Hist. Norf._,
vi. 55.)

Footnote 166:

‘On the 30th ult., at Greenheys, Manchester, formerly of Oxton,
Cheshire, Sarah, widow of R. Bellringer, of Pendleton, aged 82.’
(_Manchester Courier_, May 2, 1874.) This is the only instance of this
name I have hitherto met with.

Footnote 167:

‘Thomas le Await’ occurs in the _Rot. Curiæ Regis_. This reminds us
that our ‘waiter’ was once prefixed with ‘a’ likewise—‘xii. esquiers
awaiters.’ (_Ord. Household of Duke of Clarence_, 1493.)

Footnote 168:

‘And to meyris or presidentis and to kyngis ye shall be led for me in
witnessyng to them.’—Matt x. 18 (Wicklyffe). In a Petition to
Parliament, dated 1461, the following varieties of spelling occur
within the space of thirty lines:—‘Maier,’ ‘Mayer,’ ‘Mayre,’and
‘Maire.’ (_Rot. Parl._ Ed. IV.)

Footnote 169:

I suspect the difference between the ‘claviger’ and the ‘clavier’ lay
in that the former bore the key, and perhaps even the mace, in all the
many public processions and pageants of the day.

Footnote 170:

The old and general custom of electing a boy-bishop on St. Nicholas’
Day gave their title, doubtless, to most of our ‘bishops.’ The
familiarity of the ceremony is fully attested by Brand. To him I refer
the reader. The boy thus elevated by his fellows could not but retain
the sobriquet. Lyson quotes from the _Lambeth Ch.wardens’ Accounts_,
1523: ‘For the Bishop’s dynner and hys company on St. Nycolas’ Day,
ii_s._ viii_d._’

Footnote 171:

Daniel Archdeacon was recommended to the King for his services, 1610.
(_State Papers_, 1623–5, p. 545.)

Footnote 172:

‘Roger le Archeprest’ (J.). The term was in use in the seventeenth
century. Smith, the ‘silver-tongued’ preacher, speaks of ‘priest, or
priests, or archpriests, or any such like.’ (_God’s Arrow against
Atheists._)

Footnote 173:

As in occupative names, such as ‘Fisherman’ and ‘Poulterer,’ there was
a tendency to repeat the suffix, or to add ‘man’ to a term that itself
expressed a personal agent, so it was in official names. We have just
spoken of ‘Vickerman’ and ‘Priestman.’ ‘Symon Priorman’ (W. 15) and
‘William Munkeman’ (W. 15) are other cases in point.

Footnote 174:

A curious, not to say cumbrous, surname is met with in the
Parliamentary Writs—that of ‘Holywaterclerk’—a certain ‘Hugh
Haliwaterclerk’ being set down as dwelling at Lincoln. Doubtless he
was connected with the cathedral body of that city. The name, I need
not say, is obsolete; and the Reformation has removed the office
denoted. A ‘Walter le Churcheclerk’ is found in the same record.

Footnote 175:

The charge of the vestry seems to have been given also to the
‘revetour,’ from ‘revestir.’ A ‘William Revetour, clericus, filius
Rogeri Morbet, revetour,’ was admitted to freedom of York City in
1420. He died in 1446, and in his will makes mention of his father as
‘Roger Revetour.’ (_Corpus Christi Guild_, p. 24. Surt. Soc.)

Footnote 176:

A curious, not to say cumbrous, surname is met with in the
Parliamentary Writs—that of ‘Holywaterclerk’—a certain ‘Hugh
Haliwaterclerk’ being set down as dwelling at Lincoln. Doubtless he
was connected with the cathedral body of that city. The name, I need
not say, is obsolete; and the Reformation has removed the office
denoted. A ‘Walter le Churcheclerk’ is found in the same record.

Footnote 177:

The charge of the vestry seems to have been given also to the
‘revetour,’ from ‘revestir.’ A ‘William Revetour, clericus, filius
Rogeri Morbet, revetour,’ was admitted to freedom of York City in
1420. He died in 1446, and in his will makes mention of his father as
‘Roger Revetour.’ (_Corpus Christi Guild_, p. 24. Surt. Soc.)

