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Berchtold, Count Leopold. _An Essay to direct and extend the Inquirie of Patriotic Travellers; with further Observations on the Means of preserving the Life, Health, and Property of the inexperienced in their Journies by Land and Sea. Also a Series of Questions, interesting to Society and Humanity, necessary to be proposed for Solution to Men of all Ranks and Employments and of all Nations and Governments, comprising the most serious Points relative to the Objects of all Travels._ London, 1789.

Birch, Thomas. _The Court and Times of James the First._ London, 1848.

---- _The Court and Times of Charles the First._ London, 1848.

---- _Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth from 1581 till 1603, from the papers of Anthony Bacon, Esq._ London, 1754.

---- _Life of Henry, Prince of Wales._ London, 1760.

Bonnaffé, Edmund. _Voyages et Voyageurs de la Renaissance._ Paris, 1895.

Bourciez, Eduard. _Les Moeurs Polies et la Littérature de Cour sous Henri II._ Paris, 1886.

Burgon, J.W. _Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham._ London, 1839.

Carte, Thomas. _Life of James, Duke of Ormond._ 6 vols. Oxford, 1851.

Congreve, William. _Comedies._ 2 vols. London, 1895.

Coriat Junior (Sam Paterson, Bookseller). _Another Traveller: or Cursory Remarks and Critical Observations made upon a Journey through Part of the Netherlands in the latter end of the Year 1766._ 2 vols. London, 1767.

Cust, Mrs Henry. _Gentlemen Errant._ London, 1909.

Devereux, W.B. _Lives and Letters of the Devereux, Earls of Essex._ 2 vols. London, 1853.

Dodd, Charles. _Church History of England from the Commencement of the Sixteenth Century to the Revolution in 1688._ Ed. by Rev. M.A. Tierney. 4 vols. London, 1841.

Einstein, Lewis. _The Italian Renaissance in England._ Columbia University Press, New York, 1902.

Feuillerat, Albert. _John Lyly._ Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1910.

Fielding, Henry. _Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon._ Ed. by Austin Dobson. Chiswick Press, 1892.

Foote, Samuel. _Dramatic Works._ 4 vols. London, 1783.

Gibbon, Edward. _Autobiography._ Ed. by John Murray, with an introduction by the Earl of Sheffield. London, 1896.

Gray, Thomas. _Gray and His Friends; Letters and Relics in great part hitherto unpublished_. Ed. by D.C. Tovey. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1890.

----_Letters of Thomas Gray_. Ed. by D.C. Tovey. 2 vols. London, 1900.

Jöcher, Christian Gottlieb. _Gelehrten-Lexicon._ Leipsig, Delmerhorst and Bremen, 1750-87.

Jusserand, J.J. _Les Sports et Jeux D'exercice dans L'ancienne France_. Paris, 1901.

Knight, Samuel. _The Life of Dr John Colet_. Oxford, 1823.

Lodge, Edmund. _Illustrations of British History_. 3 vols. London, 1791.

Mathew, A.H. _The Life of Sir Tobie Matthew_, by his kinsman. London, 1907.

Maugham, H. Neville. _The Book of Italian Travel_. London, 1903.

Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley. _Letters and Works_. Ed. by her great-grandson Lord Wharncliffe, with additions by W. Moy Thomas. 2 vols. London, 1893.

Nares, Edward. _Memoirs of Lord Burghley_. 3 vols. 1831.

Nicolas, Sir Harris. _Memoirs of the Life and Times of Sir Christopher Hatton, K.G._ London, 1847.

Nolhac, Pierre De. _Erasme en Italie_. Paris, 1898.

Nugent, Thomas. _The Grand Tour_. 4 vols. London, 1778.

_Physikalisch-ökonomischer Bibliothek, XXI. Vide_ Beckmann, Johann.

Pinkerton, John. _Voyages and Travels_. Vol. 17. London, 1814.

Poole, R., Doctor of Physick. _A Journey from London to France and Holland; or the Traveller's Useful Vade Mecum.... Wherein is also occasionally contained many Moral Reflections and Useful Observations_. London, 1746.

----_The Beneficient Bee; or Traveller's Companion, containing Each Day's Observations in a Voyage from London to Gibraltar ... interspersed with many useful Observations and occasional Remarks._ London, 1753.

Rashdall, H. _The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages_. Oxford, 1895.

Rye, W.B. _England as seen by Foreigners in the Days of Elizabeth and James the First_. London, 1865.

Sauval, Henri. _Histoire et Recherches des Antiquités de la Ville de Paris._ Paris, 1724.

Seebohm, Frederic. _The Oxford Reformers._ London, 1887.

(Seward, William.) _Anecdotes of Some Distinguished Persons, chiefly of the Present and two Preceding Centuries._ 5 vols. London, 1796.

Sharp, Samuel. _Letters from Italy, describing the Customs and Manners of that Country in the years 1765-1766. To which is annexed, an Admonition to Gentlemen who pass the Alps in their Tour through Italy._ London, 1767.

---- _A View of the Customs, Manners, Drama, etc., of Italy as they are described in The Frustra Letteraria; and in the Account of Italy in English written by Mr Baretti; compared with the Letters from Italy written by Mr Sharp._ London, 1768.

Smith, Edward. _Foreign Visitors in England._ London, 1889.

Smollett, Tobias. _Works._ Ed. W.E. Henley. London, 1899.

Stanhope, Philip Dormer, Earl of Chesterfield. _Letters to his Son._ Published by Mrs Eugenia Stanhope from the originals now in her possession. 2 vols. London, 1774.

Thicknesse, Philip. _Observations on the Customs and Manners of the French Nation in a Series of Letters in which that Nation is vindicated from the Misrepresentations of some Late Writers._ London, 1766.

_The Travellers. A Satire._ London, 1778.

Verney, Margaret. _Memoirs of the Verney Family during the Commonwealth, 1650-1660._ Vol. iii. London, 1894.

Voltaire (Francis Marie Arouet). _Lettres Philosophiques._ Ed. by Gustave Lanson. Paris, 1909.

Walpole, Horace, Fourth Earl of Orford. _Letters._ Ed. by Peter Cunningham. 9 vols. London, 1891.

* * * * *

INDEX

Academies, 121-132;
in France, 121-123;
proposals for academies in England, 123-126;
objections to such academies, 128-132

Acworth, George, 62

Addison, Joseph, 181

Advice to Travellers, 4-5, 205;
Elizabethan, 21;
characteristics of Renaissance books of, 28-32;
admonitory side of, 55, 88-98;
for the country gentleman, 148;
guide-books of the 18th century, 196, 200

Agricola, Rudolf, 7

Alps, the, 192, 200

Ambassadors,
training for, 12-16, 43-47, 69;
troubles of, 83-85, 133

Amorphus, in _Cynthia's Revels_, xii

Amsterdam, 137

Art in Spain, 134;
attention to in 17th century, 168-169

Arundel, Earl of, see Howard

Ascham, Roger, 16, 18, 42, 52, 57, 65, 200

Bacon,
Lady Anne, 73-75
Anthony, 73-75
Francis, 36 note, 45:
_Of Travel_, 146
Sir Nicholas, 123

Barker, William, 62, 63

_Bear-Leaders,_ the, 188

Becket, Thomas à, 7

Bedell, William, 76

Bedford, Earl of, see Russell

Bellay, Joachim Du, 16

Bembo, Pietro, 16

Berchtold, Leopold, Count, _Essay to Direct and Extend the Inquiries of
Patriotic Travellers_, 195-198

Berneville, Marie Catherine Jumelle de, Comtesse D'Aunoy, 134

Bethune, Maximilien de, Duc de Sully, 115

Blotz, Hugo, 41

Bobadil, Captain, in _Every Man in His Humour_, 117

Bodley, Sir Thomas, 37

Boleyn, George, Viscount Rochford, 12, 15

Boorde, Andrew, 14

Borssele, Anne, Lady of Veer, 8

Bothwell, Earl of, see Hepburn

Bourdeille, Pierre de, Seigneur de Brantome, 117

Bourne, William, _Treasure for Travellers_, 35

Bowyer, Sir Henry, 113

Boyle, Richard, First Earl of Cork, and his sons Robert and Francis,
158-167

Brandon, Charles, Duke of Suffolk, 15

Brantome, see Bourdeille

Bras-de-Fer, see La Noue

Browne, Sir Thomas, 142, 193 note;
his son at Padua, 139

Bryan, Sir Francis, 15

Bucer, Martin, 17, 41

Buckingham, Duke of, see Villiers

Burghley, Lord, see Cecil

Camden, Thomas, _History of England_, 14

Carew, Sir Nicholas, 15

Carlton, Sir Dudley, 45

Cavendish,
Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle, 144
William, Duke of Newcastle, 104

