Chapter I: HAVE not thought fit to make any alteration of the first edition, but

have only added a new table, with observation upon it, placing the same in the front of what was before, which, perhaps, might have been as well placed after the like table at the eighth page of the first edition.

* * * * *

DUBLIN, 1682.

Parishes. Houses. Fireplaces. Baptised. Buried. St. James’s 272 836 } 122 306 St. 540 2,198 } Katherine’s St. 1,064 4,082 145 414 Nicholas Without and St. Patrick’s St. 395 1,903 68 149 Bridget’s St. 276 1,510 56 164 Audone’s St. 174 884 34 50 Michael’s St. John’s 302 1,636 74 101 St. 153 902 26 52 Nicholas Within and Christ Church Lib. St. 240 1,638 45 105 Warburgh’s St. 938 3,516 124 389 Michan’s St. 864 3,638 131 300 Andrew’s St. Kevin’s 554 2,120 } 87 233 Donnybrook 253 506 } 6,025 25,369 912 2,263

The table hath been made for the year 1682, wherein is to be noted—

1. That the houses which A.D. 1671 were but 3,850 are, A.D. 1682, 6,025; but whether this difference is caused by the real increase of housing, or by fraud and defect in the former accounts, is left to consideration. For the burials of people have increased but from 1,696 to 2,263, according to which proportion the 3,850 houses A.D. 1671 should A.D. 1682 have been but 5,143, wherefore some fault may be suspected as aforesaid, when farming the hearth-money was in agitation.

2. The hearths have increased according to the burials, and one-third of the said increase more, viz., the burials A.D. 1671 were 1,696, the one-third whereof is 563, which put together makes 2,259, which is near the number of burials A.D. 1682. But the hearths A.D. 1671 were 17,500, whereof the one-third is 5,833, making in all but 23,333; whereas the whole hearths A.D. 1682 were 25,369, viz., one-third and better of the said 5,833 more.

3. The housing were A.D. 1671 but 3,850, which if they had increased A.D. 1682 but according to the burials, they had been but 5,143, or, according to the hearths, had been but 5,488, whereas they appear 6,025, increasing double to the hearths. So as it is likely there hath been some error in the said account of the housing, unless the new housing be very small, and have but one chimney apiece, and that one-fourth part of them are untenanted. On the other hand, it is more likely that when 1,696 died per annum there were near 6,000; for 6,000 houses at 8 inhabitants per house, would make the number of the people to be 48,000, and the number of 1,696 that died according to the rule of one out of 30, would have made the number of inhabitants about 50,000: for which reason I continue to believe there was some error in the account of 3,850 houses as aforesaid, and the rather because there is no ground from experience to think that in eleven years the houses in Dublin have increased from 3,850 to 6,025.

Moreover, I rather think that the number of 6,025 is yet short, because that number at 8 heads per house makes the inhabitants to be but 48,200; whereas the 2,263 who died in the year 1682, according to the aforementioned rule of one dying out of 30 makes the number of people to be 67,890, the medium betwixt which number and 48,200 is 58,045, which is the best estimate I can make of that matter, which I hope authority will ere long rectify, by direct and exact inquiries.

4. As to the births, we say that A.D. 1640, 1641, and 1642, at London, just before the troubles in religion began, the births were five-sixths of the burials, by reason I suppose of the greaterness of families in London above the country, and the fewer breeders, and not for want of registering. Wherefore, deducting one-sixth of 2,263, which is 377, there remains 1,886 for the probable number of births in Dublin for the year 1682; whereas but 912 are represented to have been christened in that year, though 1,023 were christened A.D. 1671, when there died but 1,696, which decreasing of the christening, and increasing of the burials, shows the increase of non-registering in the legal books, which must be the increase of Roman Catholics at Dublin.

The scope of this whole paper therefore is, that the people of Dublin are rather 58,000 than 32,000, and that the dissenters, who do not register their baptisms, have increased from 391 to 974: but of dissenters, none have increased but the Roman Catholics, whose numbers have increased from about two to five in the said years. The exacter knowledge whereof may also be better had from direct inquiries.

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE DUBLIN BILLS OF MORTALITY, 1681: AND THE STATE OF THAT CITY.

THE observations upon the London bills of mortality have been a new light to the world, and the like observation upon those of Dublin may serve as snuffers to make the same candle burn clearer.