Footnote 178:

‘John Closterer.’ (_Three Histories of Durham._ Surt. Soc.) This would
be a general term for one who dwelt in a monastic institution.
Shakespeare uses the feminine ‘cloistress.’ Of a similar character
would be ‘Nicholas Brotherhood’ (Nicholls’ _Leicester_, 1633), ‘John
Brotherhood’ (W. 20), or ‘William Felliship’ (W. 11).

Footnote 179:

In the _Monastical Church of Durham_, written in 1593, we are told of
the ‘Cellarer’ that ‘the chambre where he dyd lye was in the dorter.’
(P. 83.)

Footnote 180:

Hence the local surname ‘Spital’ or ‘Spittle:’ ‘Richard ate Spitale,’
M. ‘Gilbert de Hospitall,’ A.

Footnote 181:

Our ‘Amners’ are but a corruption of this same name. The word had
become early so corrupted—‘For in tymes paste kynges have geven theyr
bysshoprycks to theyr councellers, chaplaynes ... or to suche which
have taken paynes in theyr householde, as amners, and deans of the
chappell,’ &c. (_A Supplycacion to our moste Soveraigne Lorde Kynge
Henry the Eyght_, p. 34.)

Footnote 182:

It was thus in the case of Simon the Leper of Bethany. The fact of
there being a feast in his house shows that he had been cured of his
disorder. None the less, however, did the surname cling to him.

Footnote 183:

‘Go ye and tell agen to Jon those things that ye have herd and seen.
Blind men seen, crokide goen, mesels ben maad clene, defe men heren,’
&c. (Matt. xi., Wicklyffe.)

Footnote 184:

Pilgrims to Rome were ‘Romers;’ whence such an entry as ‘Cristiana la
Romere’ (H.R.) Piers Plowman in ‘Passus IV.’ speaks, within eight
lines, of ‘religious romares’ and ‘Rome-runners.’

Footnote 185:

Capgrave, under date 1293, says: ‘In the xxii. yere was Celestius the
Fifte, Pope, take fro’ his hous, for he was a ankir.’ This Celestius
at once passed a law that a Pope might resign, and instantly gave it
up, returning to his old life again.

Footnote 186:

The Hundred Rolls contain ‘Geoffrey Halve Knit’ and ‘Nicholas Halve
Knycht.’ They would seem to have arrived at some half stage toward
chivalric rank.

Footnote 187:

Swyan, in _Morte Arthure_, slays Child-Chatelain, and

‘The swyers swyre-bane (neck-bone) he swappes in sondre.’

Footnote 188:

An ordinance of Edward III. declares that ‘men of arms, hoblers’ and
archers (gentz darmes, hobelers et archers) chosen to go in the king’s
service out of England, shall be at the king’s wages from the day that
they depart out of the counties where they were chosen, till their
return.’ (_Stat. Realm_, vol. i. p. 301.) Of the hobby itself, too, we
have mention. Thus a list of the royal stud at Eltham, in the
seventeenth year of Henry VIII., includes ‘coursers, 30; young horses,
8; barbary horses, 4; stallions, 8; hobbyes and geldings, 12.’
(_Collection of Ordinances_, p. 200.)

Footnote 189:

In the _Life of Hugh of Lincoln_ mention is made of ‘Marchadeus
princeps Rutariorum’ (p. 264). See the glossary, however, from which I
have derived much of the above.

Footnote 190:

In the _Morte Arthure_ mention is made of a youth named ‘Chastelayne,
a chylde of the Kynges chambyre.’

Footnote 191:

Such names as ‘Alice Suckling’ (ff.), or ‘William Firstling,’
(ditto)—both terms familiarised to us by the Authorised
Version—belong, seemingly, to the same class.

Footnote 192:

Among other duties the usher lay at the door of his lord’s sleeping
apartment. The _Boke of Curtasye_ says the

‘Usher before the dore
In outer chambur lies on the flore.’

Footnote 193:

Our friends across the border have this surname in the form of
‘Chalmers.’

