Fishes of the Big Blue River Basin, Kansas

Chapter II: Part 2

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_Hybognathus_ from the Big Blue River tend to have fewer, larger scales than _H. n. placita_ from the Walnut River, Kansas, but more and smaller scales than _H. n. nuchalis_ from Wisconsin. In specimens from the Blue River, the size of the orbit divided by standard length, and the width of gape divided by standard length and width of orbit, are also intermediate between the Walnut River and Wisconsin specimens, but tend toward the former. Specimens from the Big Blue River resemble _H. n. placita_ from the Walnut River in body shape, robustness, and in the embedding of scales on the nape.

=Pimephales notatus= (Rafinesque), bluntnose minnow: Meek (1895:136); and Evermann and Cox (1896:399). Stations 2-S, 3-S, 5-G, 6-S, 8-S, 9-G, 10-G, 11-G, 12-G, 13-G, 16-G, 19-G, 27-G, 29-G, 53-S, 54-G, and 58-G.

The bluntnose minnow preferred the clearer creeks, with gravel or gravel-silt bottoms, but occurred rarely in the mainstream of the Big Blue River. Males and females in high breeding condition were taken on July 14, 1958. The temperature of the water was 75.5 deg. F.

=Pimephales promelas= Rafinesque, fathead minnow: Meek (1895: 136); and Evermann and Cox (1896:397-398). All stations excepting 1-S, 4-S, 12-G, 30-M, 43-S, 44-S, and 56-S.

Small muddy streams were preferred by _P. promelas_; however, the fathead minnow was taken in all habitats, and in association with most other species.

Canfield and Wiebe (1931:6-7) may have recorded _P. promelas_ from the Big Blue River Basin, Nebraska, as "blackhead minnows."

=Campostoma anomalum plumbeum= (Girard), stoneroller. All stations excepting 1-S, 2-S, 3-S, 14-S, 15-S, 21-G, 22-G, 28-G, 30-M, 33-M, 34-M, 35-M, 36-M, 37-M, 38-S, 41-S, 44-S, 45-M, 51-M, 52-S, and 55-M.

Stonerollers were usually taken in riffles with gravel-rubble bottoms. Those individuals collected in areas with mud or sand bottoms were almost invariably in the current, or in the edge of currents.

Specimens from the Big Blue River Basin have an average of 47.4 scale-rows around the body (range 42-54).

=Ictalurus melas= (Rafinesque), black bullhead: Evermann and Cox (1896:387) as _Ameiurus melas_ (Rafinesque); and Canfield and Wiebe (1931:5-7, 10) as "bullheads." Stations 2-S, 6-S, 7-G, 11-G, 16-G, 20-G, 22-G, 23-G, 24-G, 28-G, 35-M, 40-M, 51-M, 53-S, 55-M, 56-S, 57-M, and 58-G.

Black bullhead occurred in all habitats, but were less commonly taken in the Big Blue and Little Blue rivers than in other streams.

=Ictalurus natalis= (LeSueur), yellow bullhead. Stations 7-G, 9-G, 10-G, 11-G, 17-G, 18-G, 19-G, 34-M, 35-M, 36-M, 37-M, 40-M, 47-M, 48-M, 53-S, and 55-M.

The yellow bullhead inhabited the muddy-bottomed streams and the upland, gravelly creeks, usually occurring in the headwaters. I obtained only one _I. natalis_ in the sandy Big Blue River.

=Ictalurus punctatus= (Rafinesque), channel catfish: Cragin (1885:107); Meek (1895:135); Evermann and Cox (1896:386); and Canfield and Wiebe (1931:6-7, 10) as "channel catfish." Stations 1-S, 2-S, 3-S, 4-S, 5-G, 6-S, 7-G, 8-S, 9-G, 11-G, 14-S, 15-S, 16-G, 18-G, 25-S, 27-G, 30-M, 35-M, 38-S, 39-S, 41-S, 42-S, 43-S, 44-S, 46-M, 50-S, 51-M, 52-S, 53-S, and 56-S.

Channel catfish were most common in the larger, sandy streams, but occurred in other kinds of streams. The ages and calculated total lengths at the last annulus for 40 channel catfish were: I, no fish; II, 7.3 (16); III, 10.6 (5); IV, 12.3 (5); V, 13.3 (6); VI, 15.5 (4); VII, 18.0 (3); and VIII, 21.9 (1). These lengths are slightly lower than averages reported by Finnell and Jenkins (1954:5) in Oklahoma impoundments.

The length-frequency distribution of 438 channel catfish, collected by rotenone on August 5 and 7, 1958, indicated that two age-groups were represented. Without examination of spines, I assigned 265 fish to age-group O (1.3 to 2.9 inches, average 2.5) and 173 fish to age-group I (3.1 to 5.8 inches, average 4.5). The average total length of age group I (4.5 inches) is only slightly higher than the total length at the first annulus reported as average for Oklahoma (4.0 inches, Finnell and Jenkins, _loc. cit._). It seems unlikely that my yearling fish taken in August, 1958, would have reached the length at the second annulus recorded in my study of spines (7.3 inches) by the end of the 1958 growing season.

From 1952 to 1956, severe drought was prevalent in Kansas, probably causing streams to flow less than at any previously recorded time (Minckley and Cross, in press). This drought must have resulted in reduced populations of fishes in the streams. The channel catfish hatched in 1956 were therefore subjected to low competition for food and space when normal flow was resumed in 1957, and grew rapidly, reaching an average total length of 7.3 inches at the second annulus, while channel catfish that were members of the large 1957 and 1958 hatches suffered more competition and grew more slowly.

=Noturus flavus= Rafinesque, stonecat: Jennings (1942:365). Stations 3-S, 4-S, 6-S, 16-G, 25-S, 28-G, 38-S, 41-S, 42-S, 43-S, 52-S, 53-S, and 56-S.

_Noturus flavus_ frequented riffles and swift currents along sandbars in the Big Blue and Little Blue rivers. Cross (1954:311) reported that "the shale-strewn riffles of the South Fork [of the Cottonwood River, Kansas] provide ideal habitat for the stonecat." In my study-area, this species was found not only on rubble-bottomed riffles, but occurred along both stationary and shifting sandbars where no cover was apparent.

