Chapter V: =Vagary=--va-gā´ry, not vā´-ga-ry

=Valenciennes=--va-lĕn´si-ĕnz´, not văl-ĕn-seenz´. A
French lace.

=Valleys=, not _vallies_, is the plural of =valley=.

=Vamos= (vä´mōs), or =vamose= (va-mōse´), not vam-moos´. To
depart. (Inelegant.)

=Vase=, according to Webster; vāse or vāze, according to
Worcester. The pronunciations väz and vawz are alluded to but
not recommended.

=Vehemence=--vē´he-mence, not ve-hē´mence nor
ve-hĕm´ence. =Vehemently= and =vehement= have also the
accent on the first syllable.

=Vermicelli=---vër-me-chĕl-lĭ or vër-me-sĕl´lĭ, not
vêr-me-sĭl´ly. Worcester sanctions the first method only.

=Veterinary=--vĕt´er-ĭn-a-ry, not ve-tĕr´in-a-ry.

=Vicar=--vĭk´ar, not vī´kar. =Vicarage= and =vicarship=
have also the short i in the first syllable.

=Violent= (vī´o-lent), =violence= (vī´o-lence), =violet=
(vī´o-let), =violin= (vī-o-lĭn´), etc., not
voi´o-lent, voi´o-lence, voi´o-let, voi-o-lin´, etc.

=Viscount=--vī´kount, not vĭs´kount. =Viscountess=
(vī´kountess), etc.

=Visor=--vĭz´or, not vī´zor.

W.

=Wake=, etc. _Wake_ is both a transitive and an intransitive
verb. Present tense, _wake_; imperfect and past participle,
_waked_; present participle, _waking_. _Awake_ is also both
transitive and intransitive. Present, _awake_; imperfect,
_awoke_ or _awaked_; participles, _awaked_ and _awaking_.
_Awaken_ is another verb, both transitive and intransitive.
Present, _awaken_; imperfect and past participle, _awakened_;
present participle, _awakening_. Thus it is seen that we have a
great many words to express the fact of _being_ in a conscious
state, and the arousing of a person who is asleep. With a
little attention there is no reason for committing an error in
the use of these words. One may say that he _waked_, _awoke_,
or _awakened_ early in the morning, but it is wrong to say that
he _woke_ in the morning, or that he _woke_ another; for there
is no such word as _woke_. "I _wakened_ at five o'clock,"
should be, "I _awakened_ at five o'clock;" for there is no such
word as _wakened_. _Up_ is used only with _wake_, _waked_ and
_waking_, but even then it is one of our most senseless
superfluities. There is no stronger meaning in the assertion
that a man was _waked up_, than that he was _waked_ or
_awakened_. If _waking up_ meant to _wake_ and make _get up_,
it would be different, but it does not. One may be _waked up_
and it is just as likely that he will go to sleep again as if
he were simply _awakened_. _Awake_ and _awaken_ are more
elegant words than _wake_.

=Wassail=--wŏs´sĭl, not wăs´sĭl. A festive occasion,
carousal, the song sung at such a time, etc. The verb and the
adjective are spelled and pronounced similarly.

=Water=--waw´ter, not wŏt´er.

=Welsh=, not _Welch_. The latter word is seldom used. =Welshman=,
etc.

=Whinny=, not _winny_, when the cry of a horse is spoken of.

=Whisk=, not _whist_, when a small hand-broom is meant. =Wisp=,
however, is a proper word, meaning the same thing.

=Whiting= is preferable to _whitening_.

=Widow.= It is not necessary to say _widow woman_; no one will
suspect her of being a man.

=Wrestle=--rĕs´l, not răs´sl.

Y.

=Yacht=--yŏt, not yăt. =Yachting= (yŏt´ing), etc.

=Yeast=--yēst, not ēst.

=Yellow=--yĕl´lō, not yăl´lō.

Z.

=Zoology=--zo-ŏl´o-jy, not zōō-ŏl´o-jy. =Zoological=
(zo-o-lŏj´i-cal), etc.

SCRIPTURAL, MYTHOLOGICAL AND OTHER PROPER NAMES.

In the vocabulary just completed, it has been the design to point out the majority of errors occurring in the pronunciation of the words usually selected by people of fair or excellent education to carry on ordinary English discourse. In the portion of the work now under consideration, nothing like such thoroughness is contemplated.

After a moment's reflection, it will appear to any one, that to mention the thousands upon thousands of proper names, the erroneous pronunciation of which is rather to be expected than the correct, would require an elaborate volume. Every one who has striven to become a fine orthoepist has longed for the ability to comprehend the pronunciation of that myriad of names, any one of which is apt to confront him in any book or paper he may chance to pick up. But to become a proficient in this respect would require years of study and a knowledge of the principles of many foreign languages.

Amongst geographical names, for example, who but the specially instructed would think of pronouncing correctly _Goes_ (Hŏŏce), _Gelves_ (Hĕl´vĕs) or _Jalapa_ (Hä-lä´pä); or amongst biographical names, _Gaj_ (gī), _Geel_ (Hāl) or _Geijer_ (gī'er).

It is fortunate for the reputation of those who bear the name of being good scholars, that errors in the pronunciation of most proper names are excusable, which is not the case with the mistakes that have before been laid down. But there are some proper names, of such constant occurrence in daily lectures, reading and conversation, that errors connected with them are not to be overlooked. It is the intention here, simply to call attention to the more common of these, and to lead the reader to appreciate the fact that if one depends upon the usual power of the English letters to gain a correct pronunciation of proper names, he will be more often led astray than otherwise.

The Authorities consulted are the best--Webster, Worcester, Lippincott's Universal Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography and Mythology and Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World.

SCRIPTURAL NAMES.

=Abednego=--a-bĕd´ne-gō, not ăb-ĕd-nē´go.

=Abiathar=--a-bī´a-thar, not ab-i-ā´thar.

=Adonibezek=--a-dŏn-i-bē´zĕk, not a-dŏn´i-be-zek.

=Adonijah=--ad-o-nī´jah, not a-dŏn´i-jah.

=Agee=--ăg´e-ē, not ā´jē.

=Ahasuerus=--a-hăs-u-ē´rus, not a-haz-u-ĕr´us.

=Aijalon=--ăj´a-lon, not ā´ja-lon.

=Akrabattine=--ăk-ra-băt-tī´ne, not
ăk-ra-băt´i-ne.

=Alpheus=--ăl-phē´us, not ăl´phe-us.

=Amasai=--a-măs´a-ī, not ăm-a-sā´ī.

=Andronicus=--an-dron-ī´cus, not an-drŏn´i-cus.

=Antiochia=--an-ti-o-kī´a, not an-ti-ō´kia.

=Ararat=--ăr´a-răt, not ā´ra-răt.

=Arimathea=--ăr´i-ma-thē´a, not ăr-i-mā´the-a.

=Aristobulus=--ăr-is-to-bū´lus, not ar-is-tŏb´u-lus.

=Aroer=--ăr´o-er, not a-rō´er.

=Aroerite=--ăr´o-er-īte, not a-rō´er-ĭte.

=Asarael=--a-săr´a-el, not az-a-rā´el.

=Asmodeus=--az-mo-dē´us, not az-mō´de-us.

=Beelzebub=--be-ĕl´ze-bub, not bĕl´ze-bub.

=Belial=--bē´li-al, not be-lī´al.

=Bethhaccerem=--bĕth-hăk´se-rem, not beth-hăs´se-rem.

=Bethphage=--bĕth´pha-jē, not bĕth´phāje.

=Bethuel=--be-thū´el, not bĕth´u-el.

=Cainan=--ka-ī´nan, not kā´nan.

=Cherub= (a city)--kē´rub, not chĕr´ub.

=Chittim=--kĭt´tim, not chĭt´tim.

=Chloe=--klō´e, not klō.

=Crates=--krā´tēz, not krātz.

=Cyprians=--sĭp´ri-anz, not sī´pri-anz.

=Delilah=--dĕl´i-lah, not de-lī´lah.

=Ecbatana=--ek-băt´a-na, not ek-ba-tā´na.

=Eloi=--e-lō´ī not ē´loi.

=Esther=--ĕs´ter, not ĕs´ther.

=Eumenes=--ū´me-nēz, not ū-mē´nēz.

=Gennesaret=--gĕn-nĕs´a-rĕt, not jĕn-nĕs´a-ret.

=Gerar=--geĕ´rar, not jē´rar.

=Idumea=--ĭd-u-mē´a, not ī-du-mē´a.

=Iturea=--ĭt-u-rē´a, not ī-tu-rē´a.

=Jacubus=--ja-kū´bus, not jăk´u-bus.

=Jadau=--ja-dā´u, not jăd´a-u.

=Jairus= (Old Test.)--jā´i-rus.

=Jairus= (New Test.)--jā-ī´rus.

=Jearim=--jē´a-rĭm, not je-ā´rim.

=Jeiel=--je-ī´el, not jē´el nor jī´el.

=Jephthae=--jĕph´tha-ē, not jĕph´tha.

=Jeshohaiah=--jĕsh-o-ha-ī´ah, not jĕsh-o-hā´yah.

=Keilah=--kē´lah, not kī´lah nor ke-ī´lah.

=Kolaiah=--kŏl-a-ī´ah, not kŏl-ā´yah.

=Labana=--lăb´a-na, not la-bā´na.

=Lebanah=--lĕb´a-nah, not le-bā´nah.

=Magdalene=--măg-da-lē´ne, not măg´da-lēne.

=Mahalath=--mā´ha-lath, not ma-hā´lath.

=Mardocheus=--mar-do-kē´us, not mar-dō´ke-us.

=Matthias=--măth-thī´as, not măth´thi-as.

=Meremoth=--mĕr´e-moth, not me-rē´moth.

=Meshach=--mē´shăk, not mĕsh´ak.

=Methuselah=--me-thū´se-lah, not mĕth-ū´ze-lah.

=Moosias=--mo-o-sī´as, not mō´si-as.

=Nebuchadnezzar=--nĕb´u-kăd-nez´zar, not
ne-bŭk´kad-nez´zar.

=Orthosias=--ôr-tho-sī´as, not ôr-thō´si-as.

=Othonias=--ŏth-o-nī´as, not ŏth-ō´ni-as.

=Oziel=--ō´zi-el, not ō-zī´el.

=Penuel=--pe-nū´el, not pĕn´ū-el.

=Perseus=--për´sūs, not për´se-us.

=Pethuel=--pe-thū´el, not pĕth´u-el.

=Phanuel=--pha-nū´el, not phăn´u-el.

=Pharaoh=--phā´rō or phā´ra-ō, not phăr´ō nor
phăr´a-ō.

=Philippi=--phĭ-lĭp´pi, not phĭl´lip-pi.

=Philistine=--phĭ-lĭs´tĭn, not phĭl´ĭs-tīne.

=Pontius=--pŏn´shĭ-us, not pŏn´ti-us.

=Raguel=--ra-gū´el, not răg´u-el.

=Sabachthani=--sā-băk-thā´nī, not
sa-băk´tha-nī.

=Sathrabuzanes=--săth-ra-bu-zā´nēz, not
săth-răb´u-zānz.

=Shabbethai=--shăb-bĕth´a-ī, not
shăb-bĕth-ā´ī

=Shadrach=--shā´drăk, not shăd´răk.

=Shemiramoth=--she-mĭr´a-moth, not shĕm-i-rā´moth.