Footnote 194:

The more correct form is found in the name of ‘William Summaster,’ who
is met with in an old Oxford record as having deposited, in 1462, a
caution for ‘Sykyll-Halle,’ of which he was principal. (Vide _Mun.
Acad. Oxon._)

Footnote 195:

A strange and yet most natural change gradually crept over this word.
There can be no doubt that the original ‘potager,’ or ‘potinger,’ had
his place in the baronial household as the superintendent of the
mess-making department. From his knowledge of herbs thus acquired he
evidently came to be looked upon in a medicinal capacity. Thus the
term came to be used synonymously with ‘apothecary.’ In the
_Archæologia_ (vol. xxii) we find it recorded that one of the horses
connected with the household of James V. of Scotland was called ‘le
Pottinger’—‘uno equo pharmacopile, vulgo le Pottinger.’ In an old
university record, dated 1439, I find, too, a certain ‘Ralph
Prestbury’ mentioned as sworn to keep the peace towards ‘Thomam Halle,
potygare, alias chirurgicum.’ (_Mun. Acad. Oxon._, p. 523.) Probably,
however, it was the lowly herbalist, rather than the professional
druggist, who acquired the sobriquet.

Footnote 196:

Amongst other gifts from the City of London to the Black Prince on his
return to London from Gascoigne, in 1371, were ‘48 _esqueles_ and 24
saltcellars, weighing by goldsmiths’ weight, 76_l._ 5_s._’ (Riley’s
_London_, p. 350.) ‘The 11 messes to the children of the Kechyn,
_Squillery_, and Pastrey, with Porters, Scowerers, and Turnbroches,
every mess at 23_l._ 16_s._ 9½_d._, in all 261_l._ 13_s._ 7_d._’ (Ord.
Henry VIII. at Eltham.) Apart from such entries as ‘John le Squylier,’
or ‘Geoffrey le Squeller,’ the Parl. Rolls gave us a ‘John de la
Squillerye.’

Footnote 197:

I may here mention that our brushes were almost entirely made of furze
or ling; bristles were rarely used. Hence such a name as ‘Robert le
Lingyure’ (H.R.), doubtless a maker and seller of brushes and brooms.

Footnote 198:

The ‘Promp. Par.’ has ‘Swyllare: Dysche-weschour.’

Footnote 199:

In an inventory of household chattels, dated so late as 1574, we find
the furniture of the hall first described, and this begins, ‘A
cupboard and a _spence_, 20_s._; xxiii pewter dublers, 20_s._;
seventene sawsers and potingers, 6_s._’ (_Richmondshire Wills_, p.
248.)

Footnote 200:

‘The Sewer muste speke with the panter and offycers of ye spycery for
fruytes that shall be eten fastynge.’—_The Boke of Kervynge._

Footnote 201:

A manciple was an achatour for a more public institution, such as an
Inn of Court or College. It is quite possible that our ‘Mansels’ and
‘Maunsels’ are thus derived, relics as they undoubtedly are of the ‘le
Maunsels’ or ‘le Mansells’ of this period. The corruption colloquially
of ‘manciple’ into ‘maunsell’ would be a perfectly natural one. An
instance of the purer form is found in the name of ‘Thomas Mancipill,’
met with in _Munimenta Academica_ (Oxon.) p. 525, under the date 1441.
That this was a common term at that university we may prove from an
indenture found in the same book, dated 1459, in which are mentioned
‘catours, manciples, spencers, cokes, lavenders, &c.’ (P. 346.) It may
be interesting to some to state that to this day this is the term for
the chief cook in several of the colleges.

Footnote 202:

A ‘William Celarer’ is mentioned in the Churchwardens’ Accounts of
Horley, Surrey, 1526. (_Brand._ vol. i. 226.) A Saxon form of this
existed in the term, ‘Hoarder,’ _i.e._ one who stored up. ‘Richard le
Hordere’ (H.R.), ‘Adam le Horder’ (Parl. Writs). The form ‘hordestre,’
or cellaress, is met with in contemporaneous writings.

Footnote 203:

The duties of Butler and Panter being so all-important, they are often
found encroaching on one another’s vocation. Thus the _Boke of
Curtasye_ says:—

‘Botler schalle sett for each a messe,
A pot, a lofe, withouten distress.’

Footnote 204:

This was evidently in existence as a surname formerly, although I have
only been able to discover one instance of it. The Principal of Bedel
Hall, one of the numerous smaller establishments at Oxford in mediæval
times, was in the year 1462 a certain Dr. Schalke. (_Mun. Acad.
Oxon._) It is very likely that our present ‘Chalk’ represents this
name.

