Chapter I: Part 1

FLORAL,

_Illustrations of the_

SEASONS,

_Consisting of_

The Most Beautiful, Hardy and Rare

HERBACEOUS PLANTS,

_Cultivated in the Flower Garden_,

_from_ DRAWINGS _by_

M^{RS}. EDWARD ROSCOE,

_Liverpool_,

ENGRAVED BY R. HAVELL, JUN^{R}.

London,

PUBLISHED BY ROB^T. HAVELL, JUN^{R}. 77, OXFORD STREET,

_AND_

BALDWIN & CRADOCK, PATERNOSTER ROW.

1831.

TO WILLIAM ROSCOE, ESQ., F. L. S.,

_&c. &c. &c._

MY DEAR SIR,

In dedicating this Work to you, I am not presumptuous enough to believe that I can offer anything novel in a botanical point of view, though I am sure you are too generous a patron of the science to discourage any effort, however feeble, which has for its object the diffusion of a taste for such pursuits: my motives, however, are not of this nature; I would offer it to you as a mark of respect and affection, but more particularly of gratitude, for the warm attachment you have ever evinced towards me, which has contributed so much to the happiness of my life. With these sentiments, allow me to subscribe myself,

Your affectionate Daughter,

M. R.

TOXTETH PARK,
_March, 1829_.

PREFACE.

The present state of botanical knowledge renders it impossible for the Author of this Work to indulge in a hope, that she can add anything to the learning and research which distinguish the science: as a humble follower of those who have added so much to our information on these subjects, she would walk in their delightful paths, and gather some of those objects of beauty which lie scattered around her. To endeavour to place them in an attractive form--to attach to them useful and accurate information--has been her pleasing task; and she will be amply rewarded if she should be the means of affording any encouragement, particularly among her own sex, to a taste for botanical pursuits. One of our greatest philosophers has declared a "Garden to be among the purest of human pleasures"; and if we look for a still higher sanction--we have the divine command to

"Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow."

There is no pursuit which fills the mind with more noble and exalted sentiments than the study of these works of Nature:--wherever we turn our attention, we shall discover in them ample lessons of instruction and delight; in the structure of every plant, we shall find the most exact symmetry, and the most perfect contrivance--and the more minutely we examine, the more decided traces we discern of that Power

"Who planned, and built, and still upholds a world
So clothed with beauty."

The gratification to be derived from such pursuits, is heightened by considerations like these, and their utility and value are rendered still more evident. To use the language of the late excellent and distinguished SIR JAMES E. SMITH, "Is it not desirable to call the soul from the feverish agitation of worldly pursuits, to the contemplation of divine wisdom in the beautiful economy of Nature? Is it not a privilege to walk with God in the garden of creation, and hold converse with his providence? If such elevated feelings do not lead to the study of Nature, it cannot be far pursued without rewarding the student by exciting them."

In the arrangement of this Work, the Author has aimed at some degree of novelty in the design, as well as of utility in the information. To her own sex, to whose particular notice she offers it, she trusts it may prove a useful and correct guide to their tastes, both in their selection for a flower garden, and as objects for their pencil. She has chosen those plants most remarkable for their beauty, and general adaptation to our borders--and, in order to render the Work more complete, she has added to every genus those species most desirable for cultivation.

The Author cannot conclude, without expressing her obligations for the assistance afforded her by her friend MR. SHEPHERD, Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool; and her thanks are particularly due to his able and intelligent coadjutor, MR. HENRY SHEPHERD, F.L.S.

TOXTETH PARK,
_March, 1829_.

SPRING.

"------------------Bright with dew,
And in a mingled wilderness of flowers,
Fair-handed Spring unbosoms every grace;
With hues on hues expression cannot paint
The breath of Nature, and her endless bloom."

_Thomson's Seasons._

CROCUS mæsiacus.

_Common Yellow Crocus._

_Class and Order._--TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. _Curt. Bot. Mag._, _p._ 1111.

Crocus langeæflorus. _Salisbury Par. Lon._ _vol._ ii., _tab._ 106.

Bulb small--leaves numerous, radical, linear, lanceolate--flower enclosed with the leaves in a membranous sheath---corolla yellow, divided into six oval-shaped petals, the three outer divisions beautifully marked with green--stamens three--filaments short--anthers sagittate--style one--stigma divided into three parts.

The species here figured is the earliest and best known in our gardens. It was introduced into this country in the year 1629, and derives its specific denomination from the ancient name of that part of Europe where it abounds in a wild state. Numerous varieties of the genus are constantly raised from seed, but the number of distinct species do not exceed ten or twelve. The cultivation of these plants is attended with no difficulty whatever: they will grow in any soil or situation; and the C. mæsiacus increases so rapidly as to require frequent parting. The different varieties make a beautiful display in the months of February and March, if placed in alternate patches in the flower border, and produce a brilliant effect when expanded by the warmth of the sun. The most desirable for a flower garden are the following species and their varieties:--

Crocus vernus.
---- versicolor.
---- nudiflorus.
---- biflorus.
Crocus susianus.
---- sulphureus.
---- sativus.
---- autumnalis.

Pl. 1.

HEPATICA triloba.

_Common Blue Hepatica._

_Class and Order._--POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA.

Syn. Hepatica triloba. _Pursh, N. A. F._, _vol._ ii., _p._ 391.

Root fibrous--leaves radical, three-lobed, on long petioles--stem simple, erect, pubescent--one-flowered calyx of three leaves--corolla blue--six petals, oval-shaped--stamens numerous, fixed to the receptacle--styles many--stigmas obtuse.

The blue variety of the Hepatica triloba, which blooms about March, is one of our most beautiful Spring flowers, and is more readily cultivated than any of the other kinds. According to Pursh, "It is a native of Canada, and is found in woods, and on the sides of fertile and rocky hills." The double variety of this plant is less common in our gardens, and the single white variety is rare. These plants like a loamy soil, and eastern exposure--and should be removed when they are in blossom. The roots do not bear to be often separated; and if divided into small pieces are frequently lost: but if left undisturbed in a congenial situation, they will attain great luxuriance. Miller says the single varieties are easily propagated by seed; but our more modern gardeners do not coincide in this opinion. The new leaves do not appear until after the flowers, though occasionally those of the preceding year retain their freshness, as in the figure here given. All the Hepaticas are ornamental.

Double blue.
Single pink.
Double pink.
Single white.

Pl. 2.

SCILLA bifolia.

_Two-leaved Squill._

_Class and Order._--HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. Scilla bifolia. _Eng. Fl._, _vol._ ii., _p._ 146.

Bulb oblong, oval--leaves two, radical, opposite, linear, lanceolate, about five or six inches long--peduncles short--corolla bright blue--petals six, oblong, spreading in the form of a star--stamens six, shorter than the petals--germen superior--styles short.

