Chapter XX: Appendix: NOTE A (p. 133)

_Rhetoric of the Western and Northern Alliterative Poems_

Any page of the Anglo-Saxon poets, and of the "Elder Edda," will show the difference between the "continuous" and the "discrete"--the Western and the Northern--modes of the alliterative verse. It may be convenient to select some passages here for reference.

(1) As an example of the Western style ("the sense variously drawn out from one verse to another"), the speech of the "old warrior" stirring up vengeance for King Froda (_Beowulf_, l. 2041 _sq._; see above, p. 70):--

þonne cwið æt beore se ðe beah gesyhð,
eald æscwiga, se ðe eall geman
garcwealm gumena (him bið grim sefa)
onginneð geomormod geongum cempan
þurh hreðra gehygd higes cunnian,
wigbealu weccean, ond þæt word acwyð:
"Meaht ðu, min wine, mece gecnawan,
þone þin fæder to gefeohte bær
under heregriman, hindeman siðe,
dyre iren, þær hine Dene slogon,
weoldon wælstowe, syððan Wiðergyld læg
æfter hæleþa hryre, hwate Scyldingas?
Nu her þara banena byre nathwylces,
frætwum hremig, on flet gæð,
mordres gylpeð ond þone maðþum byreð
þone þe þu mid rihte rædan sceoldest!"

(The "old warrior"--no less a hero than Starkad himself, according to Saxo--bears a grudge on account of the slaying of Froda, and cannot endure the reconciliation that has been made. He sees the reconciled enemies still wearing the spoils of war, arm-rings, and even Froda's sword, and addresses Ingeld, Froda's son):--

Over the ale he speaks, seeing the ring,
the old warrior, that remembers all,
the spear-wrought slaying of men (his thought is grim),
with sorrow at heart begins with the young champion,
in study of mind to make trial of his valour,
to waken the havoc of war, and thus he speaks:
"Knowest thou, my lord? nay, well thou knowest the falchion
that thy father bore to the fray,
wearing his helmet of war, in that last hour,
the blade of price, where the Danes him slew,
and kept the field, when Withergyld was brought down
after the heroes' fall; yea, the Danish princes slew him!
See now, a son of one or other of the men of blood,
glorious in apparel, goes through the hall,
boasts of the stealthy slaying, and bears the goodly heirloom
that thou of right shouldst have and hold!"

(2) The Northern arrangement, with "the sense concluded in the couplet," is quite different from the Western style. There is no need to quote more than a few lines. The following passage is from the last scene of _Helgi and Sigrun_ (_C.P.B._, i. p. 143; see p. 72 above--"Yet precious are the draughts," etc.):--

Vel skolom drekka dýrar veigar
þótt misst hafim munar ok landa:
skal engi maðr angr-lióð kveða,
þótt mer á briósti benjar líti.
Nú ero brúðir byrgðar í haugi,
lofða dísir, hjá oss liðnom.

The figure of _Anadiplosis_ (or the "Redouble," as it is called in the _Arte of English Poesie_) is characteristic of a certain group of Northern poems. See the note on this, with references, in _C.P.B._, i. p. 557. The poems in which this device appears are the poems of the heroines (Brynhild, Gudrun, Oddrun), the heroic idylls of the North. In these poems the repetition of a phrase, as in the Greek pastoral poetry and its descendants, has the effect of giving solemnity to the speech, and slowness of movement to the line.

So in the _Long Lay of Brynhild_ (_C.P.B._, i. p. 296):--

svárar sifjar, svarna eiða,
eiða svarna, unnar trygðir;

and (_ibid._)--

hann vas fyr utan eiða svarna,
eiða svarna, unnar trygðir;

and in the _Old Lay of Gudrun_ (_C.P.B._, i. p. 319)--

Hverr vildi mer hnossir velja
hnossir velja, ok hugat mæla.

There are other figures which have the same effect:--

Gott es at ráða Rínar malmi,
ok unandi auði styra,
ok sitjandi sælo nióta.

_C.P.B._, i. p. 296.

But apart from these emphatic forms of phrasing, all the sentences are so constructed as to coincide with the divisions of the lines, whereas in the Western poetry, Saxon and Anglo-Saxon, the phrases are made to cut across the lines, the sentences having their own limits, independent of the beginnings and endings of the verses.

NOTE B (p. 205)

_The Meeting of Kjartan and King Olaf Tryggvason_ (_Laxdæla Saga_, c. 40)

Kjartan rode with his father east from Hjardarholt, and they parted in Northwaterdale; Kjartan rode on to the ship, and Bolli, his kinsman, went along with him. There were ten men of Iceland all together that followed Kjartan out of goodwill; and with this company he rides to the harbour. Kalf Asgeirsson welcomes them all. Kjartan and Bolli took a rich freight with them. So they made themselves ready to sail, and when the wind was fair they sailed out and down the Borg firth with a gentle breeze and good, and so out to sea. They had a fair voyage, and made the north of Norway, and so into Throndheim. There they asked for news, and it was told them that the land had changed its masters; Earl Hacon was gone, and King Olaf Tryggvason come, and the whole of Norway had fallen under his sway. King Olaf was proclaiming a change of law; men did not take it all in the same way. Kjartan and his fellows brought their ship into Nidaros.

At that time there were in Norway many Icelanders who were men of reputation. There at the wharves were lying three ships all belonging to men of Iceland: one to Brand the Generous, son of Vermund Thorgrimsson; another to Hallfred the Troublesome Poet; the third ship was owned by two brothers, Bjarni and Thorhall, sons of Skeggi, east in Fleetlithe,--all these men had been bound for Iceland in the summer, but the king had arrested the ships because these men would not accept the faith that he was proclaiming. Kjartan was welcomed by them all, and most of all by Brand, because they had been well acquainted earlier. The Icelanders all took counsel together, and this was the upshot, that they bound themselves to refuse the king's new law. Kjartan and his mates brought in their ship to the quay, and fell to work to land their freight.

King Olaf was in the town; he hears of the ship's coming, and that there were men in it of no small account. It fell out on a bright day in harvest-time that Kjartan's company saw a number of men going to swim in the river Nith. Kjartan said they ought to go too, for the sport; and so they did. There was one man of the place who was far the best swimmer. Kjartan says to Bolli:

"Will you try your swimming against this townsman?"

Bolli answers: "I reckon that is more than my strength."

"I know not what is become of your hardihood," says Kjartan; "but I will venture it myself."

"That you may, if you please," says Bolli.

Kjartan dives into the river, and so out to the man that swam better than all the rest; him he takes hold of and dives under with him, and holds him under for a time, and then lets him go. After that they swam for a little, and then the stranger takes Kjartan and goes under with him, and holds him under, none too short a time, as it seemed to Kjartan. Then they came to the top, but there were no words between them. They dived together a third time, and were down longer than before. Kjartan thought it hard to tell how the play would end; it seemed to him that he had never been in so tight a place in his life. However, they come up at last, and strike out for the land.

Then says the stranger: "Who may this man be?"

Kjartan told his name.

The townsman said: "You are a good swimmer; are you as good at other sports as at this?"

Kjartan answers, but not very readily: "When I was in Iceland it was thought that my skill in other things was much of a piece; but now there is not much to be said about it."

The townsman said: "It may make some difference to know with whom you have been matched; why do you not ask?"

Kjartan said: "I care nothing for your name."

The townsman says: "For one thing you are a good man of your hands, and for another you bear yourself otherwise than humbly; none the less shall you know my name and with whom you have been swimming; I am Olaf Tryggvason, the king."

Kjartan makes no answer, and turns to go away. He had no cloak, but a coat of scarlet cloth. The king was then nearly dressed. He called to Kjartan to wait a little; Kjartan turned and came back, rather slowly. Then the king took from his shoulders a rich cloak and gave it to Kjartan, saying he should not go cloakless back to his men. Kjartan thanks the king for his gift, and goes to his men and shows them the cloak. They did not take it very well, but thought he had allowed the king too much of a hold on him.