=Pylodictis olivaris= (Rafinesque), flathead catfish: Canfield and Wiebe (1931:7) as "yellow catfish." Stations 3-S, 4-S, 6-S, 8-S, 15-S, 25-S, 38-S, 41-S, 43-S, 44-S, 53-S, and 56-S.

Flathead catfish were found only in the larger rivers. The species was taken rarely by seine, but was readily obtained by electric shocker. Data on the age and growth and food-habits of this species are to be the subject of another paper.

=Anguilla bostoniensis= (LeSueur), American eel: Jennings (1942:365).

American eels are now rare in Kansas, and none was taken in my survey. The specimen reported by Jennings (_loc. cit._) is at Kansas State College (KSC 2916), and was taken by I. D. Graham from the Big Blue River, Riley County, 1885.

=Fundulus kansae= Garman, plains killifish. Station 42-S.

The plains killifish was collected by me only at Station 42-S. Specimens were collected from my Station 4-S by the Kansas State College class in fisheries management in 1954 (KSC 4985). My specimens were 11 to 13 mm. in total length.

=Roccus chrysops= (Rafinesque), white bass. Station 3-S.

That the white bass is indigenous to Kansas is evidenced by records of Graham (1885:77) and Cragin (1885:111); however, since that time, and prior to the introduction of this species into reservoirs in the State, _R. chrysops_ has rarely been recorded in Kansas. I collected young white bass at Station 3-S in both 1957 and 1958, and I collected them also in an oxbow of the Kansas River four miles west of Manhattan, Riley County, Kansas, in the mouth of McDowell's Creek, Riley County, and in Deep Creek, Wabaunsee County, and I saw other specimens from an oxbow of the Kansas River on the Fort Riley Military Reservation, Riley County, Kansas. The apparent increase in abundance of white bass in the Kansas River Basin must be attributable to introductions in reservoirs, with subsequent escape and establishment in the streams.

=Micropterus salmoides salmoides= (Lacepede), largemouth bass. Stations 6-S, 11-G, 43-S, and 45-M.

Four largemouth bass were taken. This species has been widely stocked in farm-ponds and other impoundments in Kansas.

=Lepomis cyanellus= Rafinesque, green sunfish: Breukelman (1940:382); and Canfield and Wiebe (1931:5, 7-8, 10) as "green sunfish." All stations excepting 1-S, 2-S, 4-S, 8-S, 9-G, 15-S, 22-G, 25-S, 30-M, 32-G, 34-M, 38-S, 39-S, 41-S, 42-S, 43-S, 44-S, 45-M, 46-M, 47-M, 50-S, and 52-S.

Green sunfish occurred primarily in the muddy streams. The ages and total lengths at the last annulus for 25 specimens are as follows: I, 1.1 (9); II, 2.2 (4); III, 3.1 (7); IV, 5.4 (4); and V, 6.0 (1). Male green sunfish were seen on nests on June 29, July 1, and July 9, 1958.

=Lepomis humilis= (Girard), orangespotted sunfish: Meek (1895:137); Evermann and Cox (1896:418); Canfield and Wiebe (1931:6) as "orange spots"; and Breukelman (1940:382). All stations excepting 1-S, 9-G, 13-G, 15-G, 17-G, 21-G, 26-G, 34-M, 36-M, 38-M, 43-M, 44-S, 47-M, 50-S, and 52-S.

_Lepomis humilis_ was most common over sand-silt bottoms. Only two age-groups were found; their calculated total lengths were I, 1.7 (15); and II, 2.4 (10). Orangespotted sunfish were seen nesting on the same dates as _Lepomis cyanellus_.

=Lepomis macrochirus= Rafinesque, bluegill. Stations 7-G, 13-G, 16-G, 24-G, and 59-G.

This species has been widely stocked in Kansas. Only young-of-the-year and sub-adults were taken, and these were rare.

=Pomoxis annularis= Rafinesque, white crappie: Canfield and Wiebe (1931:5-8, 10) as "white crappie." Stations 3-S, 6-S, 8-S, 12-G, 42-S, and 53-S.

White crappie were rare, except in a borrow-pit at Station 6-S. Ages and calculated total lengths at the last annulus for 50 specimens from 6-S are as follows: I, 3.6 (22); II, 5.0 (14); III, 7.1 (5); IV, 8.3 (7); and V, 10.7 (2).

=Pomoxis nigromaculatus= (LeSueur), black crappie. Station 6-S.

One black crappie (KU 4174) was taken. Canfield and Wiebe (1931:10) noted: "The Black Crappie has been planted here [Big Blue River Basin in Nebraska] by the State, but, apparently, is not propagating itself."

=Stizostedion canadense= (Smith), sauger. Station 56-S.

Mr. Larry Stallbaumer, of Marysville, Kansas, obtained a sauger (KU 4179) while angling on May 25, 1958.

=Stizostedion vitreum= (Mitchill), walleye.

Though I failed to obtain the walleye in my survey, Dr. Raymond E. Johnson (personal communication) reported that the species occurred in the Nebraskan portion of the Big Blue River in recent years. Canfield and Wiebe (1931:6, 10) reported that "yellow pike are taken at Crete [Nebraska]," but may have referred to either the walleye or the sauger.

=Perca flavescens= (Mitchill), yellow perch: Canfield and Wiebe (1931:5-6, 10) as "ring perch" and "yellow perch."

This fish was not taken in my survey. Canfield and Wiebe (_loc. cit_.) reported that the yellow perch "had been planted by the State [Nebraska]."

=Etheostoma nigrum nigrum= Rafinesque, johnny darter: Jennings (1942:365) as _Boleosoma nigrum nigrum_ (Rafinesque). Stations 10-G, 11-G, 12-G, 13-G, 16-G, 29-G, 40-M, 53-S, and 54-G.

The larger pools of gravelly streams were preferred by johnny darters, but one specimen was taken from the main stream of the Big Blue River, and the species was abundant in one stream over hard, sand-silt bottom.