Cecil,
Anne, Countess of Oxford, 64, 66
Robert, Earl of Salisbury, 39, 76, 78, 150
Thomas, Earl of Exeter, 40, 57 note, 77, 145, 193 note
William, Baron of Burghley, l8, 37, 39, 40, 64-66, 73
William, Lord Cranbourne, 76, 160
William, Lord Roos, 76-78, 80

Chamberlain, John, 45, 113

Charles I., 114, 132

Charles II., 104, 131, 178

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 29

Chesterfield, Earls of, see Stanhope

Chichester, Bishop of, see Montague

Clarendon, Earl of, see Hyde

Clenardus, Nicolaus, 132

Cleves, Charles Frederick, Duke of, 25

Clothes, 68-70;
French, 15, 50, 51, 118, 179, 184, 189;
Italian, 57, 67

Colbert, Jean Baptiste, Marquis de Seignelay, 168

Colet, John, 10

Compostella, St James of, 3

Cork, Earl of, see Boyle

Cornwallis, Sir Charles, 83-85

Coryat, Thomas, 20, 28 note, 200

Cost, see Expense

Cottington, Sir Francis, 83

Cranbourne, Lord, see Cecil

Cranmer, George, 11, 17, 41

Creswell, Joseph, Jesuit, 84

Crichton, James, "The Admirable," 48

Curiosities, 138-139, 168

Customs (_droit d'aubaine_) in Spain, 133

Dallington, Sir Robert,
_Method for Travell_, 88-89, 108, 111-118, 155, 156;
_Survey of Tuscany_, 108, 111;
_View of France,_ 108, 109

Dancing, 113-115

Dangers of Travel, 30, 47-49, 56, 94-98, 198

D'Aunoy, see Berneville

Davison,
Francis, 39-41, 146, 155
William, 35, 154

Delahaute, Antoine, 168

_De Peregrinatione_, 23, 29-32, 55

Derby, Earl of, see Stanley

Descartes, René, 137

Deschamps, Eustache, 107

Devereux,
Robert, Second Earl of Essex, 35, 36, 42
Robert, Third Earl of Essex, 38

Drake, Sir Francis, 27

Dudley, Sir Robert, 102

Dyer, Sir Edward, 21

Education, 103-108;
see also Academies, Universities, Scholars, Ambassadors, Governors,
Humanism

Edward VI., 16, 17

Einstein, Lewis, _Italian Renaissance in England_, 9

Ellis, Sir Henry, 4

Englishmen,
their special reason for travelling, 22;
peculiarities, 120;
Italianate, 55;
prejudices against foreigners, 67-69, 178-181

Erasmus, Desiderius, 6, 8, 9

Essex, Earls of, see Devereux

Evelyn, John, 138, 141, 144, 157, 169

Expenses of travel, 66, 154-157

Fairfax, Colonel Thomas, 152

Faubert, Mons., 125

Fencing, 117

Ferrar, Nicholas, 140

Fielding, Henry, 199

Finch, Sir John, 139

Fitzroy, Henry, Duke of Richmond, 15

Fleetwood, William, Recorder of London, 58, 62

Flemming, Robert, 9

Florio, John, _Second Frutes_, 21

_Flutter, Sir Fopling_, 179

Food, 48, 110-111

Foote, Samuel, _The Englishman in Paris,_ 180

Forbes, James, 151-152

Foreigners, English prejudice against, 67-71, 178-181

Fox, Richard, Bishop of Winchester, 10

France,
academies in, 101, 121-132;
affectations learned in, 15, 50, 51, 179, 183-186;
arbiter of fashion, 118, 119, 141;
gentlemen of, 105, 107, 118, 119;
attraction for tourists, 102-103;
loses some of its charm, 177

Francis I., 14

Free, John, 9

Gailhard J., 167

Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester, 41

George I., 190

Gerbier, Balthazar, 124-125;
_Subsidium Peregrinantibus_, 169

Germans,
energetic travellers, 22;
Fynes Moryson's preference for, 93;
slow to learn languages, 113 note

Germany,
attraction of, 17;
women of, 40;
manners of, 48, 172;
Ascham's _Report of Germany_, 200

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 123

Gloucester, Duke of, see Henry

Governors, 24-25, 145-154, 167, 170, 186-189

Grand Tour, the, Origin of the term, 143-145

Gray, Thomas, 191-192

Greek, 7, 10, 18, 105

Greene, Robert, 55, 70;
_Greene's Mourning Garment_, 21;
_Quip for an Upstart Courtier_, 70

Greville, Fulke, Lord Brooke, 21, 36

Grey, William, 9

Grimani, Dominic, the Cardinal, 9

Grocyn, William, 10

Grosvenor, Sir Thomas, 168

Guide-books, see Advice to travellers

Gunthorpe, John, 9

Hall,
Arthur, 57-62
Edward, 15
Joseph, 87, 98

Harington, Sir John, 38, 39, 79

Harrison, William, 68

Harvey, Gabriel, 67

Hatton, Sir Christopher, 21

Henri III., 113

Henri IV., 109-110

Henry VI., 3

Henry VIII., 6, 7, 11, 13, 67, 103

Henry, Prince of Wales, son of James I., 38, 79 note, 114, 124

Henry, Duke of Gloucester, son of Charles I., 131

Hepburn, Francis Stewart, Earl of Bothwell, 102

Hertford, Earl of, see Seymour

Hoby, Sir Thomas, 16, 53-55, 62

Holland, 136-139, 197

Horace, 8, 27

Howard,
Thomas, Fourth Duke of Norfolk, 63
Thomas, Second Earl of Arundel, 102

Howell, James, 118-120, 136, 156, 192;
_Instructions for Forreine Travell_, 108, 118-120, 132;
_Perambulations of Spain_, 135

Humanists, their sociability, 41, 43

Humanism, 7

Hyde, Edward, Earl of Clarendon, 128, 135, 183-186;
_Dialogue of the Want of Respect Due to Age_, 184

_Il Cortegiano_, 23

_Informacon for Pylgrymes unto the Holy Land_, 4-5

Inns, 30, 47, 48, 197-199

Inquisition, 75-79 _passim_

Instructions for travellers, see Advice

Insurance, 95

Italianate Englishmen, 51-58 _passim_, 62-63, 70

Italy,
attraction of, 7-9, 11, 17, 52, 54, 73;
evils of, 49, 51, 55, 101-102;
universities of, 7-9, 52-54

Jaffa, port, 3, 5

James I., 114, 135, 150

Jerusalem, 6

Jesuits, 75-85 _passim_

Johnson, Samuel, 182

Jones, Philip, 27

Jonson, Ben, 150;
_Cynthia's Revels_, xii;
Preface to _Coryat's Crudities_, 20;
_Every Man out of his Humour_, 95 note;
_Volpone, or the Fox_, 96-97

Journals, 38-40, 196

Jusserand, J.J., 130

Killigrew, Sir Thomas, 164-165

Kinaston, Sir Francis, 124

Kirchnerus, Hermannus, 28;
_Oration in Praise of Travel_, 28, 30, 31, 201

Langton, Thomas, Bishop of Winchester, 11

Languages, 15-16, 73, 112-113, 190

La Noue, François de, 107

Lassels, Richard, 145, 157;
_The Voyage of Italy_, 148-149, 194

Latimer, William, 10

Leicester's, the Earl of, son, see Dudley

Leigh, Edward, 167

Lewknor, Thomas, 100

Licences for Travel, 86-87

Lichefield, Edward, 79

Lily,
William, 10
George, 11

Linacre, Thomas, 10

Lipsius, Justus, 26, 41, 42, 55

Lister, Martin, 139

Locke, John, 137, 186-187

Lodgings,
with an ambassador, 43-46;
with a bookseller, 43;
with a scholar, 41;
in Spain, 133-134;
see also Inns