This beautiful plant is a native of the West of England, though rarely found. It likes a light soil, and should be grown in large patches, when it forms one of the greatest ornaments to our gardens in the month of March. The white variety also flowers about the same time, and forms a striking and beautiful contrast if placed alternately in the flower border. It is increased by offsets, which may be removed when the leaves decay. If this plant be covered with a hand-glass, when coming into bloom, it will expand more fully, and preserve the brilliancy of its colour. The Scilla maritima possesses peculiar medicinal properties. The most beautiful species are

Scilla amæna.
---- Siberica.
---- Verna.
---- Italica
---- Peruviana.
---- præcox.

Pl. 3.

NARCISSUS Moschatus.

_Spanish Daffodil._

_Class and Order._--HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. Narcissus Moschatus. _Curt. Bot. Mag._, _p._ 1300.

Root bulbous--leaves radical, linear--twisted, glaucous--stem simple, erect--flowers solitary, issuing from a sheath, lanceolate--corolla cream colour, consisting of a tubular nectary, with a laciniated mouth, surrounded by six long tortuose petals--stamens six--pistil one, enclosed in the tube.

This plant is one of the least common and most beautiful of the genus, and is remarkable for the peculiar delicacy of its colour. It is a native of Spain, and was introduced into this country about the year 1759. It requires a light rich soil; and, like all other bulbs, ought only to be removed when the leaves decay. The plant grows from twelve to sixteen inches high, and flowers in April. The genus Narcissus is a very numerous and beautiful one, and affords a delightful variety. Some of the most ornamental are

N. bulbocodium.
-- poeticus.
-- angustifolius.
-- biflorus.
-- odorus.
-- tenuior.
-- triandrus.
-- tenuifolius.
-- incomparibilis.
-- bicolor.
-- minor.

Pl. 4.

ERYTHRONIUM dens canis.

_Common Dog's-tooth Violet._

_Class and Order._--HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. Erythronium dens canis. _Curt. Bot. Mag._, _p._ 5.

Root bulbous, oblong--leaves radical, broad, lanceolate, somewhat undulate, marked with brown--stem naked, erect--flowers solitary, drooping--corolla campanulate, composed of six equal oval-shaped petals, of a lilac hue, inclining to pink--stamens six, terminated by oblong purple anthers--germen superior--style longer than the stamens--stigma divided into three parts. When the flowers are fully expanded the petals are reflexed. The white variety differs only in the colour of the flower.

There are few plants more desirable for a flower garden than the Erythronium dens canis, and its white variety; and none contribute more to the beauty of our borders in the month of March, or beginning of April. It is a native of Hungary, and some parts of Italy, and was introduced into this country in the year 1596. These plants like a light soil, mixed with bog, and are propagated by offsets, which may be removed any time after the leaves decay; but the roots should not be kept long out of the ground, as they are liable to shrink. Miller mentions two species of the lilac Erythronium; but his distinctions, founded only on the breadth of the leaves, and colour of the flower, would not be sufficient to form a different species. It is, however, worthy of remark, that the leaves of those bulbs which do not bear flowers, are broader and rounder than the others. There are two other species, mentioned by Pursh, in his "Flora of North America," vol. i. p. 230, both bearing yellow flowers, one of which is occasionally seen in our gardens.--Erythronium Americanum.

Pl. 5.

ADONIS vernalis.

_Perennial Adonis._

_Class and Order._--POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA.

Syn. Adonis vernalis. _Curt. Bot. Mag._, _p._ 134.

Root fibrous--stem branching, growing to the height of ten or twelve inches--leaves pinnate, pinnatified--calyx five segments, deciduous--flowers terminal--corolla yellow, composed of twelve or fourteen oval-shaped petals--stamens numerous--styles many--germen superior.

Though this plant has been long known in our gardens, having been introduced in the year 1629, it is by no means common. It is found wild on the mountains of Switzerland, and in different parts of Austria. It likes a rich loamy soil, and is increased by parting the roots; but to have it in perfection it should be grown in large patches, and seldom divided, when it makes a beautiful appearance in the flower garden in the months of March or April. In its native country, this plant does not exceed four inches in height, and the flowers are of a much more brilliant colour. There are two other species of Adonis, but they are seldom met with.

A. autumnalis.
-- flammea.

Pl. 6.

PRIMULA auricula.

_Auricula._

_Class and Order._--PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. Primula auricula. _Jacquin Flo. Aus._ 5, _t._ 415?

Root fibrous--leaves radical, ovate, dentate--base entire--stem simple, radical--flower terminal, corymbose--calyx five segments--corolla monopetalous, cream colour, slightly tinged with yellow, five segments, emarginate--stamens five--pistil one.

This plant is a native of Switzerland, and was introduced into this country about the year 1596. It is the parent of all the beautiful varieties of Auricula, which are now cultivated in our gardens. It grows low, and, like many of the genus, is suitable and ornamental for rock work. The Primulas flourish most in a mixture of loam, decayed leaves, and bog earth, and, like all Alpine plants, require a pure atmosphere. The leaves of this species are apt to vary in form, the margins occasionally being entire. Some of the most beautiful are the following:--

Primula nivalis.
---- cortusoides.
---- helvetica.
---- decora.
---- integrifolia.
---- marginata.
---- villosa.
---- farinosa.
---- Scotica.
---- Pallasii.
---- minima.

Pl. 7.

SANGUINARIA grandiflora.

_Large-flowered Bloodwort._

_Class and Order._--POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. _Lyon's MSS._

Root tuberous, knobbed--leaves radical, lobed--lobes laciniated, light green, under surface reddish purple--veins red--enclosing the infant blossom, which gradually emerges from its folds--flower stem simple, erect, about six or eight inches in height--calyx two segments, convex, deciduous--corolla white--petals eight, oblong, obtuse--stamens many--style very short--germen superior, terminated by a stigma divided into two parts.

This beautiful species, which is much larger than the Sanguinaria Canadensis, was introduced into this country about the year 1812, by the late Mr. John Lyon, with several other valuable plants, collected by him in different parts of North America. It takes its name from the root, which, when broken, emits a red juice resembling blood, with which the Indians are said to paint themselves. Its blossoms are transient, and, like many other Spring flowers, require the warmth of the sun to expand them. It grows best in bog soil and a sheltered situation, and may be increased by parting its roots, which should be done in the Autumn, to prevent any check to its flowering in the following March or April. There is only another species, the S. Canadensis, above alluded to.

Pl. 8.

SUMMER.

Hail, gentle Summer! every mead
With thy fair robe of beauty spread
To thee that beauty owes;
The smiling flowers with joy declare,
And loudly tell to Reason's ear,
Whence all that beauty flows.

_Fawkes._

PÆONIA tenuifolia.

_Fine-leaved Pæony._

_Class and Order._--POLYANDRIA TRIGYNIA.

Syn. Pæonia tenuifolia. _Curt. Bot. Mag._, _pl._ 926.

