Chapter XII: Appendix: On Bishop Berkeley's Idealism

When one asserts that a writer is wrong in one of the arguments which he uses, it is well to begin by making sure that he really does use the argument in question. For this purpose it is useful to quote the passages in which the writer uses the argument, and such passages, for my own satisfaction, I will speedily cite from Bishop Berkeley. But first, in order that the reader may know that the interpretation which I put on these extracts is not one peculiar to myself, but is in harmony with the general tenor of Berkeley's metaphysical writings, I will quote from Professor Fraser, who, in his preface to the _Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous_, states Berkeley's argument to be as follows: "As the common reason of men, tested by their actions, demands the _permanence_ of sensible things, even though they are not permanently present to the senses of any one embodied mind, it follows that the very existence of the things of sense (apart from any 'marks of design' in their collocations) implies the permanent existence of Supreme Mind, by whom all real objects are perpetually conceived, and in whom their orderly appearances, disappearances, and reappearances in finite minds may be said to exist potentially."

And now for Berkeley's own words, (1) In the _Second Dialogue between Hylas and Philonous_ (p. 304 of Professor Fraser's edition), he says, "To me it is evident that sensible things cannot exist otherwise than in a mind or spirit. Whence I conclude, not that they have no real existence, but that, seeing they depend not on my thought, and have an existence distinct from being perceived by me, _there must be some other mind wherein they exist_. As sure, therefore, as the sensible world really exists, so sure is there an infinite omnipresent Spirit, who contains and supports it."

(2) In the _Third Dialogue_ (p. 325 of Professor Fraser's edition) we have: "_Hyl._ Supposing you were annihilated, cannot you conceive it possible that things perceivable by sense may still exist?--_Phil._ I can; but then it must be in another mind. When I deny sensible things an existence out of the mind, I do not mean my mind in particular, but all minds. Now, it is plain they have an existence exterior to my mind; since I find them by experience to be independent of it. There is therefore some other mind wherein they exist, during the intervals between the times of my perceiving them: as likewise they did before my birth, and would do after my supposed annihilation. And, as the same is true with regard to all other finite created spirits, it necessarily follows there is an _omnipresent Eternal Mind_, which knows and comprehends all things, and exhibits them to our view."

(3) The independent, real existence of things is affirmed with emphasis in the _Second Dialogue_ (_ibid._, p. 307): "It is evident that the things I perceive are my own ideas, and that no idea can exist unless it be in a mind. Nor is it less plain that these ideas or things by me perceived, either themselves or their archetypes, exist independently of my mind; since I know myself not to be their author, it being out of my power to determine at pleasure what particular ideas I shall be affected with upon opening my eyes or ears. They must therefore exist in some other mind, whose will it is they should be exhibited to me. The things, I say, immediately perceived are ideas or sensations, call them which you will. But how can any idea or sensation exist in, or be produced by, anything but a mind or spirit?"

(4) Finally, in _The Principles of Human Knowledge_, § 90, in explaining the two senses of "external": "The things perceived by sense may be termed _external_, with regard to their origin--in that they are not generated from within by the mind itself, but imprinted by a Spirit distinct from that which perceives them. Sensible objects may likewise be said to be 'without the mind' in another sense, namely when they exist in some other mind; thus when I shut my eyes, the things I saw may still exist, but it must be in another mind."

Berkeley's argument in brief, therefore, is that we believe things to be permanent, and must therefore believe in a permanent, Divine mind in which they may exist. The question which I wish to raise is as to this permanence of things; for, if things are not permanent, they cannot testify to the permanence of the Divine mind. I will begin my questionings with the concluding words of the last-quoted passage: "when I shut my eyes, the things I saw may still exist, but it must be in another mind." The expression "the things I saw" would seem to be ambiguous. Are the things I saw the sensations of sight which I had, or are they something different? If they are my sensations, they certainly do not exist when my eyes are closed--things are not permanent. If the things I see are something different from my sensations of sight, then the common-sense Realist would seem to be right, and Berkeley's Idealism must be given up. Let us examine each alternative.

It looks, at first, as though Berkeley himself would say that the things I saw are identical with my sensations of sight: in the third passage quoted above he says, "the things I perceive are my own ideas ... the things, I say, immediately perceived are ideas or sensations, call them which you will." Let us, therefore, see the consequences of adhering strictly to this interpretation of the ambiguous phrase. It will follow in the first place that, unless I can see with my eyes shut, the things I see are not permanent, but do cease to exist when I close my eyes. Next, my sensations cannot exist in somebody else's mind--the fact that you can see the object when your eyes are open does not enable me to see it with my eyes closed. On the other hand, of course, it does not follow that because my eyes are closed nobody else can see anything--only, this does not make my sensations permanent, or prove that they can exist in someone else's mind. In fine, if "the things I saw" are the sensations of sight that I had, then Berkeley's argument from the permanent existence of "things" to their existence in a permanent mind breaks down doubly; for, first, my sensations plainly are not permanent; and, second, my sensations cannot exist in another mind, permanent or otherwise.

