Chapter VI: Slavery (3)

+313. Relation of slavery to the mores and to ethics.+ Inasmuch as slavery springs from greed and vanity, it appeals to primary motives and is at once intertwined with selfishness and other fundamental vices. It is not, therefore, a cause which gradually produces and molds the mores, nor is it an ethical product of folkways and mores. It is characteral. It rises into an interest which overrules everything else. This appears most clearly in the history of Roman slavery (see sec. 288). The due succession of folkways, mores, character, and ethics is here broken. The motive of slavery is base and cruel from the beginning. Later, there are many people of high character who accept it as an inheritance, and are not corrupted by it. The due societal relation of interests and mores is broken, however. It is an evil thing that that relation should be broken. All which is moral (pertaining to mores) or ethical is thrown out of sequence and relation. The interests normally control life. It is not right that ethical generalizations should get dogmatic authority and be made the rule of life. Ethical generalizations are vague and easy. They satisfy loose thinkers, and it is a matter of regret when, in any society, they get the currency of fashion and are cherished by great numbers. Interests ought to control, being checked and verified by ethical principles of approved validity. Slavery is an interest which is sure to break over all restraints and correctives. It therefore becomes mistress of folkways and dictates the life policy. It is a kind of pitfall for civilization. It seems to be self-evident and successful, but it contains a number of forms of evil which are sure to unfold. The Moslems have suffered from the curse of it, although in entirely other ways than the Christians. It intertwines with any other great social evil which may be present. There it has combined with polygamy. It is, in any case, an institution which radically affects the mores, but it is to be noticed that its effect on them is not normal and not such as belongs to the prosperous development of civilization.

[625] Maine, _Anc. Law_, 164.

[626] Galton, _Human Faculty_, 79.

[627] Gumplowicz, _Soziologie_, 121.

[628] _Durch Afrika_, 207.

[629] Gumplowicz (_Soziol._, 118) quotes a seventeenth-century
author who said that high wages could get soldiers and sailors
for a galley, but not oarsmen, who would allow themselves to be
bound by a chain, bastinadoed, etc. Gumplowicz explains that if
the galley was to manoeuver with exactitude, chains, the
bastinado, etc., must be used to regulate the service.

[630] Ratzel, _Völkerkunde_, I, Introd., 83.

[631] Holub, _Maschukalumbe_, I, 477; JAI, X, 9.

[632] Ratzel, I, 477, 481.

[633] _Durch Afrika_, 162.

[634] Nachtigal, _Sahara und Sudan_, II, 110.

[635] _Ibid._, 104.

[636] _Ibid._, I, 315.

[637] Ratzel, III, 91.

[638] _Ibid._, 7.

[639] Rohlfs, _Petermann's Mittlgn, Erg. heft_, XXV, 23.

[640] Cantacuzene, _Hist._, IV, 20.

[641] JAI, XXI, 380.

[642] Livingstone, _Travels in South Africa_, I, 204.

[643] _Smithson. Rep._, 1886, Part I, 207.

[644] Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha_, 242.

[645] Ratzel, III, 143.

[646] _Austral. Assoc. Adv. Sci._ 1892, 634.

[647] JAI, XII, 266.

[648] Ratzel, I, 404; III, 145 ff.

[649] JAI, XXII, 103; Junker, _Afrika_, II, 462, 477.

[650] _Globus_, LXXXIII, 314.

[651] Klose, _Togo_, 383.

[652] _Globus_, LXXXI, 334.

[653] Ellis, _Ewe-speaking Peoples_, 221.

[654] _Ibid._, 218, 220.

[655] Nachtigal, _Sahara und Sudan_, I, 684 ff.

[656] Paulitschke, _Ethnog. Nordost-Afr._, I, 260; II, 139.

[657] JAI, XXII, 101.

[658] _Mit Emin Pascha_, 186.

[659] _Cen. Afr._, 111.

[660] Ratzel, I, 449.

[661] _Ibid._, 57.

[662] _Pinkerton's Voy._, XVI, 885.

[663] Ellis, _Tshi-speaking Peoples_, 285.

[664] _Ibid._, 290.

[665] Ellis, _Tshi-speaking Peoples_, 294.

[666] Pommerol, _Une Femme chez les Sahariennes_, 194; cf.
Junker, _Afrika_, III, 477.

[667] _Ibid._, 201.

[668] Ling Roth, _Sarawak_, II, 215.

[669] Kingsley, _Travels in West Africa_, 497; _West Afr. Stud._,
479.