=Shemuel=--she-mū´el, not shĕm´ū-el.

=Sinai=--sī´ā, not sī´nā-ī.

=Zaccheus=--zak-kē´us, not zăk´ke-us.

=Zerubbabel=--zē-rŭb´ba-bel, not ze-rub-bā´bel.

=Zipporah=--zĭp-pō´rah, not zĭp´po-rah.

GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES--MYTHOLOGICAL, ETC.

=Actæon=--ăk-tē´on, not ăk´te-on.

=Adonis=--a-dō´nis, not a-dŏn´is.

=Alcides=--ăl-sī´dēz, not ăl´si-dēz.

=Amphion=--ăm-phī´on, not ăm´phi-on.

=Amphitrite=--ăm-phi-trī´te, not ăm´phi-trīte nor
am-phĭt´ri-te.

=Anabasis=--a-năb´a-sis, not an-a-bā´sis.

=Antiope=--ăn-tī´o-pe, not ăn´ti-ōpe nor
ăn-ti-ō´pe.

=Anubis=--a-nū´bis, not ăn´u-bis.

=Arion=--a-rī´on, not ā´ri-on.

=Aristides=--ar-is-tī´dēz, not ar-ĭs´ti-dēz.

=Aristogiton=--a-ris-to-jī´ton, not ar-is-tŏj´i-ton.

=Belides= (singular, masculine)--bĕ-lī´dēz.

=Belides= (plural, female descendants of
Belus)--bĕl´-i-dēz.

=Bellerophon=--bel-lĕr´o-phon, not bel-ler-ō´phon.

=Cæculus=--sĕk´u-lus, not sē´ku-lus.

=Calliope=--kal-lī´o-pe, not kal-li-ō´pe nor
kăl´li-ōpe.

=Caucasus=--kaw´ka-sus, not kaw-kā´sus.

=Charon=--kā´ron, not chā´ron nor chăr´on.

=Chæronea=--ker-o-nē´a, not cher-o-nē´a.

=Chimera=--ke-mē´ra, not kĭm´er-a nor chī-mĕr´a.

=Codrus=--kō´drus, not kŏd´rus.

=Corcyra=--kor-sī´ra, not kor´si-ra.

=Coriolanus=--ko-ri-o-lā´nus, not kor-i-ŏl´a-nus.

=Crete=--krē´te, not kreet.

=Cyclades=--sĭk´la-dēz, not sī´kla-dēz.

=Cyclops=--sī´klops, not sĭk´lops.

=Cyclopes=--sī´klo-pēz, not sī´klōps.

=Cyrene=--sī-rē´ne, not sĭ-rēne´.

=Cyzicus=--sĭz´i-kus, not sĭ-zī´kus.

=Danaides=--da-nā´ĭ-dez, not da-nī´dez.

=Darius=--da-rī´us, not dā´ri-us.

=Deianira=--de-ī-an-ī´ra, not de-yan-ī´ra.

=Diodorus=--dī-o-dō´rus, not dī-ŏd´o-rus.

=Diomedes=--dī-o-mē´dēz, not dī-ŏm´e-dēz.

=Dodonæus=--do-do-nē´us, not do-dō´ne-us.

=Echo=--ē´ko, not ĕk´ko.

=Endymion=--en-dĭm´i-on, not en-dī´mi-on.

=Epirus=--e-pī´rus, not ĕp´i-rus.

=Erato=--ĕr´a-to, not e-rā´to.

=Eumenes=--ū´me-nēz, not ū-mē´nēz.

=Euripus=--ū-rī´pus, not ū´ri-pus.

=Eurydice=--ū-rĭd´i-se, not ū´ri-dīce´ nor
ū-ri-dī´se.

=Ganymedes=--gan-ĭ-mē´dēz, not gan-ĭ-mēdz´.

=Geryon=--jē´rĭ-on, not je-rī´on.

=Halcyone=--hăl-sī´o-ne, not hăl´si-ōne nor
hal-si-ō´ne.

=Hebe=--hē´be, not hēb´.

=Hecate=--hĕk´a-te or hĕk´at, not hē´kāte.

=Hecuba=--hĕk´u-ba, not he-kū´ba.

=Helena=--hēl´en-a, not he-lē´na.

=Hermione=---hĕr-mī´o-ne, not hĕr´mi-ōne nor
hĕr-mi-ō´ne.

=Herodotus=--he-rŏd´o-tus, not her-o-dō´tus.

=Hiero=--hī´er-o, not hī-ē´ro.

=Hippocrene=--hip-po-krē´ne, not hip-pŏk´re-ne.

=Hippodromus=--hip-pŏd´ro-mus, not hip-po-drō´mus.

=Icarus=--ĭk´a-rus, not īk-ā´-rus.

=Iolaus=--ī-o-lā´us, not ī-ō´la-us.

=Iphiclus=--ĭph´i-klus, not ĭph-ī´klus.

=Iphigenia=--ĭph-i-je-nī´a, not ĭph-i-jē´ni-a.

=Irene=--ī-rē´ne, not ī-rēne´.

=Ithome=--i-thō´me, not īth´o-me.

=Lachesis=--lăk´e-sis, not la-kĕ´sis.

=Laocoon=--la-ŏk´o-on,not lā-o-kōōn´.

=Lethe=--lē´the, not lēth.

=Leucothoe=--lū-kŏth´o-e, not lū-kō´tho-e nor
lū-ko-thō´e.

=Libitina=--lĭb-i-tī´na, not li-bĭt´i-na.

=Lycaon=--lī-kā´on, not lĭk´a-on.

=Lyceus=--lī-sē´us, not lĭs´e-us.

=Meleager=--mē-le-ā´ger, not me-le-ā´jer nor
me-lē´a-jer.

=Meroe=--mĕr´o-e, not me-rō´e.

=Mitylene=--mĭt-ĭ-lē´ne, not mĭt´i-lēne.

=Myrmidones=--myr-mĭd´o-nēz, not myr´mĭ-dōnz nor
myr-mĭ-dō´nēz.

=Naiades=--nā-ī´a-dēz, not nā´a-dēz.

=Nemesis=--nĕm´e-sis, not ne-mē´sis.

=Nereides=--ne-rē´i-dēz, not nēr´yi-dēz.

=Nereus=--nē´rūs, not ne-rē´us.

=Nicæa=--ni-sē´a, not nĭs´e-a.

=Nundina=--nŭn´di-na, not nun-dī´na.

=Oceanus=--o-sē´a-nus, not o-se-ā´nus.

=Ocypete=--o-sĭp´e-te, not o-si-pē´te.

=Œdipus=--ĕd´i-pus, not ē´di-pus nor e-dī´pus.

=Opigena=--o-pĭj´e-na, not op-i-jē´na.

=Orion=--o-rī´on, not ō´ri-on.

=Pactolus=--pak-tō´lus, not păk´to-lus.

=Palæmon=--pa-lē´mon, not păl´e-mon.

=Parrhasius=--par-rā´she-us, not par-răs´i-us.

=Pasiphae=--pa-sĭph´a-e, not păs-i-phā´e.

=Pegasus=--pĕg´a-sus, not pe-gā´sus.

=Penelope=--pe-nĕl´o-pe, not pĕn´e-lōpe.

=Phlegethon=--phlĕj´e-thon, not phlĕg´e-thon.

=Pleiades=--plē´ya-dĕz not plē´yădz.

=Polyphemus=--pol-y-phē´mus, not po-lĭph´e-mus.

=Priapus=--prī-ā´pus, not prī´a-pus.

=Proserpine=--prŏs´er-pīne, not pro-sĕr´pi-ne.

=Rhode=--rō´de, not rōde.

=Sarapis=--sa-rā´pis, not săr´a-pis.

=Sardanapalus=--sar-da-na-pā´lus, not sar-dan-ăp´a-lus.

=Semiramis=--se-mĭr´a-mis, not sĕm-i-rā´mis.

=Tereus=--tē´re-us, not te-rē´us.

=Terpsichore=--terp-sīk´o-re, not tĕrp´si-kōre.

=Thebæ=--thē´be, not thēbe.

=Theodamas=--the-ŏd´a-mas, not the-o-dā´mas.

=Theodamus=--the-o-dā´mus, not the-ŏd´a-mus.

=Theodotus=--the-ŏd´o-tus, not the-o-dō´tus.

=Theodorus=--the-o-dō´rus, not the-ŏd´o-rus.

=Thessalonica=--thes-sa-lo-nī´ka, not thes-sa-lŏn´i-ka.

=Thrace=--thrā´se, not thrāse.

MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES.

=Adam.= As an English name is pronounced ăd´am; as French,
ä-dóng´, as German, ä´däm.

=Annesley=--ănz´le, not ăn´nes-le.

=Arundel=--ăr´ŭn-dĕl, not a-rŭn´dĕl.

=Bacciochi=--bät-chō´kee, not băk-ki-ō´kee.

=Beatrice=--bā-ä-tree´chā or bē´a-treess, not
be-ăt´rĭs.

=Beethoven=--bā´tō-ven, not beet´hō-ven.

=Belvedere=--bĕl-vā-dā´rā, not bĕl-ve-dēre´.

=Beranger= (Fr. Béranger)--bā-rŏng-zhā´, not
bĕr´an-jer.

=Blucher=--blōō´ker, not blū´cher.

=Boccaccio=--bo-kät´cho, not bŏk-kăs´i-o.

=Boleyn=--bŏŏl´ĭn, not bō´lĭn nor bō-lĭn´.

=Boniface=--bŏn´e-fass or Fr. bo-ne-fäss´, not bŏn´e-face.

=Boucicault= or =Bourcicault=--bōō-se-kō´ or
bōōr-se-kō´, not bōō´se-kawlt.

=Bozzaris=--bŏt´zä-rĭs, not boz-zăr´is, as generally
called.

=Brown-Sequard= (Fr. Séquard)--brown-sā-kärr´, not see-kward´.

=Buchanan=--bŭk-ăn´an, not bū-kăn´an.

=Bull, Ole=--ō´lĕh bŏŏl, not ōl´ bŏŏl.

=Buonaparte=--bōō-o-nä-pärr´tā, not bō´na-pärt; the
latter is the allowed English pronunciation when spelled
=Bonaparte=.

=Bysshe=--bĭsh, not bĭsh´she.

=Cecil=--sĕs´ĭl or sĭs´ĭl, not sē´sĭl.

=Cenci=--chĕn´chee, not sĕn´see.

=Chevalier=--sheh-vä-le-ā´, not shev-a-leer´.

=Crichton=--krī´ton, not krĭk´ton.

=D'Aubigne= (Fr. D'Aubigné)--dō-bēn-yā´, not daw-been´.

=Daubigny=--dō-bēn-yē´, not daw-bē´ny.

=Disraeli=--dĭz-rā´el-e, not dĭz´rel-ee.

=Drouyn de Lhuys=--drōō-ăng´ deh lwee´.

=Gillot=--zhē-yō´, not jĭl´lot nor jĭl-lō´.

=Giovanni=--jo-vän´nee, not je-o-văn´nee.

=Goethe=--pronounced much like gür´teh, leaving out the r; not
gŏth nor gōth.

=Hemans=--hĕm´anz, not hē´manz.

=Ingelow=--ĭn´je-lō, not ĭng´e-lō.

=Ivan=--e-vän´, not ī´van.

