Chapter XX: The Classical Tradition in Modern Morphology (2)

Gegenbaur, C, 247, 260-7, 271, 285, 286, 288 f.n.
Division of Egg-nucleus, 188
Functional Attitude, 260, 263-4
Formal Attitude, 261, 263
Principle of Connections, 261
Embryology and Comparative Anatomy, 261-2, 263
Biogenetic and Meckel-Serres Laws, 262
Homology, 261, 263, 265, 266-7
Adaptation and Correlation, 263-4
Archetype as ancestral, 263 f.n, 265
On Phylogenetic Speculation, 265-6
Embryological Archetype, 266
Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 309, 310

Gemmill, J. F., 285 f.n., 312 f.n.

Geoffroy, Etienne, St Hilaire, 40, 52-78, 141
Unity of Plan, 52-65, 70 ff., as conservative, 75, 78
Principle of Connections, 53-4, 62-3, 71, 74, 261
Unity of Composition, 54, 70-1, 75-6, 200, 305
Archetype, 54, 67
Metastasis, 55-6, 59, 74
Opercular Bones, 56
Unity of Composition of Sternum, 57-60
Classification, 60
Vertebrates and Articulates, 60-4, 274, 278-9, 303
Formal Attitude, 62-3, 65, 71, 75-8, 305
Cephalopods and Vertebrates, 64-5
Scale of Beings, 64
Polemic with Cuvier, 64-5, 74-8
Evolution, 66-9, 73, 228
Biogenetic Law, 69
Teratology, 69, 315
Meckel-Serres Law, 70, 72
Criteria of Homology, 71, 72, 110
Law of Compensation, 72-3
Criticism of his Principles, 74
Relation to German Transcendentalists, 89, 100-1
Vertebral Theory of Skull, 96, 97
Influence on Darwin, 234-5, 238

Geoffroy, Isidore, St Hilaire, 65 f.n., 199 f.n., 230

Geometry of the Organism, 33
K. G. Carus, 98-100, 249
Bronn, 201, 249
Haeckel, J. Mueller, Burmeister, G. Jaeger, 249

Germinal Vesicle (Egg-nucleus), 175-7, 188, 291 f.n.

Germ-Layer Theory--
Von Baer, 115-6, 118-9, 208-9, 296
Pander, 119-20, 209
C. F. Wolff, 119-20
Rathke, 136, 208
Lereboullet, Bischoff, 208
Huxley, 208, 289
Remak, 209-12, 296

Germ-Layers and Gastraea Theory--
Haeckel, 289-95
Lankester, Balfour, 295

Germ-Layer Theory, Influence of Causal Morphology on, 347

Gesner, 18

Giard, A.--
On Ascidian Theory, 271-3
Adaptive Homology, 273
Poecilogeny, 347-8

Glisson, F., 19

Gluge, 173

Goebel, K., 356 f.n.

Goethe, 45-51, 65, 89, 250
Unity of Plan, 45-7, 51
Homology, 47
Principle of Connections, 47
Formal and Functional Attitudes, 48-50
Teleology, 48
Metamorphosis of Plants, 48
Repetition of parts, 48-9
Vertebral Theory of Skull, 49, 96, 97
Law of Compensation, 49
Embryological Criterion, 49
Organisms as Nature's Works of Art, 50

Goette, 259

Graaf, von, 175

Grew, N., 169

Gruber, 330

HAECKEL, Ernst, 247-60, 271, 314, 342, 353, 357
His sources, 248-50
Materialism, 248, 250
On Teleology, Heredity and Adaptation, 248, 263
Correlation, Disregard for, 248, 264
Geometry of the Organism (Promorphology), 249
Repetition of Parts (Tectology), 249-50
Classification as Genealogical, 250-1, 254
Archetype as ancestral, 251
Homology and Analogy, 251
Biogenetic Law, 251, 253-9, 291-4
Three-fold parallelism, 254-5
Scale of Beings, 255, 256-7
Organism as an Historical Being, 257
Prussianism, 257
Palingenesis, 258
Cenogenesis, 258-9
Heterotopy, Heterochrony, 259
Gastraea Theory, 269, 288-95
Phylogenetic Classification, 289-94
Criticism of Theory of Types, Monophyletism, 289, 291
Gastraea Theory and Biogenetic Law, 291-4
Primary stages of Ontogeny and Phylogeny, 291-3
Coelom, 291, 295, 296
Experimental Embryology, 317

Haller, 113

Harting, 284 f.n.