[670] Serpa Pinto, _Como Eu Atravassei Afr._, I, 116.

[671] _In's Land der Maschukalumbe_, I, 536.

[672] _Ztsft. f. Ethnol._, VI, 472.

[673] Fritsch, _Eingeb. Süd-Afr._, 364.

[674] _Smithson. Rep._, 1891, 524. Cf. Hostmann, _De Beschaving
van Negers in Amer._, I, Chap. IV.

[675] _Smithson. Rep._, 1891, 525.

[676] _Ibid._, 520.

[677] _Ibid._, 532.

[678] _Bur. Ethnol._, XIV, 35.

[679] _Smithson. Rep._, 1891, 528.

[680] _Ibid._, 1887, Part II, 331.

[681] _U. S. Nat. Mus._, 1888, 252 ff.

[682] Strong, _Wakeenah_, 126.

[683] _Bur. Ethnol._, III, 81.

[684] Nadaillac, _Prehist. America_, 313.

[685] Bancroft, _Native Races_, II, 217-223.

[686] Brinton, _Nagualism_, 28 note.

[687] See Hamilton, _The Panis, an Histor. Outline of Canadian
Indian Slavery in the 18th cent., Proc. Canad. Instit._, Toronto,
1897, n.s., I, 19-27.

[688] Koch, _Die Guaikuru-Stämme, Globus_, LXXXI, 44.

[689] Koch (p. 45) says that they become free and set up
prosperous households.

[690] Spix and Martius, _Brasil._, II, 73; v. Martius, _Ethnog.
Brasiliens_, 71.

[691] Varnhagen, _Hist. Geral do Brasil_, I, 115, 178, 181, 269,
273.

[692] v. Martius, 72.

[693] Varnhagen, _Hist. do Brasil_, I, 431; v. Martius, 131.

[694] _Caduvei_, I, 100.

[695] _Voice for South Amer._, XIII, 201.

[696] _Melanesians_, 346.

[697] _Völkerkunde_, II, 279.

[698] JAI, XXVI, 400.

[699] _Samoafahrten_, 170.

[700] Lewin, _Wild Races of S. E. India_, 85.

[701] Lewin, _Wild Races of S. E. India_, 86.

[702] _Ibid._, 91.

[703] Carey and Tuck, _The Chin Hills_, I, 203 ff.

[704] Schmidt, _Ceylon_, 273.

[705] Raap in _Globus_, LXXXIII, 174.

[706] Marsden, _Sumatra_, 252.

[707] Wilken in _Bijdragen tot T. L. en V.-kunde_, XL, 175.

[708] Bock, _Reis in Borneo_, 9, 78, 94.

[709] _Ibid._, 92.

[710] JAI, XIII, 15.

[711] Ling Roth, _Sarawak_, II, 209.

[712] _Ibid._, 209.

[713] _Ibid._, 213.

[714] JAI, XIII, 417.

[715] Schwaner, _Borneo_, I, 205.

[716] _Ibid._, II, 149.

[717] Ling Roth, _Sarawak_, CLXXXV; JAI, XXII, 32.

[718] Perelaer, _Dajaks_, 153.

[719] Perelaer, _Dajaks_, 155.

[720] _Volkenkunde_, 423.

[721] JAI, XVI, 142.

[722] Williams, _Middle Kingdom_, I, 413.

[723]_ Ibid._, 277.

[724] Medhurst in _China Br._, RAS, IV, 17

[725] _Web of Indian Life_, 69.

[726] Hearn, _Japan_, 256, 258, 353.

[727] Winckler, _Gesetze Ham._, 21.

[728] Laws 15 and 16.

[729] Kohler und Peiser, _Aus d. Babyl. Rechtsleben_, IV, 47. Cf.
I, 1 and II, 6.

[730] _Ibid._, I, 1.

[731] Levit. xxv. 39.

[732] Nehem. v. 5.

[733] Exod. xxi. 16.

[734] Exod. xxi.

[735] Exod. xxii. 2.

[736] Levit. xxv. 49; Buhl, _Soc. Verhält. d. Israel._, 35, 106.

[737] Deut. xv. 12-18; Exod. xxi. 2 ff.; Levit. xxv. 39-46.

[738] _Od._, XVII, 322.

[739] _Ibid._, XV, 403.

[740] Buchholz, _Homer. Realien_, II, 63.

[741] Beloch, _Griech. Gesch._, I, 469.

[742] _De Repub._, I, 309.

[743] _De Legibus_, VI, 376.

