Chapter VII: Part 7

The skull is either vaulted or flattened, with a sharp and narrow beak. The paroccipital processes are shorter and more rounded, and the basi-occipital tubercles more prominent than in _Anomalopteryx_, while the quadrate and mandible resemble the same bones in that genus somewhat closely. The sternum is flat and very broad and short, with no coracoidal facets, a very small xiphisternal notch, broad and short costal processes, and widely divergent lateral processes; while there are only two costal articulations. The pelvis is extremely low and wide, with the anterior wall of the acetabulum very deeply concave, the ventral surface of all the vertebrae behind the true sacrals narrow and convex, and from which the very broad sacral ribs ascend to join the ilium, of which the inferior postacetabular border is very sharp, and descends far below the level of the ribs. There is no pectineal process to the pubis. The tibio-tarsus is very short, with the shaft curved outwards, the distal extremity markedly inflected, and the fibular ridge much shorter than in the other genera. The fibular border below the smooth space at the distal extremity of the fibular ridge is extremely rough; and the distal extensor tubercle is very prominent, being situated partly on the line of the upper half of the extensor groove, instead of being altogether external to the same.

The tarso-metatarsus is still shorter and wider than in _Emeus_, the width at the middle of the shaft being usually rather more than one third of the length. The third trochlea is more prominent than in the other genera, and rises very abruptly from the shaft, the outer border of the anterior surface usually expanding suddenly at the proximal extremity, and the outer ridge of this surface being always more prominent than the inner, whereas in the other genera the opposite condition obtains. The femur, as compared with that of _Dinornis_, is very much shorter and thicker, with a longer neck, and the head rising and projecting very considerably, the linea aspera mainly forming a rough nodule near the distal end of the shaft, the outer surface of the distal extremity more suddenly expanded, and the popliteal depression larger, more open, and leading to the inner surface of the shaft by a more distinct channel. The profile of the inner condyle is wider antero-posteriorly, and more rounded, the anterior intertrochlear surface being deeply channelled.

The phalangeals of the pes are much shorter and stouter than in _Dinornis_, the proximal surface of the terminal segments generally presenting a trefoil-shaped contour. The length of the tarso-metatarsus is very much {214} less than half that of the tibio-tarsus. In the vertebral column the cervicals are short with very stout centra, the prezygopophyses in the middle region being nearly horizontal and separated from one another by a wide channel. The posterior face of the centra is tall and narrow, and the neural spines of the last two vertebrae much inclined forward. In the dorsals there is usually no anterior pneumatic foramen till the fourth (or the last with a distinct haemal carina), this foramen being situated on the line of the anterior border of the rib-facet. The third and fourth dorsals are extremely compressed. Throughout the series also the neural spines and transverse processes are comparatively long. Additional characters of the skull are that the sphenoidal rostrum is expanded in a lance-like shape at the anterior extremity, in a manner unlike that of any of the other genera.

Then the supraoccipital never has a very strongly developed median prominence, and the temporal fossae are comparatively short. The mandible may be readily distinguished from that of the other genera by the low position of the inner aperture of the dental canal, which pierces the bone obliquely to join the small lateral vacuity.

Type of the genus: _Pachyornis elephantopus_ (Owen).

Number of species: 8.

PACHYORNIS ELEPHANTOPUS (OWEN.)

_Dinornis elephantopus_ Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. IV, p. 149 (1853).

_Palapteryx elephantopus_ Haast, Ibis, Ser. 3, vol. IV, p. 212 (1874).

_Euryapteryx elephantopus_ Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXIV, p. 135
(1892).

Until Mr. Lydekker described _Pachyornis immanis_, and Mr. Andrews _Aepyornis titan_, this was undoubtedly the most bulky and ponderous of all known Ratitae, extinct and living.

Type: Awamoa, near Oamanu.

Habitat: Middle Island, New Zealand.

Two imperfect skeletons in the Tring Museum; one from Kapua Swamps. {215}

PACHYORNIS IMMANIS LYD.

_Pachyornis immanis_ Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Birds Brit. Mus., p. 343
(1891).

This is the most bulky and largest member of the genus, and also of all _Dinornithidae_. Its living parallel to-day is _Casuarius philipi_ Rothschild, which, though by no means the tallest species of _Casuarius_, is the most bulky, and has the shortest and stoutest legs--the tarso-metatarsus is specially short and stout.

The type tarso-metatarsus measures 228 mm. = 8.9 inches, and in width (shaft) 84 mm. = 3.3 inches, while the type tarso-metatarsus of _elephantopus_ measures 239 mm. = 9.4 inches and 65 mm. = 2.55 inches.

The skull is much more depressed than in _elephantopus_ and with deeper temporal fossae and a shorter post orbital region.

Type: No. A168 British Museum.

Habitat: Middle Island, New Zealand.

PACHYORNIS ROTHSCHILDI LYD.

_Pachyornis rothschildi_ Lydekker, P.Z.S. 1891, pp. 479-482, pl.
XXXVIII.

The bones in the Tring Museum, which form the type of this species, unfortunately have no history and their locality is unknown. It differs from the other species of the genus by the slenderer proportions of the tibio-tarsus, which is 22 inches long by 2.9 inches distal width, as opposed to 24 inches by 4.2 in _elephantopus_ and 20 inches by 3.5 in _ponderosus_, the two nearest in size. Femur: length 10.6 as opposed to 12.5 inches in _elephantopus_. {216}

PACHYORNIS PONDEROSUS (HUTT.)

_Euryapteryx ponderosus_ Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., p. 137 (1892).

This species is slightly smaller than _P. elephantopus_, the tarso-metatarsus varying from 8.25 to 8.0 inches, as opposed to from 9.4 to 9.25 in _elephantopus_; the tibio-tarsus varies from 18.5 to 18.6, as opposed to 24 to 24.1; femur, 10, as opposed to 13 to 11.8.

The skull can be distinguished by the processes at the hinder angles of the basi-sphenoid, which are higher and rounder in _ponderosus_, flatter and more elongated in _elephantopus_. Type: Hamilton.

Habitat: Middle Island, New Zealand.

Cast of egg in Tring Museum, taken from specimen in Otago Museum, dredged up in 1901 in the Molyneux River, also incomplete skeleton from Kapua Swamps.

PACHYORNIS INHABILIS HUTT.

_Pachyornis inhabilis_ Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXV, p. 11 (1893).

Differs from _ponderosus_ by having the great inward expansion at the distal end of the tibio-tarsus. This expansion has induced some ornithologists to separate the species of _Pachyornis_ into two genera--_Euryapteryx_ and _Pachyornis_--but I do not think this expansion of sufficient importance to warrant generic separation.

Habitat: Middle Island, New Zealand.

PACHYORNIS VALGUS (HUTT.)

_Euryapteryx valgus_ Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXV, p. 12 (1893).

This species is at once distinguishable from all others by the extraordinary internal expansion of the distal end of the tibio-tarsus. The tarso-metatarsus is 8.5 inches = 216 mm. in length and the proximal width 3.5 inches = 89 mm., and does not differ much from _crassus_ except in the great proximal width, necessary to articulate with the distal internal expansion described above.

The type came from Enfield in New Zealand.