=Juarez=--jōō-ä´rĕz or Hōō-ä´rĕth, not
jaw´rĕz.

=Lancelot=--lŏngss-lō´, not lăn´se-lŏt.

=Lavater=--lä´vä-ter or lä-vä-tair´, not lăv´a-ter.

=Macleod=--măk-lowd´, not mak-lē´od.

=Marat=--mä-rä´, not ma-răt´.

=Marion=--măr´i-on, not mā´ri-on.

=Medici=--mĕd´e-chee or mā´de-chee, not mĕd´i-see nor
me-dē´see.

=Minie= (Fr. Minié)--me-ne-ā´, not mĭn´ne.

=Montague=--mŏn´ta-gū, not mŏn´tāg.

=Moultrie=--mōō´tre, not mōl´tre.

=Muhlbach=--(Ger. Mühlbach). The u in the first syllable of this
word is very difficult for those to pronounce who are not
German or French, and can not be well represented in English;
but there is no need of coming so far from the mark as is
generally done, especially in the last syllable. It is not
mūl´băk nor mēl´băk; meul´bäk is nearer correct.

=Mundt=--mŏŏnt, not mŭnt.

=Neumann=--noi´män, not nū´man.

=Ovid=--ŏv´ĭd, not ō´vid [Ovidius].

=Paganini=--pä-gä-nee´nee, not păj-a-nĭn´ĭ.

=Pepin=--pĕp´ĭn or pĭp´ĭn, not pē´pĭn. French
pronunciation peh-păng´.

=Piccolomini=--pēk-ko-lŏm´e-nee, not pĭk-ko-lo-mee´nee.

=Pliny=--plĭn´y, not plī´ny [Plinius].

=Ponce de Leon=--pōn´chā dā lā-ōn´, not ponss de
lē´on.

=Rachel=--rä-shĕl´, not rā´chel as the English name. When a
German name it is pronounced räk´el.

=Richelieu=--rēsh´e-lōō, not rĭch´e-lōō.

=Rochefort=--rosh-for´, not roch´fort.

=Rothschild=--ros´chīld or rōt´shĭlt, not
rŏth´chīld.

=Stael=--stäl, stawl or stä-ĕl´, not stāle.

=Strauss=--strowss, not strawss.

=Taliaferro=--tŏl´i-vĕr, not tăl-i-fĕr´ro.

=Thiers=--te-air´, not theers.

MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES.

=Abomey=--ăb-o-mā´, not a-bŏm´ey nor a-bō´mey.

=Acapulco=--ä-kä-pōōl´ko, not ăk-a-pŭl´ko.

=Adriatic=--ăd-ri-ăt´ĭk, not ā-drĭ-ăt´ĭk.

=Afghanistan=--äf-gän-is-tän´, not ăf-găn-ĭs´tăn.

=Agulhas=--ä-gōōl´yäs, not a-gŭl´hăs.

=Aix-la-Chapelle=--ākz-lä-shä-pĕl´, not
ā-lä-shă-pĕl´.

=Alsace=--äl-säss´, not ăl´sās.

=Altai=--äl-tī´, not äl´tā nor äl´tī.

=Amherst=--ăm´erst, not ăm´herst.

=Amoor=--ä-mōōr´, not ăm´ōōr nor ā´mōre.

=Antilles=--ŏng-teel´, not ăn´-teelz.

=Araguay=--ä-rä-gwī´, not ăr´a-gwā.

=Aral=--ăr´al, not ā´ral.

=Arkansas=--är-kăn´sas, not är´kan-saw nor är-kăn-zaz.

=Asia=--ā´she-a, not ā´zhe-a.

=Bantam= (Java)--bän-täm´, not băn´tam.

=Barbados= or =Barbadoes=--bar-bā´dōz, not bär´ba-dōz.
=Barbados=, a river of Brazil, is pronounced bar-bä´doce.

=Bayou=--bī´ōō or bī´ō, not bā´ū.

=Belfast=--bĕl-făst´, not bĕl´făst.

=Beloochistan=--bĕl-oo-chĭs-tän´, not
bĕl-oo-chĭs´tan.

=Bingen=--bĭng´en, not bĭn´jen.

=Bombay=--bŏm-bā´, not bŏm´bā.

=Bremen= (Germany)--brĕm´en or brā´men, not brē´men.
=Bremen= (U. S.)--brē´men.

=Buena Vista=--bwā´nä vees´tä or bō´na vĭs´ta, not
bū´na vĭs´ta.

=Buenos Ayres=--bō´nos ā´riz or bō´nos airz, not
bū´nos ārz; Spanish pronunciation, bwā´noce
ī´rĕs.

=Cairo= (Italy and Egypt)--kī´ro, not kā´ro. =Cairo= (U.
S.)--kā´ro.

=Calais=--kăl´ĭs or kä-lā´, not ka-lās´.

=Canton= (China)--kan-tŏn´, not kăn´ton. =Canton= (U.
S.)--kăn´ton.

=Cape Girardeau=--jee-rär-dō´, not jee-rär´dō.

=Caribbean= or =Carribbean=--kăr-ĭb-bē´an, not
ka-rĭb´be-an.

=Cashmere=--käsh-meer´, not kăsh´mere.

=Cayenne=--kī-ĕn´ or kā-yĕn´, not kā-ĕn´.

=Cheyenne=--she-ĕn´, not shī-ĕn´ nor chā-ĕn´.

=Chili=--chĭl´lee, not shē´lee.

=Christiania=--krĭs-te-ä´ne-ä, not krĭs-te-ā´ne-a nor
krĭs-te-ăn´a.

=Chuquisaca=--chōō-ke-sä´kä, not chōō-kwĭs´a-kä.

=Cincinnati=--sin-sin-nah´tĭ, not sin-sin-năt´ta.

=Cochin China=--kō´chin chī´na, not kŏch´in chī´na.

=Delhi= (India)--dĕl´lee, not dĕl´hī. =Delhi= (U.
S.)--dĕl´hī.

=Dubuque=--dū-bōōk´, not dū-būk´.

=Fezzan=--fĕz-zän´, not fĕz´zan nor fĕz-zăn´.

=Freiburg=--frī´bŏŏrg, not frē´burg.

=Genoa=--jĕn´o-a, not je-nō´a.

=Gloucester=--glos´ter, not as spelled. =Gloucestershire=
(glos´ter-shir).

=Greenwich= (England)--grĭn´ĭdge, not as spelled.
=Greenwich= (U. S.)--green´ĭch.

=Havre de Grace=--hăv´er de grass, not hā´ver de grās´.
French pronunciation, hä´v'r deh gräss or ä´v'r deh gräss´.

=Iowa=--ī´o-wa, not ī-ō´wa nor ī´o-wā.

=Java= (Island)--jä´va, not jăv´a nor jā´va. =Java= (U.
S.)--jā´va.

=Jeddo= (Japan)--yĕd´do, not jĕd´do. =Jeddo= (U.
S.)--jĕd´do.

=Juniata=--jōō-ne-ah´ta, not jōō-ne-ĕt´a.

=Kankakee=--kan-kaw´kee, not kang-ka-kee´.

=Ladoga=--lä´do-gä, not la-dō´ga.

=Lausanne= (Switzerland)--lō-zän´, not law-san´. =Lausanne=
(Pennsylvania)--law-săn´.

=Leicester=--lĕs´ter, not as spelled. =Leicestershire=
(lĕs´ter-shir).

=Leipsic= (Saxony)--līp´sĭk, not leep´sĭk. =Leipsic= (U.
S.)--leep´sĭk.

=Madrid= (Spain)--mä-drĭd´, not măd´rĭd; Spanish
pronunciation, mä-DreeD´--almost maTH-reeTH´. =Madrid= (U.
S.)--măd´rid.

=Mauch Chunk=--mawk chŭnk´, not mawch shunk´.

=Milan=--mĭl´an, not mī´lan.

=Modena= (Italy)--mŏd´en-a, not mo-dē´na. =Modena= (U.
S.)--mo-dē´na.

=Nantes=--năntz, not năn´tez; French pronunciation,
nŏngt.

=Neufchatel=--nush-ä-tĕl´, not nōōf´chăt-el.

=Newfoundland=--nū´fond-land´, not nu-found´land.

=Norwich= (England)--nŏr´rĭj, not nŏr´wich. =Norwich=
(U. S.)--nŏr´wich or nŏr´rich.

=Otaheite=--ō-tä-hee´te, not ō-ta-heet´.

=Panama=--pän-a-mä´, not păn´a-maw.

=Persia=--per´she-a, not per´zhe-a.

=Pesth=--pĕst, not pesth; Hungarian pronunciation, pĕsht.

=Piqua=--pĭk´wa, not pĭk´wā.

=Pompeii=--pŏm-pā´yee, not pŏm´pe-ī.

=Popocatapetl=--po-po-kä-tā-pĕtl´, not
po-po-kăt-a-pē´tel.

=Poughkeepsie=--po-kĭp´see, not po-keep´see.

=Quebec=--kwe-bĕk´, not kwē´bek.

=Queretaro=--kā-rā-tä´ro, not kwer-e-tā´ro.

=Sahara=--sä-hä´rä or sä´ha-rä, not sā-hā´ra nor
sa-hăr´a.

=San Diego=--sän-de-ā´go, not săn-dī-ē´go.

=Sangamon=--săng´ga-mon, not săng-găm´on.

=San Joaquin=--sän-Ho-ä-keen´, not săn´jō´a-kwĭn.

=Shang-Hai=--shang-hī´, not shăng´-hā nor
shăng´-hī.

=Siam=--sī-am´ or se-am´, not sī´am.

=Sumatra=--sōō-mä´tra, not sōō-mā´tra nor
sōō-măt´ra.

=Swabia=--swā´bi-a, not swaw´be-a.

=Taliaferro=--tŏl´e-ver, not tăl-ĭ-a-fĕr´ro.

=Toulouse=--tōō-lōōz´, not tōō-lōōss´.

=Truxillo=--trōō-Heel´yo, not trŭx-ĭl´lo.

=Tyrol=--tĭr´ol or te-rŏl´, not tī´rol.

=Ulster= (Germany)--ŏŏl´ster, not ŭl´ster. =Ulster=
(Ireland and U. S.)--ŭl´ster.

=Valenciennes=--vä-long-se-ĕnn´, not va-lĕn-se-ĕnz´.

=Valparaiso= (Chili)--väl-pä-rī´so, not văl-pa-rā´zo.
=Valparaiso= (U. S.)--văl-pa-rā´zo.

=Venezuela=--ven-ez-wee´la or vā-nĕth-wā´lä, not
ven-ez-ōō-ē´la.

=Vevay=--ve-vā´, not vē´vā.

=Vosges=--vōzh, not vŏs´jez.

=Worcester=--wŏŏs´ter, not as spelled. =Worcestershire=
(wŏŏs´ter-shir).

=Wyandot= or =Wyandotte=--wī-an-dott´, not wī´an-dŏt.

=Wyoming=--wī-ō´ming, not wī´o-ming.

=Yang-tse-kiang=--yäng-tse-ke-äng´, not yang´ste-kī´ăng.

=Yo Semite=--yō-sem´e-te, not yō´se-mīte.

=Zanzibar=--zän-ze-bär´, not zăn´ze-bär.

ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES.

=Ada=--ā´da, not ăd´a.

=Agnes=--ăg´nēz, not ăg´ness.