Things were quiet for a space; the weather began to harden with frost and cold. The heathen men said it was no wonder they had ill weather that autumn; it was all the king's newfangledness and the new law that had made the gods angry.

The Icelanders were all together that winter in the town; and Kjartan took the lead among them. In time the weather softened, and men came in numbers to the town at the summons of King Olaf. Many men had taken the Christian faith in Throndheim, but those were more in number who were against it. One day the king held an assembly in the town, out on the point of Eyre, and declared the Faith with many eloquent words. The Thronds had a great multitude there, and offered battle to the king on the spot. The king said they should know that he had fought against greater powers than to think of scuffling with clowns in Throndheim. Then the yeomen were cowed, and gave in wholly to the king, and many men were christened; then the assembly broke up.

That same evening the king sends men to the Icelanders' inn to observe and find out how they talked. When the messengers came there, there was a loud sound of voices within.

Kjartan spoke, and said to Bolli: "Kinsman, are you willing to take this faith of the king's?"

"I am not," says Bolli, "for it seems to me a feeble, pithless thing."

Says Kjartan: "Seemed the king to you to have no threats for those that refused to accept his will?"

Says Bolli: "Truly the king seemed to us to come out clearly and leave no shadow on that head, that they should have hard measure dealt them."

"No man's underling will I be," says Kjartan, "while I can keep my feet and handle a sword; it seems to me a pitiful thing to be taken thus like a lamb out of the pen, or a fox out of the trap. I hold it a far better choice, if one must die, to do something first that shall be long talked of after."

"What will you do?" says Bolli.

"I will not make a secret of it," says Kjartan; "burn the king's house, and the king in it."

"I call that no mean thing to do," says Bolli; "but yet it will not be, for I reckon that the king has no small grace and good luck along with him; and he keeps a strong watch day and night."

Kjartan said that courage might fail the stoutest man; Bolli answered that it was still to be tried whose courage would hold out longest. Then many broke in and said that this talk was foolishness; and when the king's spies had heard so much, they went back to the king and told him how the talk had gone.

On the morrow the king summons an assembly; and all the Icelanders were bidden to come. When all were met, the king stood up and thanked all men for their presence, those who were willing to be his friends and had taken the Faith. Then he fell to speech with the Icelanders. The king asks if they will be christened. They make little sound of agreement to that. The king said that they might make a choice that would profit them less.

"Which of you was it that thought it convenient to burn me in my house?"

Then says Kjartan: "You think that he will not have the honesty to confess it, he that said this. But here you may see him."

"See thee I may," says the king, "and a man of no mean imagination; yet it is not in thy destiny to see my head at thy feet. And good enough cause might I have to stay thee from offering to burn kings in their houses in return for their good advice; but because I know not how far thy thought went along with thy words, and because of thy manly declaration, thou shalt not lose thy life for this; it may be that thou wilt hold the Faith better, as thou speakest against it more than others. I can see, too, that it will bring the men of all the Iceland ships to accept the Faith the same day that thou art christened of thine own free will. It seems to me also like enough that thy kinsmen and friends in Iceland will listen to what thou sayest when thou art come out thither again. It is not far from my thought that thou, Kjartan, mayst have a better Faith when thou sailest from Norway than when thou camest hither. Go now all in peace and liberty whither you will from this meeting; you shall not be penned into Christendom; for it is the word of God that He will not have any come to Him save in free will."

There was much approval of this speech of the king's, yet chiefly from the Christians; the heathen men left it to Kjartan to answer as he would. Then said Kjartan: "We will thank you, Sir, for giving us your peace; this more than anything would draw us to accept your Faith, that you renounce all grounds of enmity and speak gently altogether, though you have our whole fortunes in your hand to-day. And this is in my mind, only to accept the Faith in Norway if I may pay some small respect to Thor next winter when I come to Iceland."

Then answered the king, smiling: "It is well seen from the bearing of Kjartan that he thinks he has better surety in his strength and his weapons than there where Thor and Odin are."

After that the assembly broke up.

NOTE C (p. 257)

_Eyjolf Karsson_: an Episode in the History of Bishop
Gudmund Arason, A.D. 1222 (from _Arons Saga Hjörleifssonar_,
c. 8, printed in _Biskupa Sögur_, i., and in _Sturlunga_,
ii. pp. 312-347).

[Eyjolf Karsson and Aron stood by Bishop Gudmund in his
troubles, and followed him out to his refuge in the island
of Grimsey, lying off the north coast of Iceland, about 30
miles from the mouth of Eyjafirth. There the Bishop was
attacked by the Sturlungs, Sighvat (brother of Snorri
Sturluson) and his son Sturla. His men were out-numbered;
Aron was severely wounded. This chapter describes how Eyjolf
managed to get his friend out of danger and how he went back
himself and was killed.]

Now the story turns to Eyjolf and Aron. When many of Eyjolf's men were down, and some had run to the church, he took his way to the place where Aron and Sturla had met, and there he found Aron sitting with his weapons, and all about were lying dead men and wounded. It is reckoned that nine men must have lost their lives there. Eyjolf asks his cousin whether he can move at all. Aron says that he can, and stands on his feet; and now they go both together for a while by the shore, till they come to a hidden bay; there they saw a boat ready floating, with five or six men at the oars, and the bow to sea. This was Eyjolf's arrangement, in case of sudden need. Now Eyjolf tells Aron that he means the boat for both of them; giving out that he sees no hope of doing more for the Bishop at that time.

"But I look for better days to come," says Eyjolf.

"It seems a strange plan to me," says Aron; "for I thought that we should never part from Bishop Gudmund in this distress; there is something behind this, and I vow that I will not go unless you go first on board."

"That I will not, cousin," says Eyjolf; "for it is shoal water here, and I will not have any of the oarsmen leave his oar to shove her off; and it is far too much for you to go afoot with wounds like yours. You will have to go on board."

"Well, put your weapons in the boat," says Aron, "and I will believe you."

Aron now goes on board; and Eyjolf did as Aron asked him. Eyjolf waded after, pushing the boat, for the shallows went far out. And when he saw the right time come, Eyjolf caught up a battle-axe out of the stern of the boat, and gave a shove to the boat with all his might.

"Good-bye, Aron," says Eyjolf; "we shall meet again when God pleases."

And since Aron was disabled with wounds, and weary with loss of blood, it had to be even so; and this parting was a grief to Aron, for they saw each other no more.

Now Eyjolf spoke to the oarsmen and told them to row hard, and not to let Aron come back to Grimsey that day, and not for many a day if they could help it.

They row away with Aron in their boat; but Eyjolf turns to the shore again and to a boat-house with a large ferry-boat in it, that belonged to the goodman Gnup. And at the same nick of time he sees the Sturlung company come tearing down from the garth, having finished their mischief there. Eyjolf takes to the boat-house, with his mind made up to defend it as long as his doom would let him. There were double doors to the boat-house, and he puts heavy stones against them.

Brand, one of Sighvat's followers, a man of good condition, caught a glimpse of a man moving, and said to his companions that he thought he had made out Eyjolf Karsson there, and they ought to go after him. Sturla was not on the spot; there were nine or ten together. So they come to the boat-house. Brand asks who is there, and Eyjolf says it is he.

"Then you will please to come out and come before Sturla," says Brand.

"Will you promise me quarter?" says Eyjolf.

"There will be little of that," says Brand.

"Then it is for you to come on," says Eyjolf, "and for me to guard; and it seems to me the shares are ill divided."

Eyjolf had a coat of mail, and a great axe, and that was all.