Lorkin, Thomas, 122

Louis XIII., 121, 126

Louis XIV., 177

Loysius, Georgius, _Pervigilium Mercurii_, 27-28

Lupset, Thomas, 11

Machiavelli, Niccolo, 23, 56

Maidwell, Lewis, 126

Mallerie, Melchisedech, 59-62

Manners, Edward, Third Earl of Rutland, 37, 39, 63

Manutius, Aldus, 9

Mason, Sir John, 13

Mathew, Sir Tobie, 86 note

Meierus, Albertus, _Methodus describendi regiones_, 27

Milton, John, 97, 101

Misson, Maximilian, 194, 197;
_A New Voyage to Italy_, 194

Mole, John, 77-79

Montagu, Richard, Bishop of Chichester, 104

Morison, Sir Richard, 11

Moryson, Fynes, 20, 90;
_Precepts for Travellers_, 90-95

Murder, 48, 198 note

Nash, Thomas, 50

Newcastle, Duchess and Earl of, see Cavendish

Norfolk, Duke of, see Howard

North, Dudley, Third Lord North, 48

_Nuove Inventioni di Balli_, 114

Osborn, Francis, 143, 154

Oxford, Earls of, see Vere

Pace, Richard, 11

Padua,
Pole's household at, 11;
University of, 52-55, 139, 140

Palmer,
Sir Thomas, "The Traveller," died 1626, 35
Sir Thomas, died in Spain 1605, 81

Paris,
life of Englishmen at, 174-176;
medical students at, 139;
see also France

Passports, see Licences

Paulet, Sir Amias, 44

Peacham, Henry, 105, 132

Peregrine, in _Volpone, or the Fox_, xii

Peter Martyr, see Vermigli

Pighius, Stephanus Vinandus, 25

Pignatelli, 121

Pilgrimages, 3-7

Pirates, 47, 49

Plague, 24 note, 49

Plantin, Christophe, 25

Plato, 31, 112

Plegsis, Armand du, Cardinal Richelieu, 121

Pluvinel, Antoine, 121, 126, 128

Pole, Reginald, Cardinal, 11-12

Politian (Angelo Ambrogini), 15, 72

Politick-Would-Be in _Volpone, or the Fox_, xii, 96

Pretender, the, 173

Pugliano, John Pietro, 127

Pyrckmair, Hilarious, 24-25

Raleigh's, Sir Walter, son, 150

Ramus, Peter, 26

Réaux, Tallemant des, 115, 128

Religion, changes in, due to travel, 51, 56, 72-73, 75-86 _passim_, 88,
98

Renaissance, enthusiasm for travel, sources of, 18, 201;
quest of virtù, 29

Richelieu, Cardinal and Duc de, see Plessis

Riding, 120;
the Great Horse, 121, 126-130 _passim_, 142, 186

Robbers, 30, 47, 90, 91, 133, 198

Rochford, Viscount, see Boleyn

Rome, 25, 76, 86, 91, 94, 173

Ronsard, Pierre de, 16

Roos, Lord, see Cecil

Russell, Edward, Third Earl of Bedford, 42

Rutland, Earl of, see Manners

St John's College, Cambridge, 17, 18

St Lieger, Sir Anthony, 12

Salisbury, Earl of, see Cecil

Scholars, 7-11, 17, 18, 41-43, 65

Schottus, Franciscus, _Itinerarium Italiæ_, 193

Seignelay, Marquis de, see Colbert

Selling, William, 10, 72

Seymour, Edward, Earl of Hertford, 21, 41

Shakespeare, William,
_Two Gentlemen of Verona_, xii;
_Taming of the Shrew_, 20

Sharp, Sam, 198;
_Letters from Italy,_ 198

Sickness, 24, 48, 160, 197, 199

Sidney,
Sir Philip, 35, 43, 46, 127
Robert, Earl of Leicester, 41, 66, 154

"Sights," 143, 193

Smith,
Richard, 40, 48
Sir Thomas, 14, 46

Smollett, Tobias, 199;
_Peregrine Pickle,_ 181

Spain,
gentlemen of, 119, 135;
discomforts of, 132-136

Stanhope,
Philip, Second Earl of Chesterfield, 131-132, 140
Philip Dormer, Third Earl of Chesterfield, 170-177, 182-183

Stanley, William, Ninth Earl of Derby, 151-153

Starkey, Thomas, 11

Stradling, Sir John, 26, 42

Students, see Universities

Sturmius, Joannes, 17, 65

Sully, Duc de, see Bethune

Talbot, Gilbert, Seventh Earl of Shrewsbury, 21, 39, 63

Taylor, John, The Water Poet, 200

Temple, Sir William, 137

Tennis, 115-116

Thomas, William,
_The Historie of Italie_, 53;
_The Pilgrim_, 110

Throgmorton, Michael, 11

Tiptoft, John, Earl of Worcester, 9

Transportation, 4-5, 54, 142, 189, 197, 200

Tunstall, Cuthbert, 10

Turlerus, Hieronymus, 23, 24, 26;
_De Peregrinatione_, 23, 29-32 _passim_, 55

Tutors, see Governors

Ulysses, 27, 31

Universities,
of Italy, 7-9, 52-55, 139;
of Spain, 84, 85;
of England, 53, 105, 170, 171, 175, 183, 190

Unton, Sir Edward, 40, 56

Ursinus, Zacharias, 43

Valladolid, conversions at, 81, 84

Veer, Lady of, see Borssele

Venice,
charm of, 52, 54, 55;
clothes from, 50:
inns at, 197

Vere, Edward de, Seventeenth Earl of Oxford, 63-67

Vermigli,
John de, Twelfth Earl of Oxford, 4
Peter, Martyr, 17

Verney, Edmund, 131

Villiers, George, Duke of Buckingham, 102, 114, 133

Wallis, John, 129

Walpole,
Horace, Fourth Earl of Orford, 177, 191-192
Richard, Jesuit, 81, 84

Walsingham,
Sir Francis, 46
Our Lady of, 7

Wentworth, Thomas, Fourth Baron Wentworth, 78-80

Williamson, Sir Joseph, 147

Wilson, Thomas, _Arte of Rhetoric_, 24

Windebanke, Sir Thomas, 145

Wingfield,
Sir Richard, 12
Sir Robert, 12

Winsor, Sir Edward, 49

Winter, Thomas, 11

Women, 28, 34, 55

Wood, Anthony à, ix, 124

Worde, Wynkin de, 4

Wotton,
Sir Edward, 10, 127
Sir Henry, 41, 78-80, 95-98, 155
Sir Nicholas, 12

Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 12

Zouche, Edward la, Eleventh Baron Zouche of Harringworth, 38, 60, 87

Zwingerus, Theodor, 24, 26;
_Methodus Apodemica_, 24, 33

* * * * *

FOOTNOTES

Footnote 1: Ben Jonson, _Cynthia's Revels_, Act i. Sc. I.

Footnote 2: Ellis, _Original Letters_, 2nd Series, i. 110, note.

Footnote 3: Ellis, _Original Letters_, 2nd Series, i. 110, note.

Footnote 4: In c. 1498, 1515, and 1524.

Footnote 5: _Itineraries of William Wey._ Printed for the Roxburghe Club from the original MS. in the Bodleian Library, 1857, pp. 153-154.

Footnote 6: _Familiarium Colloquiorum Opus._ Basileæ, 1542. _De utilitate colloquiorum, ad lectorem._

Footnote 7: _Ibid. De votis tentere susceptis_, fol. 15.

Footnote 8: _Ibid. Ad lectorem._

Footnote 9: Lord Campbell, _Lives of the Lord Chancellors_, i. 95.

Footnote 10: G. Cavendish, _Life of Wolsey_. Kelmscott Press, 1893.

Footnote 11: Opera (MDCCIII.), Tom. iii., Ep. xcii. (Annæ Bersalæ, Principi Verianæ).

Footnote 12: "Quid cælum, quos agros, quas bibliothecas, quas ambulationes, quam mellitas eruditorum hominum confabulationes, quot mundi lumina ... reliquerim." Ep. cxxxvi.

Footnote 13: Ep. mclxxv.

Footnote 14: Opera (MDCCIII.) Tom. ix. 1137.

Footnote 15: Ep. ccclxiii.

Footnote 16: _Letters and Papers of Henry VIII._, vol. iv., Part I., No. 4.

Footnote 17: Richard Pace, _De Fructu qui ex Doctrina Percipitur_ (1517), p. 27.

Footnote 18: Ellis, _Original Letters_, 2nd Series, vol. i. 65. Archbishop Cranmer to Henry VIII.

Footnote 19: Becatelli, _Vita Reginaldi Poli._ Latin version of Andreas Dudithius, Venetiis, 1558.