Hartmann, E. von--
On Darwin's conception of correlation, 240-1
Evolution, 244, 356

Hartog, M., 344

Harvey, 18, 113

Hatschek, 270 f.n., 299

Helmholtz, H. von, 195

Henle, 172

Hensen, V., 209 f.n.

Herbst, C., 333

Herder, 46

Heredity and Memory, 336-44

Hering, E., 341-2

"Heritage" Characters, 309, 322

Herlitzka, 332

Herophilus, 17

Hertwig, O., 163, 330, 331, 346
On C. F. Wolff, 119
Fertilisation, 291 f.n.
Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 309-10
Biogenetic Law, 352, 354-5
Von Baer's Law, 354
Intrinsic Laws of Evolution, 354-5, 356-7
Homology not necessarily Homogeny, 355-7
Unity of Plan not necessarily due to Community of Descent, 355-7
On Phylogenetic Speculation, 356

Hertwig, O. and R.--
Coelom Theory, 297-8
Nervous System of Coelentera, 299

Heterochrony, 259, 348, 349-52

Heterogeneous Generation (Koelliker), 243

Heterotopy, 259

Hilgendorf, 359

Hill, 311

Hippocratic Treatises, 2

His, W., 206 f.n., 209 f.n.
Causal Morphology, 316
Cytoplasm of Egg, Organ-forming Stuffs, 333
Specific Distinctness of Embryos, 353

Histological Differentiation (von Baer), 117-8

Histology. _See also_ "Cell-Theory"
Malpighi, 20
Stensen, 21
Bichat, 29-30, 169, 178
Von Baer, 117-8
Schwann, 178
Remak, 209-12

Hofer, B., 330

Hofmeister, 185

Homogeny, 267, 303, 355

Homology, 168, 303, 355-7. _See also_ "Connections, Principle of," and
"Embryological Criterion"
Aristotle, 7-10
Belon, 18
Buffon, 27
Goethe, 47
E. Geoffroy, 53, 71
Serres, 80
Owen, 107-9
Lamarck, 227
C. Darwin, 234-5, 247
Haeckel, 251
Gegenbaur, 261, 263, 265, 266-7
Giard, 273
Semper, 279
O. Hertwig, 355-7
Braun, 355

Homology, Genetic Definition of--
Gegenbaur, 266
Lankester, 267
O. Hertwig's criticism, 355-7

Homoplasy, 267

Hooke, R., 20, 169

Houssay, F., 19 f.n., 333

Hubrecht, A. A. W., 284, 295 f.n., 301, 305-6

Hunter, J., 22, 315

Huschke, 134-5, 136, 141, 146

Huxley, T. H., 157, 238, 247
On Rathke, 154 f.n.
Embryological Criterion, 158-9, 166
Embryological Archetype, 159-61
Criticism of Vertebral Theory of Skull, 161-2
Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 166-7
On Archetype, 204
Germ-Layer Theory, 208, 289
Criticism of Three-fold Parallelism, 230 f.n.
Coelom, 297
Ancestry of Marsupials, 311

Hyatt, A., 359, 361

INSTINCT and Morphogenesis, Analogy of, vi., 307, 312
Lamarck, 220, 226

JACOBSON , 164

Jaeger, G., 249 f.n.