Now they came at him, and he made a good and brave defence; he cut their pike-shafts through; there were stout strokes on both sides. And in that bout Eyjolf breaks his axe-heft, and catches up an oar, and then another, and both break with his blows. And in this bout Eyjolf gets a thrust under his arm, and it came home. Some say that he broke the shaft from the spear-head, and let it stay in the wound. He sees now that his defence is ended. Then he made a dash out, and got through them, before they knew. They were not expecting this; still they kept their heads, and a man named Mar cut at him and caught his ankle, so that his foot hung crippled. With that he rolls down the beach, and the sea was at the flood. In such plight as he was in, Eyjolf set to and swam; and swimming he came twelve fathoms from shore to a shelf of rock, and knelt there; and then he fell full length upon the earth, and spread his hands from him, turning to the East as if to pray.

Now they launch the boat, and go after him. And when they came to the rock, a man drove a spear into him, and then another, but no blood flowed from either wound. So they turn to go ashore, and find Sturla and tell him the story plainly how it had all fallen out. Sturla held, and other men too, that this had been a glorious defence. He showed that he was pleased at the news.

NOTE D (p. 360)

_Two Catalogues of Romances_

There are many references to books and cycles of romance in medieval literature--minstrels' enumerations of their stock-in-trade, and humorous allusions like those of Sir Thopas, and otherwise. There are two passages, among others, which seem to do their best to cover the whole ground, or at least to exemplify all the chief groups. One of these is that referred to in the text, from _Flamenca_; the other is to be found, much later, in the _Complaint of Scotland_ (1549).

I. FLAMENCA (ll. 609-701)

Qui volc ausir diverses comtes
De reis, de marques e de comtes,
Auzir ne poc tan can si volc;
Anc null' aurella non lai colc,
Quar l'us comtet de Priamus,
E l'autre diz de Piramus;
L'us contet de la bell'Elena
Com Paris l'enquer, pois l'anmena;
L'autres comtava d'Ulixes,
L'autre d'Ector et d'Achilles;
L'autre comtava d'Eneas,
E de Dido consi remas
Per lui dolenta e mesquina;
L'autre comtava de Lavina
Con fes lo breu el cairel traire
A la gaita de l'auzor caire;
L'us contet d'Apollonices
De Tideu e d'Etidiocles;
L'autre comtava d'Apolloine
Comsi retenc Tyr de Sidoine;
L'us comtet del rei Alexandri
L'autre d'Ero et de Leandri;
L'us dis de Catmus quan fugi
Et de Tebas con las basti,
L'autre contava de Jason
E del dragon que non hac son;
L'us comte d'Alcide sa forsa,
L'autre con tornet en sa forsa
Phillis per amor Demophon;
L'us dis com neguet en la fon
Lo bels Narcis quan s'i miret;
L'us dis de Pluto con emblet
Sa bella moillier ad Orpheu;
L'autre comtet del Philisteu
Golias, consi fon aucis
Ab treis peiras quel trais David;
L'us diz de Samson con dormi,
Quan Dalidan liet la cri;
L'autre comtet de Machabeu
Comen si combatet per Dieu;
L'us comtet de Juli Cesar
Com passet tot solet la mar,
E no i preguet Nostre Senor
Que nous cujes agues paor;
L'us diz de la Taula Redonda
Que no i venc homs que noil responda
Le reis segon sa conoissensa,
Anc nuil jorn ne i failli valensa;
L'autre comtava de Galvain,
E del leo que fon compain
Del cavallier qu'estors Luneta;
L'us diz de la piucella breta
Con tenc Lancelot en preiso
Cant de s'amor li dis de no;
L'autre comtet de Persaval
Co venc a la cort a caval;
L'us comtet d'Erec e d'Enida,
L'autre d'Ugonet de Perida;
L'us comtava de Governail
Com per Tristan ac grieu trebail,
L'autre comtava de Feniza
Con transir la fes sa noirissa
L'us dis del Bel Desconogut
E l'autre del vermeil escut
Que l'yras trobet a l'uisset;
L'autre comtava de Guiflet;
L'us comtet de Calobrenan,
L'autre dis con retenc un an
Dins sa preison Quec senescal
Lo deliez car li dis mal;
L'autre comtava de Mordret;
L'us retrais lo comte Duret
Com fo per los Ventres faiditz
E per Rei Pescador grazits;
L'us comtet l'astre d'Ermeli,
L'autre dis com fan l'Ancessi
Per gein lo Veil de la Montaina;
L'us retrais con tenc Alamaina
Karlesmaines tro la parti,
De Clodoveu e de Pipi
Comtava l'us tota l'istoria;
L'autre dis con cazec de gloria
Donz Lucifers per son ergoil;
L'us diz del vallet de Nantoil,
L'autre d'Oliveir de Verdu.
L'us dis lo vers de Marcabru,
L'autre comtet con Dedalus
Saup ben volar, et d'Icarus
Co neguet per sa leujaria.
Cascus dis lo mieil que sabia.
Per la rumor dels viuladors
E per brug d'aitans comtadors
Hac gran murmuri per la sala.

The allusions are explained by the editor, M. Paul Meyer. The stories are as follows: Priam, Pyramus, Helen, Ulysses, Hector, Achilles, Dido, Lavinia (how she sent her letter with an arrow over the sentinel's head, _Roman d'Eneas_, l. 8807, _sq._), Polynices, Tydeus, and Eteocles; Apollonius of Tyre; Alexander; Hero and Leander; Cadmus of Thebes; Jason and the sleepless Dragon; Hercules; Demophoon and Phyllis (a hard passage); Narcissus; Pluto and the wife of Orpheus ("Sir Orfeo"); David and Goliath; Samson and Dalila; Judas Maccabeus; Julius Caesar; the Round Table, and how the king had an answer for all who sought him; Gawain and Yvain ("of the lion that was companion of the knight whom Lunete rescued"[91]); of the British maiden who kept Lancelot imprisoned when he refused her love; of Perceval, how he rode into hall; Ugonet de Perida (?); Governail, the loyal comrade of Tristram; Fenice and the sleeping-draught (Chrestien's _Cliges_, see p. 357, above); Guinglain ("Sir Libeaus)"; Chrestien's _Chevalier de la Charrette_ ("how the herald found the red shield at the entry," an allusion explained by M. Gaston Paris, in _Romania_, xvi. p. 101), Guiflet, Calobrenan, Kay punished for his railing accusations; Mordred; how the Count Duret was dispossessed by the Vandals and welcomed by the Fisher King (?); the luck of Hermelin (?); the Old Man of the Mountain and his Assassins; the Wars of Charlemagne; Clovis and Pepin of France; the Fall of Lucifer; Gui de Nanteuil; Oliver of Verdun; the Flight of Daedalus, and how Icarus was drowned through his vanity. The songs of Marcabrun, the troubadour, find a place in the list among the stories.

[Footnote 91: In a somewhat similar list of romances, in the Italian poem of _L'Intelligenza_, ascribed to Dino Compagni (st. 75), Luneta is named Analida; possibly the origin of Chaucer's Anelida, a name which has not been clearly traced.]

The author of _Flamenca_ has arranged his library, though there are some incongruities; Daedalus belongs properly to the "matter of Rome" with which the catalogue begins, and Lucifer interrupts the series of _Chansons de geste_. The "matter of Britain," however, is all by itself, and is well represented.