Habitat: Middle Island, New Zealand. {217}

PACHYORNIS PYGMAEUS (HUTT.)

_Euryapteryx pygmaeus_ Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXIV, p. 739 (1892).

As implied by its name, this is the smallest species of _Pachyornis_, the tarso-metatarsus only measuring 6 inches in length. The type came from Takaka.

Habitat: Middle Island, New Zealand.

PACHYORNIS COMPACTA (HUTT.)

_Euryapteryx compacta_ Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXV, p. 11 (1893).

Approaches nearest to _pygmaeus_ in size, but can be at once distinguished by the distal extremity of the tibio-tarsus not being expanded inwards. The tarso-metatarsus has the trochleae considerably more expanded than in _pygmaeus_.

Type from Enfield in New Zealand.

Habitat: Middle Island, New Zealand.

{219}

PALAEOCASUARIUS FORBES.

Dr. Forbes founded this genus of _Dinornithidae_ on remains of Moas of three distinct sizes as regards femora collected by him at Manitoto. Dr. Forbes has kindly placed these bones at my disposal, and the following summarises the results of my examination. I find that Dr. Forbes' original idea as to the distinctness of _Palaeocasuarius_ is perfectly justified, as not only are his characters of the tibio-tarsus, as opposed to those in the other genera, correct, but the proportions between femur, tibio-tarsus and tarso-metatarsus are quite different to those of other genera. I give the proportions of the three bones in _Palaeocasuarius elegans_, _Megalapteryx tenuipes_, and _Pachyornis elephantopus_, which are the three most nearly allied genera:

------------------------+---------------+--------------+---------------
| Pal. elegans. | M. tenuipes. | Pach.
| | | elephantopus.
------------------------+---------------+--------------+---------------
Femur, length | 10-5/8 inches | 11 inches | 12 inches
Width over condyles | 3½ " | 3½ " | 5 "
Tibio-tarsus, length | 16 " | 15½ " | 33 "
Width at distal end | 2 " | 2¼ " | 3½ "
Tarso-metatarsus, length| 7 " | 6 " | 9 "
Width at centre | 1½ " | 1¼ " | 2¼ "
------------------------+---------------+--------------+---------------

The original diagnosis was as follows, being founded on the tibio-tarsus: "The tibio-tarsus differs from that of all other genera in being straighter and less twisted on itself, so that the position of the ridge forming the inner wall of the groove for the tendons of the extensor muscles run along the inner side of the bone as in _Casuarius_. As in the latter genus it takes a marked turn inwards and backwards before joining the epicnemial crest, while a line joining the centre point between the distal condyles and the epicnemial ridge leaves a considerable space between it and the wall of the groove. There is no intercondylar eminence in the intercondylar channel, and the orifice of the extensor foramen opens more longitudinally than in the other genera, and points downwards."

Type of the genus: _Palaeocasuarius haasti_ Forbes.

Number of species: 3.

In the following descriptions of the three species I only rely on the measurements of the femora, as not all the other leg bones of the three species are available. {220}

PALAEOCASUARIUS HAASTI FORBES.

_Palaeocasuarius haasti_ Forbes, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXIV, p. 189 (1892).

Femur: length approximately 8.5 inches; width across head and great trochanter 2.25 inches. Tarso-metatarsus: length 7 inches; width in centre 1.15 inches, at distal end 2.75 inches.

Type from Manitoto in Liverpool Museum.

This bird exceeded considerably the cassowary in size, is all the author tells us of this bird. It is a pity that Dr. Forbes did not insist on the publication in full of his paper, as proper descriptions of all the twelve new species are wanting.

Habitat: New Zealand.

PALAEOCASUARIUS VELOX FORBES.

_Palaeocasuarius velox_ Forbes, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXIV, p. 189 (1892).

Femur: length 9.5 inches; width across head and trochanter 2.75 inches, across distal end 2.5 inches. Tarso-metatarsus: length 7 inches; width in centre 1.5 inches, across distal end 3 inches.

Type specimen from Manitoto in Liverpool Museum.

Habitat: New Zealand.

PALAEOCASUARIUS ELEGANS FORBES.

_Palaeocasuarius elegans_ Forbes, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXIV, p. 189
(1892).

Femur: length 10.75 inches; width across head and trochanter 3.25 inches, across distal end 3.4 inches. Tarso-metatarsus: length 7.8 inches, width over centre 1.75, over distal end about 3.3 inches.

Type specimen from Manitoto in the Liverpool Museum.

Habitat: New Zealand.

{221}

AEPYORNITHIDAE.

The first notice we have from a scientific man of the existence on Madagascar of large Struthious birds is the description by Isidore Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire of two eggs and a few osseous remains, in the Annales des Sciences naturelles III, Zoologie, vol. XIV (1850). These important objects were sent to the describer by a colonist of Réunion, Monsieur de Malavois, but were obtained from the natives in Madagascar by Captain M. Abadie. A third egg arrived smashed. The name given on this evidence was _Aepyornis maximus_.

Since then some 40 eggs at least and a large number of odd bones have been collected by Monsieur Grandidier, Messrs. Last and others, and Dr. Forsyth Major, but only one practically complete, and one less complete skeleton of a smaller species, named _Aepyornis hildebrandti_ by Dr. Burckhardt.

A large number of species has been diagnosed on the evidence of these bones and eggs by Professor Milne-Edwards, Mr. Dawson Rowley and Mr. Andrews, and a second genus, _Mullerornis_, established.

The following is the diagnosis of the family

AEPYORNITHIDAE.

Head less flattened than in the _Dinornithidae_, much longer and narrower. Brain case much greater in volume. Occipital condyle strongly pedunculate. Temporal fossae deep and narrow. The basisphenoid has on each side a well marked pterygoidal apophysis. The lower mandible is straight and stout, recalling somewhat that of _Rhea_, but the maxillary branches are higher and stouter. The symphysis is long, contracted, and hollowed out in the shape of a ladle. The sternum presents many affinities to that of _Apteryx_. It is a thin plastron, flattened, and much widened. The coracoidal articular surfaces similar to those of _Apteryx_. The Coraco-scapulars are feeble, and have so faint an articular surface that the humerus must have been rudimentary. Hallux absent, outer digit has five, the middle digit four, and the inner digit three phalanges.

There are three genera and twelve species.

A striking character is that in the genus _Aepyornis_ the proximal extremity of the tarso-metatarsus is larger than the distal extremity, a feature not found in the majority of other birds.

Monsieur Grandidier has expressly pointed out that _Aepyornis_ had only three toes, I cannot, therefore, understand why Messrs. Lydekker and Evans both state that the hallux is present. {222}

In spite of the researches of Messrs. Grandidier, Last, and Forsyth Major and the large collections sent home by them, the number of _Aepyornis_ bones is infinitesimal compared with the vast masses of bones of the _Dinornithidae_ contained in the museums. This paucity of material quite prohibits us from making a critical study of the described species, so that we are at present unable to say if too many or too few species have been diagnosed. I am inclined, however, to think that if we ever get complete skeletons of the larger forms, _Ae. grandidieri_ and _Ae. cursor_ will prove to be sexes of one species, and also _Ae. titan_ and _Ae. maximus_. For the present, however, the measurements are too different to allow of their being united without further investigation.

The three genera are as follows:--

AEPYORNIS T. GEOFF.

_Aepyornis_ Geoffroy Saint Hilaire.

_Epiornis_ Geoffroy Saint Hilaire.

_Epyornis_ Auct.

MULLERORNIS MILNE-EDWARDS & GRANDIDIER.

_Mullerornis_ Milne-Edwards and Grandidier.

FLACOURTIA ANDREWS.

_Flacourtia_ Andrews.

_Mullerornis_ Milne-Edwards and Grandidier (part).

{223}

AEPYORNIS GEOFF.

Characters same as those of the family; but in opposition to _Mullerornis_ the species are very heavy, ponderous, and clumsy, the bones being both actually and comparatively much stouter. Differs from _Flacourtia_ in not having an ossified boney bridge over lower end of groove for adductor of outer digit.

Type: _Aepyornis maximus_ Geoff.

Number of species: 9.

AEPYORNIS TITAN ANDR.

_Aepyornis titan_ Andrews, Geol. Mag. 1895, p. 303.

This appears to be the largest species of the genus, though _Ae. maximus_ is considerably stouter. In the original description of _Ae. ingens_, however, the tibio-tarsi referred to that species are really those of _Ae. titan_:--

Smallest Femur.

Length about 430 mm.
Circumference, narrowest point 280 "
Width, distal end 190 "
Width of shaft at narrowest part 97 "

Largest Femur.

Length 470 mm.
Circumference at narrowest point 280 "
Width, distal end 210 "

Distal part of tibio-tarsus.

Width at distal end 180 mm.
Width of shaft at narrowest point 77 "
Circumference of shaft at narrowest point 210 "

Tarso-metatarsus.

Length 480 mm.
Width at proximal end 190 "
Width at distal end 165 "
Width at narrowest point of shaft 80 "
Circumference at narrowest point of shaft 200 "

{224}

The skull, pelvis, and most vertebrae, as well as the sternum of this form are unknown.

Habitat: S. W. Madagascar.

Three Femora, two tarsi-metatarsi, and two incomplete tibia-tarsi are in the Tring Museum, collected by Last in the Antinosy country.

There are two eggs of this species at Tring, the measurements of which are as follows:--

No. 1, Antinosy Country, Last.
Large circumference 862.5 mm.
Small circumference 631.5 "

No. 2 (traded).
Large circumference 883 mm.
Small circumference 763 "

The egg mentioned by Mr. Lydekker in Cat. Foss. Birds B.M., page 214, No. 41847 is, judging from its size, undoubtedly an egg of this species, and I quote the measurements, as they are very large:--

Largest circumference 921 mm.
Smallest circumference 768 "

The egg purchased in 1854 in the Paris Museum measures:--

Large circumference 925 mm.
Small circumference 753 "

In addition to these four eggs which are undoubtedly of _Ae. titan_, there are the following which I consider to belong to that species:--

1 Paris Museum, Mr. Armange.
1 Hamburg.
1 Messrs. Gilford, Orange, New Jersey.
1 Rowley collection.

These four eggs range from 900 mm. to 863.5 mm. in large circumference, and 770 mm. to 736 mm. in small circumference. {225}

AEPYORNIS MAXIMUS GEOFF.

_Aepyornis maximus_ I. Geoffrey St. Hilaire, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 3,
vol. XIV, p. 209 (1851).

_Aepyornis ingens_ Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, C.R. CXVIII, pp. 122-127
(1894).

This is the stoutest and bulkiest species, though not so tall as _Ae. titan_. All the largest eggs next to those of _Ae. titan_ must belong to this species. It will be argued that I have no right to use the name _maximus_ for this form, but the name of _maximus_ is based on one of the eggs in the Paris Museum, and as these evidently belong to this form and not to the form subsequently called _maximus_, I must apply to that the name of _grandidieri_, given by Mr. Dawson Rowley in 1867 to a portion of eggshell of the lesser form.

The measurements of the limbs are as follows:--

_Femur._

Total length 440 mm.
Width at proximal end 190 "
Width at distal end 200 "
Circumference at narrowest part of shaft 265 "

_Tibio-tarsus._

Total length 780 mm.
Width at proximal end 180 "
Width at distal end 160 "
Circumference at narrowest part of shaft 210 "

_Tarso-metatarsus._

Total length 420 mm.
Width at proximal end 170 "
Width at distal end 160 "
Circumference at narrowest part of shaft 200 "

The description of the foot in the diagnosis of the family is based on the pes of this species. It is true that the two mounted skeletons in the British and Tring Museums of _Aepyornis hildebrandti_ show a larger number of phalanges; but as neither is composed of the bones of a single individual it is more than likely that the articulator made a mistake.

The dimensions of the type egg are as follows:--

Large diameter 340 mm.
Small diameter 225 "
Large circumference 850 "
Small circumference 710 "

Habitat: S. W. Madagascar.

There are about 16 eggs known of this form, varying from 854 mm. to 816 mm. in large circumference, and from 743 mm. to 715 mm. in small circumference. {226}

AEPYORNIS GRANDIDIERI ROWLEY.

_Aepyornis Maximus_ Auct.

_Aepyornis grandidieri_ Rowley, P.Z.S. 1867, p. 892.

This is the form which nearly all the bones, referred erroneously to Geoffroy's _Ae. maximus_, belong. The original description of Dawson Rowley was founded on a piece of eggshell, and is as follows:--

"The granulation is in a marked degree different from that of the other pieces. The air pores which in the other specimens appear like a comet with a tail are here only small indentations without any tail; the shell also is only half the thickness, is much finer, and presents an aspect so diverse that the difference is detected by the most careless observer, even when the pieces are all mixed. These fragments belonged to the egg of much smaller birds, the embryo of which required less strength in the shell. Yet the colour, quality and locality of that shell clearly point to a bird of the same family as _Aepyornis maximus_--in short, a smaller and more delicate _Aepyornis_. For this species I propose the name of _Aepyornis grandidieri_."

The measurements of bones of the hind limb are as follows:--

_Femur._

Length 320 mm.
Width at distal end 190 "

_Tibio-tarsus._

Length 640 mm.

There are at Tring two eggs of this species.

No. 1, traded.

Length 283.0 mm.
Width 215.0 "
Large circumference 777.5 "
Small circumference 670.0 "

No. 2 Ambondo, Ambovombé in the district of Fort Dauphin.

Large circumference 775 mm.
Small circumference 662.5 "

There are recorded of these eggs, besides the two mentioned above, eight further specimens, varying from 810 mm. to 771.5 mm. in large circumference, and 686 mm. to 654 mm. in small circumference.

In addition to these there are in various collections about eight or nine eggs whose species is doubtful. {227}

AEPYORNIS CURSOR M.-E. & GRAND.

_Aepyornis cursor_ Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, C.R. CXVIII, p. 124
(1894).

Original description as follows: _Ae. cursor_ is almost as large as _Ae. grandidieri_ = _maximus_ auct., nec. Geoffroy, but is more slender.

Length of tarso-metatarsus 380 mm.
Width at proximal end 140 "
Width at distal end 120 "
Circumference of shaft 155 "
Width of shaft 65 "

Habitat: Madagascar.

AEPYORNIS MEDIUS M.-E. & GRAND.

_Aepyornis medius_ Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. V,
vol. XII, p. 179 (1869).

_Aepyornis medius_ Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, Rech. Faune. Orn. Et.
Masc. & Mad. (1866-73), p. 97, note 2.

This form was founded on a femur found at Amboulitsate in W. Madagascar, and is described as follows: "It presents the same general characters, and evidently belongs to an _Aepyornis_, but to a different species, which we will call _Aepyornis medius_. The femur in question is not only distinguished by its lesser proportions but by the narrower external face of the bone; which variation results in causing the whole area between the trochanter and the base of the femoral neck to be much less depressed. The intermuscular line, which marks the insertion surface of the deep portion of the femoral triceps muscle, is hardly indicated, whereas it is very pronounced in the larger femur. The posterior side is also more rounded, and the distance which separates the popliteal depression from the proximal extremity is larger; the shape of this large depression is, however, the same as in the larger femur, and although the articular surfaces above it do show some differences, we know that these characters are not very reliable as they are subject to individual variations.

Circumference of shaft 215 mm."

Habitat: West Madagascar. {228}

AEPYORNIS HILDEBRANDTI BURCKH.

_Aepyornis hildebrandti_ Burckhardt, Pal. Abh. (VI) II, p. 127 (1893).

I must refer my readers to Dr. Burckhardt's description, as it is too long and too technical to be reproduced here, especially as it is not comparative. I, however, give here some of his measurements:--

_Tibio-tarsus._

_A. grandidieri._ _A. hildebrandti._
Length 640 mm. 480 mm.
Breadth at proximal end 190 " 130 "
Breadth at distal end 135 " 82 "

_Tarso-metatarsus._

Length circa 375 mm. 275 mm.
Breadth at proximal end 145 " 103 "
Breadth at distal end 145 " 95 "

The locality of the type is Sirabé.

Habitat: Madagascar.

AEPYORNIS LENTUS M.-E. & GRAND.

_Aepyornis lentus_ Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, C.R. CXVIII, p. 124
(1894).

Original description as follows: "_Ae. lentus_ is remarkable from its short and massive feet.

Length of tarso-metatarsus 360 mm.
Width of proximal end 150 "
Circumference of shaft 170 "
Width of shaft 68 " "

Habitat: Madagascar. {229}

AEPYORNIS MULLERI M.-E. & GRAND.

_Aepyornis mulleri_ Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, C.R. CXVII, pp. 124-125
(1894).

The original description commences: "The new species which we owe to the researches of M. G. Muller, and which we shall name _Ae. mulleri_, is smaller. Nevertheless, it is superior in size to _Ae. hildebrandti_, described by M. Burckhardt, which also came from Antsirabé. We possess the almost complete skeleton of this bird, the skull, mandible, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, a part of the pelvis, the leg bones, and a few phalanges of the pes; so that we can now exactly define the position and affinities of the genus _Aepyornis_." Then follows the diagnosis of the family, which I have given before.

Habitat: Central Madagascar.

AEPYORNIS MODESTUS M.-E. & GRAND.

_Aepyornis modestus_ Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5)
XII, p. 189 (1869).

Messrs. Milne-Edwards & Grandidier state at pages 180-181 that the bone (a portion of a femur) which is the type of the above name, had a shaft-circumference of 120 mm., while in _Ae. medius_ this circumference was 215 mm., and in _Ae. grandidieri_ (= _maximus_ auct. nec. Geoffroy), it was 270 mm.

Type locality: Amboulitsate, in West Madagascar.

{231}

MULLERORNIS MILNE-EDWARDS & GRANDIDIER.

Birds of medium size, not having the heavy and massive build of _Aepyornis_. They appear to resemble more closely the _Casuaridae_. Known only from leg bones.

Number of species: 2.

MULLERORNIS BETSILEI MILNE-EDW. & GRAND.

_Mullerornis betsilei_ Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, Compt. Rend.,
CXVIII, p. 125 (1894).

Original description as follows:--"The leg bones are slender, the tarso-metatarsus is not enlarged as in the preceding genus, and the section through the shaft shows almost an isosceles triangle. The bone itself having more the proportion of _Dromaius_.

"Length of tibio-tarsus 390 mm.
Circumference of tibio-tarsus 90 "
Width of tibio-tarsus 30 "
Width of proximal end 75 "
Width of distal end 60 "
Length of tarso-metatarsus 310 "
Circumference of tarso-metatarsus 80 "
Width of shaft of tarso-metatarsus 27 "
Width of proximal end 70 "

"_Mullerornis betsilei_ inhabited the same area as _Ae. mulleri_ but was much rarer. (Translated.)"

Habitat: Central Madagascar. {232}

MULLERORNIS AGILIS MILNE-EDW. & GRAND.

_Mullerornis agilis_ Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, Compt. Rend.,
CXVIII, pp. 125-126 (1894).

Original description as follows:--"_M. agilis_ inhabited the South-west Coast; we only possess, of this species, one tibia, which is remarkable for the manner in which the intermuscular bony ridges and the tendon-grooves are marked. The exterior border of the bone above the lower articular surface has developed into a very pronounced crista." (Translated.)

"Length of tibio-tarsus 440 mm.
Circumference of tibio-tarsus 97 "
Width of tibio-tarsus 34 "
Width at proximal end 65 "
Width at distal end 75 " "

Habitat: South-west Madagascar.

{233}

FLACOURTIA ANDREWS.

Differs from _Mullerornis_ in having a completely ossified bony bridge over the lower end of the groove for the adductor of the outer digit, in the tarso-metatarsus.

Number of species: 1.

FLACOURTIA RUDIS (MILNE-EDW. & GRAND.)

_Mullerornis rudis_ Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, Compt. Rend. CXVIII, p.
126 (1894).

_Flacourtia rudis_ Andrews, Nov. Zool. II, p. 25 (1895).

Original description as follows:--"The third species _M. rudis_ (= _F. rudis_) was discovered by M. Grevé in the fossiliferous beds of the West Coast. The tibio-tarsus is of about the same length as in _M. betsilei_, but is more massive. The tarso-metatarsus is remarkable on account of the great enlargement of the distal extremity, and of which the digital articular attachments are extremely large. Between the middle and outer ones there is a bony opening for the passage of the adductor muscle of the outer digit, which passage is not present in _Aepyornis_ (or _Mullerornis_, W.R.)." (Translation.)

Length of tibio-tarsus 400 mm.
Circumference of tibio-tarsus 100 "
Width of tibio-tarsus 35 "
Width of distal end 75 "

Habitat: West Madagascar.

{235}

DROMAIUS PERONI NOM. NOV.

(PLATE 40.)

_Casoar de la Nouvelle Hollande_ Péron, Relat. Voy. Terr. Austr. I p.
467, pl. XXXVI (1807).

_Dromoius ater_ Vieillot, Gal. des Ois, pl. 226 (not text).

_Dromaeus ater_ Blyth, Ibis 1862, p. 93.

It is most unfortunate that the larger number of authors have neglected to go carefully into the synonymy of this bird; if they had done so it would not have been necessary, after 81 years, to reject the very appropriate name of _ater_, and to rename the Emu of Kangaroo Island. Vieillot, in the Nouveau Dictionnaire D'Histoire Naturelle X, page 212, distinctly states that his _Dromaius ater_ was a name given to Latham's _Casuarius novaehollandiae_, and makes no mention of Péron or of the Isle Decrès.

The figures in Péron's work of the adult male and female are not good, but those of the young and nestlings appear to me to be very accurate, and the plate in the Galérie des Oiseaux is quite excellent. The latter and my own are taken from the type specimen in the Paris Museum, while the plate in Péron was done by Lessieur from a series of sketches from life made by himself on Decrès Island and in the menagerie of the Jardin des Plantes. The only known specimens of this extinct species are the mounted skin and skeleton in Paris and the skeleton in the Florence Museum. All these are what remain of the three living birds brought to Paris by Péron, and no other authentic specimens exist anywhere. There is in the Museum at Liverpool a full-grown, though immature Emu of the same size as _Dromaius peronii_, but owing to its proportionally longer legs and very scanty plumage it is not absolutely safe to identify it as a second mounted specimen of _D. peronii_. I will recur to this lower down.

Description of adult male (ex Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.): Similar to _D. novaehollandiae_, but much smaller, and with feathers of the neck entirely black; feathers of the body brown fulvous, with the apical half very dark blackish brown; bill and feet blackish, naked skin of the sides of the neck blue. Total length about 55 inches, tarsus 11.40, culmen 2.36.

Immature in first plumage entirely sooty black. Nestling whitish with longitudinal bands of rufous brown. In addition to Decrès or Kangaroo Island, also Flinders, King Islands, and Tasmania had Emus living on them {236} at the time of Péron's visit, and I believe, if authentic specimens from these localities were in existence we should find that each of these islands had had a distinct species or race of Emus. Taking this for granted, and also taking into account that it is slightly different from the type of _D. peronii_, I have come to the conclusion that the Liverpool specimen is an immature, though full-grown individual from one of these other islands; but it is not possible from this one rather poor specimen to separate it from the Kangaroo Island species, especially as there is absolutely no indication of the origin of this specimen.

Habitat: Island of Decrès or Kangaroo Island.

One stuffed specimen (Type) and one skeleton in Paris, one skeleton in Florence, and one stuffed specimen in Liverpool (an species diversa?). Also some leg-bones in Adelaide, Australia.

Dr. H. O. Forbes, who kindly lent me the last-named specimen, was the first to point out the differences of this bird from _D. novaehollandiae_. It is certainly totally distinct from birds of similar age of either _D. novaehollandiae_ or _D. n. irroratus_. {237}

DROMAIUS MINOR (SPENCER).

_Dromaeus minor_ Baldwin Spencer, Vict. Nat. XXIII, p. 140 (1906).

As Mr. Bernard H. Woodward, of Perth, West Australia, was organising an expedition to Kangaroo, Flinders, and King Islands (December, 1906), to hunt for Emu remains on these islands, I had hoped to be the first to describe what I felt sure would be two new species of _Dromaius_. I have, however, been forestalled by Professor Baldwin Spencer in the case of King Island, whence a collection of 17 femurs, 19 tibio-tarsi, 28 tarso-metatarsi, and portions of 8 pelves, made by Messrs. Alex. Morton and R. M. Johnston, T.S.O., formed the material for the description of a new species.

The diagnosis is as follows: "Smaller than _D. ater_ (= _D. peronii_ mihi). Tibia not or only slightly exceeding 330 mm. in greatest length. Tarso-metatarsus not exceeding 280 mm. in greatest length. Pelvis, length not or only slightly exceeding 280 mm."

_D. minor_ was a smaller but stouter bird than _D. peronii_. Comparative dimensions:--

_D. peronii_. _D. minor_.
Tibio-tarsus 342 mm. 320-332 mm.
Tarso-metatarsus 290 " 277-287 "
Femur 180 " 170-180 "
Pelvis 340 " 274-280 "
Pelvis, front width 75 " 64 "
Pelvis, width behind acetabular cavity 92 " 78-86 "

Habitat: King Island, Bass Strait. Now extinct.

* * * * *

{239}

INDEX.
PAGE
Aechmorhynchus, 119
Aepyornis, 223
Aepyornithidae, 221
Aestrelata, 157
agilis (Mullerornis), 232
alba (Notornis), 144
alba (Porphyrio), 143
albicilla (Clitonyx), XI
albifacies (Sceloglaux), XI
albifrons (Miro), XI
Alca, 153
Alectroenas, 163
Alopochen, X
alphonsi (Astur), 83
altus (Dinornis), 192
Amazona, 57
americana (Meleagris), XII
americanus (Siphonorhis), 43
Anas, 103
angustipluma (Chaetoptila), 29
anna (Ciridops), 41
Anomalopteryx, 201
antiquus (Anomalopteryx), 202
antipodum (Palaeocorax), 1
Aphanapteryx, 131
apicalis (Moho), 27
Apterornis, 145
Aptornis, 147
Ara, 51
Ardea, 111
Astur, 83
ater (Dromaeus), 235
Athene, 75
aucklandica (Nesonetta), XI
augusta (Amazona), XII
australis (Mergus), XI
australis (Miro), XI

benedeni (Anas), IX
betsilei (Mullerornis), 231
bifrons (Metapteryx), X
Biziura, 109
bonasia (Aphanapteryx), 131
boothi (Emeus), 210
borbonica (Emberiza), 7
borbonica (Pezophaps), 175
borbonica (Phedina), XI
borbonicus (Fregilupus), 3
borbonicus (Necropsittacus), 62
borbonicus (Palaeornis), 67
borbonicus (Trochocercus), XI
bouqueti (Amazona), XII
Bowdleria, 21
brachyurus (Rhamphocinclus), XI
Branta, X
brewsteri (Tympanuchus), 181
broeckii (Aphanapteryx), 131
bruante (Foudia), 7
Bubo, 71

Cabalus, 127
caeruleus (Anadorhynchus), 54
calcitrans (Cnemiornis), 97
californianus (Pseudogryphus), XII
Camptolaimus, 105
canadensis (Columba), 167
cancellata (Aechmorhynchus), 119
capensis (Upupa), 3
Carbo, 87
carribbaea (Aestrelata), 157
carolinensis (Conurus), XII
Casuarius, X
{240}
casuarinus (Cela), 207
Cela, 205
Centrornis, 95
Cereopsis, 99
Chaetoptila, 29
chathamensis (Palaeolimnas), 149
chathamica (Gallinago), 121
Chaunoproctus, 9
Chenalopex, 93
Chenopis, 91
Cinclocerthia, XI
cincta (Pogonornis), XI
Circus, 81
Ciridops, 41
Clitonyx, XI
Cnemiornis, 97
coerulescens (Apterornis), 145
commersoni (Scops), 73
compacta (Pachyornis), 217
Conurus, 59
cooki (Cyanorhamphus), XI
Coturnix, 183
coudoni (Anser), X
crassus (Emeus), 209
cucullatus (Didus), 172
cupido (Tympanuchus), 181
cursor (Aepyornis), 227
curtus (Cela), 205
Cyanorhamphus, 69

defossor (Aptornis), 148
dentirostris (Geospiza), 12
deppei (Psittirostra), 37
diabolica (Aestrelata), 159
Diaphorapteryx, 133
Dididae, 171
didiformis (Anomalopteryx), 202
didiformis (Dinornis), 199
didinus (Dinornis), 199
Didus, 171
dieffenbachii (Nesolimnas), 125
dimidiata (Monarcha), XI
Dinornis, 191
Dinornithidae, 185
Drepanis, 31
Dromaius, X, 235
dromioides (Dinornis), 194
duboisi (Ardea), 114
duboisi (Mascarinus), 64
duboisi (Nesoenas), 166

ecaudata (Pennula), 137
echo (Palaeornis), 68
Ectopistes, 167
effluxus (Microtribonyx), X
elapsa (Anas), IX
elegans (Palaeocasuarius), 220
elephantopus (Pachyornis), 214
ellisi (Prosobonia), 118
ellisianus (Hemignathus), 33
Emeus, 209
eques (Palaeornis), 67
erythrocephala (Ara), 53
Erythromachus, 135
erythronotus (Cyanorhamphus), 69
erythrotis (Cyanorhamphus), XI
erythrura (Ara), 54
excelsus (Dinornis), 192
exilis (Emeus), 211
exsul (Palaeornis), 65

falconeri (Cygnus), X
ferreorostris (Chaunoproctus), 9
finschi (Anas), 103
firmus (Dinornis), 193
Flacourtia, 233
flaviceps (Telespiza), XI
{241}
Foudia, XI
forsteri (Cyanorhamphus), 69
fortis (Anomalopteryx), 203
franciae (Columba), 163
francicus (Necropsittacus), 62
Fregilupus, 3
fuscatus (Psittacus), 70
fusco-fulvus (Nesacanthis), 7

gallinacea (Progura), X
Gallinago, 121
gigantea (Leguatia), 151
giganteus (Dinornis), 193
genibarbis (Myadestes), XI
Geospiza, 11, 12
geranoides (Cela), 206
gossei (Ara), 52
gracilipes (Dromaius), X
gracilis (Cnemiornis), 98
gracilis (Dinornis), 194
grandidieri (Aepyornis), 226
gravipes (Emeus), 210
Grus, X
guadaloupensis (Ara), 54
guildingi (Amazona), XII
gutturalis (Cinclocerthia), XI

haasti (Emeus), 210
haasti (Palaeocasuarius), 220
habroptilus (Stringops), XII
haesitata (Aestrelata), 159
hamiltoni (Circus), 81
hamiltoni (Megalapteryx), 197
Harpagornis, 85
harrisi (Phalacrocorax), XII
hasitata (Aestrelata), 159
hawkinsi (Diaphorapteryx), 133
hectori (Megalapteryx), 197
Hemignathus, 33
Hemiphaga, 161
herberti (Didus), 131
Heterorhynchus, 35
hildebrandti (Aepyornis), 228
hochstetteri (Notornis), 142
huttonii (Megalapteryx), 199
Hypotaenidia, 123
hypsibata (Branta), IX

immanis (Pachyornis), 215
impennis (Alca), 153
imperialis (Aphanapteryx), 131
ineptus (Didus), 172
ingens (Dinornis), 193
inhabilis (Pachyornis), 216
insignis (Ocydromus), 129
insularis (Xenicus), 23
Ixocincla, XI

jamaicensis (Aestrelata), 157

labati (Conurus), 59
labradoria (Camptolaimus), 105
lanaiensis (Hemignathus), XII
lautouri (Biziura), 109
leguati (Bubo), 71
leguati (Erythromachus), 135
leguati (Necropsar), 6
Leguatia, 151
lentus (Aepyornis), 228
leucopogon (Strigiceps), 30
leucoptera (Prosobonia), 118
Lithophaps, X
Lophopsittacus, 49
Loxops, 39
lucidus (Heterorhynchus), 35
lyalli (Traversia), 23
lydekkeri (Casuarius), X
lydekkeri (Prociconia), X

mackintoshi (Porphyrio), X
{242}
macroura (Ectopistes), 167
madagascariensis (Mascarinus), 64
madagascariensis (Upupa), 3, 4
magnirostris (Geospiza), 11
major (Carbo), 88
majori (Centrornis), 95
mantelli (Notornis), 141
martinicana (Amazona), 57
martinicus (Ara), 53
Mascarinus, 63
mascarinus (Mascarinus), 64
mauritiana (Ardea), 115
mauritianus (Lophopsittacus), 49
mauritianus (Sarcidiornis), 101
maximus (Aepyornis), 225
maximus (Dinornis), 192
mayeri (Nesoenas), 165
medius (Aepyornis), 227
megacephala (Ardea), 111
Megalapteryx, 195
melanocephala (Anthornis), XII
melitensis (Columba), X
melitensis (Grus), X
melitensis (Strix), IX
melitensis (Vultur), IX
Metapteryx, X
meyeri (Columba), 165
Microtribonyx, X
migratoria (Ectopistes), 167
millsi (Pennula), 137
minor (Cnemiornis), 98
minor (Dromaius), 237
minor (Ocydromus), 129
minor (Pezophaps), 177
Miro, XI, 15
modestus (Aepyornis), 229
modestus (Cabalus), 127
Moho, 27
Monarcha, XI
moorei (Harpagornis), 85
moriorum (Palaeocorax), 1
mulleri (Aepyornis), 229
mülleri (Hypotaenidia), XI
Mullerornis, 231
murina (Pyrrhula), XII
murivora (Athene), 75
murivora (Strix), 75

nanus (Plotus), 89
nazarenus (Didus), 177
Necropsar, 5
Necropsittacus, 61
Nesoenas, 165
Nesolimnas, 125
Nestor, 45
newelli (Puffinus), XI
newtoni (Foudia), XI
newtoni (Genyornis), X
newtoni (Palaeolimnas), 149, 150
newtoni (Strix), 79
nigra (Pomarea), 13
nitidissima (Alectroenas), 163
nobilis (Palaeopelargus), X
norfolcensis (Nestor), 47
Notornis, 141
novaezealandiae (Cereopsis), 99
novaezealandiae (Coturnix), 183
novaezealandiae (Dinornis), 194
novaezealandiae (Psittacus), 69
novaezealandiae (Thinornis), XII

oahensis (Phaeornis), 19
Ocydromus, 129
Oestrelata, 157
olivacea (Ixocincla), XI
olivacea (Psittirostra), 37
{243}
otidiformis (Aptornis), 147
oweni (Cela), 206
Oxynotus, XI

Pachyornis, 213
pacifica (Drepanis), 31
pacifica (Hypotaenidia), 123
pacificus (Cyanorhamphus), 69
pacificus (Pareudiastes), XII
Palaeocasuarius, 219
Palaeocorax, 1
Palaeolimnas, 149
Pelaeopelargus, X
Palaeornis, 65
papa (Fringilla), 9
parkeri (Emeus), 211
parvus (Anomalopteryx), 202
patricius (Dromaius), X
Pelecanus, X
Pennula, 137
peralata (Gallinula), X
peroni (Dromaius), 235
perspicillatus (Carbo), 87
perspicillatus (Phalacrocorax), 87
Pezophaps, 177
Phaeornis, 19
pisana (Fulica), X
Platibis, X
plenus (Palapteryx), 194
Plotus, 89
Pogonornis, XI
Pomarea, 13
ponderosus (Pachyornis), 216
potens (Dinornis), 193
primigenia (Grus), X
principalis (Campephilus), XII
prior (Fulica), X
prisca (Palaeolimnas), 150
proavus (Grus), X
proavus (Pelecanus), IX
productus (Nestor), 45
propinqua (Branta), IX
Prosobonia, 117
Psittirostra, 37
pugil (Alopochen), IX
purpurascens (Anodorhynchus), 55
pusilla (Gallinago), XII
pygmaeus (Pachyornis), 217
pygmaeus (Ocydromus), 127
pyrrhetraea (Tringa), 118

queenslandiae (Dromaius), X

Rhamphocinclus, XI
rheides (Cela), 207
roberti (Tribonyx), 139
robusta (Aythya), IX
robustus (Dinornis), 193
rodericana (Alectroenas?), 164
rodericana (Drymoeca), XI
rodericanus (Necropsar), 5
rodricanus (Necropsittacus), 61
rothschildi (Pachyornis), 215
rudis (Flacourtia), 233
rufa (Loxops), 39
rufescens (Bowdleria), 21
rufifacies (Sceloglaux), 77

sandviciensis (Nesochen), XII
sandwichensis (Pennula), 138
Sarcidiornis, 101
sauzieri (Strix), 80
scaldii (Anser), IX
Sceloglaux, 77
Scops, 73
sibilans (Myadestes), XI
Siphonorhis, 43
sirabensis (Chenalopex), 93
{244}
solitarius (Didus), 175
solitarius (Pezophaps), 177
spadicea (Hemiphaga), 161
subflavescens (Cyanorhamphus), 70
subtenuis (Platibis), X
sumnerensis (Chenopsis), 91
stanleyi (Notornis), 143
strenuipes (Gallinula), X
strenuus (Dinornis), 194
Strigiceps, 30
Strix, 79
struthioides (Dinornis), 194
sylvestris (Ocydromus), XI

tannaensis (Platycercus), 70
tanagra (Turnagra), XI
teauteensis (Circus), 81
tenuipes (Megalapteryx), 198
terrestris (Cichlopasser), 17
terrestris (Geocichla), 17
terrestris (Turdus), 17
theodori (Anas), 103
titan (Aepyornis), 223
torosus (Dinornis), 194
traversi (Miro), 15
Traversia, 23
Tribonyx, 139
tricolor (Ara), 51
trifasciatus (Nesomimus), XII
Turnagra, XI
Turdus, 17
turfa (Grus), X
Tympanuchus, 181
typicus (Oxynotus), XI

valgus (Pachyornis), 216
validipennis (Dendrocygna), IX
validus (Dinornis), 193
varia (Fregilupus), 3
varia (Upupa), 3
velox (Palaeocasuarius), 220
versicolor (Amazona), XII
violaceus (Amazona), 57

ulietanus (Cyanorhamphus), 70
ulnaris (Lithophaps), X
unicolor (Cyanorhamphus), XI

wardi (Palaeornis), 66
wilsoni (Pennula), 138
wolstenholmei (Loxops), 39

zealandicus (Cyanorhamphus), 69

* * * * *

PLATES.

* * * * *

PLATE 1

PREGILUPUS VARIUS
(NATURAL SIZE)

* * * * *

PLATE 2

1. FOUDIA BRUANTE
(NATURAL SIZE)

2. NECROPSAR RODERICANUS
(TWO-THIRDS NATURAL SIZE--_from description_)

3. NECROPSAR LEGUATI
(TWO-THIRDS NATURAL SIZE)

* * * * *

PLATE 3

1. GEOSPIZA MAGNIROSTRIS

2. GEOSPIZA STRENUA

3. NESOENAS MEYERI

4. CHAUNOPROCTUS FERREIROSTRIS

(ALL THREE-FOURTHS NATURAL SIZE--_from skins_)

* * * * *

PLATE 4

1. HEMIGNATHUS ELLISIANUS

2. HETERORHYNCHUS LUCIDUS

3. PSITTIROSTRA PSITTACEA DEPPEI

4. CIRIDOPS ANNA

(ALL FIVE-SIXTHS NATURAL SIZE--_from skins_: No. 3 _from type_)

* * * * *

PLATE 4A

1. MOHO APICALIS
(FOUR-FIFTHS NATURAL SIZE--_from skin_)

2. CHAETOPTILA ANGUSTIPLUMA
(FOUR-FIFTHS NATURAL SIZE--_from skin_)

* * * * *

PLATE 5

1. MIRO TRAVERSI
(FOUR-FIFTHS NATURAL SIZE)

2 & 2A. TRAVERSIA LYALLI [male] [female]
(FOUR-FIFTHS NATURAL SIZE)

3. BOWDLERIA RUFESCENS

* * * * *

PLATE 5A

SIPHONORHIS AMERICANA
(NATURAL SIZE)

* * * * *

PLATE 6

FIG. 1. NESTOR NORFOLCENSIS
_From the plate in the Bulletin of the Liverpool Museum_

FIG. 2. HEAD OF NESTOR PRODUCTUS
_From the specimen in the Tring Museum_
(FIVE-SIXTHS NATURAL SIZE)

* * * * *

PLATE 7

LOPHOPSITTACUS MAURITIANUS
(ELEVEN TWENTY-NINETHS NATURAL SIZE--_from drawing and description_)

* * * * *

PLATE 8

NECROPSITTACUS BORBONICUS
(TWO-FIFTHS NATURAL SIZE--_from a description_)

* * * * *

PLATE 9

MASCARINUS MASCARINUS
(THREE-QUARTERS NATURAL SIZE)

* * * * *

PLATE 10

ARA TRICOLOR
(ELEVEN-THIRTEENTHS NATURAL SIZE--_from specimen in Liverpool Museum_)

* * * * *

PLATE 11

ARA GOSSEI
(FOUR-FIFTHS NATURAL SIZE--_from Gosse's description_)

* * * * *

PLATE 12

ARA ERYTHROCEPHALA
(SIX-TENTHS NATURAL SIZE--_from Gosse's description_)

* * * * *

PLATE 13

ANADORHYNCHUS PURPURASCENS
(TWO-FIFTHS NATURAL SIZE--_from a description_)

* * * * *

PLATE 14

ARA MARTINICUS
(TWO-FIFTHS NATURAL SIZE--_from description_)

* * * * *

PLATE 15

ARA ERYTHRURA
(ONE-HALF NATURAL SIZE--_from description_)

* * * * *

PLATE 16

CONURUS LABATI
(NATURAL SIZE--_from Labat's description_)

* * * * *

PLATE 17

AMAZONA VIOLACEUS
(TWO-THIRDS NATURAL SIZE--_from description_)

* * * * *

PLATE 18

AMAZONA MARTINICANA
(TWO-THIRDS NATURAL SIZE--_from Labat's description_)

* * * * *

PLATE 19

PALAEORNIS EXSUL
(THREE-QUARTERS NATURAL SIZE)