Footnote 20: MS. Cotton, Nero, B. f. 118.

Footnote 21: Ellis, _Original Letters_, 2nd Series, vol. i. 54.

Footnote 22: Wood's _Athenæ Oxonienses_, ed. Bliss.

Footnote 23: _Letters and Papers of Henry VIII._, vol. ix., No. 101.

Footnote 24: J.S. Brewer, _Reign of Henry VIII._, vol. i. 117-147.

Footnote 25: Bapst, Edmond, _Deux Gentilshommes-Poetes de la cour de Henry VIII._, Paris, 1891, pp. 26, 60.

Footnote 26: _Letters and Papers of Henry VIII._, vol. ii., Part I., No. 2149.

Footnote 27: Ibid., vol. xi., No. 60; vol. xv., No. 581.

Footnote 28: D. Lloyd, _State Worthies_, vol. i. 105.

Footnote 29: _Letters and Papers of Henry VIII._, vol. v. p. 751.

Footnote 30: Camden, _History of England_.

Footnote 31: In the _First Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge_, 1547.

Footnote 32: Hall's _Life of Henry VIII._, ed. Whibley, 1904, vol. i. 175.

Footnote 33: _The Travels and Life of Sir Thomas Hoby_, ed. Powell, 1902, pp. 18, 37.

Footnote 34: Ascham's _Works_, ed. Giles, vol. i., Part II., p. 265.

Footnote 35: I refer to the death of Bucer and P. Fagius. Strype (_Life of Cranmer_, p. 282) says that when they arrived in England in the month of April they "very soon fell sick: which gave a very unhappy stop to their studies. Fagius on the fifth of November came to Cambridge, and ten days afterwards died."

Footnote 36: _Taming of the Shrew_, Act I. Sc. ii.

Footnote 37: Coryat's _Crudities_, ed. 1905, p. 17.

Footnote 38: Ed. 1591, p. 91.

Footnote 39: _Works_, ed. Grossart, ix. 139. In which the father of Philador, among many other admonitions, forestalls Sir Henry Wotton's famous advice to Milton on the traveller's need of holding his tongue: "Be, Philador, in secrecy like the Arabick-tree, that yields no gumme but in the darke night."

Footnote 40: Jöcher, _Gelehrten-Lexicon_, 1751, and Zedler's _Universal-Lexicon_.

Footnote 41: Clarendon Press ed. 1909, p. 29.

Footnote 42: G. Gratarolus, _De Regimine Iter Agentium_, Some insight into the trials of travel in the sixteenth century may be gained by the sections on how to endure hunger and thirst, how to restore the appetite, make up lost sleep, ward off fever, avoid vermin, take care of sore feet, thaw frozen limbs, and so forth.

Footnote 43: _Methodus Apodemica_, Basel, 1577, fol. B, verso.

Footnote 44: Paul Hentzner, whose travels were reprinted by Horace Walpole, was a Hofmeister of this sort. The letter of dedication which he prefixed to his _Itinerary_ in 1612 is a section, verbatim, of Pyrckmair's _De Arte Apodemica_.

Footnote 45: _De Arte Apodemica_, Ingolstadii, 1577, fols. 5-6.

Footnote 46: _Hercules Prodicius, seu principis juventutis vita et peregrinatio_, pp. 131-137

Footnote 47: Jöcher, _Gelebrten-Lexicon,_ under Zwinger.

Footnote 48: Zwinger, _Methodus Apodemica_, fol. B, verso.

Footnote 49: Ad. Ph. Lanoyum, fol. 106, in _Justi Lipsii Epistole Selecta_, Parisiis, 1610.

Footnote 50: _A Direction for Travailers_, London, 1592.

Footnote 51: "Methodus describendi regiones, urbes, et arces, et quid singulis locis præcipue in peregrinationibus homines nobiles ac docti animadvertere observare et annotare debeant." Meier was a Danish geographer and historian, 1528-1603.

Footnote 52: _G. Loysii Curiovoitlandi Pervigilium Mercurii_. Curiæ Variscorum, 1598. (Nos. 17, 20, 23, 27.)

Footnote 53: Op. cit., No. 109.

Footnote 54: Translated by Thomas Coryat in his _Crudities_, 1611. He must have picked up the oration in his tour of Germany; but nothing which appears to be the original is given among the forty-six works of Hermann Kirchner, Professor of History and Poetry at Marburg, as cited by Jöcher, though the other "Oratio de Germaniæ perlustratione omnibus aliis peregrinationibus anteferenda," also translated by Coryat, is there listed.

Footnote 55: Turler, _The Traveiler_, p. 12.

Footnote 56: Kirchner in Coryat's _Crudities_, vol. i. 131.

Footnote 57: Turler, op. cit., p. 48.

Footnote 58: Lipsius, Turler, Kirchner.

Footnote 59: Turler, _The Traveiler_, p. 47.

Footnote 60: Turler, op. cit., p. 107.

Footnote 61: _Methodus Apodemica_, p. 26.

Footnote 62: _An Essay of the Meanes how to make our Travailes in forraine Countries the more profitable and honourable_. London, 1606.

Footnote 63: London, 1578.

Footnote 64: Sidney, Letter to his brother, 1580.

Footnote 65: _Profitable Instructions_. Written c. 1595. Printed 1633.

Footnote 66: _Profitable Instructions_, 1595, Harl. MS. 6265, printed in Spedding's _Letters and Life of Bacon_, vol. ii. p. 14. Spedding believes these _Instructions_ to be by Bacon.

Footnote 67: _State Papers, Domestic Elizabeth_, 1547-80, vol. lxxvii., No. 6.

Footnote 68: _Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Report_, App. IV., January 31, 1571.

Footnote 69: _Life, Written by Himself_, Oxford, 1647.

Footnote 70: Devereux, _Lives and Letters of the Devereux_, vol. ii. 233.

Footnote 71: Birch, _Life of Prince Henry of Wales_, App. No. XII.

Footnote 72: _Life and Letters_, by Pearsall Smith, vol. i. 246.

Footnote 73: _Op. cit._

Footnote 74: Talbot, MSS. in the College of Arms, vol. P, fol. 571.

Footnote 75: _Davison's Poetical Rhapsody_. I. Biographical Notice, p. xxiii.

Footnote 76: _Sloane MS._ 1813.

Footnote 77: _State Papers, Domestic_, 1547-80, vols. xviii., No. 31; xix., No. 6-52 _passim_; xx., No. 1-39 _passim_.

Footnote 78: _Direction for Travailers_.

Footnote 79: Stowe's _Annals_, p. 600.

Footnote 80: _Works_, ed. Giles, vol. i., Pt. ii., Epis. cxvi.

Footnote 81: Op. cit.

Footnote 82: Fox-Bourne's _Life of Sidney_, p. 91.

Footnote 83: Op. cit.

Footnote 84: Thomae Erpenii, _De Peregrinatione Gallica_, 1631, pp. 6, 12.

Footnote 85: _Copy-Book of Sir Amias Poulet's Letters_, Roxburghe Club, p. 89.

Footnote 86: _Letter-Book_, p. 16.

Footnote 87: _Letter-Book_, p. 89.

Footnote 88: _Poems of Thomas Carew_, ed. W.C. Hazlitt, 1870. Pp. xxiii.-xxx.

Footnote 89: T. Birch, _Court and Times of James I._, vol. i. p. 218.

The embarrassments of an ambassador under these circumstances are hardly exaggerated, perhaps, in Chapman's play, _Monsieur D'Olive_, where the fictitious statesman bursts into a protest:

"Heaven I beseech thee, what an abhominable sort of Followers have I put upon mee: ... I cannot looke into the Cittie, but one or other makes tender his good partes to me, either his Language, his Travaile, his Intelligence, or something: Gentlemen send me their younger Sonnes furnisht in compleat, to learn fashions, for-sooth: as if the riding of five hundred miles, and spending 1000 Crownes would make 'am wiser then God meant to make 'am.... Three hundred of these Gold-finches I have entertained for my Followers: I can go in no corner, but I meete with some of my Wifflers in there accoutrements; you may heare 'am halfe a mile ere they come at you, and smell 'am half an hour after they are past you: sixe or seaven make a perfect Morrice-daunce; they need no Bells, their Spurs serve their turne: I am ashamed to traine 'am abroade, theyle say I carrie a whole Forrest of Feathers with mee, and I should plod afore 'am in plaine stuffe, like a writing Schole-maister before his Boyes when they goe a feasting."