_Jardin des Plantes_, Paris, 19

Jenkinson, J. W., 347 f.n.
On His, 316

Jones, Wharton, 138, 176

Julin, C., 271, 285

Jussieu, de, 40

KANT, I.--
Teleology, 35, 213, 242
Unity of Plan, 46, 213-4
Evolution, 213-4

Keibel, F., 348, 349-50

Kerkring, 131

Kielmeyer, 89, 90, 96

Kieser, 90

Kleinenberg, N., 277

Kohlbrugge, J., 44 f.n., 65 f.n.

Koelliker, A.--
On C. F. Wolff, 119
Vertebral Theory of Skull, 157
Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 164-6, 310
Embryological Criterion, 165-6
Cell-division, 187
Intrinsic Laws of Evolution, 243, 356
Saltatory Variation, 243

Kowalevsky, A., 269-71, 284, 285, 299, 300
Development of Amphioxus, 270
Ascidians, 270-1
Coelom, 270, 295, 297
Gastrula, 288

Kowalevsky, V. O., 361-2

Krause, 176

Kupffer, 271

LACAZE-DUTHIERS, H. de, 203 f.n., 315-6
On Ascidians, 271, 273

Lamarck, 44, 66, 78, 215-29
Relation to Buffon, 215
Scale of Beings, 215-8, 220-1, 227-8
As Evolutionary, 218, 220
Classification, 216-7, 227, 228
Species Problem, 216, 227
Materialism, 218-9, 222-3, 225-6
Psychological Vitalism, 219, 220-6, 307, 335
_Sentiment interieur_, 219-20, 222-3, 225
Ecological Adaptation, 221, 222, 223, 224, 227
Laws of Evolution, 221-5
Transmission of Acquired Characters, 221-2, 224
Subtle Fluids, 222
Use and Disuse, 223-4
Independence of Current Thought, 226-7
Homology and Analogy, 227
Reception of his Theory, 228-9
Lamarck and Butler, 335-7

Lang, A., 301

Lankester, Sir E. Ray, 247
Homology, Homogeny, Homoplasy, and Analogy, 267
_Balanoglossus_ Theory of Vertebrate Descent, 287
Germ-Layer Theory and Phylogenetic Classification, 291
Planula Theory, 295
On Coelom Theory, 296-7, 299 f.n.

Latreille, 86, 100

Laurencet, 64

Lavocat, 203 f.n.

Leeuenhoek, 20, 21, 169

Leibniz, 23, 213, 343

Lereboullet--
Von Baer's Law, 206-8
Germ-layer Theory, 208
Gastrula, 288 f.n.

Leucippus, 16

Leuckart, 193 f.n., 194, 297

Levy, O., 333

Leydig, 187, 188, 275 f.n., 285

Linnaeus, 22

Loeb, J., 333, 347

_Loi de Balancement_. _See_ "Compensation, Law of"

Loven, 186, 196

Lucretius, 16
On the Soul, 222 f.n.

Ludwig, 193, 194, 314

Lyell, Sir C., 228 f.n.

Lyonnet, 22

MACBRIDE, E. W., 287 f.n.

M'Kendrick, J.--
On Fontana, 172

Mackenzie, W., 345

Malpighi, M., 20-1, 113, 169

Marine Zoology, Rise of, 195-6

Materialistic Attitude, 246-7, 345, 364
Schwann, 180-5
Vogt, 190-1
Virchow, 191
Ludwig, 193
Materialistic Physiology, 193-4, 314-5, 347
Lamarck, 218-9, 222-3, 225-6
The Darwinians, 241, 308
Haeckel, 248, 250
Roux, 315, 317, 318-9, 329
Semon, 343
Rignano, 344
Loeb, 347
Criticism of this attitude--
Reichert, 192-3

Meckel, D. A., 95

Meckel, J. F., 113
Meckel-Serres Law, 91-3
Evolution, 92-3, 215, 228
Teratology, 93-4
Repetition of Parts, 95
Vertebral Theory of Skull, 96
Eclecticism, 101

Meckel's Cartilage, 141, 145

Meckel-Serres Law. _See_ "Development, Meckel-Serres Law"