=Alphonso=--al-phon´so, not al-phŏn´zo.

=Artemas=--är´te-mas, not är-tē´mas.

=Augustine=--aw-gŭs´tĭn, not aw´gŭs-teen.

=Basil=--băz´il, not bā´sil nor băs´il.

=Bernard=--bër´nard, not bër-nard´.
=Bernard= (French)--be<sc>R</sc>-na<sc>R</sc>´.

=Cecily=--sĕs´i-ly, not sē´si-ly.

=Chloe=--klō´e, not klō.

=Darius=--da-rī´us, not dā´ri-us.

=Deborah=--dĕb´o-rah, not de-bō´rah.

=Eben=--ĕb´en, not ē´ben.

=Eleanor=--ĕl´e-a-nor, not ĕl´en-or.

=Esther=--ĕs´ter, not ĕs´ther.

=Eva=--ē´va, not ĕv´a.

=Frances=--frăn´sez, not frăn´sess nor frăn´sĭs.

=Giles=--jīlz, not gīlz.

=Hosea=--ho-zē´a, not hō´se-a.

=Ivan=--ĭv´an, not ī´van. =Ivan= (Russian)--e-vän´.

=Irene=--ī-rē´ne, not ī-reen´.

=Jacqueline=--jăq´ue-lĭn, not jăk´a-līne.

=Joan=--jō-ăn´, not jō´an.

=Joshua=--jŏsh´u-a, not jŏsh´a-wā.

=Leopold=--lē´o-pōld, not lĕp´ōld. =Leopold=
(German)--lā-o-pōlt.

=Lionel=--li´o-nel, not lī-ō´nel.

=Louisa=--lōō-ē´za, not lōō-ī´za.

=Marion=--măr´i-on, not mā´ri-on.

=Penelope=--pe-nĕl´o-pe, not pĕn´el-ōpe.

=Phebe=--phē´be, not pheeb.

=Philander=--phī-lăn´der, not phĭl-ăn´der.

=Philemon=--phī-lē´mon, not phĭl´e-mon.

=Reginald=--rĕj'i-nald, not rĕg´i-nald.

=Rosalie=--rŏz´a-lē, not rō´za-lē.

=Rosalind=--rŏz´a-lind, not rō´za-lind.

=Rosamond=--rŏz´a-mond, not rō´za-mond.

=Rowland=--rō´land, not row´land.

=Sigismund=--sĭj´is-mund, not sĭg´is-mund. =Sigismund=
(German)--see<sc>G</sc>´is-mŏŏnt.

=Silvester=--sĭl-vĕs´ter, not sĭl´vĕs-ter.

=Sophia=--so-phī´a, not sō´phi-a.

=Ursula=---ür´su-la, not ür-sū´la.

=Viola=---vī´o-la, not vī-ō´la.

NAMES OF ROMANCE, SOBRIQUETS, ETC.

=Achitophel=--a-kĭt´o-phel, not a-chĭt´o-phel. A nickname
given to the Earl of Shaftesbury and used by Dryden in his
satirical poem of "Absalom and Achitophel."

=Adonais=--ăd-o-nā´is, not a-dō´ni-as nor a-dŏn´i-as. A
name given to the poet Keats by Shelley.

=Adriana=--ăd-ri-ăn´a, not ā-dri-ā´na nor
ā-dri-ăn´a. A character in the "Comedy of Errors."

=Ægeon=--ē-jē´on, not ē´je-on. A Syracusan merchant in the
"Comedy of Errors."

=Æmilia=--ē-mĭl´i-a, not ē-mē´li-a. Wife of Ægeon in
the "Comedy of Errors."

=Agramante=--ä-grä-män´tā, not ăg´ra-mănt unless written
=Agramant=. King of the Moors in "Orlando Furioso."

=Agricane=--ä-gre-kä´nā, not ăg´ri-kāne. Written also
=Agrican= (ăg´ri-kăn). King of Tartary in "Orlando
Innamorato."

=Al Borak=--äl bŏr´ak, not ăl bō´rak. An imaginary animal
of wonderful appearance and fleetness, with which it was claimed
that Mohammed made a journey to the seventh heaven.

=Alcina=--äl-chē´na, not ăl-sē´na. A fairy in "Orlando
Innamorato."

=Alciphron=--ăl´si-phron, not ăl-sĭph´ron. The name of a
work by Bishop Berkeley and of a character in the same.
=Alciphron= is also the name of a poem by Thomas Moore and the
hero of his romance, "The Epicurean."

=Almanzor=--al-măn´zor, not ăl´man-zor. A character in
Dryden's "Conquest of Granada."

=Al Rakim=--är rä-keem´, not ăl rā´kim. The dog in the legend
of the "Seven Sleepers of Ephesus."

=Al Sirat=--äs se-rät´, not ăl´ si-răt. An imaginary bridge
between this world and the Mohammedan paradise.

=Angelica=--an-jĕl´i-ka, not an-jel-ë´ka. A princess of great
beauty in "Orlando Innamorato."

=Angelo=--ăn´je-lo, not an-jĕl´o. A prominent character in
"Measure for Measure." A goldsmith in the "Comedy of Errors."

=Archimago=--är-ki-mā´go, not är-chi-mā´go nor
är-chĭm´a-go. A character in Spenser's "Faëry Queen."

=Argalia=--a<sc>R</sc>-gä-lee´ä, not är-gā´li-a. Brother of
Angelica in "Orlando Innamorato."

=Argantes=--a<sc>R</sc>-gän´tess, not är-găn´tēz. An infidel
hero in "Jerusalem Delivered."

=Asmodeus=--ăs-mo-dē´us, not ăz-mō´de-us. An evil
spirit.

=Baba, Ali=--ä´lee bä´bä, not ăl´i bā´ba. A character in the
"Forty Thieves."

=Baba, Cassim=--käs´sim bä´bä, not kăs´sim bā´ba. Brother of
Ali Baba.

=Bajardo=--bä-e-a<sc>R</sc>´do, not ba-jär´do. Rinaldo's steed in
"Orlando Innamorato."

=Balwhidder=--băl´hwĭth-er, not bawl´whĭd-der. A pastor in
Galt's "Annals of the Parish."

=Banquo=--bănk´wo, not băng´ko. A Scottish warrior and a
character in "Macbeth."

=Bassanio=--bas-sä´ni-o, not bas-sā´ni-o. Husband of Portia in
"Merchant of Venice."

=Biron=--bĭr´on, not bī´ron. A character in "Love's Labor's
Lost."

=Boyet=--boy-ĕt´, not bō´yet. A character in "Love's Labor's
Lost."

=Bradamante=--brä-dä-män´tā, not brăd´a-mănt. Sister to
Rinaldo, in "Orlando Innamorato."

=Brunehilde=--brōō´nā-hĭl´dā, not
brŭn-hĭl´dah. Written also =Brunehild=
(brōō´neh-hĭlt).

=Carrasco, Sanson=--sän-sōn´ kä<sc>R</sc>-<sc>R</sc>äs´ko, not
săn´son kăr-răs´ko. A character in "Don Quixote."

=Cedric=--sĕd´rik, not sē´drik. A character in "Ivanhoe."

=Clarchen=--klĕ<sc>R</sc>´ken, not klär´chen. A female character
in Goethe's "Egmont."

=Clavileno Aligero=--klä-ve-lān´yo ä-le-<sc>R</sc>ā´ro, not
klăv-i-lē´no ăl-i-jē´ro. A celebrated steed in "Don
Quixote."

=Consuelo=--kōng-su-ā-lō´, not kŏn-su-ĕl´o. The
heroine of a novel of the same name by Georges Sand.

=Don Adriano Armado=--ăd-re-ä´no är-mä´do, not ā-dri-ā´no
är-mā´do. A character in "Love's Labor's Lost."

=Don Cleofas=--klē´o-fas, not kle-ō´fas. Hero of "The Devil
on Two Sticks."

=Don Juan=--jū´an, not jū-ăn´.

=Dulcamara=--dŏŏl-kä-mä´rä, not dŭl-sa-mā´ra nor
dŭl-ka-mā´ra. The itinerant physician in "L'Elisire
d'Amore."

=Egeus=--ē-jē´us, not ē´je-us. The Father of Hermia in
"Midsummer Night's Dream."

=Eyre, Jane=--êr, not īre.

=Fata Morgana=--fä´tä mo<sc>R</sc>-gä´nä, not
fā´ta mor-găn´a.

=Fatima=--făt´i-ma, not fa-tē´-ma. A female character in the
story of Aladdin, or the Wonderful Lamp; also, one of the wives
of Blue Beard.

=Fidele=--fī-dē´le, not fī-dēle´. A name assumed by
Imogen, in "Cymbeline."

=Fra Diavolo=--frä de-ä´vo-lo, not frä de-ä-vō´lo.

=Genevra=--je-nĕv´ra, not je-nē´vra. =Ginevra= is pronounced
the same as the above.

=Gil Blas=--zhēl bläss, not jĭl blä nor jeel bläz.

=Gotham=--gō´tham, not gŏth´am. A name applied to New York
City.

=Haidee=--hī´dee, not hā´dee. One of the heroines in "Don
Juan."

=Iachimo=--yăk´i-mo, not ī-ăk´i-mo. A prominent character
in "Cymbeline."

=Iago=--e-ä´go, not ī-ā´go. One of the principal characters
in "Othello."

=Jacques=--zhäk, not jăk´kwĕs. A character in "As You Like
It."

=Klaus, Peter=--klowss, not klawz. The hero of a German tradition
similar to that of "Rip Van Winkle."

=Lalla Rookh=--lä´la rōōk, not lăl´la rŏŏk. The
heroine of Moore's poem of the same name.

=Laodamia=--la-ŏd-a-mī´a, not la-o-dā´mi-a. The wife of
Protesilaus slain by Hector, and the name of a poem by
Wordsworth.

=Lara=--lä´ra, not lā´ra nor lăr´a. The hero and name of
Byron's poem.

=Le Fevre=--leh fĕv´r, not le fē´ver. A poor lieutenant in
"Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy."

=Leonato=--lē-o-nä´to, not lē-o-nā´to. Governor of Messina
in "Much Ado About Nothing."

=Mahu=--ma-hōō´ or mä´hoo, not mā´hu. A fiend spoken of in
"King Lear."

=Maid of Orleans=--ôr´le-anz, not ôr-lēnz´. Another name of Joan
of Arc.

=Meister, Wilhelm=--vĭl´helm mīs´ter, not wĭl´helm
mēs´ter. The hero of a novel by Goethe.

=Mohicans, Last of the=--mo-hē´kans, not mo-hĭsh´ans nor
mō´he-kans.

=Montague=--mŏn´ta-gū, not mon-tāg´. A noble family in
"Romeo and Juliet."

=Moreno, Don Antonio=--än-tō´ne-o mō-rā´no, not
ăn-tō´ne-o mō-rē´no. A gentleman in "Don Quixote."

=Munchausen=--mun-chaw´sen, not mun-kaw´sen. German, Münchhausen
(mün<sc>K</sc>-how´zen).

=Oberon=--ŏb´er-on, not ō´ber-on. King of the fairies. Takes
an important part in "Midsummer Night's Dream."

=Ossian=--ŏsh´an, not aw´si-an.

=Parizade=--pä-re-zä´dā, not păr´i-zāde´. A princess in
"Arabian Nights' Entertainments."