[744] _Polit._, I, ii, 7; _Nich. Ethics_, VIII, 10.

[745] _Polit._, I, 2.

[746] Drumann, _Arbeiter und Communisten_, 155.

[747] _Bender_, Rom, 150, 159.

[748] Livy, XLI, 28, 8.

[749] Plutarch, _Ti. Gracchus_, 8.

[750] _Aufstände d. Unfreien Arbeiter_, 36.

[751] Livy, XXVII, 16; XXVIII, 9; XXXI, 21.

[752] _De Agri Cultura_, 2, 7; Plutarch, _Cato_, 5; Schmidt,
_Société Civile dans le Monde Romain_, 93.

[753] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 9; Appianus, I, c. 120.

[754] Dion. Halic., V, 51; X, 16; Livy, III, 15.

[755] Livy, IV, 45.

[756] _Ibid._, XXXII, 36.

[757] Neumann, _Gesch. Roms_, I, 382.

[758] Bücher, _Aufstände d. Unfreien Arbeiter_, 31.

[759] _Ibid._, 45.

[760] XXXIV, frag. 2, 8-11.

[761] Bücher, 52.

[762] _Ibid._, 56.

[763] Rossbach, _Röm. Ehe_, 23; Plutarch, _Coriolanus_.

[764] Wallon, _L'Esclavage_, I, 406; II, 262.

[765] Plutarch, _Sulla_, 9.

[766] Livy, XXII, 57.

[767] Plutarch, _Marius_, 35.

[768] Grupp, _Kulturgesch. der Röm. Kaiserzeit_, I, 306.

[769] _Ibid._, 271.

[770] Dezobry, _Rome au Siècle d'Auguste_, I, 260.

[771] Wallon, _L'Esclavage_, III, Chap. X.

[772] _Annals_, XIII, 26.

[773] Moreau-Christophe, _Droit à l'Oisiveté_, 257.

[774] Seneca, _De Ira_, III, 40.

[775] Tacitus, _Annals_, XIV, 42.

[776] Bücher, _Aufstände_, 17.

[777] Blair, _Slavery amongst the Romans_, 164.

[778] _Ibid._, 32.

[779] _Ibid._, 48.

[780] _Digest_, I, 1, 4.

[781] _Ibid._, L, 17, 32.

[782] Dill, _Nero to M. Aurel._, 117.

[783] _Ibid._, 251-252.

[784] Dill, _Nero to M. Aurel._, 253.

[785] Grupp, _Kulturgesch. der Röm. Kaiserzeit_, I, 312-314.

[786] _Ibid._, 301.

[787] Dill, _Nero to M. Aurel._, 100.

[788] _Ibid._, 102.

[789] Dill, _Nero to M. Aurel._, 105.

[790] _Ibid._, 94.

[791] _Ibid._, 106.

[792] Dill, _Nero to M. Aurel._, 114-116.

[793] _Ibid._, 112.

[794] _Orat._, X, 13; XV, 5.

[795] Dill, _Nero to M. Aurel._, 182.

[796] _Ibid._, 117.

[797] _Digest_, III, tit. 4, 1.

[798] Dill, 265.

[799] _Ibid._, 254, 266, 268.

[800] _Ibid._, 271.

[801] Dill, 282.

[802] _Instit._, I, 8; _Digest_, I, 6, 2.

[803] Wallon, _L'Esclavage_, III, 51 ff.

[804] _Eur. Morals_, II, 65.

[805] Muratori (_Dissert._ XV) thinks that all ecclesiastics were
bound not to allow the income of their places to be reduced
during their tenancy. This duty set their attitude to slavery.

[806] _Roman Society in the Last Century of Rome_, 161.

[807] _Cod. Theod._, IX, 9.

[808] Bodin, _Republic_, Book I, Chap. V.

[809] Lecky, _Eur. Morals_, II, 64.

[810] _Cod. Theod._, II, 25.

[811] Lecky, _Eur. Morals_, II, 65.

[812] _Sentent._, lib. III, cap. 47.

[813] Marquardt, _Röm. Staatsverwaltung_, II, 233.

[814] _Ibid._, 234.

[815] _Entstehung des Colonats_, 11.

[816] _L'Esclavage_, III, 282.

[817] _Ibid._, 313.

[818] _Ibid._, 308.

[819] Suetonius, _Vespas._, 1.

[820] Jul. Capitol., _M. Aurel._, 22.

[821] Herodianus, II, 4, sec. 12.

[822] _Cod. Just._, XI, LVIII.