The London observations flowed from bills regularly kept for near one hundred years, but these are squeezed out of six straggling London bills, out of fifteen Dublin bills, and from a note of the families and hearths in each parish of Dublin, which are all digested into the one table or sheet annexed, consisting of three parts, marked A, B, C; being indeed the A, B, C of public economy, and even of that policy which tends to peace and plenty.

_Observations upon the Table A_.

1. The total of the burials in London (for the said six straggling years mentioned in the Table A) is 120,170, whereof the medium or sixth part is 20,028, and exceeds the burials of Paris, as may appear by the late bills of that city.

2. The births, for the same time, are 73,683, the medium or sixth part whereof is 12,280, which is about five-eighth parts of the burials, and shows that London would in time decrease quite away, were it not supplied out of the country, where are about five births for four burials, the proportion of breeders in the country being greater than in the city.

3. The burials in Dublin for the said six years were 9,865, the sixth part or medium whereof is 1,644, which is about the twelfth part of the London burials, and about a fifth part over. So as the people of London do hereby seem to be above twelve times as many as those of Dublin.

4. The births in the same time at Dublin are 6,157, the sixth part or medium whereof is 1,026, which is also about five-eighth parts of the 1,644 burials, which shows that the proportion between burials and births are alike at London and Dublin, and that the accounts are kept alike, and consequently are likely to be true, there being no confederacy for that purpose; which, if they be true, we then say—

5. That the births are the best way (till the accounts of the people shall be purposely taken) whereby to judge of the increase and decrease of people, that of burials being subject to more contingencies and variety of causes.

6. If births be as yet the measure of the people, and that the births (as has been shown) are as five to eight, then eight-fifths of the births is the number of the burials, where the year was not considerable for extraordinary sickness or salubrity, and is the rule whereby to measure the same. As for example, the medium of births in Dublin was 1,026, the eight-fifths whereof is 1,641, but the real burials were 1,644; so as in the said years they differed little from the 1,641, which was the standard of health, and consequently the years 1680, 1674, and 1668 were sickly years, more or less, as they exceeded the said number, 1,641; and the rest were healthful years, more or less, as they fell short of the same number. But the city was more or less populous, as the births differed from the number 1,026, viz., populous in the years 1680, 1679, 1678, and 1668, for other causes of this difference in births are very occult and uncertain.

7. What hath been said of Dublin, serves also for London.

8. It hath already been observed by the London bills that there are more males than females. It is to be further noted, that in these six London bills, also, there is not one instance either in the births or burials to the contrary.

9. It hath been formerly observed that in the years wherein most die fewest are born, and _vice versa_. The same may be further observed in males and females, viz., when fewest males are born then most die: for here the males died as twelve to eleven, which is above the mean proportion of fourteen to thirteen, but were born but as nineteen to eighteen, which is below the same.

_Observations upon the Table B_.

1. From the Table B it appears that the medium of the fifteen years’ burials (being 24,199) is 1,613, whereas the medium of the other six years in the Table A was 1,644, and that the medium of the fifteen years’ births (being in all 14,765) is 984, whereas the medium of the said other six years was 1,026. That is to say, there were both fewer births and burials in these fifteen years than in the other six years, which is a probable sign that at a medium there were fewer people also.

2. The medium of births for the fifteen years being 984, whereof eight-fifths (being 1,576) is the standard of health for the said fifteen years; and the triple of the said 1,576 being 4,728, is the standard for each of the ternaries of the fifteen years within the said table.

3. That 2,952, the triple of 984 births, is for each ternary the standard of people’s increase and decrease from the year 1666 to 1680 inclusive, viz., the people increased in the second ternary, and decreased from the same in the third and fourth ternaries, but re-increased in the fifth ternary beyond any other.

4. That the last ternary was withal very healthful, the burials being but 4,624, viz., below 4,728, the standard.

5. That according to this proportion of increase, the housing of Dublin have probably increased also.

_Observations upon the Table C_.

1. First, from the Table C it appears, 1. That the housing of Dublin is such, as that there are not five hearths in each house one with another, but nearer five than four.

2. That in St. Warburgh’s parish are near six hearths to a house. In St. John’s five. In St. Michael’s above five. In St. Nicholas Within above six. In Christ Church above seven. In St. James’s and St. Katherine’s, and in St. Michan’s, not four. In St. Kevin’s about four.

3. That in St. James’s, St. Michan’s, St. Bride’s, St. Warburgh’s, St. Andrew’s, St. Michael’s, and St. Patrick’s, all the christenings were but 550, and the burials 1,055, viz., near double; and that in the rest of the parishes the christenings were five, and the burials seven, viz., as 457 to 634. Now whether the cause of this difference was negligence in accounts, or the greaterness of the families, &c., is worth inquiring.