Footnote 205:

‘The sewer must serve, and from the borde convey all manner of
potages, metes, and sauces.’—_The Boke of Kervynge._

Footnote 206:

We still use the compounds of this, as in ‘pursue,’ ‘ensue,’ or
‘issue;’ but we scarcely now employ the simple root-word so freely as
it evidently was employed in Wicklyffe’s time. He translates Mark ii.
14 as follows: ‘And whaune he passide he saygh Levy of Alfey sittynge
at the tolbothe and he seide to hym, sue me, and he roos and suede
him.’

Footnote 207:

‘Item: A Duke’s eldest sonn is borne a Marquisse, and shall goe as a
Marquisse, and have his Assayes, the Marquisse being present.’ (_A
Book of Precedence._) Hall, speaking of King Richard’s murder, says of
Sir Piers that he ‘came to Pomfret, commanding that the esquier whiche
was accustomed to sewe and take the assaye before Kyng Rychard should
no more use that maner of service.’ F. xiv.

Footnote 208:

Forks, used first in Italy, were not introduced into the French Court
till late in the sixteenth century. In England they did not make their
appearance till 1608, and it is said they were there the immediate
result of the published travels of Thomas Coryat, who visited Italy in
that year. I am sorry to say that I cannot find any instance of
‘Spooner’ in our earlier archives. Foxe mentions, in his
_Martyrology_, a ‘Robert Catlin, spoonmaker,’ persecuted in 1552 at
Byebrook, Suffolk.

Footnote 209:

‘To Percivall Smallpage, for his expences, xx_s._’ (_Household
Account, Princess Elizabeth._ Cam. Soc.)

Footnote 210:

We find the modern spelling of this sobriquet little varied from that
of the fifteenth century. An act, passed in 1463, to restrain excess
in apparel, makes a proviso in favour of ‘Hensmen, Heroldes,
Purceyvantes, Swerdeberers, as Maires, Messagers, and Minstrelles.’
(_Stat. Realm_, vol. ii. p. 402.) Sir Harris Nicolas says: ‘No word
has been more commented upon than “Henchmen,” or “Henxmen.” Without
entering into the controversy, it may be sufficient to state that in
the reign of Henry VIII. it meant pages of honour. They were the sons
of gentlemen, and in public processions always walked near the
monarch’s horse.’ (_Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII._, p. 327.)

Footnote 211:

Words terminating in this ‘ager’ seem invariably to have been changed
in the manner seen above. Thus, besides ‘Massinger’ and ‘Pottinger,’
we have ‘Arminger’ from the old ‘Armiger,’ ‘Firminger’ from the once
not unfamiliar ‘Furmager,’ or ‘Clavinger’ from ‘Claviger.’

Footnote 212:

This is confirmed by the _Promp. Par._ ‘Brevetowre: brevigerulus.’

Footnote 213:

Perhaps I ought to have placed ‘le Breviter’ in the dining-hall, as
but another name for the steward or steward’s lieutenant. It was one
among other duties of this officer to set down not merely the courses
as they came in, but what and how much was placed before each, so that
all might tally with the sum allowed for culinary expenses. This is
alluded to in the _Boke of Curtasye_. Speaking of the steward’s
offices in the hall, it says:—

‘At counting stuard schalle ben,
Tyll alle be _brevet_ of wax so grene,
Wrytten into bokes, without let,
That before in tabuls hase been set.’

Further on, too, it adds—

‘The clerke of the kitchen shalle alle thyngs _breve_.’

The name itself lingered on uncorrupted for some time; for as simple
‘Breviter’ it is found in 1580 in a Cambridge University list. (_Hist.
C. C. Coll. Cam._) The corrupted ‘Bretter’ still exists, and is met
with in ‘William Bretter,’ a name entered in the _Calendar to
Pleadings_ of Elizabeth’s reign.

Footnote 214:

‘To John Redyng, avener, for the expenses of le palfrais, 50_l._’
_Materials for Hist. of Reign of Henry VII._, p. 407.

Footnote 215:

‘Item: It is ordeyned that the King’s Avenor, with the two clerkes of
the said office, doe give their dayly attendance, as well as for the
check roll, as all other concerning provisions to be made for the
king’s stable, according to the statutes made and ordeyned for the
same.’ (Extract from _Ordinances of Henry VIII. at Eltham_.)