Root tuberous--stem erect, branching, growing to the height of one foot, or more--leaves numerous, biternate, linear--calyx five segments--flowers terminal--corolla deep scarlet--eight petals, orbicular, undulate--stamens many--anthers bright yellow--styles three--germen superior.

Though this beautiful plant has been so long known in our gardens, being introduced in the year 1756, it seldom grows luxuriantly, which perhaps may be accounted for by the liability of the roots to decay in cold wet soils. It is a native of Siberia, flowers in May, and makes a brilliant appearance when grown in large patches. The Pæonias grow best in a rich loamy soil, and may be increased by parting the roots, or by seed; by the latter means several most beautiful varieties have been raised of the Pæonia moutan, of which a full account may be seen in the "Hor. Soc. Trans.," vol. 6. This is a remarkably handsome genus. Some of the most ornamental are

P. odorata.
-- sibirica.
-- albiflora.
-- Sabinii.
-- peregrina.
-- rosea.
-- moutan.
-- papavaracea.
-- corallina.
-- humilis.

Pl. 17.

PHLOX divaricata.

_Early-flowering Lychnidea._

_Class and Order._--PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. Phlox divaricata. _Curt. Bot. Mag._, _pl._ 163. _Pursh's Flo. N. A._, _vol._ i., _p._ 150.

Root fibrous--stem branching--leaves opposite, sessile, oblong oval, acute, undulate--flowers corymbose--peduncles short--calyx five segments, linear, acute--corolla monopetalous--five segments, emarginate, narrower at the base--pale blue--stamens five--style one--stigma divided into three parts.

The genus Phlox is perhaps one of the most beautiful cultivated in our gardens, and affords a delightful variety, its different species flowering all through the Summer and Autumn. The plant here figured is the earliest; and though it cannot boast of brilliancy, it is remarkable for the beautiful delicacy of its colour, and modest appearance. It grows low, seldom exceeding eight or ten inches in height, and is, on this account, very suitable for rock work. It flowers in May, likes a strong loamy soil, and is increased by parting the roots, or by cuttings. This species is a native of the mountains of Virginia, North America, and was brought into this country by the late Mr. Fraser. There are various others equally desirable for a flower garden. Amongst the most beautiful are

P. pyramidalis.
-- ovata.
-- carnea.
-- nivalis.
-- setacea.
-- subulata.
-- reflexa.
-- amæma.
-- stolonifera.

Pl. 18.

ANEMONE palmata.

_Cyclamen-leaved Anemone._

_Class and Order._--POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA.

Syn. Anemone palmata. _Bot. Reg._ _pl._ 200. _Persoon. Syn. Plan._, _vol._ ii., _p._ 97.

Root tuberous--leaves radical, cordate, suborbiculate, dentate--stem radical, clothed with a ferruginous hair--flower issuing from an involucrum, sessile, trifid--corolla yellow--petals about twelve, oblong, obtuse--stamens numerous--styles many--germen superior.

This is a most striking and ornamental species, and though it is said to have been introduced so far back as the year 1597, is still rare in our gardens. It is difficult to cultivate, perhaps requiring a little stronger soil than Anemonies generally do. When its roots have attained a great size, it should be removed or divided, as it is then liable to decay; few, however, are fortunate enough to cultivate it to such a state of luxuriance. It is perfectly hardy, though mostly treated as a frame plant. The under side of the lower radical leaves is tinged with a bright violet colour. The genus Anemone is a numerous one, and can boast of many ornamental species.

A. appennina.
-- hortensis.
-- patens.
-- narcissiflora.
-- pratensis.
-- sylvestris.
-- baldensis.
-- thalictroides.
-- pavonina.
-- pulsatilla.

Pl. 19.

PULMONARIA paniculata.

_Panicled Lungwort._

_Class and Order._--PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. Pulmonaria paniculata. _Curt. Bot. Mag._, _pl._ 2680.

Root tuberous--stem branched, one to two feet high--leaves ovate, oblong, acuminate, strongly nerved--panicles leafy--flowers drooping--calyx five segments--corolla funnel-shaped, contracted near the base--when arrived at maturity, of a brilliant blue--stamens five--style equal with the stamens--stigma obtuse--plant hispid.

This beautiful plant, according to the "Bot. Mag.," 2680, is a native of Hudson's Bay, and was "Originally introduced to the Kew Gardens by the late Dr. Solander, in 1778." It is still rare, and difficult to cultivate, though in congenial situations it will sow its seed, and increase abundantly; but the general method of propagating it is by parting the roots. The plant from which the annexed drawing was made grows luxuriantly in a cold, stiff soil, and has endured our severest winters without protection. It flowers in June; and though each blossom falls off almost as soon as it becomes perfect, there is a succession for a considerable time. The most beautiful species of this genus are--

P. virginica.
-- davurica.

Pl. 20.

CAMPANULA pulla.

_Russet Bell Flower._

_Class and Order._--PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. Campanula pulla. _Loddige's Bot. Cab._, _p._ 554.

Root fibrous--plant from two to three inches high--stem slender, radical, leafy, one-flowered--leaves very small, ovate, crenate, sessile, opposite--flowers terminal, drooping--calyx five segments--corolla purple, monopetalous, campanulate--margin five cleft--stamens five--style longer than the stamens--stigma divided into three parts--germen inferior.

This lovely little plant is a native of the mountains of Austria and Styria, and is particularly ornamental for rock work, to which it is well adapted by its low growth and general habit. It was introduced into this country about the year 1779, but is still very seldom met with. It is hardy, though like many Alpine plants is liable to be lost in the Winter unless protected, and it is therefore the safest plan either to keep it in a frame, or to cover it with dry leaves and a hand glass during Winter. It flowers in June, likes a light rich soil, and is increased by parting the roots. The genus Campanula is a very numerous one, consisting of upwards of sixty species: some of the most ornamental are--

C. peregrina.
-- carpatica.
-- patula.
-- persicifolia.
-- capitata.
-- barbata.
-- punctata.
-- Scheuchzeri.
-- pyramidalis.
-- azurea.

Pl. 21.

ŒNOTHERA triloba.

_Dandelion-leaved Evening Primrose._

_Class and Order._--OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. Œnothera triloba. _Curt. Bot. Mag._, _pl._ 2566.

Root biennial? spindle-shaped--leaves radical, lyrate, dentate, smooth, middle rib strong--flower radical, rising from amongst the bright green leaves--calyx tubular--four segments, lanceolate, acute--corolla pale delicate yellow--petals four, slightly trilobed, undulate--stamens eight--filaments shorter than the petals--anthers oblong, bright yellow--style a little longer than the stamens--stigma four-cleft--capsule radical, sessile, containing four cells.