=Parolles=--pa-rŏl´les, not pa-rōlz´. A follower of Bertram
in "All's Well That Ends Well."

=Perdita=--për´di-ta, not për-dī´ta nor për-dē´ta. A princess
in "Winter's Tale."

=Petruchio=--pe-trōō´chĭ-o, not pe-trōō´kĭ-o. A
principal character in "Taming of the Shrew."

=Pisanio=--pĭ-zä´nĭ-o, not pĭ-sā´nĭ-o. A character
in "Cymbeline."

=Posthumus=--pŏst´hu-mŭs, not pōst-hū´mŭs. Imogen's
husband in "Cymbeline."

=Prospero=--prŏs´pe-ro, not pros-pē´ro. An important
character in the "Tempest."

=Rosalind=--rŏz´a-lĭnd, not rōz´a-lind. The lady loved by
Orlando in "As You Like It."

=Rosaline=--rŏz´a-lĭn or rŏz´a-līn, not rōz´a-leen.
A lady in "Love's Labor's Lost;" also the name of a lady loved by
Romeo before Juliet.

=Rosamond, Fair=--rŏz´a-mond, not rō´za-mond.

=Rozinante=--rŏz-i-năn´te, not rō-zi-năn´te. Don
Quixote's famous horse.

=Ruggiero=--rōōd-jā´ro, not rŭg-gi-ĕr´o or
rŭj-ji-ē´ro. A knight in "Orlando Furioso."

=Sakhrat=--sä<sc>K</sc>-rä´, not săk´rat. A sacred stone of
great powers, in "Mohammedan mythology."

=Stephano=--stĕf´a-no, not ste-fā´no. A drunken butler in
"Tempest;" also a servant of Portia in "Merchant of Venice."

=Titania=--tĭ-tā´ni-a, not tĭ-tăn´i-a. The wife of
Oberon, king of the fairies.

=Tybalt=--tĭb´alt, not tī´balt. One of the Capulets in "Romeo
and Juliet.

=Ulrica=--ul-rī´ka, not ŭl´ri-ka. An old sibyl in "Ivanhoe."

=Ursula=--ür´su-la, not ür-sōō´la. An attendant in "Much Ado
About Nothing."

=Viola=--vī´o-la, not vī-ō´la. The disguised page of Duke
Orsino in "Twelfth Night."

ORTHOEPICAL ERRORS OF THE PROFESSIONS.

Although errors of speech are at all times to be deprecated, and are generally criticised without much leniency, it must be admitted that unless they are very gross, reasonable excuses are to be taken for those who have never made their language a subject of close study, and whose only use of words is entirely impromptu in the business affairs of life, in the home circle, or in the social gathering.

Though a person's descent from Belgravia or Billingsgate is in a great measure revealed by the propriety of his discourse, yet this refers principally to those words that are employed by the masses in the every-day conversations of life, rather than to technicalities and words related to particular professions, the use of which is generally confined to the specially instructed. But when a man stands forth as an orator, a teacher, a minister, or a professor of some college, it is certainly not unreasonable for those that sit under his instruction, to expect and demand that his speech should be almost free from errors.

One occupying such a position may well be excused for occasional embarrassment, poor voice, unpleasant address, hesitation of delivery, and various failings and peculiarities that can not be overcome, but little or no allowance can be made for constantly repeated errors.

Probably there has never been a public speaker so perfect in diction, that he has not in moments of embarrassment, or when much absorbed in his subject, been guilty of grammatical inaccuracies or mistakes of pronunciation; and doubtless he is as often aware of them as his listeners are, as soon as they drop from his lips, but it would be foolish to call attention to them by going back to correct them. But when these offenses are so glaring and so frequently repeated that it is evident the speaker knows no better, it is no wonder that the educated hearer often thinks that the teacher had better leave his position and submit to being taught.

What allowance can an intelligent congregation make for their minister who has nothing else to do but prepare his sermons, if, besides a multitude of common English mistakes, he pronounces more than half of his scriptural names in a manner that is not sanctioned by any authority?

When the orotund medical professor stands up to address his students, or to engage in the discussions of a convention, and rolls out technicality after technicality pronounced in a manner that would be disowned by the original Latin or Greek, and is totally at variance with established usage, who would not ask for a little less elegance and a little more education? If it required a great amount of labor outside of the usual course of study for professional men to acquire a knowledge of the pronunciation of words peculiar to the professions, the subject might be treated with more tolerance; but as the definitions and the orthoepy might be so readily learned together during those years of daily reference to books that are required before one should be considered competent to stand as a guide to others, it certainly seems that they do not properly appreciate the dignity of their position by thus laying themselves open to public criticism.

Many a student, in order to become instructed in certain branches, has been compelled to reluctantly sit for months or years at the feet of those that he felt were far inferior to him in common school education, hearing hourly such violations of orthoepy and syntax as would be a discredit to school children. And, doubtless, many such students have had such a charity for their teachers that they have wished to direct their attention to their faults, but have been restrained on account of the fear of enmity, expulsion, or of lessening the chances for passing the final examination.

The bare thought of being so criticised should be so galling to any one bearing the dignified title of "professor," that he ought to be stimulated to endeavor to make himself an authority concerning the proprieties of speech.

The study of orthoepy was held in such high esteem by the accent Greeks, and their delicate ears were so offended by any violation of its rules, that if an orator mispronounced a single word, the entire audience immediately hissed him.

During the present state of pronunciation it would indeed be embarrassing to the public speaker, if such a custom existed in this country. Let us imagine, for instance, our friend Professor Abdominous Gynæcophonus, with his face ebullient with smiles of self-conceit, arising to address such an audience. "Gentlemen: I have listened patiently to this op´po-nent (_hisses_) of al´lo-path-y (_hisses_) and now arise to make a few remarks and in´quir-ies (_hisses_). In answer to his objections against hy-os-cy-ā´mus (_hisses_) as an anodyne and sō´por-if-ic, (_hisses_) I would say that in cases of cough and sleeplessness, I have long used hyoscyamia combined in trō´chĕz (_hisses_) without any of those effects that the păt´ron (_hisses_) of hō´me-o-path-y (_hisses_) mentions. And having made almost a specialty of the treatment of făç´i-al (_hisses_) neuralgia or tic-dŏl-o-rōō´" (_hisses_)--and it would certainly be time for him to dolorously sit down, although he might raise the question--

"What's in a name? that which we call a rose,
By any other name would smell as sweet,"

and argue therefrom that the pronunciation of a word should make no difference so long as its meaning was understood. Amongst professional men, it has been observed that physicians and dentists are by far more prone than others to orthoepical errors. Attention is requested to a few of the more common of these in addition to those found in the preceding vocabulary connected with words that are alike used by the professional and the unprofessional, such as: _abdomen_, _acclimated_, _albumen_, _animalcula arabic_, _citrate_, _embryo_, _excrescence_, _fetid_, _fetor_, _forceps_, _homeopathy_, _hydropathy_, _jugular_, _jujube_, _nasal_, _pharmacopœia_, _purulent_, _spasmodic_, _sulphurous_, _tragacanth_, etc. The authorities appealed to are Dunglison, Thomas, Webster and Worcester. Notwithstanding the superior merit of Dunglison's Medical Dictionary, as far as the comprehensiveness and reliability of its definitions are concerned, it is evident that it is almost useless as an orthoepical guide. The principal accent is in many cases marked, but the pronunciation of preceding and succeeding syllables can not be determined, and there is no attempt at syllabication.

Dr. Thomas' dictionary, though less comprehensive, is equally reliable in its definitions, and is excellent authority in regard to orthoepy; though it is to be regretted that in some words important syllables are not sufficiently marked. For instance, take the words _as-bes´tos_ and _bis´muth_; how can it be determined whether the first should be pronounced ăs-bĕs´toss or ăz-bĕs´tōz or the latter bĭz´muth or bĭss´muth? Webster and Worcester are undoubtedly good authorities for the pronunciation of the medical words they give. In the following vocabulary all of the authorities that mention the words may be considered as agreeing, unless notice is made of their disagreement.

MEDICAL AND DENTAL WORDS.

[In Latin and Latinized Greek words, the English sounds of the
vowels are given as those used by the majority of professional
men. If any one, however, prefers to adopt the continental
method, sounding _a_ as in _father_, _y_ and _i_ as _e_ in
_veto_, etc., and consistently applies it to all such words, no
one, of course, has a right to object.]

=Adipose=--ăd´i-pōse, not ad´i-pōze.

=Ala=--ā´la, not ăl´a. =Alæ=, plural.

=Alis=--ā´lĭs, not ăl´ĭs. This as a termination of
many words, such as =abdominalis=, =digitalis=, =frontalis=,
=lachrymalis=, =transversalis=, etc., is often erroneously
pronounced ăl´is.

=Alumen=--al-ū´men, not ăl´u-men.

=Alveolus=--al-vē´o-lus, not al-ve-ō´lus. Plural, =alveoli=
(al-vē´o-lī). =Alveolar=--(al-vē´o-lar). Alveolus is
the name given to the _cavity_ in the jaw that is seen upon the
removal of the root of a tooth, and it possesses no more
tangibility than a pinch of air; almost daily, however, we hear
dentists speak of extracting a tooth with a piece of the
_alveolus_ attached. What a curiosity for preservation in a
museum is a tooth with a piece of a little hole fastened to the
root! What is meant is a piece of the _alveolar process_, or
portion of bone around the alveolus.

=Anæmic=--a-nĕm´ĭk, not a-nē´mĭk. Dunglison gives the
latter.

=Andral=--ŏng-dräl´, not ăn´-dral.

=Aphthæ=--ăf´thē, not ăp´thē.

=Aqua=--ā´kwa, not ăk´wa.

=Arcus Senilis=--se-nī´lis, not sĕn´i-lis.

=Areolar=--a-rē´o-lar, not a-re-ō´lar.

=Aris=--ā´rĭs, not ăr´is in the termination of
=angularis=, =medullaris=, =palmaris=, =orbicularis=,
=pulmonaris=, etc.

=Asarum=--ăs´a-rum, not a-sā´rum.

=Asbestos=--ăs-bĕs´tŏss, not ăz-bĕs´tōz.

=Attollens=--at-tŏl´lenz, not at-tō´lenz.

=Azygos=--az´y-gos, not a-zy´gos.

=Bagge=--bäg´geh, not băg.

=Bimana=--bī-mā´na, not bī-mā´nĭ-a.

=Bismuth=--bĭz´muth, not bĭss´muth.

=Bitumen=--bĭ-tū´men, not bĭt´u-men.

=Cadaver=--ka-dā´ver, not ka-dăv´er.

=Caries=--kā´rĭ-ēz, not kā´rēz nor kăr´rēz.

=Carminative=--kar-mĭn´a-tive, not kar´mi-nā-tĭve.

=Caryophillus=--kăr-ĭ-o-phĭl´lus, not
kăr-ĭ-ŏph´ĭl-lus.

=Cerebral=--sĕr´e-bral, not ser-ē´bral.

=Cerebric=--sĕr´e-bric, not ser-ē´bric.

=Cerebrum=--sĕr´e-brum, not ser-ē´brum. Dunglison gives
both.

=Cerumen=--se-rū´men, not sĕr´ū-men.

=Cheyne=--chān or cheen, not shāne.

=Choledochus=--ko-lĕd´o-kus, not kŏl-e-dō´kus nor
ko-lĭd´a-kus.