Footnote 90: Strype, _Life of Sir Thomas Smith_, p. 119.

Footnote 91: _The Travels and Life of Sir Thomas Hoby_, 1547-1564, ed. Powell, p. 27.

Footnote 92: Spelman, W., _A Dialogue between Two Travellers_, c. 1580, ed. by Pickering for the Roxburghe Club, 1896, p. 42.

Footnote 93: Gratarolus, _De Regimine iter agentium_, 1561, p. 19.

Footnote 94: _Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton_, vol. i. p. 69.

Footnote 95: _Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland_, 10th May 1909.

Footnote 96: Florio, _Second Frutes_, p. 95.

Footnote 97: _Sloane MS_., 1813, fol.7.

Footnote 98: Article on the third Lord North in the _Dictionary of National Biography._

Footnote 99: T. Wright, _Queen Elizabeth_, vol. i. p. 316.

Footnote 100: Sir Thomas Overbury, _An Affectate Traveller_, in _Characters_.

Footnote 101: Dieppe.

Footnote 102: Thomas Nash, _Pierce Pennilesse_, in _Works_, ed. Grosart, vol. ii. 27.

Footnote 103: Nash, _The Unfortunate Traveller_, in _Works_, ed. Grosart, v. 145.

Footnote 104: Roger Ascham, _The Scholemaster_, ed. Mayor, pp. 84-85.

Footnote 105: William Harrison, _A Description of England_, ed. Withington, p. 8.

Footnote 106: Ascham, _op. cit._, p. 86.

Footnote 107: Robert Greene, _Repentance_, in _Works_, ed. Grosart, xii. 172; John Marston, _Certaine Satires_, 1598; Satire II., p. 47.

Footnote 108: Ascham, op. cit., p. 77.

Footnote 109: James Howell, _Letters_, ed. Jacobs, p. 69.

Footnote 110: William Thomas, _The Historic of Italie_, 1549, p. 2.

Footnote 111: _Travels and Life of Sir Thomas Hoby, Written by Himself_, ed. Powell, p. 10.

Footnote 112: William Thomas, op. cit. p. 2.

Footnote 113: Fynes Moryson, _An Itinerary_, etc., Glasgow ed. 1907, i. 159.

Footnote 114: Ibid.

Footnote 115: Thomas Hoby, op. cit. pp. 14, 15.

Footnote 116: William Thomas, op. cit. p. 85.

Footnote 117: Robert Greene, _All About Conny-Catching_. Works, x. Foreword.

Footnote 118: _Epistola de Peregrinatione_ in _De Eruditione Comparanda_, 1699, p. 588.

Footnote 119: Turler, _The Traveller_, Preface, and pp. 65-67.

Footnote 120: The _Unton Inventories_, ed. by J.G. Nichols, p. xxxviii.

Footnote 121: Sir Robert Dallington, _State of Tuscany_, 1605, p. 64.

Footnote 122: Arthur Hall, _Ten Books of Homer's Iliades_, 1581, Epistle to Sir Thomas Cicill.

Footnote 123: Nicholas Breton: _A Floorish upon Fancie_, ed. Grosart, p. 6.

Footnote 124: Thomas Wright, _Queen Elizabeth_, ii. 205.

Footnote 125: "A letter sent by F.A. touching the proceedings in a private quarrel and unkindnesse, between Arthur Hall and Melchisedech Mallerie, Gentleman, to his very friend L.B. being in Italy." (Only fourteen copies of this escaped destruction by order of Parliament in 1580. One was reprinted in 1815 in _Miscellanea Antiqua Anglicana_, from which my quotations are taken.)

Footnote 126: St Paul's Cathedral, the fashionable promenade.

Footnote 127: Cooper's _Athenae Cantabrigienses_, i. 381.

Footnote 128: _Life and Travels of Thomas Hoby, Written by Himself_, p. 19, 20.

Footnote 129: Bercher, Ded. to Queen Elizabeth, in _The Nobility of Women_, 1559, ed. by W. Bond for the Roxburghe Club, 1904.

Footnote 130: Ibid. Introduction by Bond, p. 36.

Footnote 131: _D.N.B._ Article by Sir Sidney Lee.

Footnote 132: Hist. MSS. Commission, 12th Report, App. Part IV. MSS. of the Duke of Rutland, p. 94.

Footnote 133: Ibid.

Footnote 134: E. Lodge, _Illustrations of British History_, ii. 100. (Gilbert Talbot to his father, the Earl of Shrewsbury.)

Footnote 135: Hatfield MSS. (Calendar), ii. 83.

Footnote 136: Ibid., ii. 129.

Footnote 137: Ibid., ii. 114.

Footnote 138: Hatfield MSS. (Calendar), ii. 129.

Footnote 139: Ibid., p. 131.

Footnote 140: Ibid., p. 144.

Footnote 141: See "Sir Henry Sidney to his son Robert," 28th Oct. 1578, in Collin's _Sidney Papers_, i. 271.

Footnote 142: In _A Method for Travell_, c. 1598, Fol. C.

Footnote 143: John Stowe, _Annales_, ed. 1641, p. 868.

Footnote 144: Ibid.

Footnote 145: Gabriel Harvey, _Letter-Book_, Camden Society, New Series, No. xxxiii. p. 97.

Footnote 146: Stowe, _Annales_, ed. 1641, p. 867.

Footnote 147: Ibid., p. 869.

Footnote 148: Harrison's _Description of England_, ed. Withington, p. 111.

Footnote 149: T. Birch, _Court and Times of James I._, i. 191.

Footnote 150: E. Lodge's _Illustrations of British History_, ii. 228.

Footnote 151: _Harleian Miscellany_, vol. v. pp. 400-401.

Footnote 152: Leland, J., _De Scriptoribus Britannicis_, vol. i. 482.

Footnote 153: _Calendar of State Papers_, Foreign, 1562, Nos. 1069 and 1230.

Footnote 154: E. Nares, _Memoir of Lord Burghley_, vol. iii. p. 513.

Footnote 155: Lambeth MSS., No. 647, fol. iii. Printed in Spedding's _Letters and Life of Bacon_, vol. i. p. 110.

Footnote 156: _Calendar of State Papers_, Domestic, 1603-1610, p. 634.

Footnote 157: Quoted in _Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton_, ed. by L. Pearsall Smith, vol. ii. p. 462.

Footnote 158: Fuller, _The Church-History of Britain_, ed. 1655, book x. p. 48. The alleged reason for Mole's imprisonment, Fuller says, was that he had translated Du Plessis Mornay, "his book on the Visibility of the Church, out of French into English; but besides, there were other contrivances therein, not so fit for a public relation" (_supra_, p. 49).

Footnote 159: Fourth Baron Wentworth of Nettlestead and first Earl of Cleveland, 1591-1667, who became a Royalist general in the Civil War. At the time of Wotton's letter (1609) he was completing his education abroad after residence at Oxford. See _Dictionary of National Biography_, which does not, however, mention his foreign tour.

Footnote 160: He was at once "reconciled" to the Church of Rome, entered the Society of the Jesuits, and "died a most holy death," in 1626, while filling the office of Confessor of the English College at Rome. H. Foley, _Records of Society of Jesus_, vi. p. 257, cited in _Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton_, i. p. 457, note.

Footnote 161: Second Lord Harington of Exton, 1592-1614; the favourite friend and companion of Henry, Prince of Wales. A rare and godly young man. For an account of him, and for his letters from abroad, in French and Latin, to Prince Henry, see T. Birch's _Life of Prince Henry_.

Footnote 162: "One Tovy, an 'aged man,' late master of the free school, Guildford." _Dictionary of National Biography_, article on Sir John Harington, _supra_.

Footnote 163: _Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton_, i. 456-7.

Footnote 164: S.R. Gardiner, _History of England_, iii. 191.

Footnote 165: H. Foley, _Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus_, London, 1882, Series ii. p. 253.

Footnote 166: Ibid.

Footnote 167: Foley, op. cit., p. 256. The facts are confirmed by the report of the English Ambassador at Valladolid, 17th July 1605, O.S., printed in the _Winwood Memorials_, vol. ii. p. 95.

Footnote 168: Fynes Moryson, _Itinerary_, ed. 1907, vol. iii. pp. 390-1.

Footnote 169: Such as Dr Thomas Case of St John's in Oxford, whom Fuller reports as "always a Romanist in his heart, but never expressing the same till his mortal sickness seized upon him" (_Church History_, book ix. p. 235).