* * * * *

PLATE 20

PALAEORNIS WARDI
(THREE-QUARTERS NATURAL SIZE)

* * * * *

PLATE 21

HEMIPHAGA SPADICEA
(TWO-THIRDS NATURAL SIZE)

* * * * *

PLATE 22

ALECTROENAS NITIDISSIMA
(NATURAL SIZE)

* * * * *

PLATE 23

PEZOPHAPS SOLITARIA
(ABOUT ONE-THIRD NATURAL SIZE--_from descriptions and drawings_)

* * * * *

PLATE 24

DIDUS CUCULLATUS
(ONE-THIRD NATURAL SIZE--_from drawings_)

* * * * *

PLATE 24A

1, 2, 3. DIDUS CUCULLATUS (_see explanation_)

* * * * *

PLATE 24B

1-9. DIDUS CUCULLATUS

* * * * *

PLATE 24C

10-13. DIDUS CUCULLATUS

* * * * *

PLATE 25

DIDUS SOLITARIUS
(ONE-THIRD NATURAL SIZE--_from a Dutch picture taken from living bird in
Amsterdam, beak and wing restored_)

* * * * *

PLATE 25A

DIDUS SOLITARIUS
(ONE-THIRD NATURAL SIZE--_from Dubois' description_)

* * * * *

PLATE 25B

FIG. 1, 2, 3. PEZOPHAPS SOLITARIA
FIG. 4, 5, 7, 8. DIDUS SOLITARIUS

* * * * *

PLATE 26

1. HYPOTAENIDIA PACIFICA
(TWO-THIRDS NATURAL SIZE--_from Forster's drawing in British Museum_)

2. PENNULA SANDWICHENSIS
(THREE-FIFTHS NATURAL SIZE--_from skin_)

3. PENNULA MILLSI
(THREE-FIFTHS NATURAL SIZE--_from skin_)

* * * * *

PLATE 27

NESOLIMNAS DIEFFENBACHI
(SEVEN-EIGHTHS NATURAL SIZE)

* * * * *

PLATE 28

1. CABALUS MODESTUS
(NATURAL SIZE)

2. COTURNIX NOVAEZEALANDIAE
(SEVEN-EIGHTHS NATURAL SIZE)

* * * * *

PLATE 29

APHANAPTERYX BONASIA
(ONE-HALF NATURAL SIZE--_from a drawing_)

* * * * *

PLATE 30

ERYTHROMACHUS LEGUATI
(ONE-HALF NATURAL SIZE--_from a description and a tracing_)

* * * * *

PLATE 31

LEGUATIA GIGANTEA
(ONE-SIXTH NATURAL SIZE--_from description and drawings_)

* * * * *

PLATE 32

APTERORNIS COERULESCENS
(ONE-HALF NATURAL SIZE--_from descriptions_)

* * * * *

PLATE 33

NOTORNIS ALBA
(FIVE-NINETHS NATURAL SIZE)

* * * * *

PLATE 34

NOTORNIS HOCHSTETTERI
(ONE-HALF NATURAL SIZE)

* * * * *

PLATE 35

1. AECHMORHYNCHUS CANCELLATUS
(NATURAL SIZE)

2. PROSOBONIA LEUCOPTERA
(NATURAL SIZE)

* * * * *

PLATE 36

CAMPTOLAEMUS LABRADORIUS
(ONE-HALF NATURAL SIZE--_from Nature_)

* * * * *

PLATE 37

AESTRELATA CARIBBAEA
(FIVE-SIXTHS NATURAL SIZE--_from stuffed specimen in Dublin Museum_)

* * * * *

PLATE 38

ALCA IMPENNIS
(FIVE-EIGHTHS NATURAL SIZE--_from stuffed specimen_)

* * * * *

PLATE 39

CARBO PERSPICILLATUS
(SEVEN-SIXTEENTHS NATURAL SIZE)

* * * * *

PLATE 40

DROMAIUS PERONI
(ONE-THIRD NATURAL SIZE--_from type specimen_)

* * * * *

PLATE 41

MEGALAPTERYX HUTTONI
(ONE-QUARTER NATURAL SIZE--_restored drawing from feathers and mummified
remains_)

* * * * *

PLATE 42

DINORNIS INGENS
(ONE-ELEVENTH NATURAL SIZE--_restoration from skeleton and feathers_)

* * * * *

NOTES

[1] "_Psittacus_ brachyurus fuscus, facie nigra, cauda albente. Habitat in Mascarina. Rostrum incarnatum. Caput caerulescens."

[2] See Findlay's South Pacific Ocean Directory, p. 642.

[3] Ibis 1862, p. 214.

[4] Proceedings of the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club, II, 1898, 17.

[5] Wintle, Birds of Montreal, 1896, 51.

[6] In collection of Dr. J. Dwight, Jr.

[7] Minot, Birds of New England, 1895, 395.

[8] Auk, XX, 1903, 66.

* * * * *

Corrections made to printed original.

Page xvii, entry 1674. In "et Bourbon", the original ampersand in the title of the French work was incongruously expanded to "and" in the present work. So also in the same title on Pages 3 & 64, an on page xviii, entry 1773, in "et sur les hommes".

Page xvii, entry 1707:--"Compagnons", printed as "Compagnos" in original.

Page xviii, entry 1782 at "aux iles orientales":--"aux", printed as "aus" in original.

Page xix, entry 1830 (also on p. 184 and Plate 28). "Coturnix novaezealandiae" retained as printed, but the correct spelling is "novaezelandiae" as printed in the species heading.

Page xx, entry 1861:--"1861", printed as "1681" in original.

Page xx, entry 1868 (Millies):--"Verhandelingen", printed as "Verhandlingen" in original.

Page xxv, entry 1896 (Hartlaub) in "Ein Beitrag":--"Ein", printed as "En" in original.

Page xxv, entry 1902 (Henshaw):--first occurence of "Hawaiian" printed as "Hawaian" in original.

Page 3, in "Dauphine ou Madagascar":--"ou", printed as "on" in original.

Page 15, in "disappeared from Warekauri":--"disappeared", printed as "disapppeared" in original.

Page 64, in "identified by himself with the Mascarine Parrot":--"Mascarine", printed as "Marcarine" in original.

Page 74. "13½ inches = 345 mm": this seems the most likely intention of the erroneous conversion "13½ inches = 365 mm" of the original.

Page 112-3, table. Width at distal extremity "13.5" printed "0135". Four other entries similarly.

Page 144, date for "Porphyrio melanotus var. alba":--"1844", printed as "1144" in original.

Page 167, authors for "Columba migratoria":--"Audubon", printed as "Andubon" in original.

Page 188, in "cervical vertebrae":--"cervical", printed as "cervicle" in original.

Page 191, in "profile of the inner condyle":--"condyle", printed as "cordyle" in original.

Page 215. "228 mm. = 8.9 inches": this seems the most likely intention of the erroneous conversion "228 mm. = 9.9 inches" of the original.

Page 216, in "24 to 24.1":--"24.1", printed as "21-1" in original.

Page 217, synonymy of "Pachyornis pygmaeus":--"Euryapteryx", printed as "Euryapterxy" in original.

Page 237, Tarso-metatarsus upper limit:--"287", printed as "277" in original.