=Cicatrix=--si-kā´trix, not sĭk´a-trix nor si-kăt´rix.
Plural, =cicatrices= (sĭk´a-trī´sēz), not
sĭ-kăt´rĭ-sēz.

=Cimicifuga=--sĭm-ĭ-sĭf´u-ga, not
sĭm-i-sĭ-fū´ga nor sĭm-ĭs´i-fū´ga.

=Cochlea=--kŏk´le-a, not kōk´le-a.

=Conein=--ko-nē´ĭn, not kō´ne-ĭn.

=Conium=--ko-nī´um, not kō´ni-um.

=Cranium=--krā´ni-um, not krăn´i-um.

=Cynanche=--sĭ-năn´kē, not sī-năn´chē.

=Diastase=--dī´as-tāse, not dī-as´tāze.

=Diastole=--dī-as´to-le, not dī´as-tōle.

=Diploe=--dĭp´lo-e, not dip-lō´e.

=Dulcamara=--dul-ka-mā´ra, not dul-sa-mā´ra. Webster gives
dul-kam´a-ra also.

=Duodenum=--du-o-dē´num, not du-ŏd´e-num.

=Dyspnœa=--dĭsp-nē´a, not dĭs-nē´a.

=Emesis=--ĕm´e-sis,not em-ē´sis.

=Epiploon=--e-pĭp´lo-on, not ep-ip-lō´on.

=Facial=--fā´shal, not făsh´i-al.

=Foramen=--fo-rā´men, not fo-răm´en.

=Fungi=--fun´jī not fun´gī. Plural of =fungus=.

=Galbanum=--găl´ba-num, not gal-bā´num.

=Gingiva=--jĭn-jī´va, not jĭn´ji-va.

=Glenoid=--glē´noid, not glĕn´oid.

=Glutæus=--glū´tæ-us, according to Webster. The rest give
glū-tæ´us.

=Helleborus=--hel-lĕb´o-rus, not hel-le-bō´rus.

=Hyoscyamus=--hī-os-sī´a-mus, not hī-os-sy-ăm´us nor
hi-os-sy-ā´mus. =Hyoscyamine= (hī-os-sī´a-mĭn).

=Impetigo=--ĭm-pe-tī´go, not ĭm-pĕt´i-go.

=Incisive=--ĭn-sī´sĭv, not in-sĭs´ive.

=Iodoform=--ī-ŏd´o-form, not ī-ō´do-form. Dunglison
gives ī´o-do-form.

=Itis.= According to Webster and Worcester this termination is
pronounced ī´tĭs in =bronchitis=, =pleuritis=,
=gastritis=, etc. Thomas and Dunglison do not specify, but the
inference is that they intend the same. It is, however, so
generally pronounced ē´tis, that many would object to the
attention attracted by calling it ī´tis.

=Jejunum=--je-jū´num, not jĕj´u-num.

=Juniperus=--ju-nĭp´e-rus, not jū´ni-per-us nor
ju-ni-pē´rus.

=Laudanum=--law´da-num, not lŏd´a-num.

=Lentigo=--len-tī´go, not lĕn´ti-go.

=Lepra=--lĕp´ra, not lē´pra. Dunglison gives the latter.

=Leuwenhoek=--lōō´en-hŏŏk or
l<sc>U</sc>h´wen-hŏŏk (U as in fur), not
lōō´wen-hōke.

=Levator=--le-vā´tor, not le-văt´or.

=Liquor= (Latin)--lī´kwor, not lĭk´ur as in English.

=Magendie=--mä-zhŏng-dē´, not mā-jĕn´dē.

=Malic=--mā´lic, not măl´ic. Thomas gives the latter.

=Matrix=--mā´trix, not măt´rix.

=Mistura=--mĭs-tū´ra, not mĭs´tu-ra.

=Molecule=--mŏl´e-kūle, not mō´le-kūle.

=Mollities=--mol-lĭsh´ĭ-ēz, not mŏl´lĭ-tēz.

=Molybdenum=--mŏl-ĭb-dē´num, not mo-lĭb´de-num.

=Nasmyth=--nā´smith, not năz´mĭth.

=Nicolai=--nee´ko-lī, not nĭk´o-lā.

=Nucleolus=--nu-klē´o-lus, not nu-kle-ō´lus.

=Oris=--ō´rĭs, not ŏr´is.

=Ovale=--ō-vā´le, not ō-văl´e.

=Panizzi=--pä-nĭt´see or pä-nēt´see, not pan-ĭz´zy.

=Pepys=--pĕps, not pē´pĭs nor pĕp´ĭs.

=Pes Anserinus=--pēz an-ser-ī´nus, not pĕz
an-sĕr´i-nus. I once heard a professor describing the facial
nerve to his class, and he dwelt upon this plexus for some
time, calling it the "Pons Asinorum."

=Podagra=--pŏd´a-gra, not po-dā´gra. Worcester gives
po-dăg´ra also.

=Podophyllum=---pŏd-o-phyl´um, not po-dŏph´yl-lum.

=Process=--prŏs´ess, not prō´sess.

=Prostate=--pros´tāte, not prŏs´trāte.

=Purkinje=--pŏŏ<sc>R</sc>´kĭn-yeh or pŏŏr´kĭn,
not par-kĭn´jē.

=Pylorus=--pĭ-lō´rus, not pī-lôr´us.

=Pyrethrum=--pĭr´e-thrum, not pī-rē´thrum.

=Quadrumana=--quad-rū´ma-na, not quad-ru-mā´nia.

=Rubeola=--ru-bē´o-la, not ru-be-ō´la.

=Sacrum=--sā´krum, not săk´rum.

=Sagittal=--săj´it-tal, not sa-jĭt´tal. Danglison gives the
latter.

=Sanies=--sā´nĭ-ēz, not sā´nēz nor săn´ēz.

=Scabies=--scā´bĭ-ez, not scăb´ēz nor scā´bēz.

=Seidlitz=--sīd´lĭtz, not sĕd´lĭtz, unless spelled
=Sedlitz=.

=Sinapis=--si-nā´pis, not sĭn´a-pis.

=Squamous=--skwā´mus, not skwaw´mus.

=Systole=--sĭs´to-le, not sĭs´tōle.

=Tinctura=--tinc-tū´ra, not tinct´u-ra.

=Titanium=--ti-tā´ni-um, not ti-tăn´i-um.

=Trachea=--tra-kē´a or trā´ke-a, not trăck´e-a.

=Tremor=--trē´mor, not trĕm´-or. Webster allows the latter
also.

=Trismus=--triss´mus, not trĭz´mus.

=Umbilicus=--um-bĭ-lī´kus, according to Worcester, Thomas
and Dunglison. Webster gives um-bil´i-kus.

=Variola=--va-rī´o-la, not va-ri-ō´la.

=Veratrum=--ve-rā´trum, not ve-răt´rum.

=Vertebral=--vĕr´te-bral, not ver-tē´bral.

=Virchow=--fĭr´ko, not vïr´chow nor vïr´kow.

=Zinci=--zĭn´si, not zink´ī.

SENTENCES FOR PRACTICE.

The following extract is from the letter of a friend, to whom were sent some of the advance pages of this work: "I am absolutely filled with astonishment to see how many simple words I have been mispronouncing all my life, and would have kept on mispronouncing to the end of my days if my thoughts had not been directed to them. If I were in your place I would end the book with a story in which all the words would be used in the course of the narrative. I can imagine no amusement more instructive or interesting than for a social party to read in turns, under some penalty for each mistake."

I had myself conceived the idea of presenting the words untrammeled with explanation of the orthoepy, or marks of accent; but the form was not decided upon.

The effort to compose a narrative was abandoned after a fair trial; for to have a plot and also bring the words in natural position would require a large volume; otherwise, it made senseless jumble. In the trial sentences given the objects are gained in small space. Those objects are to allow readers to exercise the memory and test their friends; and at the same time to use the words syntactically. It is hoped that the reader will pardon any absurdities of context; as they can not be avoided where one is compelled to use so many selected words, and is obliged to force them into a small compass.

MELANGE.

The invalid came from _Bremen_ to America and hoped to be soon _acclimated_, but was stricken down with a disease that was not _amenable_ to treatment, although he had many physicians: _allopathists_, _hydropathists_ and _homeopathists_. He said that the aim of _allopathy_ was to poison him; of _hydropathy_ to drown him; and of _homeopathy_ to let him die unaided.

* * * * *

One of the _combatants_ struck his _opponent_ in the _abdomen_ with a club, cut off an _alder_ tree; he was carried under the shade of an _ailantus_ and immediately expired.

* * * * *

_Sophia_ found the egg under a _piony_ near the _shumac_ tree; but she broke it in carrying, and spilled the _albumen_ all over her _alpaca_ dress.

* * * * *

The dose for an _adult_ is a _dessert-spoonful_.

* * * * *

It was a plain supper--nothing but _aerated_ bread, _Bologna_ sausage and _radishes_.

* * * * *

He told his _demonstrative disputant_ that he did not wish to _get_ into an _altercation_, but it only appeared to arouse his _combativeness_ still more.

* * * * *

Why do you accent the _antepenult_ of _espionage_?

* * * * *

He _illustrated_ his proposition by cutting off the _apex_ of the figure, and then exhibited his _apparatus_ for the production of _statical_ electricity.

* * * * *

Two-thirds _gum-arabic_ and one-third _gum-tragacanth_ make a good mucilage.

* * * * *

The _archbishop_ dreamed that an _archangel_ came to him and told him to have his _architect_ send to an island in the Grecian _Archipelago_ for white marble for the _pilasters_.

* * * * *

Search the _archives_ of history and you will not find another such _prodigy_ as Admirable _Crichton_.

* * * * *

When, after _traversing_ the ocean, you find yourself in the _arid_ desert of _Sahara_, where there is no _aroma_ of sweet flowers, or anything _at all_ to regale your exhausted energies; where there is no _herb_ nor _herbaceous_ plant near you; where you are almost famished for want of some _potable_ fluid; where you are in constant fear of being _harassed_ by _truculent nomads_--then will you realize that there are no joys _comparable_ to those that exist around the _hearthstone_ of your humble home.

* * * * *

When the contents of the _museum_ were sold by _auction_, the antiquary bought a roll of _papyrus_ filled with _hieroglyphics_, a kind of _bellows_ used by the ancients for starting their fires, and a fine collection of _trilobites_.

* * * * *

The attempt at a _reconnoisance_ in force had been unsuccessful; immediately after _reveille_, the commander of the _fortress_ _put_ it to vote amongst his officers, whether or not they should surrender. The _ayes_ carried it, although some _vehemently_ opposed on account of the excellent _morale_ of the garrison.

* * * * *

The _heroine_ of the _melodrama_ sent to her _betrothed Seignior_ an _exquisite bouquet_, composed of _catalpa_ flowers, _dahlias_, _marigold_ and _thyme_, and prayed his forgiveness for not allowing him the promised _tête-à-tête_ at the _trysting_ place; she had been suffering with the _tic-douloureux_, she said. He generously forgave her and sent her a _sonnet_, in which he said that her voice was sweeter than that of _Piccolomini_, or any other _cantatrice_; that no _houri_ could be more beautiful than she; he called her a fair _florist_, and after _extolling_ her _naïveté_, _roseate_ cheeks and _nymphean_ graces, he swore eternal _homage_ and that he would love her forever and for _aye_.

