Chapter XVII: Appendix: D

I.--Properties and Dresses used for the Coventry Smiths' Pageant of the Trial, Condemnation, and Crucifixion of Christ between the Years 1449 and 1585

The Cross with a Rope to draw it up, and a Curtain hanging before it. Gilding for the Pillar and the Cross. 2 Pair of Gallows. 4 Scourges and a Pillar. Scaffold. Fanes to the Pageant. Mending of Imagery occurs 1469. A Standard of red Buckram. Two red Pensiles of Cloth painted, and silk Fringe. Iron to hold up the Streamer.

4 Gowns and 4 Hoods for the Tormentors.--(These are afterwards described as Jackets of black buckram with nails and dice upon them.) Other 4 gowns with damask flowers; also 2 Jackets party red and black.

2 Mitres (for Cayphas and Annas). A Rochet for one of the Bishops. God's Coat of white leather, 6 skins. A Staff for the Demon. 2 Spears. Gloves (12 pair at once). Herod's Crest of Iron. Scarlet Hoods and a Tabard. Hats and Caps. Cheverel [Peruke] for God. 3 Cheverels and a Beard. 2 Cheverels gilt for Jesus and Peter. Faulchion for Herod. Scarlet Gown. Maces.

II.--The Chester "Bannes" or Bans

Reverende lordes and ladyes all, That at this time here assembled bee, By this messuage understande you shall, That sometymes there was mayor of this citie, Sir John Arnway, Knyghte, who most worthilye Contented himselfe to set out an playe The devise of one Done Randali, moonke of Chester Abbey.

"This moonke, moonke-like, in scriptures well seene, In storyes travelled with the best sorte; In pagentes set fourth, apparently to all eyne, The Olde and Newe Testament with livelye comforte; Intermynglinge therewith, onely to make sporte, Some things not warranted by any writt, Which to gladd the hearers he woulde men to take yt.

"This matter he abrevited into playes twenty-foure, And every playe of the matter gave but a taste, Leavinge for better learninges circumstances to accomplishe, For his proceedinges maye appeare to be in haste: Yet all together unprofitable his labour he did not waste, For at this daye, and ever, he deserveth the fame Which all moonkes deserve professinge that name.

* * * * *

"This worthy Knyghte Arnway, then mayor of this citie, This order toke, as declare to you I shall, That by twenty-fower occupations, artes, craftes, or misteries, These pagentes shoulde be played affter breeffe rehearsall; For every pagente a cariage to be provyded withall, In which sorte we purpose this Whitsontyde, Our pagentes into three partes to devyde.

"Now you worshippful Tanners that of custume olde The fall of Lucifer did set out, Some writers awarrante your matter, therefore be boulde Lustelye to playe the same to all the rowtte; And yf any thereof stand in any doubte, Your author his author hath, your shewe let bee, Good speech, fyne players, with apparill comelye.

"The good symple water-leaders and drawers of deey, See that your Arke in all poyntes be prepared; Of Noy and his children the wholl storye, And of the universall floude, by you shalbe played.

"The Sacrifice that faithfull Abraham of his sonne should make, You barbers and waxe-chaundlers of Aunciente tyme, In the fourth pageante with paines you doe take, In decente sorte set out--the storie is ffine-- The offeringe of Melchesedecke of breade and wine, And the presentacion therof set in your playe, Suffer you not in any poynte the story to decaye.

III.--Cornish Miracle Plays

[_From Norris's "Ancient Cornish Drama"_]

We have no notice of the performance of the Cornish plays earlier than that of Richard Carew, whose survey of Cornwall was first printed in 1602. In his time they even played in regular amphitheatres, and the account he gives is well worth extracting, as it affords a vivid picture by one who was in all probability an eye-witness, nearly three centuries ago. "The quasy miracle, in English, a miracle play, is a kinde of interlude, compiled in Cornish out of some Scripture history, with that grossenes which accompanied the Romanes _vetus Comedia_. For representing it, they raise an earthen amphitheatre in some open field, having the Diameter of his enclosed playne some 40 or 50 foot. The Country people flock from all sides, many miles off to hear and see it; for they have therein devils and devices, to delight as well the eye as the eare; the players conne not their parts without booke, but are prompted by one called the Ordinary, who followeth at their back with the booke in his hand, and telleth them softly what they must pronounce aloud."