II. THE COMPLAYNT OF SCOTLAND, c. vi.

(Ed. J.A.H. Murray, _E.E.T.S._, pp. 62-64)

[This passage belongs to the close of the Middle Ages, when the old epic and romantic books were falling into neglect. There is no distinction here between literary romance and popular tales; the once-fashionable poetical works are reduced to their original elements. Arthur and Gawain are no more respected than the Red Etin, or the tale of the _Well at the World's End_ (the reading _volfe_ in the text has no defender); the Four Sons of Aymon have become what they were afterwards for Boileau (_Ep._ xi. 20), or rather for Boileau's gardener. But, on the whole, the list represents the common medieval taste in fiction. The _Chansons de geste_ have provided the _Bridge of the Mantrible_ (from _Oliver and Fierabras_, which may be intended in the _Flamenca_ reference to Oliver), and the _Siege of Milan_ (see _English Charlemagne Romances_, _E.E.T.S._, part ii.), as well as the _Four Sons of Aymon_ and _Sir Bevis_. The Arthurian cycle is popular; the romance of _Sir Ywain_ (the Knight of the Lion) is here, however, the only one that can be definitely traced in the _Flamenca_ list also, though of course there is a general correspondence in subject-matter. The classical fables from Ovid are still among the favourites, and many of them are common to both lists. See Dr. Furnivall's note, in the edition cited, pp. lxxiii.-lxxxii.]

Quhen the scheiphird hed endit his prolixt orison to the laif of the scheiphirdis, i meruellit nocht litil quhen i herd ane rustic pastour of bestialite, distitut of vrbanite, and of speculatioune of natural philosophe, indoctryne his nychtbours as he hed studeit ptholome, auerois, aristotel, galien, ypocrites, or Cicero, quhilk var expert practicians in methamatic art. Than the scheiphirdis vyf said: my veil belouit hisband, i pray the to desist fra that tideus melancolic orison, quhilk surpassis thy ingyne, be rason that it is nocht thy facultee to disput in ane profund mater, the quhilk thy capacite can nocht comprehend. ther for, i thynk it best that ve recreat our selfis vytht ioyus comonyng quhil on to the tyme that ve return to the scheip fald vytht our flokkis. And to begin sic recreatione i thynk it best that everie ane of vs tel ane gude tayl or fable, to pas the tyme quhil euyn. Al the scheiphirdis, ther vyuis and saruandis, var glaid of this propositione. than the eldest scheiphird began, and al the laif follouit, ane be ane in their auen place. it vil be ouer prolixt, and no les tideus to reherse them agane vord be vord. bot i sal reherse sum of ther namys that i herd. Sum vas in prose and sum vas in verse: sum vas stories and sum var flet taylis. Thir var the namis of them as eftir follouis: the taylis of cantirberrye, Robert le dyabil duc of Normandie, the tayl of the volfe of the varldis end, Ferrand erl of Flandris that mareit the deuyl, the taiyl of the reyde eyttyn vitht the thre heydis, the tail quhou perseus sauit andromada fra the cruel monstir, the prophysie of merlyne, the tayl of the giantis that eit quyk men, on fut by fortht as i culd found, vallace, the bruce, ypomedon, the tail of the three futtit dug of norrouay, the tayl quhou Hercules sleu the serpent hidra that hed vij heydis, the tail quhou the king of est mure land mareit the kyngis dochtir of vest mure land, Skail gillenderson the kyngis sone of skellye, the tail of the four sonnis of aymon, the tail of the brig of the mantribil, the tail of syr euan, arthour's knycht, rauf col3ear, the seige of millan, gauen and gollogras, lancelot du lac, Arthour knycht he raid on nycht vitht gyltin spur and candil lycht, the tail of floremond of albanye that sleu the dragon be the see, the tail of syr valtir the bald leslye, the tail of the pure tynt, claryades and maliades, Arthour of litil bertang3e, robene hude and litil ihone, the meruellis of mandiueil, the tayl of the 3ong tamlene and of the bald braband, the ryng of the roy Robert, syr egeir and syr gryme, beuis of southamtoun, the goldin targe, the paleis of honour, the tayl quhou acteon vas transformit in ane hart and syne slane be his auen doggis, the tayl of Pirramus and tesbe, the tail of the amours of leander and hero, the tail how Iupiter transformit his deir love yo in ane cou, the tail quhou that iason van the goldin fleice, Opheus kyng of portingal, the tail of the goldin appil, the tail of the thre veird systirs, the tail quhou that dedalus maid the laborynth to keip the monstir minotaurus, the tail quhou kyng midas gat tua asse luggis on his hede because of his auereis.

INDEX

_Aage_, Danish ballad, related to Helgi and Sigrun, 144;
cf. York Powell, _C.P.B._ i. 502, and _Grimm Centenary Papers_ (1886), p. 47

Achilles, 12, 13, 19, 35, 39, 67

_Aeneid_, 18, 22, 334, 349

Alboin the Lombard (O.E. Ælfwine, see _Davenant_), 23, 66, 69, 82 n, 189

Alexander the Great, in old French poetry, 27;
his _Epistle_; (Anglo-Saxon version), 329

_Aliscans, chanson de geste_ of the cycle of William of Orange, 296

_Alvíssmál_, in 'Elder Edda,' 112

Amadis of Gaul, a formal hero, 175, 203, 222

Ammius (O.N. Hamðer): see _Hamðismál_

_Andreas_, old English poem on the legend of St. Andrew, 28, 50, 90, 329

Andvari, 115

_Angantyr_, the _Waking of_, poem in _Hervarar Saga_, 48, 70, 73, 78, 112, 129 n

_Apollonius of Tyre_, in Anglo-Saxon, 329

Ari Thorgilsson, called the Wise (Ari Fróði, A.D. 1067-1148),
his _Landnámabók_ and _Konunga Æfi_, 248;
_Ynglinga Saga_, 279

Ariosto, 30, 31, 40, 323

Aristotle on the dramatic element in epic, 17 _sq._;
his summary of the _Odyssey_, 36, 74, 120, 139, 159 _sq._

_Arnaldos, romance del Conde_, Spanish ballad, 327

Arni, Bishop of Skalholt (_ob._ 1298), his _Life_ (_Arna Saga_), 268

Arni Beiskr (the Bitter), murderer of Snorri Sturluson, his death at Flugumyri, 263

Aron Hjörleifsson (_Arons Saga_), a friend of Bishop Gudmund, 225, 257, 381 _sq._

Asbjörnsen, P. Chr., 170 n

Asdis, Grettir's mother, 216 n

Askel: see _Reykdæla Saga_

_Atlakviða_, the _Lay of Attila_, 146 _sq._: see _Attila_

_Atlamál_, the _Greenland Poem of Attila_, 92, 137, 146-156: see _Attila_

_Atli and Rimgerd, Contention of_, in 'Elder Edda,' 113 _sq._

Atli in _Grettis Saga_, his dying speech, 218
in _Hávarðar Saga_, 227

Attila (O.E. Ætla, O.N. Atli), the Hun, adopted as a German hero in
epic tradition, 22;
different views of him in epic, 24;
in _Waltharius_, 84;
in _Waldere_, 86;
in the 'Elder Edda,' 80, 83, 105 _sq._, 110, 137, 149 _sq._

_Aucassin et Nicolette_, 312, 327

Audoin the Lombard (O.E. Eadwine), father of Alboin, 67

_Aymon, Four Sons of_, i.e. _Renaus de Montauban_ (_chanson de geste_), 313, 387

Balder, death of, 43, 78, 112

_Bandamanna Saga_, 'The Confederates,' 187, 226, 229-234

Beatrice the Duchess, wife of Begon de Belin, mother of Gerin and Hernaudin, 307 _sq._

Begon de Belin, brother of Garin le Loherain, _q.v._

Benoit de Sainte More, his _Roman de Troie_, 330 _sq._, 334

_Beowulf_, 69, 88 _sq._, 110, 136, 145, 158-175, 290
and the _Odyssey_, 10

_Beowulf_ and the _Hêliand_, 28

Bergthora, Njal's wife, 190, 220 _sq._

Bernier: see _Raoul de Cambrai_

Béroul: see _Tristram_

_Bevis, Sir_, 388

_Biarkamál_, 78

Bjargey: see _Hávarðar Saga_

Bjorn, in _Njála_, and his wife, 228-229

Blethericus, a Welsh author, 348

Boccaccio, his relation to the French Romantic School, and to Chaucer, 363-370

Bodvild, 95

Boethius _On the Consolation of Philosophy_, a favourite book, 46

Bolli, Gudrun's husband (_Laxdæla Saga_), 191, 207, 223, 376 _sq._;
kills Kjartan, 242