Footnote 170: Gardiner, _History of England_, vol. v. pp. 102-3. The same wavering between two Churches in the time of James I. is exemplified by "Edward Buggs, Esq., living in London, aged seventy, and a professed Protestant." He "was in his sicknesse seduced to the Romish Religion." Recovering, a dispute was held at his request between two Jesuits and two Protestant Divines, on the subject of the Visibility of the Church. "This conference did so satisfie Master Buggs, that renouncing his former wavering, he was confirmed in the Protestant truth" (Fuller, _Church History_, x. 102).

Footnote 171: _Winwood Memorials_, vol. ii. 109.

Footnote 172: The Earl of Nottingham, Ambassador Extraordinary in 1605.

Footnote 173: _Winwood Memorials_, vol. ii. 76.

Footnote 174: _Winwood Memorials_, vol. ii. 109.

Footnote 175: Fynes Moryson, _Itinerary_, vol. i. p. 260.

Footnote 176: Such was the case of Tobie Matthew, son of the Archbishop of York, converted during his travels in Italy. This witty and frivolous courtier came home and faced the uproar of his friends, spent a whole plague-stricken summer in Fleet arguing with the Bishops sent to reclaim him, and then was banished. After ten years he reappeared at Court, as amusing as ever, the protégé of the Duke of Buckingham. But under the mask of frippery he worked unsleepingly to advance the Church of Rome, for he had secretly taken orders as a Jesuit Priest. See _Life of Sir Tobie Matthew_, by A.H. Mathew, London, 1907.

Footnote 177: Davison's _Poetical Rhapsody_, ed. Nicolas, 1826, vol. i. p. vi.

Footnote 178: _Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton_, vol. ii. 482.

Footnote 179: _Quo Vadis, A Just Censure of Travel_, in _Works_, Oxford, vol. ix. p. 560.

Footnote 180: _Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton_, vol. i. 70, note.

Footnote 181: _A Method for Travell shewed by taking the view of France, As it stoode in the yeare of our Lord_, 1598.

Footnote 182: Wood records such a state of mind in John Nicolls, who, in 1577 left England, made a recantation of his heresy, and was "received into the holy Catholic Church." Returning to England he recanted his Roman Catholic opinions, and even wrote "His Pilgrimage, wherein is displayed the lives of the proud Popes, ambitious Cardinals, leacherous Bishops, fat bellied Monks, and hypocritical Jesuits" (1581). Notwithstanding which, he went beyond the seas again (to turn Mohometan, his enemies said), and under threats and imprisonment at Rouen, recanted all that he had formerly uttered against the Romanists.--_Athenæ Oxonienses_, ed. Bliss, i. p. 496.

Footnote 183: Understood: "for in the pulpit, being eloquent, they," etc.

Footnote 184: In volume iii. of his _Itinerary_ (reprint by the University of Glasgow, 1908), preceded by an _Essay of Travel in General_, a panegyric in the style of Turler, Lipsius, etc., containing most points of previous essays in praise of travel, and some new ones. For instance, in his defence of travel, he must answer the objection that travellers run the risk of being perverted from the Church of England.

Footnote 185: _Itinerary_, iii. 411.

Footnote 186: _Ibid_., i. 304.

Footnote 187: _Ibid_., i. 78-80.

Footnote 188: _Ibid_., i. 399.

Footnote 189: _Ibid_., iii. 389.

Footnote 190: _Itinerary_, iii. 400.

Footnote 191: Ibid., iii. 388.

Footnote 192: Ibid., iii. 387.

Footnote 193: Ibid., iii. 375.

Footnote 194: _Itinerary_, iii. 411.

Footnote 195: Ibid., iii. 413.

Footnote 196: See Ben Jonson, _Every Man out of his Humour_, Act II. Sc. i.: "I do intend this year of jubilee coming on, to travel, and because I will not altogether go upon expense I am determined to put forth some five thousand pound, to be paid me five for one, upon the return of myself, my wife, and my dog from the Turk's court in Constantinople." Also the epigram of Sir John Davies in _Poems_, ed. Grosart, vol. ii. p. 40: "Lycus, which lately is to Venice gone, Shall if he doe returne, gaine three for one."

Footnote 197: _Volpone: or the Fox_, Act II. Sc. i.

Footnote 198: Ibid., Act III. Sc. v.

Footnote 199: The whole letter is printed in Pearsall Smith's Collection, vol. ii. p. 382.

Footnote 200: Pearsall Smith's Collection, vol. ii. p. 364 (in another letter of advice on foreign travel).

Footnote 201: _Defensio secunda_, in _Opera Latina_, Amstelodami, 1698, p. 96.

Footnote 202: _Quo Vadis?_ A Just Censure of Travel as it is undertaken by the Gentlemen of our Nation, London, 1617.

Footnote 203: 19th September 1614. Quoted in C. Dodd's _Church History of England_, ed. Tierney, vol. iv. Appendix, p. ccxli.

Footnote 204: Master of Ceremonies to James I.

Footnote 205: _The Reformed Travailer_, by W.H., 1616, fol. A 4, verso.

Footnote 206: Charles II.

Footnote 207: Ellis, _Original Letters_, 1st Series, iii. 288.

Footnote 208: _The Scholemaster_, ed. Mayor, p. 53.

Footnote 209: _The Compleat Gentleman_, 1634 (reprint 1906), p. 33.

Footnote 210: Cited in G. D'Avenel, _La Noblesse française sous Richelieu_, p. 52.

Footnote 211: _Ibid_., pp. 41-2.

Footnote 212: Balade, "Les chevaliers ont honte d'étudier" _(OEuvres Complètes_, tome iii. p. 187).

Footnote 213: De la Nouë, _Discours Politiques et Militaires_, 1587, p. 111.

Footnote 214: De la Nouë, _op. cit_., pp. 118-22. _Court and Times of Charles I_., vol. ii. pp. 89, 187.

Footnote 215: _A Method for Travell. Shewed by taking the view of France. As it stood in the yeare of our Lord_, 1598.

Footnote 216: By James Howell.

Footnote 217: _Supra_, note (1).

Footnote 218: _A Survey of the Great Dukes State of Tuscany. In the yeare of our Lord_, 1596.

Footnote 219: _The View of France_, fol. X.

Footnote 220: _The View of France_, fol. H 4, verso.

Footnote 221: William Thomas, _The Pilgrim_, 1546.

Footnote 222: _Survey of Tuscany_, p. 34.

Footnote 223: _A Method for Travell_, Fol. B 4, verso.

Footnote 224: The first edition of _The View of Fraunce_ was printed anonymously in 1604 by Symon Stafford: When Thomas Creede brought out another edition, apparently in 1606, Dallington inserted a preface "To All Gentlemen that have Travelled," and _A Method for Travell_, consisting of eight unpaged leaves, and a folded leaf containing a conspectus of _A Method for Travell_.

Footnote 225: As the use of Latin waned, a knowledge of modern languages became increasingly important. The attitude of continental gentlemen on this point is indicated by a Spanish Ambassador in 1613, to whom the Pope's Nuncio used a German Punctilio, of speaking Latin, for more dignity, to him and Italian to the Residents of Mantua and Urbino. The Ambassador answered in Italian, "and afterwards gave this reason for it: that it were as ill a Decorum for a Cavalier to speak Latin, as for a Priest to use any other Language." (_Winwood Memorials_, vol. iii. p. 446).

Footnote 226: Fynes Moryson had a great deal to say on this subject. In particular, he instances the Germans as reprehensible in living only with their own countrymen in Italy, "never attaining the perfect use of any forreigne Language, be it never so easy. So as myselfe remember one of them, who being reprehended, that having been thirty yeeres in Italy hee could not speake the Language, he did merrily answer in Dutch: Ah lieber was kan man doch in dreissig Jahr lehrnen? Alas, good Sir, what can a man learne in thirty yeeres?" (_Itinerary,_ vol. in. p. 379).

Footnote 227: _A Method for Travell_, B 4, verso.

Footnote 228: _Court and Times of James I_., vol. i. p. 286.

Footnote 229: Amias Paulet to Elizabeth, Jan. 31, 1577. Cal. State Papers, Foreign.

Footnote 230: By Cesare Nigri Milanese detto il trombone, "Famose e eccellente Professori di Ballare." Printed at Milan, 1604.

Footnote 231:
"In twenty manere coude he trippe and dance
After the schole of Oxenforde tho,
And with his legges casten to and fro."