Writing a century and a half later than Carew, Dr. Borlase describes the amphitheatres in which these Cornish plays were given; more particularly one in the parish of St. Just near the Land's End. This _round_ as it was popularly called, was "an exact circle of 126 feet in diameter; the perpendicular height of the bank, from the area within, now seven feet; but the height from the bottom of the ditch without, ten feet at present, formerly more. The seats consist of six steps, fourteen inches wide, and one foot high, with one on the top of all, when the rampart is about seven feet wide." Another round or amphitheatre was described by Dr. Borlase as a perfectly level area 130 feet across, and surrounded by an earthen mound eight feet high.

In such magnificent surroundings of open-air, picturesque country, sea, and sky, were these curious plays given to instruct and edify a multitude drawn at large from the country-side, which often must remain camped for two or three days in the neighbourhood to see the performances out.

IV.--From "The Cornish Drama," by Henry Jenner

(_Celtic Review_, April 1907)

"The trilogy known as the _Ordinalia_ consists of:--(_a_) _Origo Mundi_, which begins with the Creation of the World, ... and ends with the building of Solomon's Temple; (_b_) _Passio Domini_, which represents the Temptation of Christ and the events from the Entry into Jerusalem to the Entombment; (_c_) _Resurrectio Domini_, which gives the story of the Harrowing of Hell, ... the Resurrection, and the events between the Resurrection and the Ascension with which it ends. Interpolated in the middle is the Legend of St. Veronica, and Tiberius, and the Death of Pilate. Running through all three is the old legend of the Origin of the Wood of the Cross." (Our two Mysteries are from "_C_").

V.--Contemporary Account of Sir David Lindsay's "Satire of the Three Estates"

(_From a Letter Written by Sir Wm. Eure, 26th Jan. 1540_)

"In the feast of Ephipane at Lightgowe, before the king, queene, and the whole counsaile, spirituall and temporall.--In the firste entres come in Solace (whose parte was but to make mery, sing ballets with his fellowes, and drink at the interluydes of the play), whoe showed firste to all the audience the play to be played. Next come in a king, who passed to his throne, having nae speche to thende of the play, and then to ratify and approve, as in Parliament, all things done by the rest of the players, which represented The Three Estates. With him came his cortiers, Placebo, Picthank, and Flatterye, and sic alike gard: one swering he was the lustiest, starkeste, best proportionit, and most valeyant man that ever was; and ane other swore he was the beste with long-bowe, crosse-bowe, and culverin, and so fourth. Thairafter there come a man armed in harness, with a swerde drawn in his hande, a Bushop, a Burgesman, and Experience, clede like a Doctor; who set them all down on the deis under the King. After them come a Poor Man, who did go up and down the scaffolde, making a hevie complainte that he was hereyet, throw the courtiers taking his fewe in one place, and his tackes in another; wherthrough he had sceyled his house, his wyfe and childrene beggyng thair brede, and so of many thousands in Scotland; saying thair was no remedy to be gotten, as he was neither acquainted with controller nor treasurer. And then he looked to the King, and said he was not king in Scotland, fore there was ane other king in Scotland that hanged Johne Armstrang, with his fellowes, Sym the Laird, and mony other mae; but he had lefte ane thing undone. Then he made a long narracione of the oppression of the poor, by the taking of the corse-presaunte beists, and of the herrying of poor men by the consistorye lawe, and of many other abusions of the Spiritualitie and Church. Then the Bushop raise and rebuked him. Then the Man of Armes alledged the contraire, and commanded the poor man to go on. The poor man proceeds with a long list of the bushop's evil practices, the vices of cloisters, etc. This proved by Experience, who, from a New Testament, shows the office of a bushop. The Man of Armes and the Burges approve of all that was said against the clergy, and alledge the expediency of a reform, with the consent of Parliament. The Bushop dissents. The Man of Armes and the Burges said they were two, and he but one, wherefore their voice should have most effect. Thereafter the King, in the play, ratified, approved, and confirmed all that was rehearsed."