=Etheostoma spectabile pulchellum= (Girard), orangethroat darter: Jennings (1942:365) as _Poecilichthys spectabilis pulchellus_ (Girard). Stations 5-G, 7-G, 10-G, 11-G, 12-G, 13-G, 16-G, 17-G, 18-G, 21-G, 23-G, 27-G, 28-G, 29-G, 33-M, 40-M, 49-M, 53-S, 54-G, and 59-G.

The orangethroat darter was less restricted in habitat than the johnny darter, occurring in all stream-types, but most often in the riffles of gravelly streams. Most specimens from muddy or sandy streams were small.

=Aplodinotus grunniens= Rafinesque, freshwater drum. Stations 3-S, 4-S, 6-S, 7-G, 8-S, 15-S, 38-S, 39-S, 53-S, and 56-S.

The ages and calculated total lengths at the last annulus for 42 freshwater drum from the Big Blue River were: I, 3.0 (10); II, 5.7 (6); III, 9.4 (7); IV, 12.1 (13); V, 14.0 (3); VI, 15.1 (2); and VII, 16.3 (1).

HYBRID COMBINATIONS

I obtained two hybrid fishes in my study-area. One specimen of _Notropis cornutus frontalis_ x _Chrosomus erythrogaster_ was taken at Station 29-G. This combination was recorded by Trautman (1957:114) in Ohio. The other hybrid was _Lepomis cyanellus_ x _Lepomis humilis_, captured at Station 24-G. This combination was first recorded by Hubbs and Ortenburger (1929:42).

Hubbs and Bailey (1952:144) recorded another hybrid combination from my area of study: _Campostoma anomalum plumbeum_ x _Chrosomus erythrogaster_, UMMZ 103132, from a "spring-fed creek on 'Doc' Wagner's farm, Riley County, Kansas; September 21, 1927; L. O. Nolf [collector]."

RELATIVE ABUNDANCE AND DISCUSSION OF SPECIES

The relative abundance of different species was estimated by combining counts of individual fishes taken in 290 seine-hauls, 26 hours and 15 minutes of shocking, and seven samples obtained with rotenone. At some stations all seine-hauls were counted. At other stations the seine-hauls in which complete counts were recorded had been selected randomly in advance; that is to say, prior to collecting at each station. I selected those hauls to be counted from a table of random numbers (Snedecor, 1956:10-13). I did not use the frequency-of-occurrence method as proposed by Starrett (1950:114), in which the species taken and not the total number of individuals are recorded for all seine-hauls. However, the frequency of occurrence of each species is indicated by the number of stations at which it was found, and those stations are listed in the previous accounts. Table 3 shows the percentage of the total number of fish that each species comprised in three kinds of streams: sandy (Big Blue and Little Blue rivers), muddy, and gravelly streams.

The habitat preferences of some species affect their abundance in different stream-types. _Notropis lutrensis_ and _P. mirabilis_ seemed almost ubiquitous. _Notropis deliciosus_ also occurred in all kinds of streams (rarely in muddy streams); however, this species was represented by the sand-loving _N. d. missuriensis_ in the Big Blue and Little Blue rivers, and _N. d. deliciosus_ in the clear, gravelly, upland creeks (Nelson, personal communication). Because of its widespread occurrence, and for purposes of later discussion, I refer to this minnow also as an ubiquitous species in the Big Blue River Basin.

_Carpiodes carpio_, _Cyprinus carpio_, _I. punctatus_, _I. melas_, and _L. humilis_ were widespread, but each was absent or rare in one of the kinds of streams (Table 3). _Carpiodes carpio_, _Cyprinus carpio_, and _I. punctatus_ occurred most frequently in the sandy streams, whereas _L. humilis_ was most common in muddy streams. The high per cent of _I. melas_ in collections from the Big Blue River is a direct result of one large population that was taken with rotenone in a borrow-pit at Station 6-S. In my opinion, this species actually was most abundant in the muddy streams.

TABLE 3. RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF FISHES IN PER CENT OF THE TOTAL NUMBER
TAKEN, BIG BLUE RIVER BASIN, KANSAS. TRACE (TR.) IS USED FOR VALUES
LESS THAN .05 PER CENT, AND DASHES SIGNIFY THAT THE SPECIES DID NOT
OCCUR IN THE COUNTED COLLECTIONS ALTHOUGH IT MAY HAVE OCCURRED IN
UNCOUNTED COLLECTIONS FROM THE SAME STREAM-TYPE. THREE SPECIES,
_C. AURATUS_, _N. BUCHANANI_, AND _S. CANADENSE_, WERE NOT TAKEN IN
COUNTED COLLECTIONS.