Bolli the younger, son of Bolli and Gudrun, 223-224

Bossu, on the Epic Poem, his opinion of Phaeacia, 32, 40 n

Bradley, Mr. Henry, on the first Riddle in the _Exeter Book_, 135 (_Academy_, March 24, 1888, p. 198)

Bréri, cited by Thomas as his authority for the story of Tristram: see _Blethericus_

Brink, Dr. Bernhard Ten, some time Professor at Strassburg, 145, 290

Broceliande visited by Wace, 26, 171

_Brunanburh_, poem of the battle of, 76

Brynhild, sister of Attila, wife of Gunnar the Niblung, _passim_
long _Lay of_, in the 'Elder Edda' (_al. Sigurðarkviða in Skamma_),
83, 100 _sq._
_Hell-ride of_, 102
short _Lay of_ (fragment), 103, 256
lost poem concerning, paraphrased in _Volsunga Saga_, 71
Danish ballad of: see _Sivard_

Bugge, Dr. Sophus, sometime Professor in Christiania, 77 n, 87 n, 137 n

_Byrhtnoth_: see _Maldon_

_C.P.B._, i.e. _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, q.v.

Campbell, J.F., of Islay, 170 n, 340

Casket of whalebone (the Franks casket), in the British Museum, subjects
represented on it, 48;
runic inscriptions, 49 (cf. Napier, in _An English Miscellany_,
Oxford 1901)

Charles the Great, Roman Emperor (Charlemagne), different views of him
in French Epic, 24;
in _Huon de Bordeaux_ 314 _sq._;
history of, in Norwegian (_Karlamagnus Saga_), 278;
in Spanish (chap-book), 297 n: see _Pèlerinage de Charlemagne_

Charlot: see _Huon de Bordeaux_

_Charroi de Nismes_, _chanson de geste_ of the cycle of William of Orange, quoted, 312

Chaucer, 328, 332 n;
his relation to the French Romantic School, and to Boccaccio, 363-370

Chrestien de Troyes, 323, 344
his works,
_Tristan_ (lost), 344;
_Erec_ (_Geraint and Enid_), 6, 332, 355 _sq._;
_Conte du Graal_ (_Perceval_), 327;
_Cliges_, 333, 357 _sq._, 387;
_Chevalier de la Charrette_ (_Lancelot_), 341, 357, 387;
_Yvain_ (_Chevalier au Lion_), 352 _sq._, 386 _sq._
his influence on the author of _Flamenca_, 359 _sq._

_Codex Regius_ (2365, 4to), in the King's Library, Copenhagen: see _Edda, 'the Elder_'

_Comédie Humaine, la_, 188

Connla (the story of the fairy-bride): see _Guingamor_

Contract, Social, in Iceland, 59

_Coronemenz Looïs_, _chanson de geste_ of the cycle of William of Orange, quoted, 311

_Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, ed. G. Vigfusson and F. York Powell, Oxford, 1883, _passim_

Corsolt, a pagan, 311

Cressida, in _Roman de Troie_, 330;
the story treated in different ways by Boccaccio and Chaucer, _q.v._

Cynewulf, the poet, 51

_Cynewulf and Cyneheard_ (English Chronicle, A.D. 755), 5, 82 n

Dag, brother of Sigrun, 72

Dandie Dinmont, 201

Dante, 31; his reference to William of Orange, 296

_Dart, Song of the_ (_Darraðarlióð_, Gray's 'Fatal Sisters'), 78

Davenant, Sir William, on the heroic poem (Preface to _Gondibert_), quoted, 30; author of a tragedy, 'Albovine King of the Lombards,' 67

_Deor's Lament_, old English poem, 76, 115, 134

Drangey, island in Eyjafirth, north of Iceland, Grettir's refuge, 196

Dryden and the heroic ideal, 30

Du Bartas, 31

_Edda_, a handbook of the Art of Poetry, by Snorri Sturluson, 42, 138, 181

'Edda,' 'the Elder,' 'the Poetic,' 'of Sæmund the Wise' (_Codex Regius_), 77, 93, 156 _passim_

Egil the Bowman, Weland's brother, represented on the Franks casket (Ægili), 48

Egil Skallagrimsson, 192, 215, 220

Einar Thorgilsson: see _Sturla of Hvamm_

Ekkehard, Dean of St. Gall, author of _Waltharius_, 84

_Elene_, by Cynewulf, an old English poem on the legend of St. Helen (the Invention of the Cross), 50, 90, 329

_Eneas, Roman d'_, 386

_Enid_: see _Chrestien de Troyes_

_Erec_: see _Chrestien de Troyes_

Eric the Red, his Saga in Hauk's book, 47

Ermanaric (O.E. Eormenríc, O.N. Jörmunrekr), 22;
killed by the brothers of Suanihilda, 66: see _Hamðismál_

Erp: see _Hamðismál_

_Exodus_, old English poem of, 28, 90

Eyjolf Karsson, a friend of Bishop Gudmund, 257, 381, _sq._

Eyjolf Thorsteinsson: see _Gizur_

_Eyrbyggja Saga_, the story of the men of Eyre, 187 _sq._, 201, 227, 253

_Færeyinga Saga_, the story of the men of the Faroes (Thrond of Gata and Sigmund Brestisson), 206, 245

Faroese ballads, 181, 283

Fielding, Henry, 266

_Fierabras_, 388

Finn: see _Finnesburh_

_Finnesburh_, old English poem (fragment), published by Hickes from a Lambeth MS., now mislaid, 81 _sq._, 265 episode in _Beowulf_, giving more of the story, 81 _sq._

_Fiölsvinnsmál_ see _Svipdag_

_Flamenca_, a Provençal romance, by a follower of Chrestien de Troyes, in the spirit of Ovid, 359-362; romances named in, 360, 384-387

_Flóamanna Saga_, the story of the people of Floi, 259

_Flores et Blanchefleur_, romance, referred to in _Flamenca_, 361;
translated by Boccaccio (_Filocolo_), 364

Flosi the Burner, in _Njála_, 218, 219, 190, 191, 219 _sq._

Flugumyri, a homestead in Northern Iceland (Skagafjord), Earl Gizur's house, burned October 1253, the story as given by Sturla, 259-264

_Fóstbræðra Saga_ (the story of the two sworn brethren, Thorgeir and
Thormod) 38 n, 47;
in Hauk's book, 187, 194, 196;
euphuistic interpolations in, 275 _sq._

Frey, poem of his wooing of Gerd (_Skirnismál_), in the 'Poetic Edda,' 77, 94, 114

_Frithiof the Bold_, a romantic Saga, 247, 277, 280 _sq._

Froda (Fróðá), homestead in Olafsvík, near the end of Snæfellsnes, Western Iceland, a haunted house, _Eyrbyggja Saga_, 208

Froda (Frotho in Saxo Grammaticus), his story alluded to in _Beowulf_, 69, 72, 82 n, 163, 373 _sq._

Froissart and the courteous ideal, 328

Fromont, the adversary in the story of _Garin le Loherain_, _q.v._

Galopin the Prodigal, in the story of _Garin le Loherain_, 310

_Gareth_, in Malory's _Morte d'Arthur_, original of the Red Cross Knight in the _Faery Queene_, 343