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _rade_, quickly.

[2] sew, _i.e._ stitch on the planks together.

[3] "Bow"--the arched frame on which the ship is built.

[4] tents

[5] _Extracts from the Municipal Records of York_, 1843, and _Walks through the City of York_.

[6] See Appendix C. for the "Chester Banns."

[7] is impaired.

[8] know.

[9] mediator.

[10] been gotten, been born.

[11] God.

[12] born.

[13] blame.

[14] If you go by me.

[15] with.

[16] season.

[17] speed in help of all.

[18] foe.

[19] cease.

[20] slime, or pitch.

[21] take.

[22] hinder, stop.

[23] vex.

[24] prepared.

[25] slime, mud.

[26] prepare.

[27] tide.

[28] nonsense.

[29] advice.

[30] noise.

[31] immediately.

[32] stop.

[33] ready.

[34] settled.

[35] comfortable.

[36] go.

[37] Business, occupation.

[38] And being conquered she deals a slap.

[39] fidelity.

[40] kind.

[41] faith.

[42] haste.

[43] prepare.

[44] steer.

[45] ready.

[46] Thee now must I have in mind.

[47] promise.

[48] cease.

[49] leave.

[50] covenant.

[51] anger.

[52] in haste.

[53] hindering.

[54] fail.

[55] might.

[56] without suspicion.

[57] beseech.

[58] precious stones.

[59] might.

[60] verily.

[61] leasing.

[62] bequest: "Maundy" really meant "command."

[63] faith.

[64] might.

[65] nurseling, foster-child.

[66] lament.

[67] count.

[68] fore-buy (pre-purchase with his blood).

[69] faith.

[70] verily.

[71] truly.

[72] household.

[73] be slack, or slow.

[74] "middle-yard,"--farm-yard: _i.e._ instead of all creatures from the farm-yard.

[75] hesitate.

[76] obedient.

[77] deny.

[78] reward.

[79] afraid.

[80] kerchief.

[81] hesitate, delay.

[82] in good faith.

[83] promised I.

[84] debonair.

[85] find, find means.

[86] numb of hand.

[87] fast tied (to a lord, as a public-house to a brewer).

[88] husbandmen.

[89] a painted sleeve.

[90] bragging.

[91] peacock.

[92] forego.

[93] Benedicite.

[94] spiteful.

[95] we silly wedded men endure much woe.

[96] placed, bestead.

[97] is riven asunder.

[98] briar.

[99] tarrying.

[100] slithers, slides away.

[101] more and more.

[102] You are two who wit, or know, all.

[103] field.

[104] hind.

[105] till such time as we have made it.

[106] stint our wages.

[107] argue.

[108] a light bargain yields badly.

[109] went.

[110] to make mirth among us.

[111] stars.

[112] "harnes" in original, which may mean "harness."

[113] such (of such).

[114] I.

[115] be thwacked, or flogged.

[116] eye.

[117] jest.

[118] rumour (ill repute).

[119] hot.

[120] needle--not a little bit.

[121] brood, children.

[122] plaything.

[123] worse.

[124] early waked, or perhaps, wearied by watching.

[125] over-walked.

[126] at once.

[127] Into thy hands I commend (them), Pontius Pilate.

[128] few.

[129] learn.

[130] chare,--job, as in charwoman.

[131] wicket.

[132] toil.

[133] flayed.

[134] The devil of them give warning.

[135] jest.

[136] advisest, sayest so?

[137] company.

[138] Benedicite.

[139] mad

[140] dream.

[141] sloth(?)

[142] bellies.

[143] brains.

[144] prosper.

[145] where.

[146] waning moon.

[147] comes.

[148] lie.

[149] plays.

[150] thereto.

[151] Help! or Halloo!

[152] lost.

[153] God forbid.

[154] Horbery Shrubberies, near Wakefield.

[155] die.

[156] advise.

[157] call.

[158] "take on," make game.

[159] breathe.