Footnote 216:

The _Liber Albus_, among other entries, has the following: ‘Qe nul
teigne Escole de Eskermerye, ne de Bokeler deins la citee.’

Footnote 217:

The old Norman word was either ‘healme’ or ‘heaume.’ The more ordinary
term for the former now is ‘helmet.’ Hall, writing of the Battle of
Bosworth Field, after mentioning the fact of the armies coming in
sight the one of the other, says: ‘Lord, how hasteley the souldyoures
buckled their healmes, how quickly the archers bent their bowes and
frushed their feathers, how redely the bilmen shoke their billes and
proved their staves.’ (Hall, _Richard III._, fol. 32 b.)

Footnote 218:

It is thought by several writers that the ‘Sworder’ was one who
performed feats of jugglery, the sword, after the fashion of the
times, forming the most important feature in his art, his hairbreadth
tricks being especially popular with the country people. It is quite
possible this may be its real origin. The only early instances I find
of the name are in the Parliamentary Writs and the Parliamentary
Rolls, where are recorded respectively a ‘John le Serdere’ and a
‘Henry Swerder.’

Footnote 219:

In Mr. Riley’s interesting _Memorials of London_ there is recorded not
merely a ‘Richard le Kissere,’ but the occupation itself is clearly
marked in the entry, ‘Walter de Bedefont, kissere.’ (P. xxii.) There
need be no hesitation in accepting the statement that the ‘kisser’ was
thus occupied. It is merely spelt according to the then pronunciation.
In the _Statutes of Arms_ it is said: ‘And no son of a great lord,
that is to say, of an earl or baron, shall have other armour than
mufflers and cuishes (“ne seit arme fors de mustilers e de quisers”).’
(_Stat. of Realm_, vol. i. p. 231.)

Footnote 220:

The obsolete ‘Bucklermaker’ must be set here. Our Authorized Version
has made us familiar with ‘sword and buckler.’ ‘Item: Payd to Phillip
Tynker and Mathou Bucler-maker, for drawyenge of the yron and makynge
of the stapuls, ii_s._’ (_Ludlow Churchwardens’ Accounts_, Cam. Soc.)

Footnote 221:

We find the Pattenmakers of London petitioning the Commons, in 1464,
that they may have restored to them the use of the ‘tymber called
Aspe,’ which had been of late entirely in the hands of the
manufacturers of arrows, ‘so that the Flecchers thorough the Reame may
sell their arrowes at more esy price than they were wonte to doo.’ The
aspe was a species of poplar.—Rol. Parl. Ed. IV.

Footnote 222:

The ‘arrowsmith’ has a much longer and less euphonious title in a
statute of Elizabeth regarding the hiring of servants by the year. In
it are included ‘Weavers, Tuckers, Fullers, Pewterers, Cutlers,
Smithes, Farrours, Sadlers, Spurryers, Turners, Bowyers, Fletchers,
_Arrowhead-makers_, Butchers, Cookes, or Myllers.’—5 Eliz. c. iv. 2.

Footnote 223:

Thus, among the London occupations, Cocke Lovell includes those of the

‘Spooners, turners, and hatters,
Lyne-webbers, _setters_, and lyne-drapers.’

Footnote 224:

Since writing this, I have discovered the names of ‘John Fusilier’ and
‘—— Fuzelier.’ (See _Proc. and Ord. Privy Council_, under dates 1437
and 1439.)

Footnote 225:

We have a similar interchange of these two initial letters in the
cases of ‘Gervais’ and ‘Jervis,’ ‘Geoffrey’ and ‘Jeffrey,’ and ‘Gill’
and ‘Jill.’

Footnote 226:

‘Thomasine Woodkeeper’ is set down in the Index to _State Papers
(Domestic)_ for 1635. This is a name, I doubt not, of later origin.

Footnote 227:

The stringent care taken of the beasts of chase may be gathered from
the various laws passed regarding the dogs of such swineherds, &c., as
had right of entry in the woods. The chief one related to what was
called the lawing of dogs. By this rule the three claws of the
forefoot of every mastiff were to be cut off by the skin, and the
forest assize was to make special inquisition to see that it was in
all cases done. (See _Stat. de Finibus_, 27 Edward I.)