_Garin le Loherain_ (_chanson de geste_), 53 n, 300-309

Gawain killed dragons, 168: see _Walewein_

_Gawain and the Green Knight_, alliterative poem, 180

_Gay Goshawk_, ballad of the, 357

_Genesis_, old English poem of, 90, 136

_Geraint_, Welsh story, 355

Gerd: see _Frey_

_Germania_ of Tacitus, 46

_Gísla Saga_, the story of Gisli the Outlaw, 187, 196 _sq._, 207, 225;
its relations to the heroic poetry, 210

Giuki (Lat. Gibicho, O.E. Gifica), father of Gunnar, Hogni, Gothorm, and Gudrun, _q.v._

Gizur Thorvaldsson, the earl, at Flugumyri, 258, 259-264

Glam (_Grettis Saga_), 172, 196

Glum (_Víga-Glúms Saga_), 193 _sq._, 225
and _Raoul de Cambrai_, 299

Gollancz, Mr., 135 (see _Academy_, Dec. 23, 1893, p. 572)

Gothorm, 101

Gray, his translations from the Icelandic, 78, 157 n

Gregory (St.) the Great, _de Cura Pastorali_, studied in Iceland, 59

Grendel, 165: see _Beowulf_

_Grettis Saga_, the story of Grettir the Strong, 172, 187, 195 _sq._, 216 n, 218, 226

Grimhild, mother of Gudrun, 110

_Grimild's Revenge_, Danish ballad (_Grimilds Hævn_), 105, 149

Grimm, 136 n;
story of the _Golden Bird_, 340
Wilhelm, _Deutsche Heldensage_, 79

_Grímnismál_, in 'Elder Edda,' 112

Gripir, Prophecy of (_Grípisspá_) in the 'Elder Edda,' a summary of the Volsung story, 94

Groa, wife of Earl Gizur, _q.v._

_Grógaldr_: see _Svipdag_

_Grottasöngr_ (Song of the Magic Mill), 90

Gudmund Arason, Bishop of Hólar, 170, 256, 381

Gudmund, son of Granmar: see _Sinfiotli_

Gudmund the Mighty (Guðmundr inn Riki), in _Ljósvetninga_ and other Sagas, 188, 225

Gudny, wife of Sturla of Hvamm, _q.v._

Gudrun (O.N. Guðrún), daughter of Giuki, sister of Gunnar and Hogni,
wife of Sigurd, 23, 71, 101, 149 _sq._
and Theodoric, the _Old Lay of Gudrun_ (_Guðrúnarkviða in forna_),
103, 109
_Lay of_ (_Guðrúnarkviða_), 111
_Lament of_, or _Chain of Woe_ (_Tregrof Guðrúnar_), 111, 215
_Ordeal of_, 111
daughter of Osvifr (_Laxdæla Saga_), 191, 209, 222-224

_Guingamor, Lay of_, by Marie de France, 337-340

_Guinglain_, romance, by Renaud de Beaujeu: see _Libeaux Desconus_

Gundaharius (Gundicarius), the Burgundian (O.E. Gúðhere, O.N. Gunnarr; Gunther in the _Nibelungenlied_, etc.), 22: see _Gunnar_, _Gunther_

Gunnar of Lithend (Hlíðarendi), in _Njáls Saga_, 190;
his death, 214

Gunnar, son of Giuki, brother of Gudrun, 101 _sq._, 168 _sq._: see _Gundaharius_, _Gunther_

Gunnlaug the Poet, called Wormtongue, his story (_Gunnlaugs Saga Ormstungu_), 207, 281

Gunther (Guntharius, son of Gibicho) in _Waltharius_, 84 _sq._;
in _Waldere_, 100: see _Gundaharius_, _Gunnar_

Hacon, King of Norway (A.D. 1217-1263): see _Hákonar Saga_;
his taste for French romances, 278

Hadubrand, son of Hildebrand, 81

Hagen (Hagano), in _Waltharius_, 84 _sq._

Hagen, in _Waldere_ (Hagena), 86, 239
in _Sivard_, _q.v._: see _Hogni_

_Hákonar Saga_, the _Life_ of Hacon, Hacon's son, King of Norway (_ob._ 1263), written by Sturla, contrasted with his history of Iceland, 267 _sq._

_Halfs Saga_, 280

Hall, son of Earl Gizur, 259

Hama, 163

_Hamlet_ in Saxo, 70

_Hamðismál_ ('Poetic Edda'), Lay of the death of Ermanaric, 66, 70-71, 109, 140

Harald, king of Norway (Fairhair), 58;
in _Egils Saga_, 192
king of Norway (Hardrada), killed dragons, 168;
his Saga referred to (story of Hreidar the Simple), 310;
(Varangian custom), 329 n

_Harbarzlióð_: see _Thor_

_Harðar Saga ok Holmverja_, the story of Hord and the men of the island, 212 n

Hauk's Book, an Icelandic gentleman's select library in the fourteenth century, 47 _sq._ (_Hauksbók_, ed. Finnur Jónsson, 1892-1896)

_Hávamál_ in 'Poetic Edda,' a gnomic miscellany, 77

_Hávarðar Saga Isfirðings_, the story of Howard of Icefirth, 199, 216 _sq._, 227

Hearne, Thomas, 78

Hedin, brother of Helgi, Hiorvard's son, 99

_Heiðarvíga Saga_, the story of the battle on the Heath (connected with _Eyrbyggja Saga_), 209: see _Víga-Styrr_

_Heiðreks Saga_: see _Hervarar Saga_

_Heimskringla_, Snorri's _Lives of the Kings of Norway_, abridged, 248

Helgi and Kara, 98

Helgi, Hiorvard's son, and Swava, 97 _sq._, 113

Helgi Hundingsbane and Sigrun, 72, 93 n, 95 _sq._, 239

_Hêliand_, old Saxon poem on the Gospel history, using the forms of German heroic poetry, 27, 90, 204

Hengest: see _Finnesburh_

Heremod, 162

Herkja, 111

Hermes, in the Homeric hymn, 43

_Hervarar Saga ok Heiðreks Konungs_ (_Heiðreks Saga_), one of the romantic mythical Sagas in Hauk's book, 48; contains the poems of the cycle of Angantyr, 78, 280

Hervor, daughter of Angantyr, 70, 73, 112, 208

Heusler, Dr. Andreas, Professor in Berlin, 100 n

Hialli, 151

Hickes, George, D.D., 73 n, 78

_Hildebrand, Lay of_, 76, 79, 81, 87 n, 91

Hildeburg: see _Finnesburh_

Hildegund (Hildegyth), 84 _sq._: see _Walter_

Hnæf: see _Finnesburh_

Hobs, Mr. (_i.e._ Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury), 31

Hodbrodd, in story of Helgi and Sigrun, 72, 96

Hogni, father of Sigrun, 72, 96

Hogni, son of Giuki, brother of Gunnar, Gothorm, and Gudrun, 101, 151 _sq._: see _Hagen_

Homeric analogies in medieval literature, 9 _sq._

Hrafn Sveinbjarnarson, a friend of Bishop Gudmund, 257;
_Hrafns Saga_ quoted, 38 n

Hrafn: see _Gunnlaug_

_Hrafnkels Saga Freysgoða_, the story of Hrafnkel, Frey's Priest, 187, 198

Hrefna, Kjartan's wife, 223

Hreidar the Simple, an unpromising hero, in _Haralds Saga Harðráða_, 310

Hrolf Kraki (Hroðulf in _Beowulf_), 166, 280

_Hromund Greipsson_, Saga of, 99

Hrothgar, 10, 166.