[160] nose (?) The "so he" is meant for a she.

[161] enow, enough.

[162] went.

[163] went, were grazing.

[164] bothers us, makes us suspect.

[165] suspicion.

[166] swelter.

[167] fared.

[168] been in labour.

[169] confound it.

[170] soft.

[171] empty.

[172] a boy.

[173] a lie.

[174] faith.

[175] hubbub.

[176] done.

[177] day-star.

[178] gem, something prankt out, or shown off, like a false gem.

[179] scold

[180] hight, be called.

[181] say

[182] bewitched

[183] be avenged, wreak vengeance.

[184] _i.e._ for a changeling.

[185] curse nor flout.

[186] chide.

[187] vex about it.

[188] gracious.

[189] lost.

[190] destroy.

[191] free, or divine, One.

[192] voice.

[193] name, relate.

[194] lightning.

[195] star.

[196] three short notes to a long one.

[197] shouted it out.

[198] take.

[199] delay.

[200] can mind.

[201] eager.

[202] unlearn'd, rude.

[203] happiness.

[204] demon, evil one.

[205] worker of evil. The "he" in the next line refers to the Holy Babe again.

[206] pate, little tiny-pate

[207] day-star.

[208] hand.

[209] set all alight; gave light to all.

[210] could he (_i.e._ the babe) tell, name.

[211] weened; _i.e._ laughed as if he knew all about it.

[212] found.

[213] bound.

[214] Let us sing it aloft, or aloud!

[215] "Behold, a Virgin shall conceive!"

[216] glad.

[217] for ever and ever.

[218] deceits, darknesses.

[219] commit.

[220] physician, healer.

[221] ruined.

[222] equal or like.

[223] messenger.

[224] eyes.

[225] wend, journey.

[226] stay.

[227] hill.

[228] gust.

[229] wold.

[230] noble.

[231] win.

[232] News, news!

[233] marvels.

[234] descent, lineage.

[235] give advice.

[236] boldly, openly.

[237] to.

[238] "The devil run away with you!" The whole of this Herald's speech is in corrupt French, of which only the last speech, evidently a comic "aside," is retained.

[239] He that reigns, King in Judea and Israel.

[240] strokes, loud blows.

[241] tribute.

[242] message.

[243] await.

[244] (?) and gentle or noble.

[245] prepared.

[246] undo.

[247] prepared, ready.

[248] All in company.

[249] mien, face.

[250] trouble, or from "haro," help.

[251] travel.

[252] childbed, or lying-in chamber.

[253] company.

[254] go free.

[255] summons.

[256] childbed.

[257] raiment.

[258] fire.

[259] mad.

[260] wild countryman.

[261] rede, advice.

[262] fame.

[263] reward.

[264] order.

[265] take.

[266] slay.

[267] deceiver.

[268] mad.

[269] say against it, deny it.

[270] have been.

[271] slay.

[272] explore.

[273] at once.

[274] know.

[275] vex.

[276] destroyed.

[277] heed.

[278] boaster.

[279] wisdom.

[280] evil.

[281] vanquish.

[282] advise.

[283] death.

[284] idolatry.

[285] meddle.

[286] destroyed.

[287] a-deal.

[288] saddle.

[289] _i.e._ Be not afraid to fall.

[290] left unsaid.

[291] prepared.

[292] burst.

[293] burst.

[294] hands.

[295] each sinew from sinew.

[296] so may you thrive.

[297] Good Lord!

[298] there.

[299] smith.

[300] hammer.

[301] part.

[302] hands.

[303] mortice (the hole cut in the ground-piece).

[304] pleasantly.

[305] buffeted.

[306] strength.

[307] mood.

[308] hands.

[309] cast up.

[310] guiltless.

[311] slay.

[312] shew.

[313] repose.

[314] requitest.

[315] lose.

[316] labour.

[317] in wont.

[318] despoiled, destroyed.

[319] thinks, knows.

[320] _i.e._ Does he think we care how he suffers?

[321] burst.

[322] the grief I bear.

[323] face, visage.

[324] garments, aspect.

[325] nurseling, fed child.

[326] hold, rest.