[823] Vopisc., _Aurelian_, 48.

[824] Am. Marcel., XXVIII, 5.

[825] Moreau-Christophe, _Le Droit à l'Oisiveté_, 274.

[826] Rodbertus, _Hildeb. Ztsft._, II, 241.

[827] _Colonat_, 67.

[828] _Ibid._, 63.

[829] _Hildeb. Ztsft._, 206.

[830] _Colonat_, 143.

[831] _Hom. on Matthew_, 62; Migne, _Patrol. Graec._, LVIII, 591.

[832] Cook, _Fathers of Jesus_, II, 25.

[833] Achelis, _Virg. Subintrod._, 29-31.

[834] _Relig. des Judent._, 447.

[835] Cook, _Fathers of Jesus_, II, 18-28.

[836] Estrup, _Skrifter_, I, 261.

[837] Weinhold, _D. F._, I, 104.

[838] _Corpus Poet. Bor._, I, 235.

[839] Rothe, _Nordens Staatsvrfssg._, I, 35.

[840] _Ibid._, 17.

[841] _Ibid._, 18.

[842] _Ibid._, II, 266.

[843] Estrup, _Skrifter_, I, 263.

[844] _Heimskringla_, II, 77.

[845] _Corpus Poet. Bor._, I, 340.

[846] _Ibid._, 361.

[847] Wachsmuth, _Bauernkriege_, in Raumer, _Taschenbuch_, V.

[848] Gjessing, _Ann. f. Nordiske Oldkyndighed_, 1862, 85 ff.

[849] Geijer, _Svenska Folkets Hist._, I, 206.

[850] Grimm, _Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer_, 461.

[851] Vinogradoff, _Vileinage_, 152.

[852] _West. Europe in the Eighth Century_, 11.

[853] Grimm, _Rechtsalt._, 178.

[854] Bourquelot, _Foires de Champagne, Acad. d. Belles Lettres
et Inscrip._, 1865, 307.

[855] D'Avenel, _Hist. Econ._, I, 186.

[856] _Abol. de l'Esclav._, 264.

[857] Wilkins, _Conc. Mag. Brit._, I, 471.

[858] _Opusc._, XX, ii, 10.

[859] Heyd, _Levanthandel_, II, 442.

[860] _Navig. Françaises_, 19.

[861] Mason in _Amer. Anthrop._, IX, 197.

[862] Biot, _Abol. de l'Esclav._, 422.

[863] _Ibid._, 431.

[864] Libri, _Sciences Mathématiques en Italie_, II, 509.

[865] _Ibid._, 510.

[866] _Ibid._, 515.

[867] _Ibid._, 513.

[868]_ Ibid._, 511.

[869] Cibrario, _Econ. Polit._, III, 274.

[870] Biot, _Abol. de l'Esclav._, 426.

[871] Molmenti, _Venezia nella Vita Privata_, I, 280.

[872] _Abol. de l'Esclav._, 441.

[873] Raumer, _Hist. Taschenbuch_, 2 ser., III, 111.

[874] _Repub._, Book I, Chap. V.

[875] Dozy, _Musulm. d'Espagne_, II, 43; _Koran_, IV, 94; V, 91;
LVIII, 4.

[876] Hauri, _Islam_, 84.

[877] Juynboll, _Moham._ Wet., 231.

[878] Suras II, IV, XXIV.

[879] Hauri, _Islam_, 155.

[880] Dozy, II, 25.

[881] _Ibid._, III, 61.

[882] _Ibid._, II, 29.

[883] _Heart of Africa_, I, 374.

[884] Von Kremer, _Kulturgesch. d. Orients_, II, 128.

[885] Pischon, _Einfluss d. Islam_, 25-29.

[886] _Ibid._, 31.

[887] _Globus_, XXX, 127; Vambery, _Sittenbilder aus dem
Morgenlande_, 25.

[888] Hauri, _Islam_, 149.

[889] _Ibid._, 150.

[890] _Ibid._, 153.

[891] _Utopia_, II, 53.

[892] _Utopia_, II, 132, 144, 147.

[893] _Brit. Peasantry_, 71.

[894] Mad. Knight's _Journey_ (1704).

[895] Hildreth, _Hist. U. S._, I, 372.

[896] Fauriel, _Last Days of the Consulate_, 31.

[897] Cator, _Head-hunters_, 198.

[898] _Heart of Africa_, II, 421.

[899] _N. S., Amer. Anthrop._, VI, 563.

[900] Nassau, _Fetishism in West Afr._, 14 ff.