====================+=================+=========+========== | Sandy streams | | +--------+--------+ Muddy | Gravelly SPECIES | Big | Little | streams | streams | Blue | Blue | | | River | River | | --------------------+--------+--------+---------+---------- _N. lutrensis_ | 43.5 | 55.9 | 27.6 | 56.0 _I. punctatus_ | 14.0 | 7.0 | 1.2 | 4.2 _Carpiodes carpio_ | 11.9 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 0.5 _N. deliciosus_ | 8.2 | 28.2 | 3.1 | 11.1 _I. melas_ | 2.5 | -- | 1.3 | 0.5 _Cyprinus carpio_ | 2.3 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 0.2 _P. olivaris_ | 1.8 | 0.8 | -- | -- _L. humilis_ | 1.7 | -- | 9.0 | 5.1 _I. bubalus_ | 1.4 | 0.1 | -- | Tr. _P. mirabilis_ | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.3 _H. nuchalis_ | 1.2 | -- | -- | Tr. _P. promelas_ | 0.8 | 1.0 | 28.7 | 4.0 _H. aestivalis_ | 0.7 | 0.2 | -- | -- _A. grunniens_ | 0.5 | -- | -- | 0.2 _L. osseus_ | 0.5 | 1.0 | -- | -- _C. anomalum_ | 0.4 | 0.2 | 2.7 | 4.6 _C. commersonnii_ | 0.4 | -- | -- | 0.7 _D. cepedianum_ | 0.4 | Tr. | 0.1 | -- _N. percobromus_ | 0.3 | -- | -- | -- _P. annularis_ | 0.3 | Tr. | -- | -- _N. flavus_ | 0.2 | 0.4 | -- | Tr. _S. atromaculatus_ | 0.2 | 0.1 | 12.2 | 1.7 _M. aureolum_ | 0.1 | 0.2 | -- | -- _I. cyprinella_ | 0.1 | -- | 0.1 | -- _P. notatus_ | 0.1 | -- | -- | 2.2 _I. niger_ | 0.1 | 0.1 | -- | -- _H. alosoides_ | 0.1 | -- | -- | -- _E. spectabile_ | 0.1 | -- | 1.4 | 1.6 _R. chrysops_ | 0.1 | -- | -- | -- _L. cyanellus_ | 0.1 | -- | 3.5 | Tr. _H. storeriana_ | Tr. | -- | -- | -- _L. platostomus_ | Tr. | -- | -- | -- _M. salmoides_ | Tr. | -- | -- | -- _P. nigromaculatus_ | Tr. | -- | -- | -- _I. natalis_ | Tr. | -- | 1.0 | Tr. _N. umbratilis_ | Tr. | -- | -- | -- _C. forbesi_ | Tr. | -- | -- | -- _S. platorynchus_ | Tr. | -- | -- | -- _F. kansae_ | -- | Tr. | -- | -- _E. nigrum_ | Tr. | -- | 0.1 | 0.2 _N. rubellus_ | -- | -- | -- | Tr. _N. topeka_ | -- | -- | -- | 1.0 _N. cornutus_ | -- | -- | -- | 1.0 _C. erythrogaster_ | -- | -- | -- | 1.0 _L. macrochirus_ | -- | -- | -- | 1.0 --------------------+--------+--------+---------+----------

Some fish were almost restricted to the sandy streams, apparently because of preference for larger waters, or sandy stream-bottoms: _P. olivaris_, _I. bubalus_, _H. nuchalis_, _H. aestivalis_, _A. grunniens_, _L. osseus_, _D. cepedianum_, _N. percobromus_, _P. annularis_, _N. flavus_, _M. aureolum_, _I. niger_, _H. alosiodes_, and _R. chrysops_. Other species that were taken only in the larger rivers, and that are sometimes associated with streams even larger (or more sandy) than the Big Blue River are _H. storeriana_, _L. platostomus_, _M. salmoides_, _P. nigromaculatus_, _C. forbesi_, _S. platorynchus_, _F. kansae_, _N. buchanani_, _S. canadense_, and _C. auratus_. _Ictiobus cyprinella_ also occurred more frequently in the larger streams.

The muddy-bottomed streams supported populations composed primarily of _P. promelas_, _N. lutrensis_, and _S. atromaculatus_. No species was restricted to this habitat, but the following were characteristic there: _P. promelas_, _S. atromaculatus_, _L. humilis_, _L. cyanellus_, and _I. natalis_. _Carpiodes carpio_, _Cyprinus carpio_, _C. anomalum_, _E. spectabile_, and _E. nigrum_ were locally common in muddy streams, but the first two were most frequent in larger, sandy streams, and the last three in gravelly streams.

In gravel-bottomed, upland streams, _N. cornutus_, _N. rubellus_, _N. topeka_, and _C. erythrogaster_ characteristically occurred; with the exception of _N. rubellus_ (only one specimen taken), all were common at some stations. Other species in gravelly creeks were _N. lutrensis_, _C. anomalum_, _C. commersonnii_, _P. notatus_, _L. macrochirus_, _E. spectabile_, and _E. nigrum_. Although the one specimen of _N. umbratilis_ taken in this survey was from the Big Blue River, this species is more characteristic of the clearer creeks in Kansas.

In order to illustrate the composition of the fauna in some specific streams in the Big Blue River Basin, I segregated the fishes into ecological groups, as in the above discussion: ubiquitous types; species of larger, sandy streams; fishes of muddy streams; and fishes of clear, gravelly creeks.

The total number of species taken in each of the streams was divided into the number of species from that stream that were in each of these units, to give a percentage. The resultant data are presented graphically in Figure 3.

Figure 3 gives a generalized picture of the faunal composition in different kinds of streams. However, the fauna of a small tributary becomes more distinct from the fauna of the larger stream into which the small stream flows as one moves toward the headwaters (Metcalf, 1957:92, 95-100). Figure 4 illustrates this in Carnahan Creek. Station 11-G included four sampling-sites, which were approximately one, two, three, and four miles upstream from the mouth of Carnahan Creek. Station 13-G (one collection) was about four miles upstream from the closest sampling-site of Station 11-G. Applying the same methods as for Figure 3, my findings show a gradual decline in the per cent of the fauna represented by the "large-river-fishes," and an increase in the segment classified as "upland-fishes," from downstream to upstream.

CREEL CENSUS

Fifty-three fishermen were interviewed in the 1957 creel census period, and 152 in 1958. Only those fishermen using pole and line were interviewed. In the area censused, much additional fishing is done with set-lines, that are checked periodically by the owners.

In the 1958 census, 22 checks along approximately 80 miles of river were made, and seven of these trips were made without seeing one fisherman. The average fishing pressure for the entire area was estimated at one fisherman per 7.9 miles of stream, or one fisherman per 15.7 miles of shoreline.

Seven species of fish were identified from fishermen's creels in 1957 and 1958. These, in order of abundance were: channel catfish; carp; freshwater drum; flathead catfish; shovelnose sturgeon; smallmouth buffalo; and river carpsucker. Shovelnose sturgeon occurred in fishermen's creels only in April, 1957, and freshwater drum occurred more frequently in the spring-census of 1957 than in the summer of 1958.

Sixty-two of the fishermen interviewed in 1958 were fishing for "anything they could catch," 68 were fishing specifically for catfish, and 22 sought species other than catfish. The order of preference was as follows: channel catfish, 21.1 per cent; flathead catfish, 15.1 per cent; unspecified catfish, 12.5 per cent; carp, 9.2 per cent; freshwater drum, 1.3 per cent; and unspecified, 40.8 per cent. The kinds of fish desired by those fishermen checked in 1957 were not ascertained.