[327] how should I stand still in my place.

[328] blue.

[329] nails.

[330] companion.

[331] treasure.

[332] liking.

[333] blue.

[334] more.

[335] perish.

[336] bear.

[337] good, gain.

[338] hard, dearly.

[339] flesh.

[340] faded.

[341] doubt.

[342] more.

[343] fair, the opposite of uncouth.

[344] Methinks.

[345] followers.

[346] weep.

[347] He will beat down our fall or evil, as he promised.

[348] promised.

[349] without counsel.

[350] torn.

[351] in wont, habitually.

[352] burst for no grief.

[353] cease.

[354] grief.

[355] stay.

[356] noble babe.

[357] clothed.

[358] high.

[359] more.

[360] against wrong.

[361] go.

[362] face, complexion.

[363] surely.

[364] blame.

[365] die.

[366] few.

[367] weep.

[368] promised.

[369] beat down our bale, or evil.

[370] promised.

[371] place.

[372] believe thy word.

[373] pricks.

[374] dole, or grief thou endurest.

[375] cast about, cousin, in thy thought.

[376] swinged with whips.

[377] cease.

[378] reed.

[379] offer.

[380] trouble.

[381] at all costs.

[382] pretended great prophecies.

[383] quickly.

[384] unless he can shew still further craft, or art.

[385] all ways, quite.

[386] Saying, as in a wise saw.

[387] draw lots.

[388] beguiled.

[389] scroll.

[390] am bewildered.

[391] What meddle ye with?

[392] What I wrote is written.

[393] fellow.

[394] ill fall the day.

[395] quickly.

[396] bear.

[397] insults, miscallings.

[398] knowing, willing.

[399] grave.

[400] host of men, company.

[401] hands.

[402] harm.

[403] have compassion.

[404] compelled.

[405] torment.

[406] counsel.

[407] were gone.

[408] put in grave.

[409] in reason.

[410] draw.

[411] wound in his shroud.

[412] caused them to make.

[413] Easter.

[414] father.

[415] Adam's miss, or fall.

[416] Sooth to say to thee.

[417] rescue.

[418] fiend.

[419] betraying.

[420] earthly food--the apple.

[421] stead, state.

[422] make.

[423] stayed, kept.

[424] sure.

[425] slake thirst, lessen (or as in "slack a fire").

[426] gentle, gracious.

[427] linger.

[428] cease, leave.

[429] And all sing, _Salvator Mundi, 1st ver._

[430] kenn'd, knew.

[431] walking.

[432] on earth.

[433] wonders many.

[434] deigneth, dignity.

[435] fondled.

[436] leal, true.

[437] lasting life.

[438] hal, salvation.

[439] list I, care I, to live.

[440] live in man, man's form.

[441] declared.

[442] flumen,--flood, river.

[443] The Father's voice was made like a man's.

[444] our cares to cool, cure, allay.

[445] Elias.

[446] earth.

[447] confidently.

[448] against.

[449] din, noise.

[450] to swell.

[451] my wit waxes thin.

[452] these souls men from us twine, divide.

[453] harrow--hullaballoo.

[454] hearest.

[455] louts.

[456] mixture.

[457] amongst.

[458] sparrian, to shut, to bar; sparian, preserve.

[459] Ashtaroth.

[460] Baal, Beryth and Belial.

[461] makes.

[462] lovely of face.

[463] Lift your heads, oh ye gates, and be ye lift up, ye everlasting doors, and the King of Glory shall come in.

[464] help.

[465] nigh.

[466] hideously.

[467] bolt the gates.

[468] prosper.

[469] watch.

[470] wretch.

[471] dwell.

[472] go his way.

[473] sturdy in every fight.

[474] hearest thou?

[475] are in thrall.

[476] God-in-man.

[477] the devil harry you all.

[478] ails thee to shout so?

[479] thy brain, I burst not out.

[480] shut the gates.

[481] betrays.

[482] wend, go.

[483] or we'll know it.

[484] destroy.

[485] traitors.

[486] danger.

[487] tricks.

[488] his.

[489] gauds, showy deeds.