* * * * *

The judge _bade_ the _desperado_ cease his _badinage_ and answer his _inquiries_, and threatened that if he did not, he would punish him for his _contumacy_.

* * * * *

The _vicar_ was one of the _notable_ men of his day; his wife was a pattern of _industry_, a _notable_ housekeeper. While the birds were chirping their _matin_ song, she might be seen with her _besom_ in her hand.

* * * * *

Is this a _bona fide_ transaction, or is it a _Machiavelian_ attempt to _inveigle_ the _prelate_ into an _imbroglio_?

* * * * *

A _booth_ was erected at the fair where the _pretty_ Misses _Agnes_ and _Rosalind_ with much _complaisance_ dispensed _gratis_ to the visitors, _soda-water_ flavored with _orgeat_ or _sarsaparilla_.

* * * * *

General _Silvester_ and his _protégé_, _Reginald_, met with a _casualty_ that nearly cost them their lives. The horses attached to their _Brougham_ became frightened at a _yacht_ and made a _tremendous_ leap over a high embankment into a _creek_.

* * * * *

At the _zoological_ garden was found nearly every animal _extant_, from a mouse to a _camelopard_.

* * * * *

The _rendezvous_ of the _topographical_ surveyors was at the camp of some hunters on a _knoll_ near the banks of a _cañon_.

* * * * *

The monk concealed his features with his _capoch_ and would have been _irrecognizable_ if his _discourse_ had not betrayed him.

* * * * *

The _étagère_ stands _cater-cornered_ in a _recess_ and contains many beautiful ornaments that his _predecessor_ _gathered_ within the last _decade_ of years; amongst which may be mentioned the heads of _Beethoven_, _Béranger_, _Goethe_, Percy _Bysshe_ Shelley, and many other celebrities, cut in _onyx_.

* * * * *

The _Caucasian_ races obtained their name on account of originating near Mount _Caucasus_.

* * * * *

The _mischievous_ children got _cayenne_ all over their _chaps_, by which they were sufficiently punished without any further _chastening_.

* * * * *

The _chivalric_ Don Quixote, having become a _monomaniac_ on the subject of _chivalry_, bestrode his _Rosinante_, and, attended by his squire, started out to perform _chivalrous_ deeds.

* * * * *

Lord C. has been absent since _February_, 1870; it is said that he has been traveling _incognito_, but it is certain that in Italy he has retained his _cognomen_. He is now at _Modena_ awaiting the recovery of his _Cicerone_, when he intends to visit _Genoa_ and _Milan_.

* * * * *

The _obesity_ of the _florid_-faced prebendary is observed to increase with his _prebend_.

* * * * *

I have heard much of the _gamins_ of _Gotham_, but I never realized what the _gallows_-deserving rascals were till I settled in New York City. I opened business as a _pharmaceutist_ on a corner that was a favorite _haunt_ of theirs. Such a crowd of _tatterdemalions_ as stood in front of my show-window the first day I made my display of _Parisian_ fancy goods, baffles description. One had the _hooping_ cough, and every now and then would hoop till the _perspiration_ rolled down his face; then he would shriek out the daily _newspapers_, in a voice like a _calliope_. One dirty-faced _gourmand_ ate _papaws_ till he had to _gape_ for breath, and would shoot the seeds and throw the skins at his _hundred_ comrades, half of them coming in my front door. Another, dressed in ragged _jean_, his face covered with _soot_, played the _jew's-harp_ hour after hour, with as much pride in his ability as _Paganini_ at his violin. Another, a tall, _jaundice_ visaged youth with an _embryo_ beard of about a dozen hairs, covered nearly to his heels with his great-grandfather's _surtout_, in the _lapel_ of which was pinned a death's-head, danced upon the iron cellar door till it roared like distant artillery.

Then there were many other "_partners_" bearing such _sobriquets_ as "Sore Snoot," "Pig Eye," "Limpy," etc., _improvising irrational_ songs, boxing, _wrestling_, indulging in _raillery_ and _ribald_ jests, pitching _quoits_, _meawing_ like cats, howling at my _patrons_ and driving reputable _patronage_ away. Every now and then they would send in little, _saucy_, _precocious_ urchins, who offered to _patronize_ me by asking for two cents' worth of _jujube_ paste, _tolu_ or _licorice_, or some _Samaritan_ _salve_ for Jim Biles' sore nose. At last, when the sun had reached the _horizon_, as a _finale_ of the day's _progress_, one of the young villains hurled a bowlder through my French plate-glass, which, after its flight through a lot of _citrate_ of magnesia, _cochineal_ and _quinine_, finally spilled a large bottle of red ink all over my new _pharmacopœia_. Springing over the _débris_, I rushed to the door with _implacable_ anger flashing from my eyes. But one glance at that _imperturbable_ crowd showed me how _impotent_ I was. One of them with _placid_ countenance and _stolid_ indifference simply accosted me with, "Say, Mister, are you going to see the '_Naiad_ Queen' to-night?"

I left that store in less than a _fortnight_.

* * * * *

The _comptroller_ was appointed by the _government_ upon the supposition that he was _conversant_ with the details of _finance_; but he was only a _mediocre financier_ and was not aware of the _deficit_ in the _finances_, until the conscience-stricken _defalcating_ officer acknowledged his _defalcation_.

* * * * *

The emigrants to the _frontier_ chose a beautiful spot for their settlement; but they found that the wells dug there and on the _contiguous prairies_ had a _saline_ taste; so they were obliged to bring water from the _mountainous_ region beyond, by means of a _conduit_.

* * * * *

From the _congeries_ presented to the professor, he, at his _leisure_, _isolated_ each genus and gave _generic_ names to each; and at the next meeting of the _lyceum_, he solicited attention to his _data_ and the _truths_ he had deduced.

* * * * *

The handsome _contour_ of _Madame_ G's face has been spoiled by an _excrescence_ like a _raspberry_ on her _nasal_ organ.

* * * * *

Young _Philemon_ after reading _Lalla Rookh_, _Lara_, Don _Juan_, The _Giaour_, the productions of Mrs. _Hemans_, and a few others, was seized with the determination to become a poet; but he has only succeeded in becoming a _poetaster_, without any ideas of _prosody_. More _metrical_ excellence and sense can be found in the _distich_:

"Mary, Mary, quite _contrary_,
How does your garden grow?"

than in any of the _products_ of his brain that he has given us. His brothers, _Eben_ and _Philander_, have become stage-struck, and expect to excel in the _Protean_ art. Their _guardian_, himself a great lover of _drama_, having foolish confidence in their success, grants them _plenary_ indulgence in all their whims. They are _habitués_ of the _theatre_, and have fitted up a _suite_ of apartments next to a _suit_ of rooms occupied by some stock actors, with whom they are bound in _indissoluble_ bonds of friendship. There they spend the day in practice, and if you should call at any hour, there is no telling what will present itself to you. Perhaps Macbeth with the _glamour_ of his eyes, viewing the imaginary _gouts_ of blood; or _Banquo_ with his gory locks; or some knight with his _cuirass_ on and his _visor_ down, plunging, without a _qualm_, his carmine-stained _poniard_ into the _jugular_ of some _patriot_. Possibly, Othello the _Moor_, King John with the _Magna Charta_, or a _legendary_ warrior of frightful _mien_ with his _falchion_ drawn, will admit you. Or you may see a _viscount_ with _falcon_, a _rampant_ villain, a _jocund_ host, or an _irate_, _splenetic_ old man with _spectacles_, pronouncing with _senile vehemence_ a curse upon some _fragile_ female in _negligee_ before him, who beseeches the aid of an _immobile statue_ in a _niche_ in the wall. You may get there in the nick of time to save Desdemona by an _exposé_ of _Iago_'so villainy, to rescue Pythias whom Damon holds by the _nape_ of the neck on the _threshold_ of eternity, or to restrain the _suicidal_ design of the _Montague_ by informing him that the fair Capulet is only under the influence of a _soporific_--not dead. You may arrive soon enough to arouse the womanhood in the _docile_ Kate, making her less _docible_, and talk woman's rights to _Petruchio_, making him more _lenient_.

And you will find the guardian of these promising youths, sitting there all day shouting _encore_ to their absurdities, and not _rational_ enough to see his _indiscretion_ in permitting their _frivolity_.

* * * * *

The _ennui_, recently complained of, was relieved by an invitation to a party given by the _Mesdames_ B., the same you met at the _conversazione_ of the church _guild_. The ladies received their guests with their usual _suavity_. Their niece, _Rosamond_, recently from _Madrid_, was the attraction of the evening; she wore an elegant _moire_ antique with a profusion of _valenciennes_; she had a beautiful set of jewelry--_opal_ and diamonds. It was marvelous how her _tiny_ hands flew over the _piano-forte_. She sings very sweetly too; her voice is a sort of _mezzo-soprano_. The _naïve_ Miss _Ursula_ was present, nearly smothered in black silk and _guipure_. She looks much prettier in _dishabille_. The little _piquant_ Miss _Irene_, with her _plaited_ hair, sang with a voice like a _paroquet_ her favorite, "_Tassels_ on the Boots." That disgusting young _Leopold_ was there, feeling as important as a _Rothschild_, making his _salams_, and _palavering sotto voce_ to all the girls, circulating his _monogram_ cards and sporting his paste pin with its dazzling _facets_. He thinks he cuts a wide _swath_.

Late in the evening those that were fond of _Terpsichorean_ amusement were ushered into a room where the _tapestry_ was covered and there spent several hours in _minuets_, waltzes, quadrilles, etc.

The topics of conversation amongst the more sensible during the evening were the object of the visit of the new _prelate_, and the recent speeches of _Disraeli_ and _Thiers_.

Madame B. caused a good deal of merriment by describing an improvement in her _cuisine_ that had been introduced that day. Bridget, a late importation from _Belfast_, who had charge of the _culinary_ department, was told to send for some _vermicelli_ to put in the soup, but she ordered _spermaceti_ instead.

* * * * *

There was an old superstition that when the _sacristan_ caused the bell in the _cupola_ to toll its _dolorous_ funeral notes, the _manes_ of former friends joined in the solemn _cortege_, and gathering around the grave moved their lips in inaudible _requiem_, and wrote in invisible letters upon the tomb, _omega_.

* * * * *

The great _desideratum_ in the successful argument of _disputable_ points, is the possession of an _equable_ temper.

* * * * *

_Alphonso_, while out hunting _partridges_, fell into a _slough_. Being clothed only in _nainsook_, he took a severe cold, which soon resulted in _febrile_ symptoms.

* * * * *

Dr. Mastiff's _posthumous monograph_ on "_Rabies_" will soon appear. The _frontispiece_ represents a group of dogs. Next to the _preface_ is a _memoir_ of the author. It was his own design to have "_Finis_" placed upon a cut of a tombstone. It almost seems that he had a _presentiment_ of his death.

* * * * *

_Suffice_ it to say that the dentist gave the patient enough letheon to produce unconsciousness, and then applied his _forceps_ to the offending tooth. Letheon, accented on the first syllable, and _lethean_ are derived from _Lethe_, the name of a river described in mythology, a draught from which caused forgetfulness.

* * * * *

_Sulphurous_ acid is _gaseous_, not liquid.