Mehnert, E., 348, 350-2

Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 162-7, 309-10

Memory and Heredity, 336-44

Mendelism, 346

Mesenchyme, 298

Mesoderm, 209-11, 296, 297, 298

Metabolism--
Cuvier, 38
Schwann, 182-5
Roux, 324, 329

Metamerism, 94, 95, 100, 109, 131-2, 266-7, 274-5, 279, 282, 286, 299, 301

Metamorphosis of Plants, 48, 235

Metastasis, Principle of--
E. Geoffroy, 55-6, 59, 74
Owen, 106

Metschnikoff, E., 278 f.n., 285, 288
Criticism of Ascidian Theory, 271
Coelom, 295, 296, 297

Meyen, 170, 185

Meyer, E., 284

Meyranx, 64

Microscope, Invention of, 19

Milne-Edwards, H., 12, 86, 238
Marine Zoology, 195
Functional Attitude, 195, 197-200
Unity of Plan, 197
Division of Labour, 197-8
Ecological Adaptation, Convergence, 199
Von Baer's Law, Polemic with Serres, 204-8
Evolution, 244-5

Mirbel, 170, 171

Mivart, St G., 277

Mohl, von, 170, 185

Moldenhawer, 170

Moleschott, 194

Moquin-Tandon, A., 87

Morgan, T. H., 317 f.n., 332, 333, 347 f.n.

Mosaic Theory of Development, 330-3

Mueller, F., Biogenetic Law, 252-3, 254, 257

Mueller, H., 166

Mueller, J., 136, 209 f.n., 260, 285, 309, 345
Embryological Criterion, 138
Vertebral Theory of Skull, 142-4, 154, 157
On Reichert, 150
Cell Theory, 172-3
Division of Egg-nucleus, 188
Vitalism, 192
Marine Zoology, 196
Functional Attitude, 200

Mutations (Waagen), 361 f.n.

NAEGELI, 185, 243 f.n., 356

_Naturphilosophie._ _See_ "Philosophy of Nature"

Nesbitt, R., 162

Neumayr, 357, 360

Nussbaum, M., 330

OKEN, L., 89, 113, 131, 134, 149
Meckel-Serres Law, 90-1
Teratology, 91
Repetition of Parts, 94-5
Serial Homology, 95-6, 100
Vertebral Theory, 96, 97, 98
On Geoffroy, 100
Influence on Serres, 205
Evolution, 215

Ollier, 315

Oppel, A., 318 f.n., 324 f.n., 327, 348-9

Orr, H. F., 342

Osborn, H. F., 214 f.n., 361
On V. O. Kowalevsky, 362
Functional Attitude, 362-4
Law of Adaptive Radiation, 362-4

Owen, R., 97, 102-12, 204
Eclecticism, 102
Vertebral Theory of Skeleton, 103-7
Archetype of Vertebrate Skeleton, 104-7, 110
Vertebral Theory of Skull, 104-6
Metastasis, 106
Principle of Connections, 107-8
Anatomy and Embryology, 108
Homology and Analogy, 108
Classes of Homology, 108-9, 266
Functional Attitude, 109, 110, 111
Embryological Criterion, 110, 167
Homological and Teleological Compoundedness, 110-1
Vegetative Repetition of Parts, 111, 286
Unity of Plan as Conservative Principle, 112
Influence on Darwin, 234, 235, 238
Evolution, 244

PACKARD, 361

Palaeontological Record, 357-61
Absence of connecting forms, 357-9
Biogenetic Law, 359
Phyletic Series, 359-61

Palaeontological Succession--
Cuvier, 43
E. Geoffroy, 67
L. Agassiz, 230, 255
C. Darwin, 231
Milne-Edwards, 245
Tiedemann, 255 f.n.

Paley, W., 341

Palingenesis (Haeckel), 258, 323

Pander, 113, 119-20, 133, 208, 209

Parallelism, Theory of. _See_ "Development, Meckel-Serres Law"
Three-fold. _See_ "Development, Meckel-Serres Law"

Paris Museum of Natural History, 19, 89, 101

Paul, 360

Pauly, A., 345

Perrault, C., 19

Perrier, E., 88, 359 f.n.