At this point it is necessary to note that "existence" has been used in this connection in a double sense: actual existence has been distinguished from potential. It is on this distinction that Mill bases his definition of matter as "the permanent possibility of sensation"; but the distinction is derived from Berkeley, who has, as usual, given the most lucid explanation. In his _MS. Common Place Book_ (quoted in Fraser, i. 325, n. 9), Berkeley says, "Bodies, taken for powers, do exist when not perceived; but this existence is not actual. When I say a _power_ exists, no more is meant than that _if_, in the light, I open my eyes, and look that way, I shall see the body." Thus far Mill will go with Berkeley; and thus far both are open to the reproach of not giving a plain answer to a plain question. The plain question of common sense to the Idealist is: Do things exist when unperceived? Does the furniture of my room exist when nobody is in the room to perceive it? To which the Idealist replies that if I go into the room I shall see the furniture--which is perfectly true, but is no answer to the question. There is, indeed, no particular reason why Mill should not plainly answer "No," if it were not for fear of giving a shock to the man of common sense who cannot readily comprehend how it is that the coal in his grate has come to be consumed if the process of combustion has been suspended in his absence. But with Berkeley the case is different: for him the permanence of things and the common-sense belief in that permanence have a value as furnishing an additional argument in favour of a Supreme Mind. But he too evades rather than meets the plain question of the plain man: "Do things exist when no one is conscious of them?" His reply is, "Yes, for the Divine Mind is conscious of them"--which again is true, but is not an answer to the question.

However, the point of immediate interest for our present purpose is to ascertain whether the conception of "potential" existence can lend to things that permanence which according to Berkeley necessitates the assumption of a permanent mind. Now, by the potential existence of a body or thing no more is meant than that _if_ I open my eyes and look in the right direction, I shall see the thing; and the things I see are my sensations, ideas, call them what you will. But that I can see with my eyes shut is beyond possibility of proof--it certainly is not proved by the fact that I can see with my eyes open; and neither is it proved by the fact that other people see things when my eyes are closed. In fine, if the things I see are my sensations, then things cannot have a permanent existence; and no inference as to the permanence of the Divine Mind can be drawn.

We are driven, therefore, to suppose that the things I see are different, partially or wholly, from my sensations. And this supposition seems to be implied by various passages in Berkeley. For instance, he says (i. p. 307), "the things I perceive are my own ideas ... the things, I say, immediately perceived are ideas or sensations, call them which you will," where he seems to distinguish what is _immediately_ perceived (_i.e._ sensations) from something else. And a few lines before he seems to be inclined to admit the existence of something else than my sensations, for he says "ideas or things by me perceived, either themselves or their archetypes, exist independently of my mind."

The permanence of things is undoubtedly an inference. We find by experience that effects which are produced by causes acting before our very eyes are at other times produced by their causes in our absence: the fire burns in my absence as well as in my presence. Obviously, therefore, the thing which produces its effects when I have no sensations of it must be different from those sensations; and it must be an existing thing, otherwise its effects will be effects produced by a non-existent cause. To say that the unobserved cause in these cases is a possibility of sensation does not mend matters. A possible sensation is a sensation which, as a matter of fact, does not exist and never did. It is a piece of pure imagination; and consequently on this theory the whole past history of the universe is imaginary. Neither are matters mended by denying that there are such things as "causes," and affirming that we only know "invariable and unconditional antecedents." How can a possible sensation, that is, an event which did not take place, precede one which does take place? How can an imagination of my mind have preceded the existence of my mind?

Perhaps it may be said that if Mill's Psychological Theory of Mind and Matter is not satisfactory, neither is the theory of the direct apprehension of reality wholly consistent with itself. It affirms the direct apprehension of reality, yet on examination the direct apprehension turns out to be an inference. Thus: things must have an existence different from our sensations because they produce their effects, and therefore exist, in our absence.

The reply is simple. Unless we believed the effects, which we do perceive, to be real things, we should not infer the causes, which we do not perceive, to be real either. Common sense believes that things _continue_ to exist when we turn our eyes away: their existence beyond the range of observation is an inference from their existence in our observation. Their inferred permanence is deduced from their observed independence.

INDEX

A

Abstraction: 193, 198, 199, 203, 242, 255

Action: 65, 68, 70

Adaptation: 21, 25-30, 186, 204, 206, 219, 221, 252 (_see_ Environment)

Agnosticism: 36, 165-76, 202, 218, 237

Anthropomorphism: 51, 52, 55

Ape and tiger, The: 28, 30, 31, 40, 276

Appearance: 67, 266 (_see_ Purpose)

Apprehension: 57, 58, 63-70, 295

Approximation to the ideal: 206, 208, 213, 222, 229, 252, 256 (_see_
Ideals, Progress, Purpose)

Art, Artist: 207, 209, 244

Assumption: 164-180, 185, 187, 188, 191-6, 221, 222

B

Becoming: 78

Being: 78

Belief: 215, 221 (_see_ Will to believe)

Berkeley, Bp.: 62, 63, 289-95

Bernard, Claude: 90

Biology: 94, 96, 249-51

C

Causation, Law of: 106 (_see_ Universal causation)

Causes: 79, 117, 181, 194, 196, 197, 208-10, 224, 244

Chance: 258, 259, 260

Chemical combination: 89, 90, 92, 98

Chemistry: 86, 94

Chess: 163-83, 268

Common consciousness of mankind: 164, 196, 197, 208, 244

Common experience of mankind: 74

Common faith of mankind: 165-72, 184-202, 204, 222, 223, 229, 246, 247

Common sense: 78, 81, 164-8, 173, 229, 249, 253, 289

Comparative method: 7
--Sciences: 105

Conscience: 52, 84

Consciousness: 63-5, 70, 84, 166, 182, 198, 201, 253 (_see_ States of
consciousness)