The specific name of this very interesting plant was given by Professor Nuttal, in consequence of what he considered the three-lobed form of its petals; this is however so very slight as to be scarcely observable, and therefore perhaps ought not to be considered a specific distinction. It was discovered by the Professor in the Arkansas country, in 1819, and seeds were afterwards brought by that indefatigable traveller and naturalist, Mr. D. Douglas, from North America, in 1824. This plant, which has a succession of flowers throughout the Summer, is extremely liable to decay, if not kept dry in the Winter; but it may be raised from seed, or by parting the roots in Autumn, and keeping them in a frame, in pots of light dry soil, giving them very little or no water until the roots begin to shoot in the Spring. This is the best method of increasing the Œ. cespitosa, a most lovely plant, but extremely difficult to propagate. There are numerous species and varieties of this very interesting genus: some of the most beautiful are--

Œ. frutiosa.
-- speciosa.
-- acaulis.
-- rosea.
-- pallida.
-- glauca.
-- grandiflora.
-- amæna.
-- tenella.
-- viminea.

Pl. 22.

CLARKIA pulchella.

_Pretty Clarkia._

_Class and Order._--TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. Clarkia pulchella. _Pursh. Fl. N. A._, _vol._ i. _p._ 260. _Bot. Reg._, _pl._ 1100.

Plant annual--stem erect, branching--leaves linear, lanceolate, sessile, smooth--peduncles short--flowers growing from the axils of the leaves, solitary--calyx one segment, lanceolate, keeled--corolla beautiful purple pink--petals four, trilobed, obtuse, horned at the base--stamens four--anthers involute--style longer than the stamens--stigma divided into four parts--capsule oblong, grooved.

This very beautiful and singular annual was named by Pursh, in honour of Captain Clark, the companion of Captain Lewis, whose interesting travels across the continent of North America are so well known. It was found by Mr. Douglas, in the countries around the Columbia river, and brought by him into this country, to the Horticultural Society. The plant is hardy; but to facilitate its bloom, the seeds should be sown in a hotbed early in the Spring, and when the plants have acquired sufficient strength they may be removed to the borders, where they will continue to flower until destroyed by frost. This is the only species known of this genus.

Pl. 23.

POTENTILLA Nipalensis.

_Nipal Potentilla._

_Class and Order._--ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA.

Syn. Potentilla Nipalensis. _Hooker's Exotic Flora_, _vol._ ii., _pl._ 88.

Root fibrous--stem erect, branching--radical leaves, quinate--leaflets obovate, lanceolate, serrate--stipules large, broad, lanceolate--flowers terminal, on long peduncles--calyx double--five outer segments small, five inner somewhat larger--corolla five petals, emarginate, beautiful rose colour, darker at the base--stamens numerous--styles many--whole plant, hairy.

For this beautiful species of Potentilla we are indebted to the celebrated Dr. Wallich, of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta, who discovered it in Nipal, and sent seeds of it to this country. It is now becoming generally known, and is a great acquisition to our gardens, both for the beauty of its flower and continuing so long in blossom. A light loam suits it best; and when it likes the situation it will sow itself, and is therefore easily propagated. The genus Potentilla is not a showy one, but there are several pretty species:--

P. atrosanguinea.
-- clusiana.
-- hirta.
-- lupinaster.
-- nivea.
-- pedata.

Pl. 24.

AUTUMN.

Though Summer with her fervid ray,
No longer leads the lengthened day,
Though Autumn with her sober tread
Appears upon the russet mead,
For her shall Flora form her wreath,
And still around her fragrance breathe;
Shall still with beauty deck the plain,
Nor cease midst darker hours to reign.

ESCHSCHOLTZIA Californica.

_Californian Eschscholtzia._

_Class and Order._--POLYANDRIA TETRAGYNIA.

Syn. Eschscholtzia Californica. _Bot. Reg._ _pl._ 1168.

Root fusiform--stem branching, growing to the height of one foot or more--leaves glaucous, tri-pinnatifid, segments acute--flowers terminal, on long peduncles--Calyx formed like the Calyptra of a Moss, which falls off previous to the expansion of the flower--petals four--large, spreading, slightly striated, narrower at the base, margins undulate, of a brilliant yellow, which increases to an orange in the centre of the flower--stamens numerous, filaments very short, anthers long, acute--stigmas four--seed vessel subulate.

Fig. 1. represents the seed pod. Fig. 2. the curiously formed Calyx.

This elegant flower was originally discovered by Mr. Menzies, during the expedition of Vancouver, in the year 1792, on the coast of California. It has been named by Chamisso after Dr. Eschscholtz, a companion of Kotzebue, in his voyage round the world, and was sent to the Hort. Soc., by Mr. Douglas, in 1826, who found it on the N. W. coast of America. It promises to be a very desirable and beautiful addition to our catalogue of herbaceous plants, flowering abundantly all thro' the summer 'till destroyed by frost. It may be propagated either by seeds, which should be sown in a hot-bed early in the spring, or by parting the roots in autumn, and grows best in a pure air, and a light, or sandy soil.

Pl. 33.

CATANANCHE cœrulea.

_Blue Catananche._

_Class and Order._--SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA ÆQUALIS.

Syn. Catananche Cœrulea. _Curtis Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 293.

Root fibrous--Stem radical, branching--growing to the height of two feet--Radical leaves, long, lanceolate, margins deeply toothed--back of the leaf downy, and strongly nerved--Cauline leaves, sessile, linear, acute. Flowers terminal on very long peduncles on which are scattered membranaceous bracteas--Calyx imbricate, squamose, membranaceous, striate--Corolla blue--Florets ligulate, apex three toothed, purple at the base, fertile--Stamens five, Anthers united--style one, stigma bifid.

There are only two species known of this genus, the one here figured is a native of the South of Europe, and is said to have been cultivated by Parkinson as far back as the year 1640, it is however by no means a common plant, owing perhaps to the difficulty of keeping it through the winter, when it is very apt to be destroyed by frost; it is easily raised from seeds which may be sown in the autumn, and if protected during the winter, will make strong plants to flower through the ensuing summer, continuing in beauty until the approach of winter--it likes a dry, sandy soil, and will not bear frequent removal,--the other species, Catananche lutea, is an annual not deserving of cultivation.

Pl. 34.

COREOPSIS Grandiflora.

_Large flowered Coreopsis._

_Class and Order._--SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA.

Syn. Coreopsis Grandiflora. _Sweet's B. F. G._ _Vol._ 2. _pl._ 175.

Root fibrous, creeping--Stem, tall, erect, branched. Leaves on short petioles ternate, leaflets lanceolate, acute--cauline leaves becoming more linear. Flowers large, terminal, on long, slender peduncles--Calyx double, exterior segments green, lanceolate acute; interior segments brown, membranaceous--Corolla bright yellow, radiated florets barren, dentate; florets of the disk fertile.