Hunding, 95

Hunferth, 10, 166

_Huon de Bordeaux_ (_chanson de geste_), epic and romance combined inartistically in, 37, 53, 314-317

Hurd's _Letters on Chivalry and Romance_, 30

Hygelac, 161 _sq._: see _Beowulf_

_Hymiskviða_: see _Thor_

Ibsen, Henrik, his _Hærmændene paa Helgeland_ (_Warriors in Helgeland_), a drama founded on the Volsung story, its relation to _Laxdæla Saga_, 209 his _Kongsemnerne_ (_Rival Kings_, Hacon and Skule), 268

_Ider_, romance, 331 _sq._, 347 n

_Iliad_, 11 _sq._, 18, 38 _sq._, 52, 162 _sq._, 348, 352 n

Ingeld: see _Froda_

Ingibjorg, daughter of Sturla, her wedding at Flugumyri, 259 _sq._

_Intelligenza, L'_, 386 n

Jehoram, son of Ahab, in the famine of Samaria, 239

Johnson, Dr., 9, 244

Joinville, Jean de, Seneschal of Champagne, his _Life of St. Louis_ compared with Icelandic prose history, 269 _sq._

Jón Arason the poet, Bishop of Hólar, the last Catholic Bishop in Iceland, beheaded by Reformers, 7th November 1550, a notable character, 268

Jordanes, historian of the Goths, his version of the story of _Ermanaric_, its relation to _Hamðismál_, 65

_Judith_, old English poem of, 28, 29, 90

Julian, the Emperor, his opinion of German songs, 65

Kara, 98 _sq._

Kari, in _Njála_, 206
and Bjorn, 228-229

Karl Jónsson, Abbot of Thingeyri in Iceland, author of _Sverris Saga_, 249

Kjartan, son of Olaf the Peacock (_Laxdæla Saga_), 13, 191, 204, 207, 375
his death, 240 _sq._

_Königskinder, die_, German ballad, 327

_Kormaks Saga_, 129 n, 281

_Lancelot_, the French prose romance, 335

_Landnámabók_, in Hauk's book, 47

Laurence, Bishop of Hólar (_ob._ 1331), his _Life_ (_Laurentius Saga_), 268

_Laxdæla Saga_, the story of Laxdale (_the Lovers of the Gudrun_), 185, 190, 240 _sq._, 375; a new version of the Niblung story, 209 _sq._, 222 _sq._, 281

Leconte de Lisle, _L'Epée d'Angantyr_, 73 n

Lessing's _Laocoon_, 237

_Libeaux Desconus_, romance in different versions--French, by Renaud
de Beaujeu (_Guinglain_), 337, 343 _sq._, 387;
English, 337, 343;
Italian (_Carduino_), 337, 343

_Ljósvetninga Saga_, story of the House of Ljósavatn, 188 _sq._

_Lokasenna_ (the Railing of Loki), 41, 77, 113

Longnon, Auguste, 314 n

Louis IX., king of France (St. Louis): see _Joinville_

_Lusiad_, the, a patriotic epic, unlike the poetry of the 'heroic age,' 22

Macrobius, 47, 333

_Maldon_, poem of the battle of (A.D. 991), 69, 88, 95 n, 134, 205, 244;
compared with the _Iliad_, 11;
compared with _Roland_, 51, 54 _sq._, 294

Malory, Sir Thomas, his _Morte d'Arthur_, 215, 307

_Mantrible, Bridge of the_, 388

Marie de France, her _Lays_ translated into Norwegian (_Strengleikar_), 278; _Guingamor_ criticised, 337-340

Marino, 31

Martianus Capella, _de Nuptiis Philologiae_, studied in the Middle Ages, 47

Medea, 334, 347 _sq._

_Menglad, Rescue of_, 78, 114: see _Svipdag_

Mephistopheles in Thessaly, 10

Meyer, Paul, 290 n, 359 n, 386

_Milan, Siege of_, 388

Mimming, the sword of Weland, 86

Morris, William, 205, 282, 334

_Mort Arthure_, alliterative poem, 180

_Mort Artus_, French prose romance, 335

_Morte d'Arthur_: see _Malory_

_Nibelungenlied_, 105, 120, 149, 179

Niblung story, its relation to historical fact, 22 _sq._: see _Gunnar_, _Hogni_, _Gudrun_, _Laxdæla Saga_

Nidad, 95

Njal, story of (_Njála_), 8, 13, 60, 185, 207, 219-221

Oberon; see _Huon de Bordeaux_

Odd, Arrow (Örvar-Oddr), 73

Oddrun, sister of Brynhild and Attila, 102
_Lament of_ (_Oddrúnargrátr_), in the 'Elder Edda,' 103, 107 _sq._,
151 _sq._

Odd Ufeigsson: see _Bandamanna Saga_

Odoacer, referred to in _Lay of Hildebrand_, 81

Odysseus, 7, 9, 32 _sq._, 35, 71

_Odyssey_, the, 10, 163, 171;
Aristotle's summary of, 18;
romance in, 32 _sq._

Olaf Tryggvason, king of Norway, 205, 375 _sq._

_Olkofra Þáttr_, the story of Alecap, related to _Bandamanna Saga_, 226

Ossian, in the land of youth: see _Guingamor_

Ovid in the Middle Ages, 47, 346, 412; [Transcriber's Note: No page 412 in original.] _Ovidius Epistolarum_ studied in Iceland, 59

Ovid's story of Medea, translated in the _Roman de Troie_, 334 _sq._, 348 _sq._; _Heroides_ became the 'Saints' Legend of Cupid,' 347

Paris, Gaston, 290, 291, 331, 337, 343, 345, 348 n, 387

Paulus Diaconus, heroic stories in the Lombard history, 66 _sq._

Peer Gynt, 170

_Pèlerinage de Charlemagne_ (_chanson de geste_), 24, 53, 329

Percy, Thomas, D.D., _Five Pieces of Runic Poetry_, 73 n, 141 n

Phaeacia, Odysseus in, Bossu's criticism, 31

Pindar, his treatment of myths, 43

Poitiers, William IX., Count of, his poem on setting out for the Crusade, 317

Powell, F. York, 66: see _Aage_

_Prise d'Orange_, _chanson de geste_ of the cycle of William of Orange, in substance a romance of adventure, 313

_Queste del St. Graal_, French prose romance, a contrast to the style of Chrestien de Troyes, 327, 335

Ragnar Lodbrok, his Death-Song (_Krákumál_), 140, 217, 295

Rainouart, the gigantic ally of William of Orange, 296, 311;
their names associated by Dante (_Par._ xviii. 46), _ibid._

_Raoul de Cambrai_ (_chanson de geste_), 291 n, 298-300, 309

Rastignac, Eugène de, 188

_Reykdæla Saga_, the story of Vemund, Askel, and Skuta son of Askel, connected with the story of Glum, 194, 201

Rigaut, son of Hervi the Villain, in the story of _Garin le Loherain_, 310

Rimgerd the Giantess: see _Atli_

_Rímur_, Icelandic rhyming romances, 181, 283

_Roland, Chanson de_, 9, 24, 83, 287, 293-295, 308;
compared with _Byrhtnoth_ (_Maldon_), 54 _sq._;
with an incident in _Njála_, 265

_Roman de la Rose_, of Guillaume de Lorris, 345, 348, 352, 359

_Rood, Dream of the_, old English poem, 134

Rosamund and Alboin in the Lombard history, 23, 67

_Rosmunda_, a tragedy, by Rucellai, 67

_Rou, Roman de_, the author's visit to Broceliande, 26

Sam (Sámr), Gunnar's dog, 214

Sarpedon's address to Glaucus, 9, 11

Sarus and Ammius (Sorli and Hamther), brothers of Suanihilda (Jordanes), 66: see _Hamðismál_