Continuity, The law of: 18, 104, 121, 133, 200, 201, 271

Cosmic process: 17, 21, 22, 26, 28-30, 32-5, 51, 53, 60, 81, 222, 224,
284-6, 288 (cf. Ethical process)

D

Darwin: 7, 261

Demonology: 191

Design: 138, 140, 264, 267

Diversity of Nature: 125, 126, 132, 133 (cf. Uniformity of Nature)

Divine Providence: 36, 37 (_see_ Purpose, Divine)

E

Environment: 25, 28, 219, 221, 222, 232, 252, 263 (_see_ Adaptation),
(social) 228, 280

Ethical process, The: 28, 31, 33-5, 47, 48, 60, 191, 219, 221, 286, 287
(cf. Cosmic process)

Ethics: 87

Evidence: 138-62, 188, 189, 190, 191, 198, 199, 218, 253

Evil: 226, 227, 228, 287, 288

Existence, Actual and potential: 292, 293

Experience: 6, 64, 67, 145, 146, 153, 192, 197, 198, 202, 222, 223, 251,
253, 256, 261
--(spiritual): 199, 206, 226

Explanation: 75, 126, 241 (_see also_ Science)

F

Faith: 14, 16, 39, 81, 142, 143, 151-65, 185, 186, 187, 198, 203-37,
246, 247, 273

Faith of science: 188, 198, 287

First principles: 94

Fraser, Professor: 289

Freedom: 108, 120-37, 168, 179, 184-96, 218, 224, 227, 247, 252, 261
(cf. Necessity, Will)

French Revolution: 4

G

Golden Age: 3

H

Happiness: 24, 30

Homogeneous, Instability of: 98

Human nature (_see_ Uniformity)

Huxley, Professor: 24, 28, 30, 33, 39, 120, 144, 149-59, 173, 204, 205,
208, 213, 219, 247, 286-8

I

Idealism: 38-59
--(subjective): 57, 62, 63, 64, 289-95

Ideals: 30-2, 34, 41, 54, 74, 164-84, 194, 195, 204-36, 241-73, 280
(_see_ Moral ideal, Truth)

Identity: 201

Illusion: 17, 22, 23-5, 44, 45, 47, 57, 60, 65, 74, 112, 136, 164, 165,
227, 243, 246, 247, 256, 260

Independence: 201

Inhumanity: 33

Instinct: 236

Interaction: 68

K

Kirchoff: 80

Knowledge: 70, 96

L

Life: 88, 94, 182

Lotze: 82

M

Materialism: 17

Matter and Mind: 85, 88, 94, 133, 134
(psychological theory of), 295

Matter and Motion: 15, 17, 19-21, 32, 35, 36-49, 100, 140, 168, 180
--The redistribution of: 72-99

Mechanical composition: 89, 92, 98

Mechanical theory, The: 79-93, 181, 182, 205, 209, 211

Mertz, Dr.: 80

Metaphysics: 79, 82, 83, 84, 107-13, 123, 254 (cf. Philosophy)

Mill, J. S.: 63, 75, 76, 84, 89, 90, 149, 239, 292, 293, 295

Mind: 84
--(_see_ Matter)

Miracles: 188, 190

Moral consciousness: 50, 198, 204, 206

Moral ideal: 43, 184, 185, 191, 193, 205, 221, 242, 244 (_see_ Ideals)

Moral judgment: 41

Moral laws: 43, 48, 196, 200, 201, 226

Moral obligation: 189, 198, 200, 209

Morality: 19, 34, 49, 50, 56, 69, 74, 159, 161, 162, 181, 186, 191, 218,
221, 223, 225, 243, 244

Mythology: 3

N

Nature: 53
--Cosmic: 37
--Ethical: 33, 37
--Laws of: 76
--Uniformity of: 102-35, 144-50, 152, 161, 165-77, 187, 202, 215, 220,
226, 272

Necessity: 17, 100-137, 164, 178, 179, 182, 190, 191, 240, 247, 259,
260, 263
--Metaphysical: 112, 113, 116, 126, 257
--Scientific: 112 (_see also_ Freedom, Will)

O

Object (of desire): 56, 58
--(material): 61, 70, 74, 81, 100, 102, 103, 171-5, 184-203

Objective truth: 35, 41, 200

Obligation, Moral: 12

Optimism: 1-13, 15-18, 20, 21, 30, 74, 164-8, 185-203, 223, 247

Organism, Animal: 10, 11, 12
--Social: 10, 266, 267, 268 (_see_ Society)

Origin: 209, 212

P

Perception: 61, 62, 65 (_see_ Sensations)

Permanence: 63, 200, 289, 291-5

Personality: 52, 53, 66

Pessimism: 24-37, 39, 43-7, 74, 164, 168, 187-96, 247, 273

Philosophy: 70, 74, 81, 163-70, 173, 174, 177, 225, 276

Political economy: 124, 270

Positive philosophy: 165, 168

Physiology: 90

Pre-history: 7

Primitive man: 7

Progress: 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 22, 23, 25-8, 30, 78, 164, 203-37, 222, 252,
254, 256, 270 (_see_ Approximation, Ideals)