[490] from our bale, destruction.

[491] hateful.

[492] agreement, or forward precaution, foreword, prearrange.

[493] his hire, reward.

[494] to dwell here still.

[495] since we hear thee say.

[496] know.

[497] taken in charge.

[498] frustrate.

[499] rive, take away.

[500] be nought abased.

[501] bound.

[502] truss up, entangle ("take in the toils").

[503] ding, knock.

[504] see p. 153.

[505] help.

[506] see in the psalter.

[507] I always said.

[508] "be naame," a technical term for seizure of another's goods.

[509] make wreck of your works.

[510] advise.

[511] meddle.

[512] gates.

[513] ween.

[514] twine, part asunder.

[515] stead, place.

[516] closed, fast shut.

[517] help.

[518] bailey, outer gate.

[519] how am I woeful.

[520] worse.

[521] crook.

[522] ready.

[523] masteries.

[524] knock, strike, beset.

[525] Make him.

[526] stratagem, treachery.

[527] more, or stronger.

[528] traitor.

[529] afraid.

[530] my gear, weapons, be ready.

[531] gad-about, vagrant.

[532] Bel ami, fair friend.

[533] noise, hubbub.

[534] pain, afflict.

[535] profit.

[536] ward, keeping.

[537] aye syne, ever since.

[538] go nigh.

[539] ordained heretofore.

[540] to get his meat, earn his bread.

[541] I mind, remember.

[542] mickle, much.

[543] lives.

[544] cease.

[545] prophecy.

[546] For no chattles need you crave (lack), or ask.

[547] simple.

[548] hearty.

[549] amazed.

[550] rave.

[551] manifest, made known.

[552] to thee, nor none of thine.

[553] errest.

[554] ready.

[555] hire, reward.

[556] taught.

[557] workest.

[558] know.

[559] win, save (my men from woe).

[560] concerns, things of note.

[561] damned souls.

[562] true prophets' tale.

[563] bale, destruction.

[564] quote, or read, the laws.

[565] convinced ere we part.

[566] saws, proverbs.

[567] din, noise.

[568] neither friend nor foe shall find release in hell.

[569] sorrows sore shall never cease.

[570] noble.

[571] wend, go.

[572] take them all from me.

[573] methinks.

[574] bethink.

[575] dwell in woe.

[576] to a stake.

[577] moanest.

[578] with measure and malice (malice aforethought) to meddle.

[579] Cain.

[580] Dathan and Abiram, and all of their.

[581] each one.

[582] learn.

[583] henceforth.

[584] my coming known.

[585] by row, line by line, all in order.

[586] doom.

[587] judge them worse.

[588] profit.

[589] teach them not to permit.

[590] follow mine (my laws).

[591] turn them to it, I trow.

[592] and make them grow well aware.

[593] fast-bound.

[594] fly not far.

[595] Bel ami (fair friend), thou shalt be smitten down.

[596] grief.

[597] So said I e'er,--always.

[598] sins.

[599] mickle, great of might.

[600] companion.

[601] torments.

[602] taste.

[603] master.

[604] in fear.

[605] since before thee.

[606] bode-word; (foreboding, forewarning).

[607] "Thou didst not leave, oh Lord, my soul in hell!"

[608] Whither the damned shall go.

[609] live in woe.

[610] flee, escape.

[611] venomous.

[612] committed.

[613] overwhelm.

[614] blister.

[615] Joshua.

[616] benevolent.

[617] flowing milk and honey.

[618] Phineas.

[619] Joshua.

[620] trespass.

[621] inhabitants of Jerusalem.

[622] Joash.

[623] leprosy.

[624] immediately.

[625] Zephaniah

[626] Mordecai.

[627] Because I am a youth.

[628] asks.

[629] Corinthians.

[630] Esaias.

[631] Though this is called the _Ludus Coventriæ_, there is no evidence that the cycle ever was played at Coventry, or that at any time more than ten pageants were produced there by the town guilds. The Coventry Nativity Play that we print (from the text of Robert Croo, 1534) is one of the ten. It was played by the "Company of Shearmen and Tailors."