Footnote 228:

‘He seide also to hise discipilis, ther was a riche man that hadde a
baylyf, and this was defamed to him as he hadde wastid hise goodis.
And he clepide him and seyde to him, what here I this thing of thee?
Yelde rekenyng of thi Baylye, for thou myght not now be baylyf.’ (Luke
xvi. 1, 2—Wicklyffe.)

Footnote 229:

The first instance I have met with of this name is in a formal
declaration against Popish doctrine, dated 1534, and signed among
others by ‘Gulielmus Buckmaster.’ (Foxe’s _Martyrology_.)

Footnote 230:

The Hundred Rolls have the abbreviated form in ‘Godfrey le Futur.’

Footnote 231:

Not very long previously to this we find Trevisa writing: ‘There are
many harts, and wild beasts, and few wolves, therefore sheep are the
more sykerlyche’ (secure). Thus we have ample evidence, apart from the
existence of the name, that this depredator of the farming stock was
anything but unknown during mediæval times.

Footnote 232:

Of course the breeding of falcons was a favourite as well as important
care. By a special statute of Edward I.’s reign, every freeman could
have in his own wood ‘ayries of hawks, sparrowhawks, faulcons, eagles,
and herons.’ (25 Edward I. c. 13.) By a statute passed in the reign of
Edward III., anyone who found a strayed hawk or tercelet was to bring
it to the sheriff of the county, through whom proclamation to that
effect was to be made in the towns. If the finder concealed the bird,
he was rendered liable to two years’ imprisonment. (34 Ed. III. c.
22.) This will give some idea of the value attached to a good falcon
in those days.

Footnote 233:

This form of spelling is used by Burton in his _Anatomy_. He asks, how
would Democritus have been affected ‘to see a scholar crouch and creep
to an illiterate peasant for a meal’s meat, a scrivener better paid
for an obligation, a faulkner receive greater wages than a student?’
(P. 37.)

Footnote 234:

Juliana Berners says: ‘Ye shall understonde that they ben called
Ostregeres that kepe goshawkes or tercelles.’ (Ed. 1496, b. iii.)

Footnote 235:

‘Thacker’ represented the northern pronunciation, ‘Thatcher’ the
south. Compare ‘kirk’ and ‘church,’ ‘poke’ and ‘pouch,’ ‘dike’ and
‘ditch,’ or the surnames ‘Fisk’ and ‘Fish.’ A ‘Nathaniel Thackman’ is
set down in the index to _State Papers (Domestic)_ for 1635.

Footnote 236:

A ‘John Thaxter’ is met with in a college register for 1567 (_Hist. C.
C. Coll. Cam._), and far earlier than this, in the Parliamentary
Writs, we light upon a ‘Thomas Thackstere.’ This is one more instance
of the feminine termination. That the word itself was in familiar use
is proved by the fact that in the ordinance arranging the Norwich
Trades Procession we find among others the ‘Thaxteres’ marching in
company with the ‘Rederes.’ (_Hist. Norfolk_, vol. iii.) As a surname
the term still survives.

Footnote 237:

‘Robertus Brown, redere,’ Guild of St. George, Norwich.

Footnote 238:

‘Also, that no tylers called hillyers of the cite compelle, ne charge
ne make no tyler straunger to serve at his rule and assignment,
etc.’—_The Ordinances of Worcester, English Guilds_, 398.

Footnote 239:

According to Walsingham, Wat the rebel was ‘Walterus helier, vel
tyler.’ The word is prettily used in an old Saxon Psalter, where, in
the stead of our present ‘He is a buckler to all those that trust in
Him,’ we read that a

‘Forhiler is He
Of all that in Him hoping be.’

The following quotations from Wicklyffe’s New Testament will prove how
familiar was the term in his day: ‘And lo a greet stiryng was made in
the see so that the schip was hilid with wavis’ (Matt. viii. 24); ‘For
I hungride and ye gaven me to ete, I thirstide and ye gaven me to
drynke, I was herbarweles and ye herboriden me, naked and ye hiliden
me’ (Matt. xxv. 35); ‘No man lightnith a lanterne, and hilith it with
a vessel, or putteth it under a bed’ (Luke viii. 16).