Psychology: 83, 86, 87, 100

Purpose: 180, 181, 182, 192, 199, 209, 211, 212, 224, 226, 238-72, 280
--Divine: 181, 230, 235, 270
--Semblance of: 257, 266, 268

R

Reaction: 68

Reality, The Real: 17, 20, 35, 46-58, 60-71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 98, 165,
166, 171, 172, 173, 175, 184, 200, 201, 212, 214, 223, 226, 247, 295

Religion: 16, 18, 123, 142, 144, 148, 161, 162, 174, 181, 218, 223, 242,
243, 244, 273

Religious consciousness: 52, 196, 198, 199, 206

Retrogression: 26, 27, 32, 205, 206, 209, 219, 225

Revelation: 93, 94, 207, 213, 214, 245, 246
--Progressive, 178, 204, 208

S

Science: the base of optimism, 15
--not religion, 18
--is man's notion of what happens, 49
--and reality, 50-2, 59, 61, 72, 73
--finds reason, does not make it, 53, 68, 69
--ideal of, 54, 55, 220-2
--based on experience, 70, 223, 253
--purely descriptive, 75-80, 192
--imperfectly descriptive, 241
--mechanical theory of, 79-85
--assumptions of, 103-5, 169-83, 196
--describes sequences and co-existences, 105-8
--and necessity, 110, 113-18, 125, 126, 132
--and theory of design, 138-42, 267
--and faith, 143-62, 185, 223
--and positivism, 165
--is abstract, 194-6, 242
--incomplete as explanation, 232, 238-40
--laws of, 48, 108, 124, 240, 241, 242, 252

Self-determination: 128, 130, 131, 137, 171, 174, 178, 218, 261, 264

Self-will: 229

Sensations: 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 291, 292, 294 (_see_
Perception)

Sense-phenomena: 102, 103, 107, 134, 175, 198, 201

Seth, Professor: 78

Social contract: 278

Society (an organism): 9, 96, 250, 256, 265 (_see_ Organism)

Sociology: 8, 83, 90, 92, 96, 250, 251, 265

Space: 82, 85, 87, 94, 97, 102 (_see_ Matter and motion)

Spencer, Mr. H.: 9, 59, 66, 74, 77, 80, 94, 96, 205, 247, 265

States of consciousness: 57, 58, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 166 (_see_
Consciousness)

Struggle for existence: 10, 11, 13, 20, 25, 28, 29, 160, 249, 250, 251,
257, 270, 274, 276, 279

Survival of the fittest: 13, 20, 26, 32, 185, 186, 203, 230, 231, 232,
236, 237, 251
--of the faithful: 160

T

Teleology: 205, 236 (_see_ Causes, Purpose)

Theology: 141, 146

Things: _see_ Objects

Truth: 40, 50, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 208, 217, 220 (_see also_ Ideals)

U

Unfaith: 225

Uniformity of the Divine Nature: 202, 206, 229

Uniformity of human nature: 103, 105, 107, 118, 121, 202, 229, 272

Uniformity of Nature (_see_ Nature)
--of necessity: 107, 111
--of will: 107, 111

Universal causation: 102, 107, 111, 119, 125, 135, 150 (_see_ Causation,
Causes)

Unknowable, The: 18, 20-2, 35, 36, 37, 48, 57, 58, 61, 70, 72, 166, 247

Unreal, The: 70

V

Value: 233, 244

W

Waste: 235

Will: 97-9, 111-34, 158, 161, 162, 168, 172, 175, 182, 188, 190, 192,
201, 215-25, 255, 261, 264, 268 (cf. Freedom, Necessity)

Will to believe: 216, 222

PLYMOUTH WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON PRINTERS

* * * * *

A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS
AND ANNOUNCEMENTS OF
METHUEN AND COMPANY
PUBLISHERS: LONDON
36 ESSEX STREET
W.C.

CONTENTS

PAGE

FORTHCOMING BOOKS, 2

POETRY, 12

BELLES LETTRES, ANTHOLOGIES, ETC. 12

ILLUSTRATED AND GIFT BOOKS, 16

HISTORY, 17

BIOGRAPHY, 19

TRAVEL, ADVENTURE AND TOPOGRAPHY, 21

NAVAL AND MILITARY, 23

GENERAL LITERATURE, 24

PHILOSOPHY, 26

SCIENCE, 27

THEOLOGY, 27

FICTION, 32

BOOKS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS, 42

THE PEACOCK LIBRARY, 42

UNIVERSITY EXTENSION SERIES, 42

SOCIAL QUESTIONS OF TO-DAY, 43

CLASSICAL TRANSLATIONS, 44

EDUCATIONAL BOOKS, 44

OCTOBER 1901

OCTOBER 1901

MESSRS. METHUEN'S ANNOUNCEMENTS

BELLES LETTRES

DANTE STUDIES AND RESEARCHES. By PAGET
TOYNBEE, D.Litt., M.A. _Demy 8vo.
10s. 6d._

Among the subjects dealt with are 'Dante's Latin
Dictionary,' 'Dante and the Lancelot Romance,'
Dante's references to Pythagoras, Dante's
obligations to Alfraganus, to Orosius, to
Albertus Magnus; Dante's theories as to the
spots on the moon, the seven examples of
munificence in the Convivio, the Commentary of
Benvenutoda Imola on the _Divina Commedia_,
etc., etc.

+Methuen's Standard Library+

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. By THOMAS
CARLYLE. Edited by C. R. L. FLETCHER,
Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford.
_Three Volumes. Crown 8vo. 6s. each._

This edition is magnificently equipped with notes
by a scholar who has given three years to its
preparation.

THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF OLIVER
CROMWELL. By THOMAS CARLYLE. With an
Introduction by C. H. FIRTH, M.A.,
and Notes and Appendices by Mrs.
LOMAS. _Three Volumes. 6s. each._

This edition is brought up to the standard of
modern scholarship by the addition of numerous
new letters of Cromwell, and by the correction
of many errors which recent research has
discovered.

CRITICAL AND HISTORICAL ESSAYS. By LORD
MACAULAY. Edited by F. C. MONTAGUE,
M.A. _Three Volumes. Crown 8vo. 6s.
each._

The only edition of this book completely
annotated.

+Little Biographies+

_Fcap. 8vo. Each Volume, cloth, 3s. 6d.; leather, 4s. net._

Messrs. METHUEN are publishing a new series bearing the above title. Each book contains the biography of a character famous in war, art, literature or science, and is written by an acknowledged expert. The books are charmingly produced and well illustrated. They form delightful gift books.

THE LIFE OF JOHN HOWARD. By E. C. S. GIBSON, D.D., Vicar of Leeds.
With 12 Illustrations.

+The Works of Shakespeare+

Messrs. METHUEN are publishing an Edition of Shakespeare in single Plays. Each play is edited with a full Introduction, Textual Notes, and a Commentary at the foot of the page.

KING LEAR. Edited by W. J. CRAIG. _Demy
8vo. 3s. 6d._

+The Little Library+

'The volumes are compact in size, printed on thin but good
paper in clear type, prettily and at the same time strongly
bound, and altogether good to look upon and
handle.'--_Outlook._

_Pott 8vo. Each Volume, cloth, 1s. 6d. net; leather, 2s. 6d. net._

Messrs. METHUEN are producing a series of small books under the above title, containing some of the famous books in English and other literatures, in the domains of fiction, poetry, and belles lettres. The series contains several volumes of selections in prose and verse.

The books are edited with the most sympathetic and scholarly care. Each one contains an Introduction which gives (1) a short biography of the author, (2) a critical estimate of the book. Where they are necessary, short notes are added at the foot of the page.

Each book has a portrait or frontispiece in photogravure, and the volumes are produced with great care in a style uniform with that of 'The Library of Devotion.'

CHRISTMAS BOOKS. By W. M. THACKERAY.
Edited by S. GWYNN.

ESMOND. By W. M. THACKERAY. Edited by S.
GWYNN. _Two volumes._

CHRISTMAS BOOKS. By CHARLES DICKENS.
Edited by GEORGE GISSING. _Two
volumes._

THE COMPLEAT ANGLER. By ISAAC WALTON.
Edited by J. BUCHAN.

THE ESSAYS OF ELIA; First and Second
Series. By CHARLES LAMB. Edited by E.
V. LUCAS.

THE ENGLISH POEMS OF RICHARD CRASHAW.
Edited by EDWARD HUTTON.

A SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY. By LAURENCE
STERNE. Edited by H. W. PAUL.

THE PARADISO OF DANTE. Translated by H.
F. CARY. Edited by PAGET TOYNBEE.

CALIPH VATHEK. By WILLIAM BECKFORD.
Edited by E. D. ROSS.

. . . . .

ILLUSTRATED BOOKS AND BOOKS FOR CHILDREN

THE BROTHERS DALZIEL: being a Record of
Fifty Years of their Work, 1840-1890.
With 150 Illustrations after Pictures
by Lord LEIGHTON, P.R.A., Sir J. E.
MILLAIS, Bart., P.R.A., Sir E. J.
POYNTER, P.R.A., HOLMAN HUNT, DANTE
G. ROSSETTI, Sir JOHN TENNIEL, JOHN
RUSKIN, and many others. _Quarto.
21s. net._

THE ESSAYS OF ELIA. By CHARLES LAMB.
With 70 Illustrations by A. GARTH
JONES, and an Introduction by E. V.
LUCAS. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d._

This is probably the most beautiful edition of
Lamb's Essays that has ever been published. The
illustrations display the most remarkable
sympathy, insight, and skill, and the
introduction is by a critic whose knowledge of
Lamb is unrivalled.

THE VISIT TO LONDON. Described in verse
by E. V. LUCAS, and in coloured
pictures by F. D. BEDFORD. _Small
4to. 6s._

This charming book describes the introduction of
a country child to the delights and sights of
London. It is the result of a well-known
partnership between author and artist.

+The Little Blue Books for Children+

Edited by E. V. LUCAS _Illustrated. Square Fcap, 8vo. 2s. 6d._

Messrs. METHUEN have in preparation a series of children's books under the above general title. The aim of the editor is to get entertaining or exciting stories about normal children, the moral of which is implied rather than expressed. The books will be reproduced in a somewhat unusual form, which will have a certain charm of its own. The first three volumes arranged are:

1. THE CASTAWAYS OF MEADOW BANK. By T.
COBB.

2. THE BEECHNUT BOOK. By JACOB ABBOTT.
Edited by E. V. LUCAS.

3. THE AIR GUN: or, How the Mastermans
and Dobson Major nearly lost their
Holidays. By T. HILBERT.

. . . . .