4. It is hard to say in what order (as to greatness) these parishes ought to stand, some having most families, some most hearths, some most births, and others most burials. Some parishes exceeding the rest in two, others in three of the said four particulars, but none in all four. Wherefore this table ranketh them according to the plurality of the said four particulars wherein each excelleth the other.

5. The London observations reckon eight heads in each family, according to which estimation, there are 32,000 souls in the 4,000 families of Dublin, which is but half of what most men imagine, of which but about one sixth part are able to bear arms, besides the royal regiment.

6. Without the knowledge of the true number of people, as a principle, the whole scope and use of the keeping bills of births and burials is impaired; wherefore by laborious conjectures and calculations to deduce the number of people from the births and burials, may be ingenious, but very preposterous.

7. If the number of families in Dublin be about 4,000, then ten men in one week (at the charge of about £5 surveying eight families in an hour) may directly, and without algebra, make an account of the whole people, expressing their several ages, sex, marriages, title, trade, religion, &c., and those who survey the hearths, or the constables or the parish clerks (may, if required) do the same ex officio, and without other charge, by the command of the chief governor, the diocesan, or the mayor.

8. The bills of London have since their beginning admitted several alterations and improvements, and £8 or £10 per annum surcharge, would make the bills of Dublin to exceed all others, and become an excellent instrument of Government. To which purpose the forms for weekly, quarterly, and yearly bills are humbly recommended, viz.

TABLE A—YEARLY BILLS OF MORTALITY FOR

LONDON DUBLIN LONDON
A.D. Burials Births Burials Births Male Female Male Female
1680 21,053 12,747 1,826 1,096 11,039 10,044 6,543 6,041
1679 21,730 12,288 1,397 1,061 11,154 10,576 6,247 6,041
1678 20,678 12,601 1,401 1,045 10,681 9,977 6,568 6,033
1674 21,201 11,851 2,106 942 11,000 10,196 6,113 5,738
1672 18,230 12,563 1,436 987 9,560 8,070 6,443 6,120
1668 17,278 11,633 1,699 1,026 9,111 8,167 6,073 5,566
120,170 73,683 9,865 6,157 62,545 57,030 37,992 35,697
The medium or 6th part whereof is part whereof is
20,028 12,280 1,644 1,026 10,424 9,505 6,332 5,949

TABLE B.—DUBLIN.

A.D. Burials. Births. In Ternaries of Years
1666 1,480 952 4,821 2,979
1667 1,642 1,001
1668 1,699 1,026
1669 1,666 1,000 5,353 3,070
1670 1,713 1,067
1671 1,974 1,003
1672 1,436 967 5,073 2,842
1673 1,531 933
1674 2,106 942
1675 1,578 823 4,328 2,672
1676 1,391 952
1677 1,359 897
1678 1,401 1,045 4,624 3,202
1679 1,397 1,061
1680 1,826 1,096
24,199 14,765 24,199 14,765
The medium or 15th part whereof is
1,613 984 1,613 984

TABLE C.

THE A.D. 1671. A.D., 1670–71–72 at a PARISHES OF medium DUBLIN Families Hearths Births Burials St. 661 2,399 161 290 Katherine’s and St. James’s St. 490 2,348 207 262 Nicholas Without St. 656 2,301 127 221 Michan’s St. 483 2,123 108 178 Andrew’s with Donnybrook St. 416 1,989 70 100 Bridget’s St. John’s 244 1,337 70 138 St. 267 1,650 54 103 Warburgh’s St. 216 1,081 53 121 Audaen’s St. 140 793 44 59 Michael’s St. Kevin’s 106 433 64 133 St. 93 614 28 34 Nicholas Within St. 52 255 21 44 Patrick’s Liberties Christ 26 197 — 1 Church and Trinity College, per estimate 3,850 17,500 1,013 1,696 Houses 150 550 built between 1671 and 1681, per estimate 4,000 18,150

A WEEKLY BILL OF MORTALITY FOR THE CITY OF DUBLIN, Ending the XXX day of XXX 1681. {75}

PARISHES’ NAMES. Births Males Females Burials Under 16 Plague Small Pox Measles Spotted years old Fever St. Katharine’s and St. James’s St. Nicholas Without St. Michan’s St. Andrew’s with Donnybrook St. Bridget’s St. John’s St. Warburgh’s St. Audaen’s St. Michael’s St. Kevin’s St. Nicholas Within St. Patrick’s Liberties Christ Church and Trinity College Totals