Footnote 240:

Among other items of an entry in the Issues of the Exchequer we find
for ‘putting the shingles on the king’s kitchen, for the aforesaid
week, 17_s._ 4_d._’ (43 Hen. III.)

Footnote 241:

We find all these various forms of the same occupation mentioned in a
statute of Elizabeth relating to the apprenticeship of children. In it
are included ‘Lymeburner, Brickmaker, Bricklayer, Tyler, Slater,
Healyer, Tilemaker ... Thatcher or Shingler.’ (5 Eliz. c. 4, 23.)

Footnote 242:

Hugh Marbeler was sheriff of London in 1424.

Footnote 243:

Another Saxon name, that of ‘John le Sclabbere,’ is met with in the
Parliamentary Writs. It is, however, but an isolated instance, and I
do not suppose there was any particular craft in masonry that went by
that title.

Footnote 244:

‘Item: Payd to a laborer for to pargytt, vii_d._ (P. 4,
_Churchwardens’ Accounts, Ludlow_, Cam. Soc.)

Footnote 245:

Thus, our ‘Freebodys’ are found alike in this guise, and in that of
‘Frybody.’ ‘Robert Frybody’ is set down in _Proc. and Ord. Privy
Council_.

Footnote 246:

A curiously contradictory name is met with in ‘Robert Frebond,’ found
in the Hundred Rolls. The same roll contains the names of ‘Roger le
Neubonde’ and ‘Emma Newbonde.’

Footnote 247:

Among the peasantry of Yorkshire the simple farm labourer is still a
‘hine’ or ‘hind.’

Footnote 248:

A ‘Cropper’ was a farm labourer who superintended the growth and
cutting of the _crops_. In the Custom Roll of the Manor of
Ashton-under-Lyne (Ch. Soc.) occurs the following:—‘Roger the Cropper,
for his tenement, and whole service, the present 8_d._; the farm,
15_s._’ &c. Lower down mention is made also of ‘Robin the Cropper.’

Footnote 249:

‘Digger’ also exists, and is found in an epitaph in St. Sepulchre’s,
Middlesex.

‘Here lyes Robert Diggs and William Digger,
There’s no living soule knew which was the bigger,
They fared well and lived easy,
And now they’re both dead, an ’t shall please ye.’

_Dingley’s History from Marble (Cam. Soc.)._

Footnote 250:

Chappell’s Ballad Music, vol. i. 327.

Footnote 251:

Thus we find in the forest charter of Edward III.: ‘Unus quisque liber
homo faciat in bosco suo vel in terra sua, quam habet in foresta
marleram (marl-pit), fossatum, vel terram arabile,’ &c. (_Stat. of
Realm_, vol. i. p. 121.)

Footnote 252:

As there was the ‘Miller’ and the ‘Milward,’ so there was the ‘Marler’
and the ‘Marlward:’ ‘Alice le Marlere’ (H.R.), ‘John Marleward’
(H.R.).

Footnote 253:

‘He shall be called ... a lamb of Christ’s fold, a sheep of his
pasture, a branch of his vine, a member of his Church, an imp of his
kingdom.’—Bishop Bale.

Footnote 254:

‘Peachman’ must be set here. ‘Daniel Peachman’ occurs in Blomefield’s
_Norfolk_ (Index).

Footnote 255:

Thus it is expressly stated in the _Forest Charter_, as of importance
to the holder, that every freeman should have a right to the honey
found within his woodland: ‘Habeat similiter mel quod inventum fuerit
in boscis suis.’ (_Stat. Realm_, vol. i. p. 121.)

Footnote 256:

‘Hewer’ often occurs in composition, as in ‘Robert le Wodehyewere,’
‘Richard Stonhewer,’ ‘Richard le Blockhewere,’ or ‘William
Flesschewer.’ This last may be but a corruption of ‘Flesher.’ After
the prevailing fashion of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the
termination ‘ster’ was sometimes added instead of ‘er.’ Thus, in the
Chester Play we find the procession joined by the ‘Hewsters.’ Richard
le Hewster was sheriff in 1382. (Ormerod’s _Cheshire_, vol. i. 302.)

Footnote 257:

The ashburner is incidentally alluded to in a statute of Elizabeth’s
reign, in which, among other occupations, is mentioned the ‘Burner of
Oore and woad ashes.’—5 Eliz. c. 4, 23.)