_The Milleres Tale_, 11. 142-4.

Footnote 232: Ellis, _Original Letters_, 2nd Series, vol. iii. p. 214.

Footnote 233: _Ibid_., 1st Series, vol. iii. pp. 138-9.

Footnote 234: _A Method jor Travell_, fol. B 4, verso.

Footnote 235: _Historiettes_, ed. Paris, 1834, tome 1er, p. 72.

Footnote 236: So counted the Pope's Legate in 1596. Cited by Jusserand, in _Sports et Jeux D'Exercise dans L'ancienne France_, p. 252.

Footnote 237: _A View of France_, fol. V, verso.

Footnote 238: Jusserand, _op. cit._, p. 241. Cited from Thomassin's _Ancienne et nouvelle discipline de l'Eglise_, 1725, tome iii. col. 1355.

Footnote 239: _The View of France_, T 4, verso, V, verso.

Footnote 240: Fol. C.

Footnote 241: _Every Man in his Humour_, Act IV. Sc. v.

Footnote 242: _Touchant les Duels_, ed. 1722, p. 79.

Footnote 243: "If in the Court they spie one in a sute of the last yeres making, they scoffingly say, 'Nous le cognoissons bien, il ne nous mordra pas, c'est un fruit suranne.' We know him well enough, he will not hurt us, hee's an Apple of the last yeere" (_The View of France_, fol. T 4).

Footnote 244: _Instructions for Forreine Travell_, 1642.

Footnote 245: _Op. cit_., pp. 65-70.

Footnote 246: _Ibid_., pp. 181, 188.

Footnote 247: _Op. cit.,_ pp. 193-5.

Footnote 248: _Ibid_., p. 51.

Footnote 249: "The Great Horse" is the term used of animals for war or tournaments, in contradistinction to Palfreys, Coursers, Nags, and other common horses. These animals of "prodigious weight" had to be taught to perform manoeuvres, and their riders, the art of managing them according to certain rules and principles. See _A New Method ... to Dress Horses_, by William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, London, 1667.

Footnote 250: _Histoire et Recherches des Antiquités de la Ville de Paris_, par H. Sauval, Paris, 1724, tome ii. p. 498.

Footnote 251: _Les Antiquitez de la Ville de Paris_. Paris 1640, Livre second, p. 403.

Footnote 252: Probably the son of Sir John Puckering, Lord Keeper in 1592-1596.

Footnote 253: Ellis, _Original Letters_, 2nd Series, vol. iii. pp. 220-1.

Footnote 254: _Archeologia_, vol. xxxvi. pp. 343-4.

Footnote 255: _Collectania, First Series_, ed. for the Oxford Historical Society (vol. v.) by C.R.L. Fletcher, p. 213.

Footnote 256: See _Archeologia_, xxi. p. 506. Gilbert's and La Nouë's dreams were of academies like Vittorino da Feltre's--not Pluvinel's.

Footnote 257: _Oxford Historical Society_, vol. v. p. 276.

Footnote 258: _Ibid_., pp. 280-2.

Footnote 259: _The Interpreter of the Academic for Forrain Languages, and all Noble Sciences, and Exercises_, London, 1648.

Footnote 260: Evelyn's Diary, 9th August 1682.

Footnote 261: _Ibid_., 18th December 1684.

Footnote 262: _Oxford Historical Society_, vol. v. pp. 309-13.

Footnote 263: _Ibid_., p. 319.

Footnote 264: _Le Maneige Royal_, ou l'on peut remarquer le defaut et la perfection du chevalier, en tous les exercices de cet art, digne de Princes, fait et pratique en l'instruction du Roy par Antoine Pluvinel son Éscuyer principal, Conseiller en son Conseil d'Éstat, son Chambellan ordinaire, et Sous-Gouverneur de sa Majesté. Paris, 1624.

Footnote 265: Opening words of _An Apologie for Poetrie_, ed. 1595.

Footnote 266: _Historiettes_, vol. i. p. 89 of ed. 1834. Marguerite of Valois compared M. de Souvray, the governor of Louis XIII., to Chiron rearing Achilles. Contemporary satire said that M. de Souvray "n'avoit de Chiron que le train de derrière."

Footnote 267: Henri Sauval, _op. cit._, p. 498.

Footnote 268: _A Dialogue concerning Education_, in _Tracts_, London, 1727, p. 297. We must allow for the fact that English university men did not approve of the French ambition to elevate the vernacular, or of their translation of the classics, or of any displacement of Latin from the highest place in the ambitions of anyone with pretentions to learning. See also Evelyn, _State of France_, p. 99.

Footnote 269: _Oxford Historical Society_, vol. v. p. 325.

Footnote 270: Written to John Aubrey, between 1685-93. Quoted in _Oxford Historical Society_, vol. v. p. 295.

Footnote 271: Ravaisson, _Archives de la Bastille_, Paris, 1866, tome i. p. 263; cited in _Sports et Jeux d'Exercice_, p. 377.

Footnote 272: Thomas Carte, _Life of James, Duke of Ormond_, vol. iii. p. 635.

Footnote 273: Addit. MS. 19253 (British Museum).

Footnote 274: _Memoires du Comte de Grammont_, Strawberry Hill, 1772.

Footnote 275: In _The Compleat Gentleman_, 1622.

Footnote 276: Nicolaus Clenardus Latomo Suo S.D., _Epistole_, Antverpiæ, 1566, pp. 20-4, _passim_. See p. 234 for the historic incident of the drinking cup, broken by Vasæus, and so impossible to replace, after a search through the whole Spanish village, that the rest of the party were obliged to drink out of their hands. As to expenses, Clenardus scoffs at the poets who sing of "Auriferum Tagum." "Aurum auferendum" would better express it, he found.

Footnote 277: Ellis, _Original Letters_, 2nd Series, vol. ii. p. 38.

Footnote 278: _Ibid._

Footnote 279: James Howell, _A Discours or Dialog_, containing a Perambulation of Spain and Portugall which may serve for a direction how to travell through both Countreys, London, 1662.

Footnote 280: _Relation du Voyage d'Espagne_, a la Haye, 1691 (translated in 1692 under the title of "The Ingenious and Diverting Letters of the Lady ---- Travels into Spain").

Footnote 281: Comtesse d'Aunoy, _op. cit._, p. 99.

Footnote 282: Reprinted in _The Life of Sir Tobie Matthew_, by A.H. Mathew, p. 115.

Footnote 283: By James Howell, 1662.

Footnote 284: Howell's _Letters_, ed. Jacobs, p. 168.

Footnote 285: _Winwood Memorials_, vol. iii. p. 264.

Footnote 286: _Tracts_: (_A Dialogue concerning Education_), 1727, p. 340.

Footnote 287: _The Perambulation of Spain_, p. 29.

Footnote 288: See _Les Delices de la Hollande_, Amsterdam, 1700, pp. 9, 25; Sir William Brereton, Bart., _Travels in Holland, the United Provinces, England, Scotland, and Ireland_, 1634-1635, ed. Hawkins, for the Chatham Society, 1844; William Carr, Gentleman, _The Traveller's Guide and Historian's Faithful Companion_, London, 1690.

Footnote 289: William Seward, _Anecdotes of Some Distinguished Persons_, London, 1796, vol. ii. p. 168.

Footnote 290: Lord King, _The Life and Letters of John Locke, with Extracts from his Journals and Common-place Books_, London, 1858, vol. ii. pp. 5, 50, 71.

Footnote 291: _The Harleian Miscellany_, vol. ii. p. 592.

Footnote 292: _Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands_, London, 1693, p. 188.

Footnote 293: Coriat Junior, _Another Traveller_, London, 1767, p. 152.

Footnote 294: John Evelyn, _Diary and Correspondence_, ed. Bray, London, 1906, p. 38.

Footnote 295: _Ibid._, p. 29. Also John Raymond, _Il Mercurio Italico_, London, 1648, p. 95.

Footnote 296: Coriat Junior, _op. cit._, p. 152.

Footnote 297: R. Poole, Doctor of Physick, _A Journey from London to France and Holland; or, the Traveller's Useful Vade Mecum_, London, 1746.

Footnote 298: Sir Thomas Browne, _Works_, ed. Wilkin, vol. i. p. 91.

Footnote 299: _Martin Lister's Travels in France_, in John Pinkerton's Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1809, vol. iv. pp. 2, 21.