This fine species is so similar to C. Lanceolata, that it is only to be distinguished by the leaf, the flowers being alike in form and color, though perhaps a little larger in C. grandiflora--it was found by Professor Nuttall in the Arkansas, and was sent by him to Mr. Barclay about the year 1826; it is therefore from its late introduction yet rare in our collections, it promises to be of easy cultivation, its creeping roots throwing up a plentiful supply of young plants from which it may easily be propagated--a little protection in the winter may perhaps be desirable.

Amongst the most beautiful species of this genus are

C. lanceolata
-- tinctoria.
-- verticillata.
-- tenuifolia.

Pl. 35.

GEORGINA coccinea.

_Scarlet flowered Georgina._

_Class and Order._--SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.

Syn. Georgina Coccinea _Wildenow Enum. Plant._ _Vol._ 2. _p._ 338.

Dahlia Coccinea. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 762.

Root tuberous--stem upright, branched, growing from three to five feet high. Leaves pinnate, lower leaves sometimes bi-pinnate, leaflets serrate--flowers terminal, on long purple peduncles--calyx double, exterior segments somewhat reflexed, obtuse--corolla bright scarlet--radiated florets ovate, obtuse, furnished with a style only--florets of the disk, containing both stamens and pistils.

This distinct species, which is perhaps one of the most beautiful of the genus is readily distinguished by its small flower and foliage--it is a native of Mexico, and previous to its introduction to this country, by Mr. Fraser, in 1803, was cultivated in France,--endless varieties of this genus are constantly raised from seed, and by other means, and there is no flower to which we are so much indebted for ornamenting our gardens in the Autumn--the cultivation of this plant is so easy, and now so well known that little requires to be said on this point. Particular care, however, must be taken to keep the roots from frost; a poor soil will cause a smaller growth, and produce more flowers. The name Georgina was given to this genus by Wildenow, in honor of G. Georgi, a Russian Botanist, and as it is considered by the Continental and many English Botanists, to be the most correct, it has been here adopted, instead of Dahlia, a name very similar to that of another genus (Dalea) called after Dale the friend of Ray;[1] some of the most beautiful double Georginas are varieties of the Sambucifolia.

G. frustranea.
-- superflua.
-- alba.
-- flava.
-- purpurea.
-- atro purpurea.
-- rubra.
-- atro-rubra.
-- fulgens.
-- crocea.

[1] See Bot. Mag. page 762, and Sweets British Flower Garden, page 282.

Pl. 36.

RUDBECKIA hirta.

_Hairy Rudbeckia._

_Class and Order._--SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA.

Syn. Rudbeckia hirta. _Pursh. Flo. N. A._ _page_ 574.

Root Fibrous--stem erect, branched, grooved. Radical leaves broad, lanceolate, cauline leaves sessile, unequal, margins undulate peduncles one flowered, terminal--calyx many segments, lanceolate, obtuse--corolla bright yellow--radiated florets, linear, lanceolate recurved, barren--florets of the disk fertile--whole plant hairy.

The genus Rudbeckia (called after Professor Rudbeck of Upsal who died in 1702) is a very ornamental one, its different species making a gay appearance in the Autumn. R. hirta is perhaps one of the most desirable, from its moderate size, seldom growing higher than two feet--it was introduced about the year 1714, it is a native of N. America, and is found on the mountains from Virginia to Florida--it likes a light rich soil, and is propagated by parting the roots, which should be done in the spring, as it flowers so late in Autumn as to prevent the removal in sufficient time for the plants to be well established before winter--it is rather tender, sometimes being destroyed by too much wet. The following are pleasing species:--

R. purpurea.
-- fulgida.
-- columnaris.
-- speciosa.
-- pinnata.

Pl. 37.

SCABIOSA Caucasea.

_Caucasean Scabious._

_Class and Order._--TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. Scabiosa Caucasea. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 886.

Root fibrous--stem erect, rising to the height of two feet or more--radical leaves on long channelled footstalks, lanceolate, acute, margins undulate, cauline leaves, connate, pinnatifid--peduncles one flowered, flowers terminal--involucre from eight to ten segments, lanceolate, acute--corolla delicate purple, segments trilobed, lobes obtuse, margins undulate, florets of the disk tubular, margins five-cleft--Calyx double--stamens four, anthers oblong, of a bright red, style longer than the stamens; stigma globose; germen downy.

This is perhaps the most beautiful species of the genus; and a highly ornamental plant in the Autumnal months, during which time it continues long in beauty, it is a native of Mount Caucasus, and according to the Bot. Mag. p. 886, was raised by Messrs. Loddiges from seeds received by them about the year 1803--a light soil suits it best, and it may be increased by parting its roots in the spring--it is quite hardy.

The genus Scabiosa is not a favorite one for a flower garden, though a few species may deserve a place in our collections--some of the most desirable are

S. alpina.
-- tatarica.
-- atropurpurea.
-- lœvigata.

Pl. 38.

LOBELIA fulgens.

_Refulgent Lobelia._

_Class and Order._--PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. Lobelia fulgens. _Bot. Rep._ _pl._ 659.

Root fibrous--stem erect, leafy, occasionally drooping at the summit, downy. Leaves alternate sessile, broad lanceolate, undulate, denticulate near the point, veined, becoming smaller towards the top of the stem--peduncles very short--calyx five segments, acute, downy--corolla monopetalous, very brilliant scarlet--tube oblong, inflated at the base, segments five, three lower ones, oblong, lanceolate, acute; two upper, small, linear, acute, recurved--stamens five--anthers oblong, style filiform--stigma compressed.

This brilliant ornament to the flower garden is a native of Mexico, and was raised from seeds sent by Humboldt and Bonpland, to this country, about the year 1809--it is a plant of easy cultivation, and is readily increased by parting the roots in Spring--it is hardy, but in the winter requires to be kept dry, as it is liable to decay from too much moisture, it is therefore the safest plan to put a few plants in a frame, divide them, and plant them about April, in a stiff soil, and moist situation, where they will flourish exceedingly, and make a splendid appearance until destroyed by frost--This species differs little from L. Splendens, which has its foliage more tinged with red and is devoid of that pubescence which distinguishes L. fulgens.

There are several beautiful species of this genus, but few are hardy, those most desirable for a flower garden are

L. splendens.
-- cardinalis.
-- amæna.
-- tupa.

Pl. 39.

ASTER amellus.

_Italian aster._

_Class and Order._--SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.

Syn. Aster Amellus. _Hortus Kewensis_, _vol._ 5, _page_ 54.

Root fibrous--stem erect, branched, sometimes two feet high--leaves sessile, alternate, ovate lanceolate, obtuse--margins undulate. Flowers purple, corymbose, on short peduncles; calyx imbricated--radiated florets, linear, obtuse, furnished with a style only--florets of the disk fertile containing both stamens and pistils.