Of all fishermen checked in 1957 and 1958, 165 were men, 17 were women, and 24 were children. Ninety-three per cent were fishing from the bank, five per cent were fishing from bridges, and two per cent were wading. All but two per cent of those checked were fishing "tightline"; the remainder fished with a cork.

The ten baits most commonly used, in order of frequency, were worms, doughballs, minnows, liver, beef-spleen, chicken-entrails, coagulated blood, crayfish, shrimp, and corn.

For purposes of later comparison the data on angler success (Table 4) have been divided according to areas: Area I, below Tuttle Creek Dam; Area II, in the Tuttle Creek Reservoir area; and Area III, above the reservoir. Areas I and III received the most fishing pressure, especially Station 4-S (in Area I), and Station 56-S (in Area III).

In Area I, the success ranged from 0.91 fish per fisherman-day in 1957 to 0.26 fish per fisherman-day in 1958. The 1957 census was made in April and May, when fishing in warm-water streams is considered better than in July (Harrison, 1956:203). The 1958 census was from late June through July, and stream-flow in this period was continuously above normal. Therefore, fewer people fished the river, and catches were irregular. Catches in 1958 ranged from 0.26 fish per fisherman-day in Area I to 0.44 fish per fisherman-day in Area III. In 1951, in the Republican River of Kansas and Nebraska, the average fisherman-day yielded 0.36 fish, 0.09 fish per man-hour, and 0.06 fish per pole-hour (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1952:13-14). The average fisherman-day in the Republican River study was 3.0 hours, whereas the average on the Big Blue River was 2.2 hours for all areas in 1958 (Table 4).

TABLE 4. ANGLING SUCCESS IN THE BIG BLUE RIVER, KANSAS, 1957 AND 1958.

[A] Fishermen used an average of 1.44 poles.

In the Big Blue River 47.7 per cent of all fishermen were successful in Area I in 1957, while only 13.1 per cent were successful in the same area in 1958 (Table 5). In the Republican River, 24 per cent of the fishing parties were successful (1.64 persons per party) (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, _loc. cit._). The average distance that each fisherman had traveled to fish in the Big Blue River was 15.7 miles. Seventy-nine per cent of the persons contacted lived within 25 miles of the spots where they fished. In the study on the Republican River, 77 per cent of the parties interviewed came less than 25 miles to fish.

TABLE 5. PER CENT OF TOTAL FISHERMEN SUCCESSFUL, AND DISTANCES
TRAVELLED TO FISH, BIG BLUE RIVER BASIN, KANSAS, 1957 AND 1958.
ALL DISTANCES WERE MEASURED IN AIRLINE MILES.

============================+=======+=======+=======+=======+====== | 1957 | 1958 | 1958 | 1958 | 1958 | Area | Area | Area | Area | All | I | I | II | III | areas ----------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------ Per cent of | 47.1 | 13.1 | 18.5 | 19.5 | 15.8 fishermen successful | | | | | | | | | | Distances traveled to fish | 0-121 | 1-197 | 0-124 | 0-60 | 0-197 (averages in parentheses) |(15.6) |(20.5) |(13.5) |(7.4) |(15.7) ----------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------

RECOMMENDATIONS

My primary recommendation is for continued study of the Tuttle Creek Reservoir, and the Big Blue River above and below the reservoir, to trace changes in the fish population that result from impoundment.

Probably the fishes that inhabit the backwaters, creek-mouths, and borrow-pits in the Big Blue River Basin (gars, shad, carpsucker, buffalo, carp, sunfishes, and white bass) will increase in abundance as soon as Tuttle Creek Reservoir is formed. Also, as in eastern Oklahoma reservoirs (see Finnell, _et al_., 1956:61-73), populations of channel and flathead catfish should increase. Because of the presence of brood-stock of the major sport-fishes of Kansas (channel and flathead catfish, bullhead, bluegill, crappie, largemouth bass, and white bass), stocking of these species would be an economic waste: exception might be made for the white bass. It may be above Tuttle Creek Dam, but was not found there.

I do recommend immediate introduction of walleye, and possibly northern pike (_Esox lucius_ Linnaeus), the latter species having been successfully stocked in Harlan County Reservoir, Nebraska, in recent years (Mr. Donald D. Poole, personal communication). These two species probably are native to Kansas, but may have been extirpated as agricultural development progressed. Reservoirs may again provide habitats suitable for these species in the State.

If Tuttle Creek Reservoir follows the pattern found in most Oklahoma reservoirs, large populations of "coarse fish"--fishes that are, however, commercially desirable--will develop (Finnell, _et al._, _loc. cit._). To utilize this resource, and possibly to help control "coarse fish" populations for the betterment of sport-fishing, some provision for commercial harvest should be made in the reservoir.

SUMMARY

1. The Big Blue River Basin in northeastern Kansas was studied between March 30, 1957, and August 9, 1958. The objectives were to record the species of fish present and their relative abundance in the stream, and to obtain a measure of angling success prior to closure of Tuttle Creek Dam.

2. Fifty-nine stations were sampled one or more times, using seines, hoop and fyke nets, wire traps, experimental gill nets, rotenone, and an electric fish shocker.

3. Forty-eight species of fish were obtained, and five others have been recorded in literature or found in museums. One species, _Carpiodes forbesi_, is recorded from Kansas for the first time.

4. _Notropis lutrensis_ was the most abundant fish in the Big Blue River Basin, followed by _Notropis deliciosus_ and _Ictalurus punctatus_. The most abundant sport-fishes were _I. punctatus_, _I. melas_, and _Pylodictis olivaris_, respectively.

5. The spawning behavior of _Notropis lutrensis_ is described.

6. A creel census at major points of access to the Big Blue River, was taken in 1957 (below Tuttle Creek Dam) and in 1958 (above, in, and below the dam-site). Fishing pressure averaged one fisherman per 15.7 miles of shoreline. The average length of the fisherman-day averaged 2.2 hours, with an average of 0.33 fish per fisherman-day being caught in 1958. The average number of fish per man-hour in 1958 was 0.14 and 15.8 per cent of the fishermen were successful. Distances traveled in order to fish ranged from 0 to 197 miles (airline) and averaged 15.7 miles.

7. The primary recommendation is that studies be continued, to document changes that result from impoundment. Because brood-stock of the major sport-fishes is already present, stocking is unnecessary, except for walleye and northern pike. Also, I recommend commercial harvest of non-game food-fishes.

LITERATURE CITED

BAILEY, R. M.

1956. A revised list of fishes of Iowa, with keys for
identification. _In_ Iowa Fish and Fishing, by J. R. Harlan
and E. B. Speaker. Iowa State Cons. Comm., Des Moines,
pp. 325-377.

----, and CROSS, F. B.

1954. River sturgeons of the American genus _Scaphirhynchus_:
characters, distribution, and synonymy. Pap. Michigan Acad.
Sci., Arts, and Letters, 39 (1953): 169-208.

BREUKELMAN, J.

1940. A collection of Kansas fish in the State University
Museum. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 43: 377-384.

BUCHHOLZ, M.

1957. Age and growth of river carpsucker in Des Moines River,
Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., 64: 589-600.

CANFIELD, H. L., and WIEBE, A. H.

1931. A cursory survey of the Blue River System of Nebraska.
U. S. Dept. Comm., Bur. of Fisheries, Econ. Circ. 73: 1-10.

COLBY, C., DILLINGHAM, H., ERICKSON, E., JENKS, G., JONES, J., and
SINCLAIR, R.

1956. The Kansas Basin, Pilot Study of a Watershed. Univ. of
Kansas Press, Lawrence, ix + 103 pp.

CRAGIN, F. W.

1885. Preliminary list of Kansas fishes. Bull. Washburn Lab. of
Nat. Hist., 1 (3):105-111.

CROSS, F. B.

1950. Effects of sewage and of a headwaters impoundment on the
fishes of Stillwater Creek in Payne County, Oklahoma.
Amer. Midl. Nat., 43 (1):128-145.

1954. Fishes of Cedar Creek and the South Fork of the
Cottonwood River, Chase County, Kansas. Trans.
Kansas Acad. Sci., 57 (3): 303-314.

EDDY, S., and SURBER, T.

1947. Northern Fishes, with Special Reference to the Upper
Mississippi Valley. Univ. of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis,
xii + 276 pp.

EVERMANN, B. W., and COX, U. O.

1896. Report upon the fishes of the Missouri River Basin.
Appendix 5. Rept. U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries
for 1894. pp. 325-429.

FINNELL, J. C., and JENKINS, R. M.

1954. Growth of channel catfish in Oklahoma waters: 1954
revision. Oklahoma Fish Res. Lab. Rept. 41: ii + 1-37.

----, JENKINS, R. M. and HALL, G. E.

1956. The fishery resources of the Little River System,
McCurtain County, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Fish.
Res. Lab. Rept. 55: ii + 1-82.

FLORA, S. D.

1948. Climate of Kansas. Rept. Kansas State Board of Agri.,
67 (285): xii + 1-320.

FORBES, S. A., and RICHARDSON, R. E.

1920. The Fishes of Illinois. Nat. Hist. Survey of Illinois.
Illinois Printing Co., Danville, cxxxi + 357 pp.

FRYE, J. C., and LEONARD, A. B.

1952. Pleistocene geology of Kansas. Kansas Geol. Survey,
Bull. 99: 1-230.

GILBERT, C. H.

1886. Third series of notes on the fishes of Kansas. Bull.
Washburn Lab. of Nat. Hist., 1 (6): 207-211.

GRAHAM, I. D.

1885. Preliminary list of Kansas fishes. Trans.
Kansas Acad. Sci., 9: 69-78.

HARRISON, H. M.

1956. Angling for channel catfish. _In_ Iowa Fish and Fishing,
by J. R. Harlan and E. B. Speaker. Iowa State Cons. Comm.,
Des Moines. Pp. 202-212.

HUBBS, C. L.

1945. Corrected distributional records for Minnesota fishes.
Copeia, 1945 (1):13-22.

----, and ORTENBURGER, A. I.

1929. Further notes on the fishes of Oklahoma with descriptions
of new species of Cyprinidae. Pub. Univ. Oklahoma Biol.
Survey, 1 (2): 17-43.

----, and LAGLER, K. F.

1947. Fishes of the Great Lakes Region. Cranbrook Inst. of
Sci., Bull. 26: xi + 1-186.

----, and BAILEY, R. M.

1952. Identification of _Oxygeneum pulverulentum_ Forbes, from
Illinois, as a hybrid cyprinid fish. Pap. Michigan Acad.
Sci., Arts, and Letters, 37 (1951): 143-152.

JENNINGS, D.

1942. Kansas fish in the Kansas State College Museum at
Manhattan. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 45: 363-366.

KANSAS WATER RESOURCES FACT-FINDING AND RESEARCH COMMITTEE.

1955. Water in Kansas. A Report to the Kansas State Legislature ...
Univ. of Kansas. 1-216 pp.

KINCER, J. B.

1941. Climate and weather data for the United States. _In_
Climate and Man, Yearbook of Agri. for 1941. House Doc. 27.
pp. 685-699.

LAGLER, K. F.

1952. Freshwater Fishery Biology. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque,
Iowa. x + 360 pp.

LUGN, A. L.

1935. The Pleistocene geology of Nebraska. Nebraska Geol.
Survey, Bull. 10, 2nd series: 1-223.

MARZOLF, R. C.

1955. Use of pectoral spines and vertebrae for determining age
and rate of growth of the channel catfish. Jour. Wildl. Mgmt.,
19 (2): 243-249.

MEEK, S. E.

1895. Notes on the fishes of western Iowa and eastern Nebraska.
Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 14 (1894): 133-138.

METCALF, A. L.

1957. Fishes of Chautauqua, Cowley and Elk counties, Kansas.
Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 11:345-400.

MINCKLEY, W. L., and CROSS, F. B.