Footnote 258:

This spelling lasted till the seventeenth century. Henry Best, in his
_Farming Book_, 1641, says: ‘The noutheard wages were, for every
beast, 2_d._’ (P. 119, Sur. Soc.)

Footnote 259:

‘Adam le Roc’ (H.R.), represented by our modern ‘Rooks,’ reminds us of
the older form.

Footnote 260:

It will give the reader some idea of the importance of this root-word
when I say that these five names appear in a list of thirty-one
persons dwelling in the village of Aynwyk. (Surtees Soc. _Hexham
Priory_, vol. ii. p. 4.)

Footnote 261:

In an old book of tenures kept in York Castle occurs, or did occur,
the following: ‘David le Lardiner holds one Serjeantry, and he is
Keeper of the Gaol of the Forest, and Seizer of the Cattle which are
taken for the king’s debts.’

Footnote 262:

Nicolas Goteman (W. ii.) occurs in an old Yorkshire register, but the
name is now obsolete, I think.

Footnote 263:

In a statute of Edward III.’s reign, dated 1363, in defining the
attire suitable for those whose chattels came under 40_s._ value, we
find enumerated with others, ‘tenders of oxen, cow-herds, shepherds,
swineherds, deyes, and all other keepers of live-stock’ (‘bovus,
vachers, berchers, porchers, deyes, et tous autres gardeinz des
bestes’). (Vide _Prom. Par._, p. 116.)

Footnote 264:

‘William Wyndmilward’ occurs in the _Cal. Rot. Chartarum_.

Footnote 265:

‘Manumissio Thomæ Haale, alias dicti Mylleward de Hextone,’ 1480 (xx.
2, p. 210). ‘Milmaster’ is also found. ‘Mr. Andrew Milmaster, of the
Old Jewry, died Aug. 23, 1630.’ (Smith’s _Obituary_.)

Footnote 266:

We may here mention several surnames whose original possessors were
evidently confrères of the miller. ‘John le Melmongere’ (M.), _i.e._,
mealmonger; ‘Denis le Otemonger’ (X.), ‘Walter le Heymongere’ (G.),
‘Ralph le Cornmonger’ (T.), and ‘Henry le Cornmongere’ (M.). These are
all obsolete, I fear.

Footnote 267:

‘Adam Taskermale’ (H.R.). This would be a sobriquet taken from the
‘male,’ or bag in which the tasker carried his day’s provision.

Footnote 268:

In the _Ordinances of the Household of Henry VI._, dated 1455, we find
the ‘Bakhous’ (bakehouse) to be under thirteen officers, and of them
are ‘6 Gromes Bulters.’ (_Pro. Ord. Privy Council_, vol. vi. 226.)

Footnote 269:

‘Robert le Whelere,’ G., ‘Walter Welwryghte,’ A., ‘Robert le
Wainwright,’ H., ‘Robert le Cartwright,’ B., ‘Hugh le Schipwryte,’ A.,
‘John Botewright,’ F.F.

Footnote 270:

So late as 1541 we have such an entry as this: ‘Item, to John Glassier
for mendynge the wyndowe over the gallery, v_s._ viii_d._’
(_Churchwardens’ Accounts, Ludlow_, p. 8, Cam. Soc.) A little later we
find: ‘Item, to John Pavier for his labour, iii_d._ Item, for pavinge
before the gate, i_d._’ (P. 10, do.) These are both interesting
instances of the late formation of surnames. Both evidently took their
second sobriquets from their occupation. ‘Pavier,’ I need hardly say,
still exists.

Footnote 271:

Since writing the above I find my latter conjecture to be confirmed.
Miss Meteyard, in her interesting life of Josiah Wedgwood, says: ‘The
surname of ‘Tellwright,’ or ‘Tilewright,’ which, variously spelt,
fills a considerable portion of the parish register of Burslem down to
a late period of the eighteenth century, and is still common, is
curious evidence of the antiquity of the tilewright’s craft in this
locality.... Every worker in its clays became a tilewright, whether he
moulded tiles or formed the homely pipkin or porringer, the slab-like
dish or ale-vat for the hall.’ (Vol. i. p. 93.)

Footnote 272: