Chapter I: Part 1

[Transcriber's note:

Italicized text delimited by underscores (_).

Bold text delimited by equal signs (=).]

FIELD BOOK OF
WESTERN
WILD FLOWERS

BY MARGARET ARMSTRONG

IN COLLABORATION WITH
J. J. THORNBER, A.M.

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF
ARIZONA, AND BOTANIST OF THE ARIZONA
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION AT TUCSON

WITH FIVE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS IN BLACK
AND WHITE, AND FORTY-EIGHT PLATES IN COLOR
DRAWN FROM NATURE BY THE AUTHOR

C. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
The Knickerbocker Press
NEW YORK AND LONDON
1915

COPYRIGHT, 1915
BY
MARGARET ARMSTRONG

The Knickerbocker Press, New York

PREFACE.

In this little book a very large number of the commoner wild flowers growing in the United States, west of the Rocky Mountains, are pictured and described. It is the first attempt to supply a popular field book for the whole West. The field is vast, including within its limits all sorts of climate and soil, producing thousands of flowers, infinite in variety and wonderful in beauty, their environment often as different as that of Heine's _Pine and Palm_. In such strange homes as the Grand Canyon and the Petrified Forest of Arizona, or the deserts of Utah and southern California, we find the oddest desert plants, forced to curious expedients in order to sustain life amidst almost perpetual heat and drought, but often displaying blossoms of such brilliance and delicacy that they might well be envied by their more fortunate sisters, flourishing beside shady waterfalls, in a "happy valley" like Yosemite, or a splendid mountain garden, such as spreads in many-colored parterres of bloom around the feet of Mt. Rainier. On the wind-swept plains hundreds of flowers are to be found; many kinds of hardy plants brighten the salty margins of the sea cliffs, or bloom at the edge of the snow on rocky mountain peaks, while quantities of humble, everyday flowers border our country roadsides or tint the hills and meadows with lavish color.

The field included the States of Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona and to designate this whole field the term West is used in this book. The term Northwest designates Washington, Oregon, northern Idaho, and northern California, and the term Southwest covers southern California and Arizona. The flowers found only in the Rocky Mountains are not included, and it may be noted here that exceedingly few of the western flowers cross the Rockies and are found in the East.

This is the only fully illustrated book of western flowers, except Miss Parsons's charming book, which is for California only. The drawings have all been made from life. Allowance must be made for differences in appearance, owing to locality, and the text should be consulted for the size, as, on so small a page, some of the plants must be drawn smaller than others.

Almost all technical botanical terms have been translated into ordinary English, as this book is intended primarily for the general public, but as a large number of the plants given have never before been illustrated, or even described, except in somewhat inaccessible or technical publications, it is hoped that the scientist also may find the contents both interesting and useful.

The nomenclature used, with few exceptions, is that of the American Code. Where these names differ greatly from those in common usage the latter are given as synonyms in brackets, making the book more useful to all readers. The botanical names are marked with an accent. Two accents are used, the grave (`) to indicate the long English sound of the vowel, such as the "i" in "violet," and the acute (´) to show the short sound, such as the "i" in "lily."

Professor J. J. Thornber, of the University of Arizona, is responsible for the botanical accuracy of the text and his knowledge and patient skill have made the book possible.

Thanks are due for most valuable assistance in the determination of a very large number of specimens to Miss Alice Eastwood, of the California Academy of Sciences. Also to Dr. W. L. Jepson of the University of California; Professor A. O. Garrett, of Salt Lake City; Professor A. R. Sweetser, of the University of Oregon; Mr. S. B. Parish, of San Bernardino, Cal.; Mrs. Henshaw, of Vancouver, B. C.; Dr. A. Davidson, of Los Angeles; and Mr. Marcus E. Jones, of Salt Lake City. Also for advice and assistance to Dr. N. L. Britton, and Dr. H. M. Richards of New York; to Dr. Livingston Farrand, of Colorado; Mr. C. R. Orcutt, of San Diego; Mr. Carl Purdy, of Ukiah, Cal.; Professor Flett, of Mt. Rainier National Park; Miss Winona Bailey, of Seattle; Professor J. H. Paul, of Salt Lake City; and many other kind friends.

The arrangement is that originated by Mr. Schuyler Mathews, in his _Field Book of American Wild Flowers_, which has been found very popular in the East, but, in this book, most of the genera, as well as the species, have been very briefly described.

MARGARET ARMSTRONG.

NEW YORK,
_January 1, 1915_.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

PREFACE iii

LIST OF COLORED PLATES xi

TECHNICAL TERMS xiii

KEY TO FAMILIES xv

FAMILIES:
Water-plantain (_Alismaceae_) 2
Lily (_Liliaceae_) 4
Iris (_Iridaceae_) 66
Orchid (_Orchidaceae_) 72
Lizard-tail (_Saururaceae_) 80
Sandalwood (_Santalaceae_) 82
Birthwort (_Aristolochiaceae_) 84
Buckwheat (_Polygonaceae_) 86
Pigweed (_Chenopodiaceae_) 96
Four-o'clock (_Nyctaginaceae_) 100
Carpet-weed (_Aizoaceae_) 108
Pink (_Caryophyllaceae_) 112
Purslane (_Portulacaceae_) 120
Buttercup (_Ranunculaceae_) 126
Barberry (_Berberidaceae_) 152
Water Lily (_Nymphaeaceae_) 156
Strawberry Shrub (_Calycanthaceae_) 158
Poppy (_Papaveraceae_) 160
Bleeding Heart (_Fumariaceae_) 168
Mustard (_Cruciferae_) 174
Caper (_Capparidaceae_) 186
Orpine (_Crassulaceae_) 192
Saxifrage (_Saxifragaceae_) 196
Hydrangea (_Hydrangeaceae_) 206
Gooseberry (_Grossulariaceae_) 210
Apple (_Pomaceae_) 214
Plum (_Drupaceae_) 216
Rose (_Rosaceae_) 218
Pea (_Fabaceae_) 242
Senna (_Cassiaceae_) 264
Mimosa (_Mimosaceae_) 266
Krameria (_Krameriaceae_) 268
Caltrop (_Zygophyllaceae_) 268
Flax (_Linaceae_) 270
Wood-sorrel (_Oxalidaceae_) 272
Geranium (_Geraniaceae_) 274
Milkwort (_Polygalaceae_) 278
Meadow Foam (_Limnanthaceae_) 278
Buckeye (_Hippocastanaceae_) 280
Buckthorn (_Rhamnaceae_) 282
Mallow (_Malvaceae_) 284
St. John's-wort (_Hypericaceae_) 292
Fouquiera (_Fouquieriaceae_) 294
Violet (_Violaceae_) 296
Loasa (_Loasaceae_) 300
Rock-rose (_Cistaceae_) 304
Cactus (_Cactaceae_) 304
Evening Primrose (_Onagraceae_) 312
Parsley (_Umbelliferae_) 332
Dogwood (_Cornaceae_) 338
Heath (_Ericaceae_) 340
Wintergreen (_Pyrolaceae_) 354
Indian Pipe (_Monotropaceae_) 356
Primrose (_Primulaceae_) 362
Olive (_Oleaceae_) 366
Gentian (_Gentianaceae_) 368
Milkweed (_Asclepiadaceae_) 374
Dogbane (_Apocynaceae_) 378
Buck-bean (_Menyanthaceae_) 380
Morning-glory (_Convolvulaceae_) 380
Phlox (_Polemoniaceae_) 384
Waterleaf (_Hydrophyllaceae_) 402
Borage (_Boraginaceae_) 422
Verbena (_Verbenaceae_) 434
Mint (_Labiatae_) 434
Potato (_Solanaceae_) 458
Figwort (_Scrophulariaceae_) 466
Broom-rape (_Orobanchaceae_) 504
Madder (_Rubiaceae_) 506
Valerian (_Valerianaceae_) 508
Honeysuckle (_Caprifoliaceae_) 512
Gourd (_Cucurbitaceae_) 518
Bellflower (_Campanulaceae_) 520
Sunflower (_Compositae_) 522
Chicory (_Chicoriaceae_) 570

INDEX 581

COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS.

FACING PAGE

ORANGE MARIPOSA TULIP _Frontispiece_

WILD ONION 14

COVENA 16

INDIAN HYACINTH 24

DOGTOOTH VIOLET 28

BRONZE BELLS 38

BUTTERFLY TULIP 62

BUTTER BALLS 92

SAND-VERBENA 104

INDIAN PINK 116

FOOTHILLS LARKSPUR 128

LILAC CLEMATIS 150

CALIFORNIA POPPY 164

BUSH POPPY 166

WESTERN WALLFLOWER 176

CLIFF ROSE 226

BI-COLORED LUPINE 252

WILD SWEET PEA 254

PRIDE OF CALIFORNIA 256

HEDYSARUM PABULARE 260

DESERT SENNA 266

SPOTTED MALLOW 288

SALMON GLOBE MALLOW 290

HEDGEHOG CACTUS 306

OPUNTIA BASILARIS 308

PINCUSHION CACTUS 310

WHITE EVENING PRIMROSE 326

WESTERN AZALEA 342

SNOW-PLANT 358

SMALL SHOOTING STAR 366

CANCHALAGUA 370

SCARLET GILIA 392

LARGE PRICKLY GILIA 398

MOUNTAIN PHACELIA 404

PHACELIA GRANDIFLORA 408

BABY BLUE-EYES 412

RAMONA INCANA 438

THISTLE SAGE 450

PAINT BRUSH 472

PENTSTEMON CYANANTHUS 480

PENTSTEMON PARRYI 482

BUSH MONKEY FLOWER 490

PINK MONKEY FLOWER 492

WILD VALERIAN 510

ARIZONA THISTLE 524

EASTER DAISY 530

XYLORRHIZA TORTIFOLIA 544

CUT-LEAVED BALSAM-ROOT 558

TECHNICAL TERMS.

=Corolla.= The flower-cup composed of one or more divisions called petals.

=Petal.= One of the divisions of the corolla.

=Calyx.= A flower-envelope, usually green, formed of several divisions called sepals, protecting the bud.

=Sepal.= One of the divisions of the calyx.

=Anther.= The pollen-bearing organ, usually yellow.

=Filament.= The stalk-like support of the anther.

=Stamen.= Anther and filament combined.

=Ovary.= The seed-bearing organ.

=Ovary inferior.= With the flower-parts growing from above the ovary.

=Ovary superior.= With the flower-parts growing from below the ovary.

=Placenta.= That particular portion of the ovary wall to which the ovules are attached.

=Ovule.= The body in the ovary which becomes a seed.

=Style.= The stalk-like projection proceeding from the ovary and terminated by the stigma.

=Stigma.= The generally sticky and sometimes branching termination of the pistil through which pollination takes place.

=Pistil.= Ovary, style, and stigma combined.

=Regular Flower.= Generally symmetrical and uniform in the number of its parts.

=Perfect Flower.= A flower complete in all the common parts.

=Staminate.= With stamens and without pistils.

=Pistillate.= With pistils and without stamens.

=Polygamous.= Pistillate, staminate, and perfect flowers, on the same or on different plants.

=Claw.= The narrow or stalk-like base of some petals.

=Pedicel.= The stalk of a flower in a cluster.

=Raceme.= A flower-cluster in which the flowers are borne along the flower-stalk on pedicels of nearly equal length.

=Spike.= A flower-cluster in which the flowers have no pedicels and are arranged more or less closely along the flower-stalk.

=Bracts.= Small scalelike formations.

=Involucre.= A circle of bracts below a flower-cluster.

=Stipule.= Small often leaflike formations, confined to the base of the leaf.

=Capsule.= A dry seed-vessel, composed of more than one part and splitting open.

=Akene.= A small dry one-seeded fruit, not splitting open.

A KEY TO THE FAMILIES.

PAGE

=A. Parts of the flower nearly always in threes;
leaves almost always parallel-veined.=
a. Ovary superior.
b. Leaves often arrow-shaped; pistils many, in a head.
_Alismaceae_ 2
b. Leaves not arrow-shaped; pistil one. _Liliaceae_ 4
a. Ovary inferior
b. Flowers regular; stamens three. _Iridaceae_ 66
b. Flowers irregular; stamens one or two. _Orchidaceae_ 72
=A. Parts of the flower mostly in fours or fives;
leaves mostly netted-veined.=
=B. Corolla absent; calyx mostly present, sometimes
showy.=
a. Ovary superior.
b. Pistils several to many, distinct. _Ranunculaceae_ 126
b. Pistil one, one to several-celled.
c. Flowers in long spikes with a white involucre
at base. _Saururaceae_ 80
c. Flowers not in long spikes.
d. Stipules if present sheathing the stem;
sepals three to six. _Polygonaceae_ 86
d. Stipules absent; sepals mostly five.
_Chenopodiaceae_ 96
a. Ovary inferior or appearing so by the closely fitting
calyx.
b. Ovary six-celled; stamens six to twelve.
_Aristolochiaceae_ 84
b. Ovary one-celled; stamens three to five.
c. Leaves opposite; flowers often showy.
_Nyctaginaceae_ 100
c. Leaves alternate; flowers not showy.
_Santalaceae_ 82
=B. Both corolla and calyx present.=
=C. Corolla of separate petals.=
=D. Ovary superior.=
a. Stamens more than ten in number.
b. Pistils several to many, separate or
united below.
c. Pistils separate and distinct.
d. Pistils enclosed in a hollow receptacle.
e. Leaves opposite; petals numerous.
_Calycanthaceae_ 158
e. Leaves alternate; petals mostly
five. _Rosaceae_ 218
d. Pistils not enclosed in a receptacle.
e. Stamens attached to the
calyx. _Rosaceae_ 218
e. Stamens not attached to the
calyx. _Ranunculaceae_ 126
c. Pistils united below into a lobed or
beaked ovary.
d. Water plants with floating leaves.
_Nymphaceae_ 156
d. Terrestrial or land plants.
e. Pistils forming a ring; filaments
united. _Malvaceae_ 284
e. Pistils not forming a ring.
f. Pistils inserted on a convex
receptacle; stamens attached
to the calyx. _Rosaceae_ 218
f. Receptacle not convex; stamens
not attached to the
calyx. _Papaveraceae_ 160
b. Pistil one, the styles and stigmas often
several.
c. Ovary one-celled.
d. Style and stigma one.
e. Fruit a drupe (stone-fruit.)
_Drupaceae_ 216
e. Fruit an akene tipped with a
tail. _Rosaceae_ 218
d. Styles or stigmas more than one.
e. Sepals falling as the flowers
expand.
f. Sepals two or three; fruit
a capsule. _Papaveraceae_ 160
f. Sepals four or six; fruit a
berry. _Ranunculaceae_ 126
e. Sepals persistent; low shrubs.
_Cistaceae_ 304
c. Ovary more than one-celled.
d. Water plants with floating leaves.
_Nymphaceae_ 156
d. Plants not growing in water.
e. Leaves with smooth margins
and with transparent dots.
_Hypericaceae_ 292
e. Leaves neither smooth-edged,
nor with transparent dots.
_Malvaceae_ 284
a. Stamens ten or fewer in number.
b. Stamens of the same number as the
petals and opposite them.
c. Ovary more than one-celled; calyx
four- to five-cleft. _Rhamnaceae_ 282
c. Ovary one-celled.
d. Anthers opening by uplifted
valves. _Berberidaceae_ 152
d. Anthers opening by longitudinal
slits. _Portulacaceae_ 120
b. Stamens not of the same number as the
petals, or if of the same number, alternate
with them.
c. Ovaries two or more, separate or
partly united.
d. Stamens united with each other
and with the large thick stigma.
_Asclepiadaceae_ 374
d. Stamens free from each other
and from the pistils.
e. Stamens inserted on the
receptacle.
f. Leaves and stems fleshy.
_Crassulaceae_ 192
f. Leaves and stems not
noticeably fleshy.
g. Lobes of ovary two to
five, with a common
style.
h. Ovary two- to three-lobed.
_Limnanthaceae_ 278
h. Ovary five-lobed.
_Geraniaceae_ 274
g. Ovaries with separate
styles. _Ranunculaceae_ 126
e. Stamens inserted on the
calyx.
f. Stamens twice as many as
the pistils. _Crassulaceae_ 192
f. Stamens not twice as many
as the pistils.
g. Stipules present. _Rosaceae_ 218
g. Stipules absent.
_Saxifragaceae_ 196
c. Ovary one, the styles and stigmas
one to several.
d. Ovary with one cell and one
placenta.
e. Corolla forming standard,
wings and keel; filaments
mostly united. _Fabaceae_ 242
e. Corolla not of standard, wings
and keel; filaments mostly
not united.
f. Stamens ten or five; fruit
smooth, slender. _Cassiaceae_ 264
f. Stamens three or four;
fruit spiny, globose.
_Krameriaceae_ 268
d. Ovary with one or more cells
and styles, and two or more
placentae and stigmas.
e. Ovary one-celled.
f. Corolla irregular; petals
and sepals five. _Violaceae_ 296
f. Corolla regular or nearly so.
g. Ovules attached at the
center or bottom of the
ovary. _Caryophyllaceae_ 112
g. Ovules attached on two
placentae.
h. Stamens equal; pod
on a stalk.
_Capparidaceae_ 186
h. Stamens unequal;
pod without a stalk.
_Cruciferae_ 174
e. Ovary more than one-celled.
f. Ovary three-celled; trees
with palmate leaves.
_Hippocastanaceae_ 280
f. Ovary more than three-celled.
g. Cells of ovary as many
as the sepals.
h. Anthers opening by
terminal pores; dwarf
evergreen shrubby
plants. _Pyrolaceae_ 354
h. Anthers opening by
longitudinal slits.
i. Ovules and seeds
one or two in each
cell.
j. Herbs with lobed
or cut leaves.
_Geraniaceae_ 274
j. Evergreen
shrubs with varnished
leaves.
_Zygophyllaceae_ 268
i. Ovules and seeds
several in each cell;
leaflets three.
_Oxalidaceae_ 272
g. Cells of ovary twice as
many as the sepals.
_Linaceae_ 270
=D. Ovary inferior or more or less so.=
a. Stamens more than ten in number.
b. Plant spiny; leaves absent or soon
deciduous. _Cactaceae_ 304
b. Plant not spiny; leaves persisting for
the season.
c. Leaves three-sided, fleshy. _Aizoaceae_ 108
c. Leaves neither three-sided nor
fleshy.
d. Herbs; leaves rough-hairy.
_Loasaceae_ 300
d. Shrubs or trees.
e. Leaves opposite; stipules
none. _Hydrangeaceae_ 206
e. Leaves alternate; stipules present.
_Pomaceae_ 214
a. Stamens ten or fewer in number.
b. Ovules and seeds more than one in
each cell.
c. Ovary one-celled; fruit a berry.
_Grossulariaceae_ 210
c. Ovary with two or more cells.
d. Stamens four or eight.
e. Shrubs; filaments two-forked
at the apex. _Hydrangeaceae_ 206
e. Herbs; filaments not two-forked
at the apex. _Onagraceae_ 312
d. Stamens five or ten; styles two or
three. _Saxifragaceae_ 196
b. Ovules and seeds only one in each cell.
c. Stamens mostly ten; ovary partly
inferior. _Hydrangeaceae_ 206
c. Stamens less than ten; ovary wholly
inferior.
d. Stamens five; fruit dry.
_Umbelliferae_ 332
d. Stamens four; fruit fleshy.
_Cornaceae_ 338
=C. Corolla with petals more or less united.=
=E. Ovary superior.=
a. Stamens more than five in number.
b. Ovary one-celled.
c. Placenta one.
d. Corolla very irregular; stamens
not protruding from the corolla.
_Fabaceae_ 242
d. Corolla nearly regular; stamens
protruding. _Mimosaceae_ 266
c. Placentae two; corolla irregular.
_Fumariaceae_ 168
b. Ovary two to several-celled.
c. Ovary two-celled; corolla irregular.
_Polygalaceae_ 278
c. Ovary three or more-celled; corolla
regular or nearly so.
d. Stamens not attached to the
corolla.
e. Style one; leaves simple.
_Ericaceae_ 340
e. Styles more than one.
f. Styles three; erect spiny
shrub. _Fouquieriaceae_ 294
f. Styles five; low herbs.
_Oxalidaceae_ 272
d. Stamens attached to the corolla,
plants without green foliage.
_Monotropaceae_ 356
a. Stamens five or fewer in number.
b. Corolla regular.
c. Stamens free from the corolla.
_Ericaceae_ 340
c. Stamens attached to the corolla.
d. Pistil one.
e. Stamens of the same number
as the corolla lobes and opposite
them. _Primulaceae_ 362
e. Stamens alternate with the
corolla lobes or fewer.
f. Ovary one- or two-celled.
g. Styles two or occasionally
one.
h. Capsule usually
many-seeded; sepals
united.
_Hydrophyllaceae_ 402
h. Capsule few-seeded;
sepals separate.
_Convolvulaceae_ 380
g. Styles one or none.
h. leaves opposite.
i. Trees with pinnate
leaves. _Oleaceae_ 366
i. Herbs with simple
smooth-edged
leaves.
_Gentianaceae_ 368
h. Leaves alternate.
i. Ovary one-celled;
leaves with three
leaflets.
_Menyanthaceae_ 380
i. Ovary two-celled;
leaves various.
_Solanaceae_ 458
f. Ovary three- or four-celled.
g. Style one; ovary three-celled.
_Polemoniaceae_ 384
g. Styles two; ovary four-celled.
_Boraginaceae_ 422
d. Pistils two.
e. Stamens and stigmas united;
flowers with hood-like appendages.
_Asclepiadaceae_ 374
e. Stamens and stigmas not
united; flowers without
hood-like appendages.
_Apocynaceae_ 378
b. Corolla more or less irregular.
c. Fruit a many-seeded capsule.
d. Ovary two-celled. _Scrophulariaceae_ 466
d. Ovary one-celled; plants without
green foliage. _Orobanchaceae_ 504
c. Fruit of two or four seed-like nutlets.
d. Ovary four-lobed; plants mostly
aromatic. _Labiatae_ 434
d. Ovary not lobed; plants rarely
aromatic. _Verbenaceae_ 434
=E. Ovary inferior.=
a. Stamens eight or ten; evergreen shrubs.
_Ericaceae_ 340
a. Stamens five or fewer in number.
b. Plants tendril-bearing. _Cucurbitaceae_ 518
b. Plants not tendril-bearing.
c. Stamens free, not united.
d. Leaves alternate; stamens free
from the corolla. _Campanulaceae_ 520
d. Leaves opposite or whorled; stamens
inserted on the corolla.
e. Stamens one to three.
_Valerianaceae_ 508
e. Stamens four to five.
f. Leaves opposite, never in
whorls nor with stipules.
_Caprifoliaceae_ 512
f. Leaves opposite and with
stipules, or in whorls and
without stipules. _Rubiaceae_ 506
c. Stamens united by their anthers.
d. Corollas all strap-shaped and perfect;
juice milky. _Cichoriaceae_ 570
d. Marginal corollas strap-shaped,
never perfect; disk corollas perfect;
juice not milky. _Compositae_ 522

FIELD BOOK OF WESTERN WILD FLOWERS

WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. _Alismaceae._

A rather small family, widely distributed, growing in fresh-water swamps and streams. The leaves are all from the root, with long sheathing leaf-stalks, and the flowers are regular and perfect, or with only pistils or only stamens; the sepals three; the petals three; the stamens six or more; the ovaries numerous, superior, developing into dry, one-seeded nutlets.

There are a good many kinds of Sagittaria, with fibrous roots and milky juice; the leaves are usually arrow-shaped; the lower flowers usually pistillate and the upper ones usually staminate; the stamens are numerous and the numerous ovaries are closely crowded and form roundish heads. The name is from the Latin for "arrow," referring to the shape of the leaves.

[Sidenote: =Arrowhead=
_Sagittària latifòlia_
=White
Summer
North America=]

An attractive and very decorative plant, with stout, smooth, hollow flower-stems, from eight inches to four feet tall, with very handsome, smooth, olive-green leaves and papery bracts. The flowers are about an inch across, with delicately crumpled, white petals and yellow anthers, forming a bright golden center, and the plants look very pretty standing along the edges of ponds. The leaves are exceedingly variable both in size and shape. This is found throughout North America. The tubers are edible and hence the plant is often called Tule Potato, and they are much eaten by the Chinese in California. The Indian name is Wapato.

LILY FAMILY. _Liliaceae_.

A wonderfully beautiful family, large and widely distributed, mostly perennial herbs, growing from bulbs or root-stocks, with perfect, regular, symmetrical flowers and toothless leaves. The flower-cup almost always has six divisions, the outer often called sepals and the inner petals. The six stamens are opposite the divisions and sometimes three of them are without anthers. The styles or stigmas are three and the ovary is superior, developing into a three-celled capsule or berry, containing few or many seeds.

There are several kinds of Anthericum, rather small, lily-like plants, with grasslike leaves, springing from the base and surrounded by the fibrous remnants of older leaves. The slender stems are leafless, or have one, very small, dry leaf; the roots thick and fleshy-fibrous; the flowers yellow, on pedicels jointed near the middle; the style long and slender; the pod oblong, containing several flattened, angular seeds in each cell. They are common in rocky soil, at altitudes of six thousand to nine thousand feet, from western Texas to Arizona.

[Sidenote: =Amber Lily=
_Anthéricum Tórreyi_
=Yellow
Summer
Arizona=]

A beautiful little plant, with delicate flowers, unusual and pretty in coloring. It grows from eight to fifteen inches tall and has a slender, pale-green stem, springing from a clump of graceful, pale bluish-green, grasslike leaves. The flowers are about three quarters of an inch long, pale orange or corn-color, with a narrow stripe on each division; the pistil green, with an orange stigma; the anthers yellow. The flowers fade almost as soon as they bloom. This grows in open woods.

There are several kinds of Zygadene, natives of North America and Siberia. They mostly have coated bulbs, resembling onions, and white or greenish flowers, in clusters, the leaves long, smooth, folded lengthwise and springing mostly from the root. The flowers are perfect or polygamous, the six divisions alike, with one or two, greenish, glandular spots at the base of each; the styles three, distinct; the fruit a three-lobed capsule, with several or many seeds in each compartment. The name is from the Greek for "yoke" and "gland," because some kinds have a couple of glands on each division of the flower.

[Sidenote: =Poison Sego=
_Zygadènus paniculàtus_
=Cream-white
Spring, summer
Utah, Nev., Idaho=]

A handsome, rather stout plant, about a foot tall, with bright light-green, smooth, graceful leaves sheathing the stem, which has a papery bract around its base. The flowers are in clusters varying in shape, sometimes growing in a long, loose raceme and sometimes in a closer, pointed cluster. The divisions of the rather small, cream-white flowers have short claws, with a yellow gland and a stamen at the base of each. The stamens are conspicuous, with swinging, yellow, shield-shaped anthers, and are at first longer than the three styles, which gradually lengthen and, together with the stamens, give a delicate, feathery appearance to the whole flower cluster. This grows on dry hillsides and in meadows. The bulb is very poisonous.

[Sidenote: =Zygadene=
_Zygadènus élegans_
=White
Summer
U. S.=]

A handsome graceful plant, with one or more stiff stems, from six inches to three feet tall, springing from a large clump of rather stiff, bluish-green leaves, covered with a pale "bloom," and bearing fine clusters of cream-white flowers, less than an inch across, their divisions united below and adhering to the base of the ovary and each with a sticky, bright-green, heart-shaped gland. This grows in moist places in the mountains, across the continent.

[Sidenote: =Star Zygadene=
_Zygadènus Fremóntii_
=White
Spring, summer
California=]

Much like the last, but the foliage with less "bloom" and the flowers handsomer and rather larger. Their divisions are free from the ovary, only the inner divisions have claws, and the glands are greenish-yellow and toothed. This grows among bushes, on hillsides and sea-cliffs along the coast.

[Sidenote: =Death Camass=
_Zygadènus venenòsus_
=White
Spring
Wash., Oreg., Cal.=]

Not nearly so handsome as the two last, but a pretty plant, from one to two feet tall, with dull-green leaves, folded lengthwise, with rough edges. The cream-colored flowers are less than half an inch across, striped with green on the outside, their divisions free from the ovary and all with claws, with roundish, greenish-yellow glands, not toothed, and with long stamens. This grows in meadows and the bulb is very poisonous except to hogs, so it is often called Hog's Potato.

There are several kinds of Veratrum, natives of the north temperate zone; tall, perennial herbs, with thick, short, poisonous rootstocks; stems tall and leafy, more or less hairy; leaves broad, plaited, with conspicuous veins; flowers more or less downy, polygamous, whitish or greenish, in a cluster, their six, separate divisions colored alike, adhering to the base of the ovary, without glands, or nearly so, and without claws; stamens opposite the divisions, with heart-shaped anthers; styles three; capsule three-lobed, with several flat, broadly-winged seeds in each compartment. Veratrum is the ancient name for Hellebore.

Death Camass--Zygadenus venenosus.]

[Sidenote: =False Hellebore=
_Veràtrum Califórnicum_
=Greenish-white
Spring
West=]

The leaves of this plant are its conspicuous feature. A few near the top are long and narrow, but most of them are boat-shaped, with heavy ribs, and from six to twelve inches long. They are bright yellowish-green and, although somewhat coarse, the general effect is distinctly handsome, as we see masses of them growing luxuriantly in rich, moist meadows and marshes in the mountains. When they first come up in the spring, the shoots are packed into green rosettes, in which the leaves are intricately folded, but they soon grow to a height of three to six feet. The flowers are beautiful, in fine contrast to the coarse foliage. They measure about half an inch across and are cream-white, streaked with green, and form a fine cluster about a foot long. The flowers are far prettier and the plants handsomer than their eastern relations and they flourish at an altitude of six to nine thousand feet. The plants are supposed to be poisonous to cattle, but in a recent bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the State of Washington, it is reported as being a popular food with horses and sheep, particularly the latter, which eat it greedily and without ill effects.

There are several kinds of Hastingsia, perennials, with bulbs or rootstocks; the stamens on the base of the perianth, with swinging anthers; the ovary with a very short stalk and short style.

[Sidenote: =Reed-lily=
_Hastíngsia álba (Schoenolirion)_
=White
Summer
Oreg., Cal., Nev.=]

An attractive marsh plant, with a smooth, stiff, bluish stem, over three feet tall, springing from a cluster of long, narrow, sword-like leaves. The slightly sweet-scented flowers are white, about half an inch across, forming a long, graceful, fuzzy wand of bloom, which has a pretty silvery effect and looks interesting at a distance, but is not very striking close by, as the flowers are too colorless. The seeds are black and shiny.

Reed Lily--Hastingsia alba.]

[Sidenote: =Amole Soap Plant=
_Chlorógalum pomeridiànum_
=Silvery-white
Summer
California=]

There are several kinds of Chlorogalum. This odd plant springs from a big bulb, which is covered with coarse brown fiber and often shows above the ground. The leaves are sometimes over two feet long, with rippled margins, look like very coarse grass, and usually spread out flat on the ground. The plants are conspicuous and look interesting and we wonder what sort of flower is to come from them. Then some day in late summer we find that a rather ugly, branching stalk, four or five feet tall, has shot up from the center of the tuft of leaves. The branches are covered with bluish-green buds, and we watch with interest for the bloom, but we may easily miss it, for the flowers are very short-lived and come out only for a little while in the afternoons. In the lowlands the flowers are rather scattered and straggling, but in Yosemite they are lovely, close by. Each flower is an inch or more across and looks like an airy little lily, with six spreading divisions, white, delicately veined with dull-blue, and they are clustered along the branches, towards the top of the stalk, and bloom in successive bunches, beginning at the bottom. When they commence to bloom, the tips of the petals remain caught together until the last minute, when suddenly they let go and spring apart and all at once the dull stalk, like Aaron's rod, is adorned with several delicate clusters of feathery silver flowers. The thread-like style is slightly three-cleft at the tip and the capsule has one or two blackish seeds in each cell. The bulbs form a lather in water and are used as a substitute for soap by the Indians and Spanish-Californians, and as food by the Pomo Indians, who cook them in great pits in the ground. _Pomeridianum_ means "in the afternoon."

Wild Onions are easily recognized by their characteristic taste and odor. They mostly have coated bulbs; their leaves are long and narrow, from the base; the flower-stalk bears a roundish, bracted cluster of rather small, white, pink, or magenta flowers, on slender pedicels, their six divisions nearly alike and each with a stamen attached to its base. The bracts enclose the buds, before blooming, in a case and the capsule contains six, black, wrinkled seeds. There are numerous kinds, very widely distributed, not easily distinguished, some resembling Brodiaea, but the latter never smell of onion. _Allium_ is the Latin for "garlic."

[Sidenote: =Pink Wild Onion=
_Állium acuminàtum_
=Pink
Spring, summer
Northwest=]

From four to ten inches high, with a few leaves. Before blooming, the flower cluster is enveloped in two papery bracts, forming a beautiful pink and white, iridescent case, the shape of a turnip, at the tip of the stalk. Later these bracts split apart and disclose a cluster of pretty flowers, usually very deep pink in color, the divisions each with a darker line on the outside, the anthers pale-yellow. This is very gay and attractive, often growing in patches on dry hillsides and fields. The flowers last a long time in water, gradually becoming paler in color and papery in texture. The bulb is marked with veins.

[Sidenote: =Wild Onion=
_Állium biscéptrum_
=Pink, white
Spring
Utah, Nev., Cal.=]

Six to ten inches tall, with two slightly thickish leaves, and usually two slender flower stalks, each bearing a graceful cluster of starry, white, pink or pinkish-purple flowers, each petal delicately striped with pinkish-brown, the anthers pink, the ovary green, with three, tiny, double crests. These flowers are exceedingly delicate and pretty, growing among rocks in shady canyons. The bulb is usually red-coated.

The flower cluster of _Allium serràtum_ is much more compact than the last and the pink flowers change to deep purplish-pink as they fade, making a pretty, round, papery head, about an inch and a half across. Common on low hills in California.

Allium bisceptrum.

Allium serratum.]

There are many kinds of Brodiaea, among the prettiest western flowers. They have a small, solid bulb, coated with brownish fibers. The stem bears a bracted, roundish head of flowers at the top, the pedicels varying in length. Their leaves, all from the root, are grasslike and soon wither and the flowers dry up, become papery, and remain on the stalk, sometimes keeping form and color for some time. The stamens are in two sets and are attached to the flower-tube, their filaments often winged. Sometimes three of the stamens are without anthers and their filaments are broadened, so that they look like small petals alternating with the ordinary stamens.

[Sidenote: =Grass Nuts.
Blue Dicks.
Covena.=
_Brodiaèa capitàta_
=Blue, violet
Spring
California=]

All through the spring these lovely flowers grow abundantly all over the hills and fields of California. The slender stalks vary from a few inches to two feet tall. The flowers are usually purplish-blue, but vary from deep-violet to white and are rather translucent in texture. They measure over half an inch across and grow in a cluster of seven or eight flowers, with several membranous, purplish bracts at the base. There are six anthers. The three inner stamens are winged and form a crown in the throat of the flower-tube. These Brodiaeas last a long time in water and are great favorites everywhere. The little bulbs are edible and give the name of Grass Nuts. There are several other names, such as Cluster Lily and Hog-onion. The name Wild Hyacinth is poor, as it does not resemble a hyacinth in character. _B. capitàta var. pauciflòra_ of Arizona is similar, except that the bracts are white. Covena is the Arizona name.

[Sidenote: =Ookow=
_Brodiaèa congésta_
=Blue, violet
Spring, summer
Wash., Oreg., Cal.=]

Much like the last, except that only three of the stamens have anthers and the stem is sometimes as much as five feet tall. This grows on open hills in the Coast Ranges.

[Sidenote: =Harvest Brodiaea=
_Brodiaèa grandiflòra (Hookera coronaria)_
=Blue
Summer
Cal., Oreg., Wash.=]

In early June, at the time of the hay harvest, these handsome flowers, which look like clusters of little blue lilies, begin to appear among the dried grass of the hillsides and in open places in the woods. They vary in height from a few inches to over a foot and the number of flowers in a cluster also varies very much. Sometimes there are as many as ten of the beautiful blossoms, an inch or more long, with pedicels unequal in length and from one to four inches long, in a large cluster at the top of the stalk, with several, whitish, papery bracts at the base of the cluster. The color of the flowers is usually a deep bright blue shading to violet and the six divisions grow paler toward the base and have a brown stripe on the outside; the buds are greenish, striped with brown. The stamens are translucent white, three ordinary stamens, with long erect anthers, alternating with three without anthers, the latter tongue-shaped and petal-like. The leaves, which are thickish and about the same length as the stalk, have withered away before the flowers bloom. This plant very much resembles Ithuriel's Spear, _Triteleia laxa_, but three of the stamens are without anthers and the ovary is not on a long stalk. It is the commonest kind around San Francisco. B. _minor_ is much the same, but a smaller plant with fewer and smaller flowers. The three outer divisions are narrow, with pointed tips, and the inner blunt and broad, and the sterile stamens are notched and longer than the fertile ones. This grows on dry hills and plains in middle and southern California.

Harvest Brodiaea--B. grandiflora.]

[Sidenote: =Twining Brodiaea=
_Brodiaèa volùbilis._ (_Stropholirion Californicum_)
=Pink
Summer
California=]

This is a strange, rather grotesque-looking plant, with its slightly roughish, leafless, reddish stem contorted into curious curves, occasionally quite short but usually enormously long, sometimes as much as eight feet, and twining awkwardly in a snake-like way around and over the bushes in its neighborhood. There are sometimes a few long narrow leaves lying on the ground, but when the flower blooms they usually seem to have withered away. The flower-cluster is quite compact, sometimes six inches across, comprising from eighteen to twenty flowers, with several, large, pink, papery bracts. The flowers are rather pretty, dull pink outside but paler inside, the buds are deeper and more purplish pink, both of dry papery texture. The flowers are over half an inch across, their tubes and buds are six-angled, and they have three stamens with anthers and wings, alternating with three, notched, petal-like stamens, without anthers. In the spring the stem grows rapidly for several weeks and then the flower cluster begins to come out at the tip. If the stem is broken off the flower comes out just the same and the stem keeps on growing, even if it is brought into the house. These curious plants are found in the foothills of the Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada Mountains and may be seen in open sunny places along the stage route from Yosemite to Wawona. In the woods near Wawona I saw it twining around a very tall white larkspur and the combination was exceedingly pretty. The capsule is egg-shaped and pointed, the seeds black and angled.

There are four kinds of Bloomeria, all Californian, resembling Brodiaea, but the stamens unlike. They have a fibrous-coated, solid bulb, long narrow leaves, and a bracted cluster of many flowers, at the top of a tall flower-stalk. The flowers are yellow, with six, nearly equal, spreading divisions, the six stamens on the base of the divisions, with slender filaments, which with a microscope are seen to have a short, two-toothed, hairy appendage at base. These are united and form a little cup surrounding the base of the stamens. The style is club-shaped, with a three-lobed stigma. The roundish capsule, beaked with the style, contains several, angular, wrinkled seeds in each cell.

[Sidenote: =Golden Stars=
_Bloomèria aùrea_
=Yellow
Spring, summer
California=]

In late spring the meadows around Pasadena and other places in the Coast Range are bright with pretty clusters of Golden Stars. The plant is from six to eighteen inches tall, springing from a small bulb, covered with brown fibers, with a long, narrow, grasslike leaf, and a large flower-cluster, sometimes comprising as many as fifty blossoms, at the top of the stalk. The flowers, about an inch across, with pedicels from one and a half to two inches long, are orange-yellow, the spreading divisions each striped with two dark lines, and the anthers are bright green. This looks very much like Golden Brodiaea, but the latter has no cup at the base of the stamens. It grows in the southern part of California and is abundant wherever it is found. _B. Clevelandi_ is much the same, but the flowers are striped with green and the numerous buds are green, so that it is less golden and the general effect is not so good. It has numerous narrow leaves.

Triteleias resemble Brodiaeas, but they have six, swinging anthers and the ovary has a stalk.

[Sidenote: =Indian Hyacinth=
_Triteleìa grandiflòra (Brodiaea Douglasii)_
=Blue
Spring, summer
Northwest and Utah=]

Though the general appearance of the plant is very different, the individual flowers of this beautiful plant very much resemble the bells of a Hyacinth, for they have the same waxy, semi-translucent texture. The bluish-green leaves, folded lengthwise and withering before the flower, are sometimes a foot long and the flower-stalk often reaches a height of two feet and bends beneath the weight of its lovely crown of blossoms. The cluster has four papery bracts at the base and is from three to four inches across, comprising about a dozen flowers, each nearly an inch long. They are pale-violet, with a bright-blue mid-vein on each division, the general effect being blue, with a white pistil and six stamens in two rows, all with blue anthers and the outer ones with broad, white filaments. It is wonderful to find these lovely and exotic-looking flowers, delicately scented, gleaming in the shadow of a dusky oak thicket or a deep canyon. They last a long time in water, becoming papery as they wither.

[Sidenote: =White Brodiaea=
_Triteleìa hyacinthìna (Brodiaea lactea)_
=White
Spring
Cal., Oreg., Wash.=]

From one to two feet high, with very pretty flowers, about half an inch long, delicately striped with green on the outside, with six equal stamens, their filaments broad, triangular and slightly united at base, with yellow or purple anthers, and a green pistil. The leaf is grasslike, but thickish, and as long as the flower-stalk. These flowers are quite common and last a long time in water.

[Sidenote: =Ithuriel's Spear=
_Triteleìa láxa (Brodiaea)_
=Blue, purple
Spring
Cal., Oreg.=]

Very much like Harvest Brodiaea but rather taller, with more flowers in the cluster, and less waxy in texture, varying in color from blue to violet and occasionally white. This is common on hillsides and in adobe fields. The rather fanciful name was suggested by the spear carried by Milton's angel Ithuriel.

Ithuriel's Spear--Triteleia laxa.]

There are one or two kinds of Brevoortia.

[Sidenote: =Fire-cracker Flower=
_Brevoòrtia Ida-Màia (Brodiaea coccinea)_
=Red and green
Spring
Cal., Oreg.=]

A handsome plant, most extraordinary both in form and color. The stem is from one to three feet tall, with a few grasslike leaves, and bears a large cluster of six to thirteen flowers, one or two inches long, hanging on slender, reddish pedicels. They have bright-crimson tubes and apple-green lobes, sometimes turned back, showing the tips of the three pale-yellow anthers. There are also three stamens without anthers and broadened so that they look like three white or yellowish petals. The buds are also crimson, tipped with green, and the whole color scheme is wonderfully brilliant and striking. This grows in mountain canyons and on wooded hillsides, blooming in late spring.

* * * * *

There are several kinds of Muilla, much like Brodiaea and very much like Allium, but with no onion taste or smell.

[Sidenote: =Muilla=
_Muílla marítima_
=White
Spring
Cal., Nev.=]

A slender little plant, sometimes rather pretty, from three to nine inches tall, with sweet-scented flowers, about three-eighths of an inch or less across, white or greenish, striped with green outside, with six, bluish, swinging anthers. This grows in alkaline fields, on sea cliffs and mesas.

* * * * *

There are a good many kinds of Erythronium, all but one from North America, and, East and West, they are among our prettiest flowers. They have deep, membranous-coated, solid bulbs; a pair of netted-veined, unequal leaves, sometimes mottled with brown; flowers without bracts, large, nodding and bell-shaped, with usually six divisions, all colored alike, the tips turning back, each with a nectar-groove, and each with two or four little scales at base, or only the three inner divisions with scales; stamens on the receptacle, anthers not swinging; style more or less three-lobed; capsule more or less oblong and three-angled. The younger plants are often flowerless, with only one broad leaf, with a long leaf-stalk. The name is from a Greek word meaning "red," though these flowers are mostly yellow. The common name, Dog-tooth Violet, is old, and suggested by the little, white, toothlike offshoot often found on the bulb, but of course they are not in the least like Violets. In California they are often called Chamise Lily, and sometimes Adam and Eve, because the plant often bears a large and a small flower at the same time. Mr. Burroughs would like to call it Fawn Lily, on account of the mottled leaves of some kinds, which slightly suggest the ears of a fawn. Adder's-tongue, probably suggested by the long forked pistil, is also an old and usual name.

Fire-cracker Flower--Brevoortia Ida-Maia.]

[Sidenote: =Avalanche Lily
Dog-tooth Violet=
_Erythrònium montànum_
=White
Summer
Northwest=]

An exquisite kind, peculiarly graceful in form, with from one to nine, pure-white flowers, nearly three inches across, each petal prettily ornamented at the base with some orange-colored markings, arranged in a symmetrical scalloped pattern. The anthers are orange-yellow, the pistil white, the buds are pinkish and the leaves are very bright green and not mottled. This is very common around Mt. Rainier.

[Sidenote: =Glacier Lily
Dog-tooth Violet=
_Erythrònium parviflòrum_
=Yellow
Summer
Northwest=]

A lovely flower, much like _E. grandiflorum_, but the anthers are white or pale yellow. Around Mt. Rainier these beautiful plants often grow in large patches at the edge of the snow, alongside of the Avalanche Lily, _E. montanum_, but the two kinds do not seem to mingle.

[Sidenote: =Easter Bells
Dog-tooth Violet=
_Erythrònium grandiflòrum_
=Yellow
Spring, summer
Northwest and Utah=]

One of the loveliest of a charming group, growing in rich northern woods. The delicately-scented flowers, from one to six on a stalk, are about two inches across, clear yellow shading to white at the base, with purplish-red anthers, turning brown. A patch of these flowers bordering the edge of a glacier, as if planted in a garden-bed, is a sight never to be forgotten. Pushing their bright leaves right through the snow they gayly swing their golden censers in the face of winter and seem the very incarnation of spring. There are several similar kinds. In the Utah canyons these flowers in early spring are a wonderful sight, covering the wooded slopes with sheets of gold, and they seem to me to be the largest and handsomest of their clan, growing at an altitude of six thousand to eleven thousand five hundred feet, and blooming from March to July according to height. Easter Bells is a Utah name.

Glacier Lily--E. parviflorum.]

[Sidenote: =Desert Lily=
_Hesperocállis undulàta_
=White
Spring
Cal., Ariz.=]

This is the only one of its kind, a wonderfully beautiful desert plant, much like an Easter Lily. The stout, pale, bluish stem, from six inches to two feet tall, has a delicate "bloom" and springs from a graceful cluster of narrow leaves, which are a foot and a half long, spreading widely, but not lying quite flat on the ground. They are pale bluish-green, with a narrow, crinkled, white border and folded lengthwise. The buds are bluish and the lovely flowers are about three inches long and pure-white, delicately striped with pale-green and blue on the outside, with yellow anthers and a white stigma, and with a papery bract at the base of each pedicel. The flowers are slightly fragrant and become papery and curiously transparent as they wither. In dry seasons these plants do not bloom at all, but the slightest moisture will cause them to send up a stout stem and crown it with exquisite blossoms, which look extraordinarily out of place on the arid desert sand around Yuma and Ft. Mohave. The bulb is eaten by the Indians.

Lilies, the "lords of gardens," are perhaps the most beautiful and popular flowers everywhere and there are some wonderful ones in the West. They have tall, smooth, leafy stems, springing from scaly bulbs; large showy flowers, solitary or in terminal clusters; smooth, netted-veined leaves, often in whorls, and leaflike bracts. The flower-cup is funnel-formed, or bell-shaped, and has six, equal, spreading divisions, with a honey-bearing groove at the base of each; the stamens, with long anthers, swinging from the tips of long filaments; a long pistil, with a three-lobed stigma and the capsule oblong, with two rows of flat seeds in each of its cells. There are no true Lilies in Utah.