Few autumnal plants are more deserving of cultivation than the Aster Amellus--the beauty of the flower, its moderately low growth, and late flowering, rendering it a valuable plant for the season, and perhaps preferable to any of the genus--it is a native of the South of Europe, and was cultivated in this country, as long since as 1596, by Gerard, it will grow in any soil or situation, and flowers from September until destroyed by severe frost--it may be increased by dividing the roots, which according to Miller should not be moved oftener than every third year.

The genus aster is a very numerous one, and affords some ornamental species

A. alpina.
-- blandus.
-- elegans.
-- grandiflorus.
-- nova angliæ.
-- spectabilis.
-- pulcherrimus.

Pl. 40.

WINTER.

---- The fairer forms
That cultivation glories in, are HIS,
HE sets the bright procession on its way,
And marshalls all the order of the Year;
HE marks the bounds that Winter may not pass,
And blunts his pointed fury: in its case
Russet and rude folds up the tender germ
Uninjured, with inimitable art,
And ere one flowery season fades and dies,
Designs the blooming wonders of the next.

COWPER.

CHRYSANTHEMUM indicum var.

_Semi double quill'd pink Chrysanthemum._

_Class and Order._--SYNGENSIA, POLYGAMIA, SUPERFLUA.

Syn. Semi double quill'd pink Chrysanthemum. _Hort. Soc. Trans._ _Vol._ 5. _p._ 422.

Stem tall, erect, leafy, branching--lower leaves large, bi-pinnatifid, lobes deeply indented--becoming smaller as they approach the flower--flower terminal slightly pendant--calyx squamose--florets quill'd of a beautiful pale pink, shaded off to white--disc yellow--large.

The first introduction of the Chinese Chrysanthemums into this country, was about the year 1764;--the beautiful varieties now seen in our gardens, became known at a much more recent period, and from the great facility that attends their cultivation, and their very desirable season of flowering, they are universal favorites;--new varieties are frequently imported, the only means we possess of obtaining them, as we are ignorant of the mode adopted by the Chinese for their increase; and we are led to suppose that we do not yet possess some of their finest kinds:--most of the varieties will grow well out of doors, and if trained against a south wall, with a little protection to shield the flowers from inclement weather, will make a beautiful and gay appearance in the months of November and December. The Chrysanthemums are increased either by cuttings or suckers taken from the parent plant in the spring;--the var. here figured is a very beautiful one, and blossoms rather early and freely--the flowers have a deeper color when grown out of doors, and the plant altogether acquires more strength;--in a green-house this var. is apt to grow weak and tall.

Pl. 49.

CHRYSANTHEMUM indicum var.

_Superb White Chrysanthemum._

_Class and Order._--SYNGENSIA, POLYGAMIA, SUPERFLUA.

Syn. Superb White Chrysanthemum. _Hort. Soc. Trans._ _Vol._ 5. _p._ 420.

Stem erect, leafy, branching--leaves bi-pinnatifid, lobes deeply indented,--flower terminal, drooping, white, tinged with yellow towards the centre--calyx squamose, obtuse, florets ligulate, outside florets occasionally quill'd--apex entire.

This variety is a very desirable one for growing out of doors, from its long continuance in bloom, and the flowers being so very large and fine--the foilage is luxuriant, and if the plant be trained against a wall, it will grow very tall, and make a beautiful appearance until a late season;--the Chrysanthemums like a strong soil.

CHRYSANTHEMUM indicum var.

_Early Crimson Chrysanthemum._

_Class and Order._--SYNGENSIA, POLYGAMIA, SUPERFLUA.

Syn. Early Crimson Chrysanthemum. _Hort. Soc. Trans._ _Vol._ 5, _p._ 155.

Stem erect, leafy, much branched--leaves bi-pinnatifid, lobes very deeply indented--flowers pendant--growing in clusters, semi-double, of a fine crimson--florets ligulate, emarginate--disc small.

This is a newer var. than either the superb white, or quill'd pink; the plant grows low, and rather bushy, and makes a very brilliant appearance when in full flower--the varieties of Chrysanthemum Indicum are so endless, that is difficult to make a selection; some of the most beautiful and latest imported are the following:--

Purple.
Quill'd white.
Tasselled white.
Sulphur yellow.
Golden yellow.
Buff or orange.
Quill'd flamed yellow.
Curled lilac.
Pale pink.
Parks' small yellow.
Blush Ranunculus flowered.
Tasselled lilac.
Two colored red.
Starry pink.
Two colored incurved.
Golden Lotus flowered.
Brown lilac.
Early blush.
Paper white.
Changeable pale buff.

Pl. 50.

TUSSILAGO fragrans.

_Fragrant Coltsfoot._

_Class and Order._--SYNGENSIA, POLYGAMIA, SUPERFLUA.

Syn. Tussilago Fragrans. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 1388.

Root creeping, fleshy--scape about eight inches high, woolly, appearing before the leaves--leaves radical, large, cordate, margins crenate--young leaves covered with a deciduous down, cauline leaves cordate, sheathing the stem--peduncles rising from concave bracteas--calyx many segments, lanceolate, acute, tinged with brown--radiated florets ligulate, pink, florets of the disk, five segments, white--style projecting, stigma dark purple.

This plant possesses little beauty to recommend it to our notice, but its delightful fragrance, which strongly resembles the Heliotropium Peruvianum, renders it an acceptable addition to our small stock of winter flowers. It is a native of Italy, and was introduced into this country by Messrs. Lee and Kennedy, in 1806. Though frequently treated as a green-house or frame-plant, it is perfectly hardy, and if grown in a moist situation, it will spread so rapidly as to become troublesome; the best plan therefore is to confine it in a pot, and plunge it in common garden soil, where it will flower about December or January, without the least protection.

This is the only species suitable for a flower garden.

Pl. 51.

HELLEBORUS niger.

_Black Hellebore or Christmas Rose._

_Class and Order._--POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA.

Syn. Helleborus niger. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 8.

Root tuberous--leaves radical, on long channelled petioles, pedate, lobes oblong, margins serrate near the apex--scape radical, simple,--flower terminal--calyx none--bracteas immediately under the flower, two, sessile--corolla white, slightly tinged with pale pink and yellowish green,--petals five, large, orbicular, margins undulate--nectaries green, tubular--stamens numerous--anthers compressed--styles many.

There are few flowers more welcome to us than the Helleborus niger, which enlivens our gardens in the dreary months of December and January. It is a native of the mountains of Austria, and was introduced into this country about the year 1596, by Mr. John Gerard; it derives its name from the dark color of its roots, and the common appellation of the Christmas Rose, arises from the peculiar season of its flowering; being an alpine plant it delights in a pure air, and it grows best in a moist situation and strong loamy soil: it may be covered with a hand-glass when coming into bloom, as the beauty of the flower is liable to be destroyed by the severity of the weather. Considerable medicinal properties were ascribed to this plant by the ancients, but it is now seldom used. There are several other species, but only two of these are generally cultivated--the first mentioned is a British plant.

H. viridis.
-- lividus.

Pl. 52.

ERANTHIS hyemalis

_Winter Aconite._

_Class and Order._--POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA.

Syn. Eranthis hyemalis. _Salisbury_, _Lin. Soc. Trans._ _Vol._ 8. _p._ 303.

Helleborus hyemalis. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _Vol._ 1. _p._ 3.

Root tuberous--leaves radical, on long petioles, radiated, palmate, lobes generally trifid--scape radical, one flowered--involucrum sessile, lobed, becoming larger when the flower decays--corolla yellow--petals six, or sometimes more, obovate, nectaries tubular, stamens from twenty to thirty--anthers compressed--styles many.

The genus Eranthis, which was established by Salisbury, differs from Helleborus in the number of its petals and stamens, the latter in Eranthis are from twenty to thirty, in Helleborus, from thirty to sixty; the seed in the former genus being in one series, the latter in two series, the difference of habit, &c., altogether forming good grounds for making them separate genera. This pretty species which flowers about January is a native of France, Switzerland, and Austria, and was cultivated in our gardens as long since as 1596;--it grows best in a light loam mixed with bog, and is propagated by offsets. There is another species Eranthis Siberica.

Pl. 53.

ERICA carnea.

_Flesh colored, early Flowering Heath._

_Class and Order._--OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. Erica carnea. _Jacquin's Flo. Austr._ _Vol._ 1. _tab._ 32.

Erica carnea. _Loddige's Bot. Cab._ _p._ 1452.

Erica herbacea. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 11.

Root fibrous--stem branching upon the ground, leaves small, linear, sessile--flowers pendulous, on very short peduncles--calyx four segments, linear acute--corolla campanulate, pale pink, margin four cleft--stamens eight fixed to the receptacle, anthers bifid, projecting, dark purple--style declining, longer than the stamens.

This pretty little plant would be acceptable to us at any season of the year, but is peculiarly so in the dreary one in which its beautiful pink blossoms appear, frequently peeping above the snow. The flowers are formed in the autumn, but do not come to maturity until the following December or January, when (if planted in a bog border with a south aspect) it will make a beautiful appearance for a length of time. It is a native of the Alps and mountainous parts of Germany, and was introduced into this country about the year 1763; the general method of increasing this plant is by cuttings or layers,--there are other species of hardy heaths which are well worth cultivating. The three last mentioned are natives of Britain.

E. Mediterranea.
-- ciliaris.
-- carnea var.
-- Australis.
-- tetralia.
-- vagans.
-- stricta.

Pl. 54.

GALANTHUS nivalis.

_Common Snowdrop._

_Class and Order._--HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. Galanthus nivalis. _English Bot._ _pl._ 19.

Root bulbous.--Scape from three to five inches high, one flowered. Leaves two, broadly linear, obtuse, glaucous green, sheathing the lower part of the stem.--Flower drooping, bursting from a sheath, lanceolate.--Corolla white, petals three, oblong, obtuse--nectaries three emarginate, beautifully tipped with green--stamens six, anthers subulate--style one, stigma simple.

This beautiful flower so well known, and so peculiarly interesting from its modest simplicity, hardly requires a description of its treatment or mode of growth. It is a native of England, having been found in many places remote from cultivation, and will grow in any soil or situation.--A double var. is frequently met with in our gardens, there is also another species G. plicatus, a native of Caucasus.

Pl. 55.

CYCLAMEN Coum.

_Round leaved Cyclamen._

_Class and Order._--PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. Cyclamen Coum. _Cur. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 4.

-- Cyclamen Coum. _Hor. Kew._ 1 _vol._ _p._ 311.

Root bulbous, orbicular, compressed. Leaves radical, on rather long purplish petioles, orbicular, cordate, upper side dark green, red underneath--stem radical, three or four inches high, flower terminal, drooping--calyx five segments acute--petals five, reflexed, ovate, margins undulate, dark pink, marked with red at the base, which is shaded off to a pure white, stamens five enclosed in the tube of the corolla, style longer than the stamens, stigma acute.

This pretty plant which is one of the earliest of our Spring bulbs, is a native of the south of Europe, and has been known since the year 1596, when it was cultivated by Mr. John Gerard. It is very hardy, though generally treated as a green-house or frame plant, and if grown in a sheltered situation in a mixture of bog earth, and rich loam, it will flower abundantly, and make a beautiful appearance about February, particularly if covered with a hand-glass to protect the flowers from the inclemency of the weather.

This plant is easily raised from seed, which is produced in abundance. After the petals decay the germen becomes enlarged, and the foot stalk enclosing it in the centre, twists in the form of a screw, until it reaches the ground, when the seed-vessel bursts and deposits the seed, a beautiful provision of nature for propagating the species--the seeds thus sown, will require a little more soil, and the protection of a hand-glass during the Winter, when if not destroyed by frost, the plants will generally flower the following Summer--the other hardy species are

C. hederæfolium.
---- var.
-- europæum.

Pl. 9.

HYOSCYAMUS Orientalis.

_Oriental Hyoscyamus._

_Class and Order._--PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. Hyoscyamus Orientalis. _Beburstein Fl. Taur. Cauc._ _vol._ 1. _p._ 164.

-- Hyoscyamus Orientalis. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 2414.

Root tuberous--stem erect, growing to the height of one foot or more--leaves on rather long petioles, broadly lanceolate, spreading, margins undulate, of a dull green, strongly veined with red--under side reddish in the young leaves--flowers thyrsiform--on short pedicels--calyx campanulate, margin five cleft, segments acute, tinged with purple--corolla lilac, funnel shaped, limb spreading, five cleft--stamens five, inclined, shorter than the style--stigma clavate--whole plant covered with a whitish pubescence which it nearly loses in more advanced growth.

The genus Hyoscyamus is, perhaps, more remarkable for its medicinal properties than for its beauty, though this species is certainly a handsome plant and as yet rarely met with:--it is of later introduction than Hyoscyamus Physaloides, which has a darker flower, the leaves perfectly smooth, and the plant altogether is of smaller growth. H. Orientalis is a native of Iberia, a country between the Black and Caspian Seas, and was first introduced into this country from seeds sent to Mr. John Hunneman, about the year 1821; it is perfectly hardy, likes a rich soil, and may be increased by parting the roots or by seed; flowers as early as March. There is only another species besides the two mentioned, deserving of cultivation in a flower garden, which is H. Scopoli.

Pl. 10.

OROBUS Vernus.

_Spring Orobus._

_Class and Order._--DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA.

Syn. Orobus Vernus. _Car. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 521.

-- Orobus Vernus. _Hor. Kew._ _vol._ 3. _p._ 38.