* * * * *

It is reported in the _Pall Mall_ Gazette that _Basil_ S., whom you met several years ago at _Leipsic_, is dead. He lived the life of a _roué_ for some years in Paris and London, and turned out to be a most _perfidious_ villain. In the latter city he committed many _heinous_ offenses and acts of _subtle_ knavery that were almost without _precedent_. He was engaged for a long time in the manufacture of _spurious_ money by a new _process_, in which dies were taken from _gutta-percha_ impressions. He had purchased the services of an experienced professor of _metallurgy_, and the _produce_ of their crime would have been immense, if some of his other crimes had not been betrayed. _Placards_, offering a large reward for his arrest, were posted all over the city. He fled to Venice where he was soon afterward drowned by falling from a _gondola_, thus cheating the _gibbet_ of its dues.

* * * * *

The foolish lover, _Ivan_, rendered desperate because his rival _Darius_ had gained the _precedence_ in _Marion's_ esteem, resolved to commit suicide and rushed _toward_ the _quay_ and plunged into the water. Some fishermen rescued him with their _seine_, poured some _potheen_ down his throat, and carried him home on a piece of _tarpaulin_. His _sousing_ cured him of his folly, but was a poor _guerdon_ for his faithfulness.

* * * * *

The _Saracens_, taking advantage of the _strategic_ point, made a sudden dash into the territory of the _usurper_; while a detachment _houghed_ the horses of the enemy's _cavalry_, the rest proceeded on a _predatory_ raid characterized by _rapine_ and terror, and after the _spoliation_ of the villages, and the burning of the _granaries_, returned to their own possessions.

* * * * *

_Lionel_, _prejudiced_ against the world on account of _onerous_ cares, concluded to make a _sacrifice_ of his wealth and position and become a _recluse_. His little _hovel_ on the _heather_, whitened with lime which he himself _slaked_, and the little flower garden _redolent_ of spring, present a strange contrast with his former mansion and magnificent grounds.

* * * * *

_Eva_ answered the _inquiry_ of the French gentleman, "Parlez-vous français?" with a "Oui;" but when she came to converse with him, he understood about as much of her _patois_ as he did of _Hindoostanee_.

* * * * *

There is a fabulous report that the _upas_ tree exhales a _subtile_ vapor that is fatal to animal life.

* * * * *

Since _Joshua_ has obtained his lucrative _sinecure_, he spends his time in riding about in his _phaeton_ and reading _romances_. He is _loth_ to acknowledge that he was ever a _plebeian_ and did all kinds of _servile_ work. He is confident that his _genealogy_, if known, would show that he was unto a _manor_ born, and that some _supposititious_ child robbed him of his rights.

* * * * *

The knight dropped his _wassail cup_ and sprang to the assistance of the ladies. "_Gramercy_," _quoth_ they, _simultaneously_.

* * * * *

The _veterinary_ physician said that the disease was _murrain_.

* * * * *

An _infinitesimal_ quantity of _yeast_ excited the fermentation.

* * * * *

_Augustine_ studied _microscopy_ just long enough to learn that a _monad_ is one of the simplest kind of minute _animalcules_; he then tried chemistry and _mineralogy_, but he could not master the _nomenclature_; he then took a fancy for _telegraphy_, but soon abandoned the idea of becoming a _telegraphist_. At last accounts, he apprenticed himself to a druggist, but was told to _vamos_ soon after making up a lot of _Seidlitz_ powders with oxalic instead of _tartaric_ acid.

* * * * *

_Artemas_ has applied for a _patent_ on an improved _turbine_ wheel.

* * * * *

Mr. B., recollecting the _precedent_ services of his servant, advanced him money enough to lift the _lien_ on his dwelling.

* * * * *

The _lithographer_ had only a poor _melanotype_ to copy from, but he succeeded in making an excellent print.

* * * * *

"Thou shalt destroy them that speak _leasing_," is found in the sixth verse of the fifth _psalm_.

* * * * *

At the examination in _orthoepy_, _Deborah_ had the following words given to her: _contumely_, _crinoline_, _feudal_, _fetid_, _fetor_, _gerund_, _gneiss_, _gyrfalcon_, _harem_, _Hawaiian_, _hygiene_, _lariat_, _leverage_, _nonillion_, _obligatory_, _platina_, _platinum_, _psalmody_, _psychical_, _purulent_, _pyrites_, _recherché_, _résumé_, _sacerdotal_, _sacrament_, _schism_, _shekel_, _stearine_ and _troches_.

* * * * *

The objective, me, is _often_ erroneously used instead of the _nominative_, I, in answer to the question--"Who is there?"

* * * * *

In the _dramatis personæ_ of "Midsummer Night's Dream," _Oberon_ and _Titania_, king and queen of the fairies, are introduced.

* * * * *

At the examination in geography, _Ada_ was required to draw a map of _Asia_, which would have been well done, if she had not drawn _Persia_, _Afghanistan_ and _Beloochistan_ nearly twice their proper size. She was then asked to give the location and length of the _Altai_ and _Vosges_ mountains, and the height of their principal peaks; a description of the _Aral_, _Adriatic_ and _Caribbean_ seas; the course and length of the _Amoor_ and _Yang tse-kiang_; and the location and population of _Valparaiso_ (_Chili_), _Bantam_, (_Java_), _Norwich_, (Eng.), _Pesth_, _Quebec_, _Valenciennes_, _Neufchatel_, _Nantes_ and _Aix-la-Chapelle_.

Her sister, _Frances_, was told to draw maps of _Buenos Ayres_ and _Otaheite_, and to bound _Venezuela_ and _Arkansas_; to give the length and direction of the _Araguay_, _Juniata_, _Kankakee_, _Barbados_ and _San Joaquin_; the location of Cape _Agulhas_; the situation and population of _Bingen_, _Calais_, _Canton_, _Acapulco_, _Chuquisaca_, _Delhi_, _Dubuque_, _Jeddo_, _Quereturo_, _Truxillo_, _Leicester_ and _Vevay_, and a description of _Sumatra_, _Zanzibar_, _Barbadoes_ and the _Antilles_.

* * * * *

_Sigismund_ has just returned from _Yosemite_ Valley.

* * * * *

_Cecily_, _Chloe_ and _Viola_ have just passed their examination in biography. The names presented to them were the following: _N. S. Adam_ (Fr.), _G. Adam_ (Ger.), _Beatrice Cenci_, _Blucher_, _Boccaccio_, _Anne Boleyn_, _Marco Bozzaris_, _Joseph Buonaparte_, _D'Aubigné_, _Daubigny_, _Drouyn de Lhuys_, _Juarez_, _Lavater_, _Marat_, _Marion_, _Catherine de Medici_, _Moultrie_, _Ovid_, _Pliny_, _Ponce de Leon_ and _Richelieu_.

VIOLATED RULES OF GRAMMAR.

Many, who claim to be good grammarians, are occasionally guilty of the violation of certain important rules. Attention is solicited to a few of the more common errors of this nature.

NUMBER.

Certain compounds change the form of the first word in pluralizing, as: _court-martial_, _brother-in-law_, _sister-in-law_. Plural, _courts-martial_, _brothers-in-law_, etc. "John has three brother-in-laws," then, is incorrect.

But _tea-spoonful_, _table-spoonful_, _cupful_, _pocketful_, etc., are not considered such compounds; therefore, "two tea-spoonsful of medicine" and "two-cupsful of flour," should be, "two tea-spoonfuls of medicine," and "two cupfuls of flour."

When name and title are given, with a numeral adjective prefixed, the _name_ is pluralized. "Are the two Misses Wilson at home?" should be, "Are the two Miss Wilsons at home?" But when the numeral is omitted the _title_ must be pluralized. "Were the Dr. Browns there?" should be, "Were the Drs. Brown there?" The rule has been given that the _name_ only of married ladies is pluralized, but there appears to be no reason except that of euphony: the _Mrs. Clarks_ certainly sounds more agreeably than the _Mistresses Clark_. In giving the plural of such titles as: _Hon._, _Rev._, _Squire_ and _Capt._, euphony is also often considered; but in such cases it would doubtless be better to add the numeral, as: the _three Hon. Jacksons_.

EACH OTHER--ONE ANOTHER.

_Each other_ applies to two; _one another_ to more than two. "The three witnesses contradicted each other," and "the two men accused one another," are incorrect.

NEITHER, NOT--NOR.

_Neither_ and _not_ are followed by _nor_, not _or_. "Neither James or Charles will come," and "it is not white or black," are incorrect.

TO BE, UNITING WORDS.

Words united by _to be_, referring to the same person, must be of the same case.

"It is me," "It may have been him," "It could not be her," and "It was not them," are not correct: _it_, in each of the sentences, is _nominative_ and the other pronouns should be _I_, _he_, _she_ and _they_. "I took it to be he," and "I understood it to be they," are also wrong; for _it_ is objective in both instances, and the following pronouns should be _him_ and _them_.

THAN, AS.

_Than_ and _as_ implying comparison, have the same case after as before. "He loses more than me," "John knows more than him" and "James is not so tall as her," should be, "He loses more than I" (lose), "John knows more than he" (knows) and "James is not so tall as she" (is tall).

WHO.

Errors connected with the use of this word are very common, even amongst good speakers.

"Who did you see?" "Who do you know?" and "Who did you hear?" are wrong: _whom_ should be used, for it is the object of the transitive verbs, _see_, _know_ and _hear_. _Who_ in such sentences as: "Who are you looking at?" and "Who are you writing to?" should likewise be changed into _whom_, for it is the _object_ of the prepositions _at_ and _to_.

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.

Adjectives are often erroneously used for adverbs in sentences like the following: "This is an uncommon good portrait," "It is a miserable poor painting. "_Uncommonly good_ and _miserably poor_ are right.

Adverbs are still more commonly used for adjectives. "Mary looked _beautifully_ at the party," and "Janauschek looked _majestically_ on the stage," are incorrect, for it is intended to describe the appearance of Mary and Janauschek, not their manner of looking; therefore the adjectives _beautiful_ and _majestic_ should be used.

When _two_ objects are compared, the _comparative_ degree should be used. "William is the heaviest of the two," and "Which is the most desirable--health or wealth?" ought to be, "William is the heavier of the two," and "Which is the more desirable--health or wealth?"

THESE, THOSE.

The plural demonstratives _these_ and _those_ are often erroneously used with singular nouns, as: "I don't like these kind of people," and "Those sort of things are very embarrassing." _Kind_ and _sort_ are singular and should have _this_ and _that_.

INTO.

_Into_, not _in_, is used to show the relation between verbs expressing motion, entrance, change of state, etc., and an objective case, as: "Come into the house," "Step into the carriage," and "Look into the room."

[Transcriber's Note:

* Text enclosed between equal signs was in bold face in the original (=bold=).

* Added punctuation as needed to preserve the author's and publisher's intent.

* Addition to the pronunciation guide:

Small capital "D" indicates a sound similar to "th" (this).
Small capital "G" and "K" indicates the sound of the German "ch".
Small capital "H" resembles a guttural and strongly-aspirated "h".
Small capital "R" resembles the sound of "rr" (terror).
Small capital "U" indicates the sound of the French "eu", and
resembles the sound of the German "ö".
The sound for the small capitals "TH" is unknown.

* Page 17 Corrected spelling of "spellling" to "spelling" in "Worcestor's spellling is".

* Page 29 Corrected spelling of "lenghten" to "lengthen" in "also, in lengthy, lenghten".]

End of Project Gutenberg's Every-Day Errors of Speech, by L. P. Meredith