In press. Habitat, distribution, and abundance of _Notropis
topeka_ (Gilbert) in Kansas. Amer. Midl. Nat.

MONFORT, E.

1956. A layman looks at water. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.,
59 (1):118-123.

MOORE, G. A.

1957. Fishes. _In_ Vertebrates of the United States, by W.
Blair, A. Blair, P. Brodkorb, F. Cagle, and G. Moore.
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, N. Y. pp. 31-210.

MOORE, R. C., and LANDES, K. K.

1937. Geologic map of Kansas. Scale 1:500,000. Kansas Geol.
Survey.

NEBRASKA STATE PLANNING BOARD.

1936. Water resources of Nebraska. Mimeo. by Nebraska State
Planning Board. Lincoln, xxviii + 695 pp.

PFEIFFER, R. A.

1955. Studies on the life history of the rosyface shiner,
_Notropis rubellus_. Copeia, 1955 (2):95-104.

RANEY, E. C.

1947. Subspecies and breeding behavior of the cyprinid fish
_Notropis procne_ (Cope). Copeia, 1947 (2):103-109.

SCHOEWE, W. H.

1953. The geography of Kansas, Part III--concluded,
hydrogeography. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 56 (2):131-190.

SNEDECOR, G. W.

1956. Statistical Methods. Iowa State College Press, Ames.
xiii + 534 pp.

STARRETT, W. C.

1950. Distribution of the fishes of Boone County, Iowa, with
special reference to the minnows and darters. Amer. Midl.
Nat., 43 (1): 112-127.

TRAUTMAN, M. B.

1957. The Fishes of Ohio. Waverly Press, Inc., Baltimore, Md.
xvii + 683 pp.

U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE.

1952. A one-year creel census and evaluation of the Republican
River, Nebraska and Kansas, 1951. Mimeo. by the Staff,
Missouri River Basin Studies, Billings, Mont. 29 pp.,
Appendix.

1953. A preliminary report on fish and wildlife resources in
relation to the water development plan for the Tuttle Creek
Dam and Reservoir, Big Blue River, Missouri River Basin,
Kansas. Mimeo. by the Staff, Missouri River Basin Studies,
Billings, Mont. 25 pp.

VAN ORMAN, C. R.

1956. Surface water--its control and retention for use. Trans.
Kansas Acad. Sci., 59 (1):105-110.

WALTERS, K. L.

1954. Geology and ground-water resources of Marshall County,
Kansas. Kansas Geol. Survey, Bull. 106:1-116.

_Transmitted December 19, 1958._

[]

27-7080

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There is no provision for sale of this series by the University Library which meets institutional requests, or by the Museum of Natural History which meets the requests of individuals. However, when individuals request copies from the Museum, 25 cents should be included, for each separate number that is 100 pages or more in length, for the purpose of defraying the costs of wrapping and mailing.

* An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply
(not the Library's supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date,
in this series, are as follows:

Vol. 1. Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638, 1946-1950.

*Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest.
Pp. 1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948.

Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and
distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 figures
in text. June 12, 1951.

*2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds.
By George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text.
June 29, 1951.

3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale
Arvey. Pp. 473-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables.
October 10, 1951.

4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H.
Lowery, Jr., and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649,
7 figures in text, 2 tables. October 10, 1951.

Index. Pp. 651-681.

*Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466,
41 plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, 1951.

Vol. 5. Nos. 1-37 and index. Pp. 1-676, 1951-1953.

*Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, _taxonomy and distribution_. By
Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text,
30 tables. August 10, 1952.

Vol. 7. *1. Mammals of Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 1-303,
73 figures in text, 37 tables. August 25, 1952.

2. Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in northeastern
Kansas. By Henry S. Fitch and Lewis L. Sandidge.
Pp. 305-338, 5 figures in text. August 24, 1953.

3. The silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus) of Mexico.
By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text.
February 15, 1954.

4. North American jumping mice (Genus Zapus). By Philip H.
Krutzsch. Pp. 349-472, 47 figures in text, 4 tables.
April 21, 1954.

5. Mammals from Southeastern Alaska. By Rollin H. Baker and
James S. Findley. Pp. 473-477. April 21, 1954.

6. Distribution of Some Nebraskan Mammals. By J. Knox
Jones, Jr. Pp. 479-487. April 21, 1954.

7. Subspeciation in the montane meadow mouse. Microtus
montanus, in Wyoming and Colorado. By Sydney Anderson.
Pp. 489-506, 2 figures in text. July 23, 1954.

8. A new subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from
southeastern California and Arizona. By Terry A.
Vaughan. Pp. 507-512. July 23, 1954.

9. Mammals of the San Gabriel mountains of California.
By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 513-582, 1 figure in text,
12 tables. November 15, 1954.

10. A new bat (Genus Pipistrellus) from northeastern Mexico.
By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 583-586. November 15, 1954.

11. A new subspecies of pocket mouse from Kansas. By E.
Raymond Hall. Pp. 587-590. November 15, 1954.

12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Cratogeomys
castanops, in Coahuila, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell
and Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 591-608. March 15, 1955.

13. A new cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) from
northeastern Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 609-612.
April 8, 1955.

14. Taxonomy and distribution of some American shrews.
By James S. Findley, Pp. 613-618. June 10, 1955.

15. The pigmy woodrat, Neotoma goldmani, its distribution
and systematic position. By Dennis G. Rainey and Rollin
H. Baker. Pp. 619-624, 2 figures in text. June 10, 1955.

Index. Pp. 625-651.

Vol. 8. 1. Life history and ecology of the five-lined skink,
Eumeces fasciatus. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 1-156, 26 figs.
in text. September 1, 1954.

2. Myology and serology of the Avian Family Fringillidae, a
taxonomic study. By William B. Stallcup. Pp. 157-211,
23 figures in text, 4 tables. November 15, 1954.

3. An ecological study of the collared lizard (Crotaphytus
collaris). By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 213-274, 10 figures in
text. February 10, 1956.

4. A field study of the Kansas ant-eating frog, Gastrophryne
olivacea. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 275-306, 9 figures in
text. February 10, 1956.