Pflueger, E., 317, 330

Philipeaux, 315

"Philosophy of Nature," 89, 94, 98, 203, 248

Phyletic Series, 359-61

Physiology, Separation from Morphology, 194, 247, 260, 314

Physiology of Development, 315

Planula Theory (Lankester), 295

Plato, 15

Pockels, 138

Poecilogeny (Giard), 347-8

Poli, 175

Polyphyletism--
Darwin, 238
Von Baer, 242, 356
Koelliker, Wigand, Naegeli, 356
Deperet, 360-1
Steinmann, 360 f.n.

Polyzoic Conception of Organism--
Duges, 87
Perrier, 88

Prevost and Dumas, 125 f.n., 134, 175, 186

Promorphology (Haeckel), 249

Protoplasm, 169, 188-9

Purkinje, 172, 173, 175, 176, 189

QUATREFAGES, A. de, 172, 195-6

RADL, E., on Goethe, 48
Correlation, 240 f.n., 241
On Darwin's Critics, 242 f.n.
On Cuvier's Critics, 278 f.n.

Rathke, H., 133, 136-7, 174, 194, 269, 351 f.n.
Discovery of Gill-slits in Pig and Chick, 134
Discovery of Gill-slits in Man, 135
Germ-Layer Theory, 136, 208
Embryological Criterion, 138, 140-1
Homologies of Gill-arches, 139-41, 146, 150
Development of Skull, 141, 150-4
Vertebral Theory of Skull, 141, 154-6
Embryological Archetype, 151, 153
Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 163, 166

Rauber, A., 330

Reaumur, 22, 315

Recapitulation Theory. _See_ "Development, Biogenetic Law"

Regeneration, 315, 318, 333, 346

Regulatory Processes in Development, 114, 319, 333, 346-7, 350

Reichert, C. B., Embryological Criterion, 138-9, 144-7, 163
Archetype, 139, 147, 149
Homologies of Gill-arches and Ear-ossicles, 144-7
Vertebral Theory of Skull, 147-9, 157
Von Baer's Law, 149-50, 351 f.n.
Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 163, 165, 166, 310
Criticism of "Biological Atomists," 192-3, 194
Functional Attitude, 193, 200

Remak, R., 118, 288 f.n.
On Vertebrae, 157
Cell Theory, 173, 187-8, 209
Microscopical Technique, 209 f.n.
Germ-Layer Theory, 209-12, 296
Cells, Tissues and Germ-Layers, 209-12
Mesoderm, 209-11
Coelom, 211, 296

Repetition of Parts within the Organism, Theory of. _See also_
"Vertebral Theory of Skull"
Goethe, 48-9
Duges, 87-8
Oken, 94-5
J. F. Meckel, D. A. Meckel, 95
Haeckel (Tectology), 249-50

Reymond, E. du Bois, 194, 314

Rignano, E., 343-4

Robinet, 23, 215

Rondeletius, 18

Rosenhof, Roesel von, 22

Roux, W., 313, 315-29, 344, 351
_Entwicklungsmechanik_, 315, 317-8
Materialistic Attitude, 315, 317, 318-9, 329
Functional Adaptation, 316-7, 318, 320-9, 333
Experimental Embryology, 317, 318, 330-1
Simple and Complex Components, 318-20
Functional Definition of Life, 320
Functional Attitude, 320-9, 335
The Two Periods of Development, 320-4, 325, 327, 335
Mosaic Theory of Development, 323, 330-1
Metabolism, 324, 329
Structure, Functional and Non-functional, 324-6
Functional Unity of Organism, 326
Functional Adaptation of Blood-vessels, 326-9
Form as manifestation of Activity, 329