Footnote 300: _Nicholas Ferrar, Two Lives_, by his brother John and by Doctor Jebb, ed. J.E.B. Mayor, London, 1855.

Footnote 301: _State of France_, 1652, pp. 78, 105. _A Character of England_, 1659, pp. 45, 49.

Footnote 302: _Advice to a Young Gentleman Leaving the University_, by R.(ichard) L.(assels), 1670.

Footnote 303: Sir Thomas Browne, _Works_, ed. by Wilkin, vol. i. pp. 3-14, _passim_.

Footnote 304: _Advice to a Son_, ed. 1896, p. 63.

Footnote 305: _Life of William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle_, ed. Firth, 1886, p. 309.

Footnote 306: Prefatory Letter, _The State of France_, 1652, fol. B.

Footnote 307: _Ibid._, fol. B 3.

Footnote 308: _The Voyage of Italy_, Paris, 1670. _A Preface to the Reader concerning Travelling._

Footnote 309: _Winwood Memorials_, vol. iii. 312.

Footnote 310: _Calendar of State Papers, Foreign_, 1561-2, pp. 632, 635.

Footnote 311: _Davison's Poetical Rhapsody_, ed. Nicolas, vol. i. p. xi.

Footnote 312: "That young men travel under some tutor, or grave servant, I allow well: so that he be such a one that hath some entrance into the language, and hath been in the country before; whereby he may be able to tell them what things are worthy to be seen in the country where they go: what acquaintances they are to seek; what exercises or discipline the place yieldeth. For else young men shall go hooded, and look abroad little" (_Essays: Of Travel_).

Footnote 313: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic_, 1651-2, No, 51. It will be seen from the above letter that fear of a change in their son's religion was still a very real one in the minds of parents. See also _A Letter of Advice to a Young Gentleman of an Honorable Family, Now in his Travels beyond the Seas_. By a _True Son of the Church of England, London_, 1688. The writer hopes that above all things the young man may return "A well-bred Gentleman, a good Scholar, and a sound Christian."

Footnote 314: "Newly printed at Paris, and are to be sold in London, by John Starkey, 1670." Lassels, a Roman Catholic, passed most of his life abroad. He left Oxford for the College of Douay. See _D.N.B._

Footnote 315: _The Voyage of Italy, Preface to the Reader._

Footnote 316: _Op. cit., Preface to the Reader._

Footnote 317: Thomas Carte, _Life of James, Duke of Omond_, vol. iv. p. 632. "He passed several months in a very cheap country, and yet the bills of expenses sent over by the governor were higher than those which used to be drawn by Colonel Fairfax on account of the Earl of Derby, when he was travelling from place to place, and appeared in all with so much dignity."

Footnote 318: Anthony Weldon, _Court and Character of King James_, London, 1650, p. 92.

Footnote 319: _Winwood Memorials_, vol. iii. p. 226.

Footnote 320: Ben Jonson, _Conversations with Drummond_, ed. Sidney, 1906, pp. 34-5.

Footnote 321: _Life of James, Duke of Ormond_, vol. iv. pp. 487-90.

Footnote 322: _Court and Times of James I._, vol. i. p, 285.

Footnote 323: _Life of James, Duke of Ormond_, vol. iv. p. 667.

Footnote 324: _Advice to a Son_, p. 72.

Footnote 325: A. Collins, _Letters and Memorials of State_, vol. i. p. 271. (Sir Henry Sidney to his son Robert Sidney, after Earl of Leicester.)

Footnote 326: _Davison's Poetical Rhapsody_, ed. Nicolas, vol. i. pp. viii.-xi.

Footnote 327: _Sir Henry Wotton; Life and Letters_, ed. Pearsall Smith, vol. i. p. 233 (note 1).

Footnote 328: _Davison's Poetical Rhapsody_, pp. viii., xi.

Footnote 329: _Itinerary_, vol. iii. p. 374.

Footnote 330: _A Method for Travell_, fol. G.

Footnote 331: _Instructions for Forreine Travel_, p. 51.

Footnote 332: _Lismore Papers_, 2nd Series, vol. v. p. 24.

Footnote 333: _The Voyage of Italy; Preface to the Reader_, fol. B 4.

Footnote 334: _The State of France_, 1652. Folio B.

Footnote 335: Robert Boyle, _Works_, 1744, vol. i. p. 7.

Footnote 336: _Lismore Papers_, 1st Series, vol. v. pp. 78, 80.

Footnote 337: _Ibid._, 112.

Footnote 338: It was a common custom at this time to marry one's sons, if a favourable match could be made, before they went abroad.

Footnote 339: _Lismore Papers_, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 95.

Footnote 340: On Nov. 23rd, 1610, Carleton, the Ambassador at Venice, wrote to Salisbury that his son was ill at Padua. "He finds relish in nothing on this side the mountains, nor much in anything on this side the sea; his affections being so strangely set on his return homeward, that any opposition is a disease." Cranborne's tutor, Dr Lister, wrote to Carleton in December: "Sir, we must for England, there is no resisting of it. If we stay the fruit will not be great, the discontent infinite. My Lord is going to dinner, this being the first meal he eateth." (State Papers, 1610. Cited in _Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton_, ed. Pearsall-Smith, vol. i. p. 501.)

Footnote 341: _Lismore Papers_, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 98.

Footnote 342: _Lismore Papers_, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 234.

Footnote 343: _Ibid._, p. 171.

Footnote 344: _Lismore Papers_, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 100.

Footnote 345: Ibid., p. 103.

Footnote 346: _Lismore Papers_, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 100.

Footnote 347: _Lismore Papers_, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 99.

Footnote 348: In March 1640. This fact, and his appearance in the _Lismore Papers_, are not mentioned in the _Dictionary of National Biography_.

Footnote 349: _Lismore Papers_, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 113.

Footnote 350: Ibid., p. 235.

Footnote 351: Ibid., p. 234.

Footnote 352: Ibid., pp. 232-3.

Footnote 353: She became one of the mistresses of Charles II. With her daughter, Charlotte Boyle, otherwise Fitzroy, she is buried in Westminster Abbey. (_Cockayne's Peerage_, under Viscount Shannon.)

Footnote 354: _Lismore Papers_, 2nd Series, vol. v. pp. 19-24.

Footnote 355: _Lismore Papers_, 2nd Series, vol. v. pp. 72, 97, 121.

Footnote 356: _Three Diatribes or Discourses_, London, 1671.

Footnote 357: _The Compleat Gentleman_, London, 1678.

Footnote 358: _The Compleat Gentleman_, p. 3.

Footnote 359: Albert Babeau, _Les Voyageurs en France_, Paris, 1885, p. 175.

Footnote 360: M. Adrien Delahaute, _Une Famille de Finance an XVIII. Siècle_, vol. i. p. 434.

Footnote 361: George Sandys, _A Relation of a Journey begun in An. Dom. 1610_, London, 1615.

Footnote 362: John Evelyn, _Diary and Correspondence_, ed. Bray, London, 1906, vol. i. p. 77.

Footnote 363: _Ibid._, p. 78.

Footnote 364: Balthazar Gerbier, _Subsidium Peregrinantibus_, Oxford, 1665.

Footnote 365: _Letter to his Son_, Feb. 22, 1748.

Footnote 366: _Ibid._, Oct. 2, O.S., 1747.

Footnote 367: _Letter to his Son_, Oct. 9, O.S., 1747.

Footnote 368: Lausanne was where Edward Gibbon received the education he considered far superior to what could be had from Oxford. When he returned to England, after four years, he missed the "elegant and rational society" of Lausanne, and could not love London--"the noisy and expensive scene of crowds without company, and dissipation without pleasure."

Footnote 369: _Letter to his Son_, April 12, O.S., 1749.

Footnote 370: _Ibid._, Sept. 22, O.S., 1749.

Footnote 371: _Ibid._, Sept. 5, O.S., 1749.

Footnote 372: _Letter to his Son_, Nov. 8, O.S., 1750.

Footnote 373: _Letter to his Son_, May 10, O.S., 1748.

Footnote 374: _Letter to his Son_, April 30, O.S., 1750.

Footnote 375: _Letters from Paris_, Sept. 22, 26; Oct. 3, 6, 1765.

Footnote 376: A Character of England, As it was lately presented in a Letter to a Noble Man of France, London, 1659.

Footnote 377: See Voltaire, _Lettres Philosophiques_, tome ii. p. 272, ed. Gustave Lanson, Paris, 1909.