5. Check-list of the birds of Kansas. By Harrison B.
Tordoff. Pp. 307-359, 1 figure in text. March 10, 1956.

6. A population study of the prairie vole (Microtus
ochrogaster) in northeastern Kansas. By Edwin P. Martin.
Pp. 361-416, 19 figures in text. April 2, 1956.

7. Temperature responses in free-living amphibians and
reptiles of northeastern Kansas. By Henry S. Fitch.
Pp. 417-476, 10 figures in text, 6 tables. June 1, 1956.

8. Food of the crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm, in
south-central Kansas. By Dwight Platt. Pp. 477-498,
4 tables. June 8, 1956.

9. Ecological observations on the woodrat Neotoma
floridana. By Henry S. Fitch and Dennis G. Rainey.
Pp. 499-533, 3 figures in text. June 12, 1956.

10. Eastern woodrat, Neotoma floridana; Life history and
ecology. By Dennis G. Rainey. Pp. 585-646, 12 plates,
13 figures in text. August 15, 1956.

Index. Pp. 647-675.

Vol. 9. 1. Speciation of the wandering shrew. By James S. Findley.
Pp. 1-68, 18 figures in text. December 10, 1955.

2. Additional records and extensions of ranges of mammals
from Utah. By Stephen D. Durrant, M. Raymond Lee, and
Richard M. Hansen. Pp. 69-80. December 10, 1955.

3. A new long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis) from northeastern
Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker and Howard J. Stains.
Pp. 81-84. December 10, 1955.

4. Subspeciation in the meadow mouse, Microtus
pennsylvanicus, in Wyoming. By Sydney Anderson.
Pp. 85-104, 2 figures in text. May 10, 1956.

5. The condylarth genus Ellipsodon. By Robert W. Wilson.
Pp. 105-116, 6 figures in text. May 19, 1956.

6. Additional remains of the multituberculate genus
Eucosmodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 117-123, 10 figures
in text. May 19, 1956.

7. Mammals of Coahuila, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker.
Pp. 125-335, 75 figures in text. June 15, 1956.

8. Comments on the taxonomic status of Apodemus peninsulae,
with description of a new subspecies from North China.
By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 337-346, 1 figure in text,
1 table. August 15, 1956.

9. Extensions of known ranges of Mexican bats. By Sydney
Anderson. Pp. 347-351. August 15, 1956.

10. A new bat (Genus Leptonycteris) from Coahuila. By Howard
J. Stains. Pp. 353-356. January 21, 1957.

11. A new species of pocket gopher (Genus Pappogeomys) from
Jalisco, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 357-361.
January 21, 1957.

12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Thomomys
bottae, in Colorado. By Phillip M. Youngman. Pp. 363-387,
7 figures in text. February 21, 1958.

13. New bog lemming (genus Synaptomys) from Nebraska. By J.
Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 385-388. May 12, 1958.

14. Pleistocene bats from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon,
Mexico. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 389-396. December 19,
1958.

15. New subspecies of the rodent Baiomys from Central
America. By Robert L. Packard. Pp. 397-404. December 19,
1958.

More numbers will appear in volume 9.

Vol. 10. 1. Studies of birds killed in nocturnal migration. By
Harrison B. Tordoff and Robert M. Mengel. Pp. 1-44,
6 figures in text, 2 tables. September 12, 1956.

2. Comparative breeding behavior of Ammospiza caudacuta and
A. maritima. By Glen E. Woolfenden. Pp. 45-75, 6 plates,
1 figure. December 20, 1956.

3. The forest habitat of the University of Kansas Natural
History Reservation. By Henry S. Fitch and Ronald R.
McGregor. Pp. 77-127, 2 plates, 7 figures in text,
4 tables. December 31, 1956.

4. Aspects of reproduction and development in the prairie
vole (Microtus ochrogaster). By Henry S. Fitch.
Pp. 129-161, 8 figures in text, 4 tables. December 19,
1957.

5. Birds found on the Arctic slope of northern Alaska.
By James W. Bee. Pp. 163-211, pls. 9-10, 1 figure in
text, March 12, 1958.

6. The wood rats of Colorado: distribution and ecology.
By Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 213-552, 34 plates,
8 figures in text, 35 tables. November 7, 1958.

More numbers will appear in volume 10.

Vol. 11. 1. The systematic status of the colubrid snake, Leptodeira
discolor Guenther. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 1-9,
4 figs. July 14, 1958.

2. Natural history of the six-lined racerunner,
Cnemidophorus sexlineatus. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 11-62,
9 figs., 9 tables. September 19, 1958.

3. Home ranges, territories, and seasonal movements of
vertebrates of the Natural History Reservation.
By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 63-326, 6 plates, 24 figures in
text, 3 tables. December 12, 1958.

4. A new snake of the genus Geophis from Chihuahua, Mexico.
By John M. Legler. Pp. 327-334, January 28, 1959.

5. A new tortoise, genus Gopherus, from north-central
Mexico. By John M. Legler. Pp. 335-343, April 24, 1959.

6. Fishes of Chautauqua, Cowley and Elk counties, Kansas.
By Artie L. Metcalf. Pp. 345-400, 2 plates, 2 figures in
text, 10 tables. May 6, 1959.

7. Fishes of the Big Blue River Basin, Kansas. By W. L.
Minckley. Pp. 401-442, 2 plates, 4 figures in text,
5 tables. May 8, 1959.

More numbers will appear in volume 11.

Transcriber's Notes

Except as noted below, the text presented herein is that contained in the original printed version. Minor corrections (such as missing punctuation) may have been corrected. The original version had a list of publications printed inside the cover and inside and on the back cover. The cover page was not retained as it is a copy of the first page and the list inside the cover was moved past the end of the article.

Notations

The greek letter sigma is represented as [sigma]. And [=X] indicates letter X with a line above it which is a standard notation for mean.

Typographical Corrections

Page Correction
==== =================================
408 Phenophthalein => Phenolphthalein

Text Emphasis

_Text_ : Italics

=Text= : Bold and Italics

Comments

Fishes of the Big Blue River Basin, KansasChapter II: Part 2

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