A QUARTERLY BILL OF MORTALITY, Beginning XXX and ending XXX for the City of DUBLIN {76}

PARISHES’ NAMES. Births 1. Marriages 2. Buried under 16 Buried above 60 Measles, Consumption, Fever, Aged above 70 Infants under 2 All other years olds years old Spotted Fever, Dropsy, Gout, Pleurisy, years old years old Casualties Small Pox, Stone Quinsy, Sudden Plague Death St. Katharine’s and St. James’s St. Nicholas Without St. Michan’s St. Andrew’s with Donnybrook St. Bridget’s St. John’s St. Warburgh’s St. Audaen’s St. Michael’s St. Kevin’s St. Nicholas Within St. Patrick’s Liberties Christ Church and Trinity College Totals

* * * * *

AN ACCOUNT OF THE PEOPLE OF DUBLIN FOR ONE YEAR, Ending the 24th of March, 1681. {77}

PARISHES’ NAMES. Number of Whereof Married Persons of Protestants Papists Of all other Births Burials Marriages person Persons religions Males Females Under 16 Above 60 of above 16 years old years old years old St. Katharine’s and St. James’s St. Nicholas Without St. Michan’s St. Andrew’s with Donnybrook St. Bridget’s St. John’s St. Warburgh’s St. Audaen’s St. Michael’s St. Kevin’s St. Nicholas Within St. Patrick’s Liberties Christ Church and Trinity College Totals

CASUALTIES AND DISEASES.

Aged above 70 years Epilepsy and planet Abortive and still-born Fever and ague Childbed women Pleurisy Convulsion Quinsy Teeth Executed, murdered, drowned Worms Plague and spotted fever Gout and sciatica Griping of the guts Stone Scouring, vomiting bleeding Palsy Small pox Consumption and French pox Measles Dropsy and tympany Neither of all the other sorts Rickets and livergrown Headache and megrim

A POSTSCRIPT TO THE STATIONER.

WHEREAS you complain that these observations make no sufficient bulk, I could answer you that I wish the bulk of all books were less; but do nevertheless comply with you in adding what follows, viz.:

1. That the parishes of Dublin are very unequal; some having in them above 600 families, and others under thirty.

2. That thirteen parishes are too few for 4,000 families; the middling parishes of London containing 120 families; according to which rate there should be about thirty-three parishes in Dublin.

3. It is said that there are 84,000 houses or families in London, which is twenty-one times more than are in Dublin, and yet the births and burials of London are but twelve times those of Dublin, which shows that the inhabitants of Dublin are more crowded and straitened in their housing than those of London; and consequently that to increase the buildings of Dublin will make that city more conformable to London.

4. I shall also add some reasons for altering the present forms of the Dublin bills of mortality, according to what hath been here recommended—viz.:

1. We give the distinctions of males and females in the births only; for that the burials must, at one time or another, be in the same proportion with the births.

2. We do in the weekly and quarterly bills propose that notice be taken in the burials of what numbers die above sixty and seventy, and what under sixteen, six, and two years old, foreseeing good uses to be made of that distinction.

3. We do in the yearly bill reduce the casualties to about twenty-four, being such as may be discerned by common sense, and without art, conceiving that more will but perplex and imbroil the account. And in the quarterly bills we reduce the diseases to three heads—viz., contagious, acute, and chronical, applying this distinction to parishes, in order to know how the different situation, soil, and way of living in each parish doth dispose men to each of the said three species; and in the weekly bills we take notice not only of the plague, but of the other contagious diseases in each parish, that strangers and fearful persons may thereby know how to dispose of themselves.

4. We mention the number of the people, as the fundamental term in all our proportions; and without which all the rest will be almost fruitless.

5. We mention the number of marriages made in every quarter, and in every year, as also the proportion which married persons bear to the whole, expecting in such observations to read the improvement of the nation.

6. As for religions, we reduce them to three—viz.: (1) those who have the Pope of Rome for their head; (2) who are governed by the laws of their country; (3) those who rely respectively upon their own private judgments. Now, whether these distinctions should be taken notice of or not, we do but faintly recommend, seeing many reasons _pro_ and _con_ for the same; and, therefore, although we have mentioned it as a matter fit to be considered, yet we humbly leave it to authority.

TWO ESSAYS IN POLITICAL ARITHMETIC,

_Concerning the People_, _Housing_, _Hospitals_, _&c._, _of London and
Paris_.

TO THE KING’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.