[Sidenote: =Small Tiger Lily=
_Lílium párvum_
=Orange-red
Summer
Cal., Oreg.=]

These tall plants carry a brilliant crown of small lilies, glowing like jewels in the dark moist woods they love. The stem is from one and a half to six feet high, covered with a slight down that rubs off, and springs from a small bulb with short, thick scales. The long, pointed, rich-green leaves are in whorls of five or six below, more scattered towards the top of the stalk. The flowers are rather more than an inch long, yellow at the base of the petals, shading through orange to vermilion at the tips and dotted with crimson in the throat. Usually there are six or seven in a cluster, but they have been found with many more in favorable situations and single plants in Yosemite have been seen with as many as thirty blossoms. The capsule is roundish and less than an inch long. These little Lilies are among the most attractive of their kind and grow somewhat freely in the high Sierras to an altitude of seven thousand feet and as far north as Oregon.

[Sidenote: =Washington Lily
Shasta Lily=
_Lílium Washingtoniànum_
=White
Summer
Cal., Oreg.=]

In the Sierras, at an altitude of from three to over seven thousand feet, and as far north as the Columbia River, we may be fortunate enough to find this glorious Lily, growing in the forest in moderate shade and protected by the chaparral. It is not rare but nowhere very abundant. I shall never forget finding a group of three or four, growing near a huge fallen tree, in the woods at Wawona near Yosemite, where it is very fine. Their raiment is even more "white and glistering" than the cultivated Easter Lilies. The smooth, stout, purplish stem is from two to five feet high, adorned all the way up with successive whorls of handsome dark-green leaves, three or four inches long, thin in texture, with rippling margins, and shining as if they had been varnished. There are from two to twenty blossoms of shining white, each one from three to four inches long and as much across. The petals are cleft to the base, spreading wide apart when the flower is fully open, sometimes finely dotted with purple, and becoming purplish in fading. The anthers are yellow and the pistil green, and the bulb is large, with thin scales. The scent is delicious, having a whiff of spicy carnation added to the usual lily fragrance. This is never found in the Coast Range and is the only pure white American Lily. Shasta Lily is a variety with a small bulb. _L. Párryi_, the Lemon Lily, of southern California and Arizona, is similar in the form of its flowers, which are large and clear yellow, dotted lightly with deeper yellow. It grows in shady, moist spots in cool canyons and is very beautiful.

[Sidenote: =Leopard Lily=
_Lílium pardalìnum_
=Orange
Summer
Wash., Oreg., Cal.=]

A magnificent plant, from three to six feet tall, with bright-green leaves, thin in texture, smooth but not shiny, and mostly in whorls. The stem is crowned by a splendid cluster of flowers, usually about half a dozen together, but sometimes as many as thirty on one stalk. They measure three or four inches across and are pale-orange outside and deep-orange inside, spotted with maroon, often blotched with orange-yellow in the throat and tipped with scarlet. The anthers are purplish, changing to reddish-brown, and the pistil is bright-green. These plants often grow in large companies, in moist spots in the mountains, and are unrivaled in decorative beauty and brilliancy of coloring.

[Sidenote: =Tiger Lily=
_Lílium Columbiànum_
=Orange
Summer
Wash., Oreg.=]

A good deal like the last, but not so large. The petals are more turned back and they are orange-color all over, dotted with dark-red, and the anthers are pale orange-color, ripening to golden-brown. This is common in the Hood River Valley.

[Sidenote: =Ruby Lily
Chaparral Lily=
_Lílium rubéscens_
=White, pink
Summer
Cal., Oreg.=]

A glorious plant, from two to five feet tall, with leaves mostly in whorls, with rippled edges. The stem bears a magnificent cluster of blossoms, most wonderful in coloring, for the buds and young flowers are white, dotted with purple inside, with yellow anthers and a pale-green pistil, but they gradually change to pink, and deepen to ruby-purple as they fade, and the anthers and pistil also darken in color. The effect of the whole cluster is therefore white at the top, shading through pink to almost crimson below. The flowers are even more deliciously fragrant than the Washington Lily, which they resemble, except that they are not quite so large as the latter and stand more erect and the petals are not so spreading. This usually grows among chaparral in the Coast Ranges.

Leopard Lily--Lilium pardalinum.]

There are many kinds of Fritillaria, natives of the north temperate zone. In the East there are only cultivated ones, such as the familiar Crown Imperial, but we have a number growing wild in the West. They have bulbs with round, thick scales, developing into bulblets and sometimes resembling grains of rice. The flowers are bell-shaped, and nodding, with separate and nearly equal divisions, each with a nectar-spot at its base. They resemble Lilies, but the style is three-cleft, the honey-gland is a shallow pit and the flowers are smaller. The capsule is roundish and six-angled, containing numerous flat seeds. It is conspicuous and perhaps suggested the Latin name, meaning "dice-box."

[Sidenote: =Bronze Bells
Brown Fritillary=
_Fritillària atropurpùrea_
=Brown
Spring, summer
West=]

This plant is beautiful and decorative, and yet there is something weird about it. The flowers, an inch or more across, grow four or five in a cluster, on a smooth stalk about a foot tall, the long, narrow leaves scattered or in whorls. The bells, nodding on slender flower-stalks, are very unusual in coloring. They are greenish-yellow, streaked and spotted with maroon, and the long curling tips of the three-pronged pistil project like the forked tongue of an adder, so that somehow we feel that, in a previous existence, beautiful as it is now, it may have been a toad or some reptile. When we found this flower growing in the Grand Canyon, halfway down Bright Angel trail, it seemed entirely suitable to the mysterious spirit of the place. The general effect is bronze-color and the attractive name of Bronze Bells, or Mission Bells, is very appropriate. It has a small bulb of numerous, roundish scales. The pistils are often rudimentary.

[Sidenote: =Yellow Fritillary=
_Fritillària pùdica_
=Yellow
Spring
West, except Ariz.=]

A pretty little flower, a favorite with children, growing on grassy plains, with a smooth stem about six inches tall, and smooth, somewhat thickish, alternate or whorled leaves. The nodding flowers, about an inch long, are usually single, but sometimes as many as six on a stalk, various shades of yellow and orange, tinged with crimson and fading to dull-red. The smooth bulb is pure white, and made up of a number of rounded, thickish scales not resembling grains of rice, so the name Rice Root is not appropriate and the local Utah names, Crocus, Snowdrop, and Buttercup are absurd.

There are several kinds of Yucca, natives of North and Central America; large plants, with dagger-like leaves, usually with long, thread-like fibers along the margins; flowers with bracts, nodding in a terminal cluster, somewhat bell-shaped, with six, thickish, white divisions; stamens short, with thickened filaments and small anthers; ovary with three united stigmas; capsule containing many, flat, black seeds. The flowers are pollinated by a little white moth, which lays its eggs in the ovary, but previously gathers pollen from many flowers and pushes it against the stigma after the eggs have been laid.

[Sidenote: =Our Lord's Candle
Spanish Bayonet=
_Yúcca Whípplei_
=White
Spring, summer
Cal., Ariz.=]