Saxo Grammaticus, 69, 79, 105, 149, 181, 374

_Scotland, Complaynt of_, romances named in, 387-389

_Scottish Field_, alliterative poem on Flodden, 179 _sq._

Shakespeare, his treatment of popular tales, 36 _sq._

_Sibyl's Prophecy_: see _Volospá_

Sidney, Sir Philip, 99, 368

Sievers, Dr. Eduard, Professor in Leipzig, 136 n, 169 n

Sigmund Brestisson, in _Færeyinga Saga_, 206, 245, 283

Sigmund, father of Sinfiotli, Helgi, and Sigurd, 95, 110

Signild: see _Sivard_

Sigrdrifa, 115

Sigrun: see _Helgi_

Sigurd, the Volsung (O.N. Sigurðr), 22, 71, 100 _sq._, 129, 133
fragmentary _Lay of_ (_Brot af Sigurðarkviðu_), 103
_Lay of_: see _Brynhild_

Sinfiotli, debate of, and Gudmund, 96

_Sivard og Brynild_, Danish ballad, translated, 127-129

Skallagrim, how he told the truth to King Harald, 192

Skarphedinn, son of Njal, 190, 220 _sq._, 244, 265

Skirnir: see _Frey_

Skule, Duke, the rival of Hacon, 267

Skuta: see _Reykdæla Saga_

Snorri Sturluson (A.D. 1178-1241), author of the _Edda_, 42;
and of the _Lives of the Kings of Norway_, 248;
his murder avenged at Flugumyri, 263

Snorri the Priest (Snorri Goði), in _Eyrbyggja_ and other Sagas, 188, 213, 253

_Sonatorrek_ (the Sons' Loss), poem by Egil Skallagrimsson, 215

Sorli: see _Hamðismál_

Spenser, 343

Starkad, 166, 374

Stephens, George, sometime Professor in Copenhagen, 78

Stevenson, R.L., _Catriona_, 170 n

Sturla of Hvamm (Hvamm-Sturla), founder of the house of the Sturlungs, his life (_Sturlu Saga_) 253-256

Sturla (_c._ A.D. 1214-1284), son of Thord, and grandson of Hvamm-Sturla, nephew of Snorri, author of _Sturlunga Saga_ (_q.v._) and of _Hákonar Saga_ (_q.v._) 61, 251, 259

_Sturlunga Saga_ (more accurately _Islendinga Saga_), of Sturla, Thord's son, a history of the author's own times, using the forms of the heroic Sagas, 61, 246 _sq._, 249 _sq._

Suanihilda: see _Swanhild_

_Svarfdæla Saga_, the story of the men of Swarfdale (_Svarfaðardalr_), 219

_Sveidal, Ungen_, Danish ballad, on the story of Svipdag and Menglad, 114, 126

Sverre, king of Norway (_ob._ 1202), his _Life_ (_Sverris Saga_) written by Abbot Karl Jónsson at the king's dictation, 249; quotes a Volsung poem, 278

_Svipdag and Menglad_, old Northern poems of, 78, 114 _sq._: see _Sveidal_

Swanhild (O.N. Svanhildr), daughter of Sigurd and Gudrun, her cruel death; the vengeance on Ermanaric known to Jordanes in the sixth century, 65: see _Hamðismál_

Tasso, 18, 21;
his critical essays on heroic poetry, 30

Tegnér, Esaias, 141;
his _Frithiofs Saga_, 277

Tennyson, _Enid_, 355

Theodoric (O.N. Þióðrekr), a hero of Teutonic epic in different
dialects, 22, 81, 87;
fragment of Swedish poem on, inscription on stone at Rök, 78: see
_Gudrun_

Thersites, 243

Thidrandi, whom the goddesses slew, 208

_Þidreks Saga_ (thirteenth century), a Norwegian compilation from North German ballads on heroic subjects, 79, 121

Thomas: see _Tristram_

Thor, in old Northern literature, his Fishing for the World Serpent
(_Hymiskviða_), 43, 77, 95;
the Winning of the Hammer (_Þrymskviða_), 43, 77, 81, 95
Danish ballad of, 125
the contention of, and Odin (_Harbarzlióð_), 77, 113

Thorarin, in _Eyrbyggja_, the quiet man, 227

Thorgils and Haflidi (_Þorgils Saga ok Hafliða_), 226, 238, 252 _sq._

Thorkell Hake, in _Ljósvetinga Saga_, 225

Thorolf Bægifot: see _Eyrbyggja_

Thorolf, Kveldulf's son: see _Skallagrim_

_Þorsteins Saga Hvíta_, the story of Thorstein the White, points of resemblance to _Laxdæla_ and _Gunnlaugs Saga_, 281

_Þorsteins Saga Stangarhöggs_ (Thorstein Staffsmitten), a short story, 282

Thrond of Gata (_Færeyinga Saga_), 245

_Þrymskviða_: see _Thor_

Thrytho, 162

Thurismund, son of Thurisvend, king of the Gepidae, killed by Alboin, 67

_Tirant lo Blanch_ (Tirant the White, Romance of), 38 n;
a moral work, 222

Trissino, author of _Italia liberata dai Goti_, a correct epic poem, 30

_Tristram and Iseult_, 336, Anglo-Norman poems, by Béroul and Thomas, 344;
of Chrestien (lost), _ibid._

Troilus, 368 _sq._

_Troy, Destruction of_, alliterative poem, 180

Ufeig: see _Bandamanna Saga_

Uistean Mor mac Ghille Phadrig, 170

Uspak: see _Bandamanna Saga_

_Vafþrúðnismál_, mythological poem in 'Elder Edda,' 77, 112, 115

Vali: see _Bandamanna Saga_

_Vápnfirðinga Saga_, the story of Vopnafjord, 193, 226

_Vatnsdæla Saga_, story of the House of Vatnsdal, 189

Vemund: see _Reykdæla Saga_

_Vergi, la Chastelaine de_, a short tragic story, 362 _sq._

_Víga-Glúms Saga_, 193: see _Glum_

Víga-Styrr: see _Heiðarvíga Saga_

_N.B._--The story referred to in the text is preserved in
Jón Olafsson's recollection of the leaves of the MS. which
were lost in the fire of 1728 (_Islendinga Sögur_, 1847, ii.
p. 296). It is not given in Mr. William Morris's translation
of the extant portion of the Saga, appended to his
_Eyrbyggja_.

Vigfusson, Gudbrand, 77, 280 n, 283 n

_Viglund, Story of_, a romantic Saga, 278 _sq._

Villehardouin, a contemporary of Snorri, 269

_Volospá_ (the Sibyl's Song of the Doom of the Gods), in the 'Poetic Edda,' 43, 77, 139; another copy in Hauk's book, 47, 93

_Volsunga Saga_, a prose paraphrase of old Northern poems, 71, 77, 79, 280

_Volsungs, Old Lay of the_, 96

_Wade, Song of_, fragment recently discovered, 180 (see _Academy_, Feb. 15, 1896)

_Waldere_, old English poem (fragment), 78, 86 _sq._, 116, 163: see _Walter of Aquitaine_

_Walewein, Roman van_, Dutch romance of Sir Gawain; the plot compared with the Gaelic story of Mac Iain Direach, 337, 340-343

Walter of Aquitaine, 5, 78, 84 _sq._, 206

_Waltharius_, Latin poem by Ekkehard, on the story of Walter of Aquitaine, _q.v._

_Wanderer, the_, old English poem, 134

Ward, H.L.D., his Catalogue of MS. Romances in the British Museum, 282

Wealhtheo, 166

_Weland_, 338
represented on the Franks casket in the British Museum, 48
mentioned in _Waldere_, 87, 163
_Lay of_, in 'Poetic Edda,' 77, 94

_Well at the World's End_, 387

Widia, Weland's son, 87, 163

_Widsith_ (the Traveller's Song), old English poem, 76, 115, 134

Wiglaf, the 'loyal servitor' in _Beowulf_, 166

William of Orange, old French epic hero, 296: see _Coronemenz Looïs_, _Charroi de Nismes_, _Prise d'Orange_, _Aliscans_, _Rainouart_; cf. J. Bédier, _Les Légendes épiques_ (1908)

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