HISTORY

CROMWELL'S ARMY: A History of the
English Soldier during the Civil
Wars, the Commonwealth, and the
Protectorate. By C. H. FIRTH, M.A.
_Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d._

An elaborate study and description of Cromwell's
army by which the victory of the Parliament was
secured. The 'New Model' is described in minute
detail, and the author, who is one of the most
distinguished historians of the day, has made
great use of unpublished MSS.

ANNALS OF CHRIST'S HOSPITAL. By E. H.
PEARCE, M.A. With numerous
illustrations. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d._

A HISTORY OF RUSSIA FROM PETER THE GREAT
TO ALEXANDER II. By W. R. MORFILL,
Jesus College, Oxford. _Crown 8vo. 7s.
6d._

This history, by the most distinguished authority
in England, is founded on a study of original
documents, and though necessarily brief, is the
most comprehensive narrative in existence.
Considerable attention has been paid to the
social and literary development of the country,
and the recent expansion of Russia in Asia.

A HISTORY OF THE POLICE IN ENGLAND. By
Captain MELVILLE LEE. _Crown 8vo. 7s.
6d._

This highly interesting book is the first history
of the police force from its first beginning to
its present development. Written as it is by an
author of competent historical and legal
qualifications, it will be indispensable to
every magistrate and to all who are indirectly
interested in the police force.

A HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE: From
its Beginning to Tennyson. By L.
ENGEL. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d._

A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH IN INDIA. By A.
D. INNES, M.A. With Maps and Plans.
_Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d._

. . . . .

BIOGRAPHY

THE LIFE OF ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON. By
GRAHAM BALFOUR. _Two Volumes. Demy
8vo. 25s. net._

This highly interesting biography has been
entrusted by Mr. Stevenson's family to his
cousin, Mr. Balfour, and all available
materials have been placed at his disposal. The
book is rich in unpublished MSS. and letters,
diaries of travel, reminiscences of friends,
and a valuable fragment of autobiography. It
also contains a complete bibliography of all
Stevenson's work. This biography of one of the
most attractive and sympathetic personalities
in English literature should possess a most
fascinating interest. The book will be uniform
with The Edinburgh Edition.

THE LIFE OF FRANÇOIS DE FENELON. By
VISCOUNT ST. CYRES. With 8 Portraits.
_Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d._

This biography has engaged the author for many
years, and the book is not only the study of an
interesting personality, but an important
contribution to the history of the period.

THE CONVERSATIONS OF JAMES NORTHCOTE,
R.A. AND JAMES WARD. Edited by ERNEST
FLETCHER. With many Portraits. _Demy
8vo. 10s. 6d._

This highly interesting, racy, and stimulating
book, contains hitherto unpublished utterances
of Northcote during a period of twenty-one
years. There are many reminiscences of Sir
Joshua Reynolds, much advice to young painters,
and many references to the great artists and
great figures of the day.

. . . . .

TRAVEL, ADVENTURE AND TOPOGRAPHY

HEAD-HUNTERS, BLACK, WHITE, AND BROWN.
By A. C. HADDON, Sc.D., F.R.S. With
many Illustrations and a Map. _Demy
8vo. 15s._

A narrative of adventure and exploration in
Northern Borneo. It contains much matter of the
highest scientific interest.

A BOOK OF BRITTANY. By S. BARING GOULD.
With numerous Illustrations. _Crown
8vo. 6s._

Uniform in scope and size with Mr. Baring Gould's
well-known books on Devon, Cornwall, and
Dartmoor.

. . . . .

GENERAL LITERATURE

WOMEN AND THEIR WORK. By the Hon. Mrs.
LYTTELTON. _Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d._

A discussion of the present position of women in
view of the various occupations and interests
which are or may be open to them. There will be
an introduction dealing with the general
question, followed by chapters on the family,
the household, philanthropic work, professions,
recreation, and friendship.

ENGLISH VILLAGES. By P. H. DITCHFIELD,
M.A., F.S.A. Illustrated. _Crown 8vo.
6s._

A popular and interesting account of the history
of a typical village, and of village life in
general in England.

SPORTING MEMORIES. By J. OTHO PAGET.
_Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d._

This volume of reminiscences by a well-known
sportsman and Master of Hounds deals chiefly
with fox-hunting experiences.

. . . . .

SCIENCE

DRAGONS OF THE AIR. By H. G. SEELEY,
F.R.S., With many Illustrations.
_Crown 8vo. 6s._

A popular history of the most remarkable flying
animals which ever lived. Their relations to
mammals, birds, and reptiles, living and
extinct, are shown by an original series of
illustrations. The scattered remains preserved
in Europe and the United States have been put
together accurately to show the varied forms of
the animals. The book is a natural history of
these extinct animals, which flew by means of a
single finger.

. . . . .

THEOLOGY

REGNUM DEI. THE BAMPTON LECTURES OF
1901. By A. ROBERTSON, D.D.,
Principal of King's College, London.
_Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net._

This book is an endeavour to ascertain the
meaning of the 'Kingdom of God' in its original
prominence in the teaching of Christ. It
reviews historically the main interpretations
of this central idea in the successive phases
of Christian tradition and life. Special
attention is given to the sense in which St.
Augustine identified the Church with the
Kingdom of God. The later lectures follow out
the alternative ideas of the Church, and of its
relation to civil society which the Middle Ages
and more recent types of Christian thought have
founded upon alternative conceptions of the
Kingdom of God.

OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. By G. W. WADE,
D.D. With Maps. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

This book presents a connected account of the
Hebrew people during the period covered by the
Old Testament; and has been drawn up from the
Scripture records in accordance with the
methods of historical criticism. The text of
the Bible has been studied in the light thrown
upon it by the best modern commentators; but
the reasons for the conclusions stated are not
left to be sought for in the commentaries, but
are discussed in the course of the narrative.
Much attention has been devoted to tracing the
progress of religion amongst the Hebrews, and
the book, which is furnished with maps, is
further adapted to the needs of theological
students by the addition of geographical notes,
tables, and a full index.

THE AGAPE AND THE EUCHARIST. By J. F.
KEATING, D.D. _Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

THE IMITATION OF CHRIST. A Revised
Translation, with an Introduction, by
C. BIGG, D.D., Canon of Christ Church.
With Frontispiece. _Crown 8vo. 3s.
6d._

A new edition, carefully revised and set in large
type, of Dr. Bigg's well-known version.

+Oxford Commentaries+

General Editor, WALTER LOCK, D.D., Warden of Keble College, Dean Ireland's Professor of Exegesis in the University of Oxford.

THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES: With
Introduction and Notes by R. B.
RACKHAM, M.A. _Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d._

+The Churchman's Library+

General Editor, J. H. BURN, B.D., Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Aberdeen.

THE OLD TESTAMENT AND THE NEW
SCHOLARSHIP. By J. W. PETERS, D.D.
_Crown 8vo. 6s._

COMPARATIVE RELIGION. By J. A.
MACCULLOCK. _Crown 8vo._

THE CHURCH OF CHRIST. By E. T. GREEN.
_Crown 8vo._

A POPULAR INTRODUCTION TO THE OLD
TESTAMENT. Edited by A. M. MACKAY.
_Crown 8vo._

+The Churchman's Bible+

General Editor, J. H. BURN, B.D.

Messrs. METHUEN are issuing a series of expositions upon most of the books of the Bible. The volumes will be practical and devotional, and the text of the authorised version is explained in sections, which will correspond as far as possible with the Church Lectionary.

ISAIAH. Edited by W. E. BARNES, D.D.,
Fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge. _Two
Volumes. 2s. net each._

THE EPISTLE OF ST. PAUL THE APOSTLE TO
THE EPHESIANS. Edited by G. H.
WHITAKER. _1s. 6d. net._

+The Library of Devotion+

_Pott 8vo, cloth, 2s.; leather, 2s. 6d. net._

'This series is excellent.'--THE BISHOP OF LONDON.
'Very delightful.'--THE BISHOP OF BATH AND WELLS.
'Well worth the attention of the Clergy.'--THE BISHOP OF
LICHFIELD.
'The new "Library of Devotion" is excellent.'--THE BISHOP OF
PETERBOROUGH.
'Charming.'--_Record._
'Delightful.'--_Church Bells._

THE THOUGHTS OF PASCAL. Edited with an
Introduction and Notes by C. S.
JERRAM, M.A.

ON THE LOVE OF GOD. By ST. FRANCIS DE
SALES. Edited by W. J. KNOX-LITTLE,
M.A.

A MANUAL OF CONSOLATION FROM THE SAINTS
AND FATHERS. Edited by J. H. BURN,
B.D.

THE SONG OF SONGS. Being Selections from
ST. BERNARD. Edited by B. BLAXLAND,
M.A.

+Leaders of Religion+

Edited by H. C. Beeching, M.A. _With Portraits, Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

A series of short biographies of the most prominent leaders of religious life and thought of all ages and countries.

BISHOP BUTLER. By W. A. SPOONER, M.A.,
Fellow of New College, Oxford.

. . . . .

EDUCATIONAL BOOKS

COMMERCIAL EDUCATION IN THEORY AND
PRACTICE. By E. E. WHITFIELD, M.A.
_Crown 8vo. 5s._

An introduction to Methuen's Commercial Series
treating the question of Commercial Education
fully from both the point of view of the
teacher and of the parent.

EASY GREEK EXERCISES. By C. G. BOTTING,
M.A. _Crown 8vo. 2s._

GERMAN VOCABULARIES FOR REPETITION. By
SOPHIE WRIGHT. _Fcap. 8vo. 1s. 6d._

THE WORLD OUTSIDE THE BRITISH EMPIRE: A
Commercial Geography. By F. C. BOON.
_Crown 8vo._

JUNIOR EXAMINATION SERIES. Edited by A. M. M. STEDMAN, M.A. _Fcap. 8vo. 1s._

FRENCH EXAMINATION PAPERS. By F. JACOB,
B.A.

LATIN EXAMINATION PAPERS. By C. G.
BOTTING, M.A.

ALGEBRA EXAMINATION PAPERS. By AUSTEN S.
LESTER, M.A.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR EXAMINATION PAPERS. By
W. WILLIAMSON, B.A.

. . . . .

FICTION

THE HISTORY OF SIR RICHARD CALMADY: A
Romance. By LUCAS MALET, Author of
'The Wages of Sin.' _Crown 8vo. 6s._

This is the first long and elaborate book by
Lucas Malet since 'The Wages of Sin.' It is a
romance on realistic lines, and will certainly
be one of the most important novels of the last
ten years.