Ruini, C., 18

Rusconi, 133-4, 186

Ruetimeyer, L., 361

Ryder, 361

SACHS, J. von, 170

St Ange, M., 146

Salensky, 259

Saltatory Variation--
E. Geoffroy, 78
Von Baer, 242
Koelliker, 243
Owen, 244

Sarcode, 169

Sars, M., 186, 196

Savigny, J. C., 83-5, 100, 137, 271

Scale of Beings, 89, 206, 214-5
Aristotle, 14-6
Anaximander, Anaxagoras, 14
Empedocles, Plato, 15
Albertus Magnus, 17
C. Bonnet, 22-3
Robinet, 23
Buffon, 24
E. Geoffroy, 64
Lamarck, 215-8, 220-1, 227-8
As Evolutionary, 218, 220
Haeckel, 256-7
Criticism of this idea--
Cuvier, 39-40, 130
Von Baer, 130
Milne-Edwards, 205
Lereboullet, 207
Darwin, 234
Haeckel, 255
Relation to Evolution-Theory, 214-5

Schepelmann, 333

Schleiden, 170-2

Schmieden, 328

Schults, C. H., 173

Schultze, Max, 189

Schultze, O., 331

Schulz, E., 347 f.n.

Schwann, Theodor, 169, 173-86, 248
Physiological Standpoint, 173, 179, 180, 182
Development of Cells, 174-5, 179-80
Cellular Nature of Ovum, 175-7
Development of Tissues from Cells, 177-8
Histology, 178
Materialism and Teleology, 180-3, 185
Cell-metabolism, 182-5
Cells as organic Crystals, 184-5

Sedgwick, A., 347 f.n.
Actinozoan Theory of Vertebrate Descent, 299-300
Metamerism, 299
Embryological Archetype, 300
Organism as Historical Being, 308
Cell-Theory, 346
Von Baer's Law, 353

Segmentation of Ovum, 186-8

Seiler, 138

Selection, Natural and Artificial, 307 f.n.

Self-Differentiation (Roux), 319, 320-1, 322, 323, 324, 327

Self-Regulation (Roux), 319

Semon, R., 342-3

Semper, C., 259, 269, 278-82, 284, 286
Annelid Theory, 274, 278-82
Metamerism, 274, 279, 282
Follower of Geoffroy, 278
Unity of Plan and Composition, 279, 303
Principle of Connections, 279
Formal Attitude, 279

_Sentiment interieur_ (Lamarck), 219-20, 222-3, 225

Serial Homology. _See_ "Metamerism"

Serres, E., 79-83, 91, 100, 205-6, 257 f.n.
Criteria of Homology, 80
Law of parallelism, 80-3, 94, 203-4, 205-6
Law of Multiple Formation, 80-1
Unity of Plan, 83, 205, 206
Teratology, 83
Meckel's Cartilage, 145 f.n.
Transcendentalism, 205-6
Concrescence Theory, 206 f.n.

Severino, 18

Sharpey, 162, 176

Siebold, von, 186

Skull, Development of, 139-62.
_See also_ "Vertebral Theory"

Spallanzani, 315

Species-Problem--
Cuvier, 42
Lamarck, 216, 227
Darwin, 231

Spencer, H., 326 f.n.

Spengel, 285, 287

Spinoza, 343

Spix, 96, 97, 100, 141

Stannius, 165

Steenstrup, 309

Steinmann, G., 357, 360 f.n.

Stensen (Steno), 21

Swammerdam, 20, 21-2

TACHYGENESIS, 359

Technique, Microscopical, 209 f.n., 268

Tectology (Haeckel), 249

Teleology--
Aristotle, 10
Cuvier, 33-5
Kant, 35, 213, 242
Von Baer, 242
Owen, Von Hartmann, 244
Butler, 341
G. Wolff, Driesch, 346
Criticism of--
Goethe, 48
Schwann, 180-2
The Darwinians, 241
Haeckel, 248
Evolutionary Morphologists, 308

Teratology, 69, 83, 91, 93, 315

Thienemann, 23 f.n.