Root fibrous--stem erect, branching, one foot or more in height--stipules large, sagittate, auriculate--leaves pinnate--leaflets ovate, acute--peduncles long, axillary--pedicels very short--calyx five cleft, base obtuse, tinted with red--flower papilionaceous--vexillum pink, broadly ovate, margin undulate--alæ blue, obtuse; carina white--stamens ten, united by their filaments into two parcels, nine in one set, with a single one separate--style one.

The Orobus vernus is a most valuable Spring flower, and is one of the earliest of our herbaceous plants;--it is a native of the middle and south of Europe, and was first introduced into this country about the year 1629;--a light soil suits it best, though being very hardy it will flourish in any situation, and considering the facility with which it is cultivated, it is surprizing it is not more common;--it flowers in March, and is increased by dividing the roots or by seed--some of the most desirable species are

O. niger.
-- varius.
-- lathyroides.
-- luteus.
albus.
tuberosus.
variegatus.
ochroleucus.

Pl. 11.

UVULARIA Grandiflora.

_Large flowered Uvularia._

_Class and Order._--HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. Uvularia Grandiflora. _Exotic Botany_, _Tab._ 51.

-- Uvularia Grandiflora. _Pursh Flo. N. A._ _Vol._ 1. _p._ 231.

-- Uvularia Grandiflora. _Hortus Kewensis_, 2. _Vol._ _p._ 247.

Root tuberous--stem a foot or more in height, radical, erect, sheathed at the base, branching towards the summit--petioles flexuose--leaves perfoliate, broadly lanceolate, undulate--peduncles axillary--flowers pendulous--calyx none--corolla yellow, petals six, linear, tortuose--stamens six, filaments short--anthers oblong, linear--germen obovate--style one, stigma divided into three parts--nectary a cavity at the base of each petal.

The genus Uvularia is neither a numerous, nor a showy one, though the species figured (which is the finest) is a very elegant plant, and if placed in the front of a bog border, the soil of which is peculiarly adapted to it, will add much to the beauty of the flower garden about April. In 1802, Messrs. Lee and Kennedy received this species from North America, and according to Pursh, it is found on shady hills in fertile soils, and among the rocks from Canada to Carolina;--it is perfectly hardy, and may be increased by parting the roots early in the Autumn.

The most interesting, are

U. amplexifolia.
-- lanceolata.
-- perfoliata.
-- sessilifolia.

Pl. 12.

GENTIANA verna.

_Spring Gentian._

_Class and Order._--PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.

Syn. Gentiana verna. _Eng. Bot._ _pl._ 493.

-- Gentiana verna. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 491.

Root fibrous, creeping--stem procumbent, leafy,--leaves sessile, oval, acute, opposite, clustered near the root--flowers terminal--calyx five cleft, acute--corolla brilliant blue, monopetalous, tube long, limb spreading, divided into five segments, obtuse, undulate, fringed between the segments--stamens five, enclosed in the tube of the corolla--style simple, stigmas two, so closely situated as to give the appearance of a small white circle in the centre of the flower.

This beautiful little plant is well ascertained to be a native of England and Ireland. According to English Botany, p. 49--it was first gathered in Teesdale Forest, Durham, where it is still obtained for the purposes of sale in London, and other places;--it is also a native of the Alps of Switzerland, where we are told the large patches of it produce a brilliant and striking effect:--it is perfectly hardy, but requires a pure air, and succeeds best in bog-soil--from its low growth and general habit, it is well adapted to ornament rock work, and from the shelter there afforded, it will begin to flower as early as March, and continue in beauty some time--it may be increased by parting the roots early in the Autumn:--the Gentiana lutea, is celebrated for its medicinal properties, and is a handsome herbaceous plant; the other desirable species are

G. crinita.
-- asclepedia.
-- saponaria.
-- alpina.
purpurea.
septemfida.
acaulis.
pneunomanthe.

Pl. 13.

SOLDANELLA Clusii.

_Clusius's Soldanella._

_Class and Order._--PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. Soldanella Clusii. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 2163.

-- Soldanella montana? _Sweet's B. F. G._ _vol._ 1. _p._ 11.

Root fibrous--leaves radical, on long petioles, orbicular, cordate, slightly crenate, of a dark green, paler underneath--stem radical, erect, three or four inches high--segments of the involucrum linear--flowers terminal, drooping,--calyx five, segments linear, spreading--corolla purple, monopetalous, campanulate, margin deeply laciniated--stamens five, anthers two lobed--style very long, germen inferior.

The beautiful genus Soldanella is peculiarly adapted to rock work, to which it is a great ornament; the different species are all hardy, but like many alpine plants, require shelter from severe frosts, as a substitute for the snow of their native mountains; this species is found on the mountains of Bohemia, and on the Austrian and Styrian Alps, and was introduced into this country about the year 1816. It grows best in a mixture of peat and sandy loam, and is readily increased by seeds, or by parting the roots; the genus is by no means common, perhaps, from their requiring a very pure air to grow them in perfection; it is the safest plan to keep all alpine plants in a frame during winter, or to cover them with _dry_ saw dust, over which may be placed a hand-glass or garden-pot. This species is called after Clusius a celebrated Botanist, it being (according to the Bot. Mag. p. 211.) first described and figured by him. There are two other beautiful species, with smaller flowers, S. alpina, S. minima.

Pl. 14.

VIOLA palmata.

_Palmate leaved Violet._

_Class and Order._ PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Syn. Viola palmata. _Pursh Flo. N. A._ _vol._ i. _p._ 172.

-- Viola palmata. _Nuttall's Gen. N. A._ _vol._ i. _p._ 147.

Root tuberous--leaves radical, on very long petioles, palmate, lobes deeply dentate--peduncles one flowered, radical, tinged with purple--calyx five segments linear acute--corolla blue lilac, paler on the under side, petals five, broad, obtuse, pencilled at the base with a darker shade, lower part of the middle petal terminating in a spur--stamens five, anthers obtuse--style slender, stigma globose.

The genus Viola is a very numerous one, and can boast of many ornamental species--endless varieties are constantly raised from seed, chiefly of Viola tricolor, though these may at first vary, there is little dependance to be placed on them, as they frequently return to the original species; the number of distinct species, however, is very considerable, amongst which is the one figured; a desirable plant for the front of the borders where it will remain in beauty for a long time--it is a native of North America, and according to the Bot. Cab. p. 1471, grows on dry hills from New England to Virginia. Prof. Nuttall says in his genera of North American plants, vol. i. p. 147, "the genus Viola within its proper limits, is almost equally divided betwixt Europe and the temperate parts of North America." This species was first brought into this country in 1739, though still a scarce plant in our gardens:--the Violas are all well adapted for rock work, and flourish most in a light rich soil and shady situation. They may be increased either by parting the roots, by cuttings, or by seeds; the latter of which are produced in great abundance, and are dispersed by the peculiar elasticity of the capsule, which as soon as its contents are matured, ejects them with considerable force, sometimes to a great distance. Some of the most beautiful species are