This novel, the scene of which is laid in the
moorland country of the northern part of
Hampshire, in London, and in Naples, opens in
the year of grace 1842. The action covers a
period of about three and thirty years; and
deals with the experiences and adventures of an
English country gentleman of an essentially
normal type of character, subjected--owing to
somewhat distressing antecedent
circumstances--to very abnormal conditions of
life. The book is frankly a romance; but it is
also frankly a realistic and modern one.

THE SERIOUS WOOING: A Heart's History.
By Mrs. CRAIGIE (JOHN OLIVER HOBBES),
Author of 'Robert Orange.' _Crown
8vo. 6s._

LIGHT FREIGHTS. By W. W. JACOBS, Author
of 'Many Cargoes.' Illustrated. _Crown
8vo. 3s. 6d._

A volume of stories by Mr. Jacobs uniform in
character and appearance with 'Many Cargoes.'

CLEMENTINA. By A. E. W. MASON, Author
of 'The Courtship of Morrice
Buckler,' 'Miranda of the Balcony,'
etc. Illustrated. _Crown 8vo 6s._

A spirited romance of the Jacobites somewhat
after the manner of 'Morrice Buckler.' The Old
Pretender is introduced as one of the chief
characters.

A WOMAN ALONE. By Mrs. W. K. CLIFFORD,
Author of 'Aunt Anne.' _Crown 8vo.
3s. 6d._

A volume of stories.

THE STRIKING HOURS. By EDEN PHILLPOTTS,
Author of 'Children of the Mist,'
'Sons of the Morning,' etc. _Crown
8vo. 6s._

The annals of a Devon village, containing much
matter of humorous and pathetic interest.

FANCY FREE. By EDEN PHILLPOTTS, Author
of 'Children of the Mist.'
Illustrated. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

A humorous book. Uniform with 'The Human Boy.'

TALES OF DUNSTABLE WEIR. By GWENDOLINE
KEATS (ZACK). Author of 'Life is
Life.' With Photogravure Frontispiece
by E. F. HARTRICK. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

A volume of stories after the style of 'Zack's'
well-known first book 'Life is Life.'

ANGEL. By Mrs. B. M. CROKER. _Crown
8vo. 6s._

THE PROPHET OF BERKELEY SQUARE. By
ROBERT HICHENS, Author of 'Flames,'
'Tongues of Conscience,' etc. _Crown
8vo. 6s._

A new long novel.

THE ALIEN. By F. F. MONTRESOR, Author
of 'Into the Highways and Hedges.'
_Crown 8vo. 6s._

THE EMBARRASSING ORPHAN. By W. E.
NORRIS. Illustrated. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

ROYAL GEORGIE. By S. BARING GOULD,
Author of 'Mehalah.' With eight
Illustrations by D. MURRAY SMITH.
_Crown 8vo. 6s._

FORTUNE'S DARLING. By WALTER RAYMOND,
Author of 'Love and Quiet Life.'
_Crown 8vo. 6s._

THE MILLION. By DOROTHEA GERARD, Author
of 'Lady Baby.' _Crown 8vo. 6s._

FROM THE LAND OF THE SHAMROCK. By JANE
BARLOW, Author of 'Irish Idylls.'
_Crown 8vo. 6s._

THE WOOING OF SHEILA. By GRACE RHYS.
_Crown 8vo. 6s._

RICKERBY'S FOLLY. By TOM GALLON, Author
of 'Kiddy.' _Crown 8vo. 6s._

A GREAT LADY. By ADELINE SERGEANT,
Author of 'The Story of a Penitent
Soul.' _Crown 8vo. 6s._

MARY HAMILTON. By LORD ERNEST HAMILTON.
_Crown 8vo. 6s._

MASTER OF MEN. By E. PHILLIPS OPPENHEIM.
_Crown 8vo. 6s._

BOTH SIDES OF THE VEIL. By RICHARD
MARSH, Author of 'The Seen and the
Unseen.' _Crown 8vo. 6s._

A GALLANT QUAKER. By Mrs. ROBERTON.
Illustrated by H. F. BUCKLAND. _Crown
8vo. 6s._

THE THIRTEEN EVENINGS. By GEORGE
BARTRAM, Author of 'The People of
Clopton.' _Crown 8vo. 6s._

THE SKIRTS OF HAPPY CHANCE. By H. B.
MARRIOTT WATSON. Illustrated. _Crown
8vo. 6s._

A FOOL'S YEAR. By E. H. COOPER, Author
of 'Mr. Blake of Newmarket.' _Crown
8vo. 6s._

This book, like most of Mr. Cooper's novels, is
chiefly concerned with sport and racing.

THE YEAR ONE: A Page of the French
Revolution. By J. BLOUNDELLE BURTON,
Author of 'The Clash of Arms.'
Illustrated. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

THE DEVASTATORS. By ADA CAMBRIDGE,
Author of 'Path and Goal.' _Crown 8vo.
6s._

THE FORTUNE OF CHRISTINA M'NAB. By S.
MACNAUGHTON. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

JOHN TOPP: Pirate. By WEATHERBY CHESNEY.
_Crown 8vo. 6s._

+The Novelist+

Messrs. METHUEN are issuing under the above general title a Monthly Series of Novels by popular authors at the price of Sixpence. Each Number is as long as the average Six Shilling Novel.