Thompson, D'Arcy W., 2 f.n.

Thomson, A., 176

Thomson, J. Arthur, 215 f.n.

Tiedemann, 91, 113, 215, 255 f.n.

Tissues and Germ-Layers, 118, 209-12

Transcendental Anatomy, Relation to Evolutionary Morphology, 302-8, 312

Transcendentalism, French and German Schools, 89, 100

Trembley, 22, 315

Treviranus, 141, 170, 215, 225 f.n.

Turpin, 173

Types, Theory of (Cuvier and Von Baer)--
Cuvier, 41, 124, 289, 291
Von Baer, 123-4, 289, 291
Bronn, 202
Lereboullet, 207

Types, Theory of (Cuvier and Von Baer)--_contd._
Criticised by--
E. Geoffroy, 60
Haeckel, 289, 291
Lankester, 291

Type-Theory and Evolution, 304

UNGER, 185

Unity of Composition, Principle of, Geoffroy, 54, 70-2, 75-6, 200, 305

Unity of Plan, 88, 241, 278-9, 303, 312. _See also_ "Archetype"
Aristotle, 6-7, 10
Belon, Severino, 18
Perrault, 19
Robinet, 23
Buffon, 24
Cuvier, 41
Goethe, 45-7, 51
Vicq D'Azyr, 45
Camper, 45, 46
Herder, 46
Kant, 46, 213-4
E. Geoffroy, 52-65, 70 ff.
Serres, 83, 205, 206
Savigny, 83
Audouin, 85-6
Latreille, 86
Duges, 86-7
J. F. Meckel, 101
Milne-Edwards, 197
Semper, 279
Haeckel, 289, 291
Lankester, 291

Unity of Plan as due to Community of Descent--
Darwin, 233, 234-5, 239, 247
Haeckel, 250-1
Gegenbaur, 263 f.n., 265
Criticism of this idea--
O. Hertwig, 355-7

Unity of Plan as Conservative Principle--
E. Geoffroy, 75, 78
Owen, 112
Gegenbaur, 263-4
Evolutionary Morphologists, 307

VALENTIN, 138, 173, 176

Variation, Limits of, Cuvier, 42

Vegetative Repetition of Parts--
Owen, 111, 286
Bateson, 286

Velpeau, 138

Vertebral Theory of Skull, 49, 96-9, 104-6, 131, 141-4, 147-9, 154-7,
161-2, 165, 203, 235, 310 f.n.

Vertebrate Descent, 269-87, 299-301, 304

Verworn, M., 330

Vesalius, 18

Vestigial Organs, 233, 237, 309, 312

Vialleton, L., 306 f.n., 348

Vicq d'Azyr, 45, 95

Virchow, R., 188, 191

Vitalism, Psychological--
Lamarck, 219, 220-6, 307, 335
Butler, 336-41
Orr, Cope, 342
Ward, 343
Delpino, France, Pauly, A. Wagner, Mackenzie, 345

Vogt, C.--
Criticism of Vertebral Theory, 156-7
Capillaries, 179
Segmentation, 186
Materialistic Attitude, 190-1
Threefold Parallelism, 255 f.n.

WAAGEN, 359, 361 f.n.

Wagner, A., 345

Wagner, R., 176

Ward, J., 343

Weber, 138

Weismann, A., 240, 323, 326 f.n., 330-1, 343

Werneck, 173

Whitman, C. O., 346

Wigand, A., 242 f.n., 356

Willey, A., 273 f.n., 306 f.n.

Williamson, 309

Willis, 19

Wilson, E. B., 331, 332-3, 346 f.n., 347 f.n.

Wolff, C. F., 113
Germ-layer Theory, 119-20
Cells, 170

Wolff, G., 346-7

Woodward, B. B., 358

Wotton, E., 17

ZELENY, 333

Zittel, K. von, 357, 358

Zoja, 331

* * * * *

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End of Project Gutenberg's Form and Function, by E. S. (Edward Stuart) Russell