Chapter XXIV: Appendix: The Family of Frontenac

Count Frontenac's grandfather was

Antoine de Buade, Seigneur de Frontenac, Baron de Palluau, Conseiller d'État, Chevalier des Ordres du Roy, son premier maître d'hôtel, et gouverneur de St. Germain-en-Laye. By Jeanne Secontat, his wife, he had, among other children,

Henri de Buade, Chevalier, Baron de Palluau et mestre de camp (colonel) du régiment de Navarre, who, by his wife Anne Phélippeaux, daughter of Raymond Phélippeaux, Secretary of State, had, among other children,

LOUIS DE BUADE, Comte de Palluau et Frontenac, Seigneur de l'Isle-Savary, mestre de camp du régiment de Normandie, maréchal de camp dans les armées du Roy, et gouverneur et lieutenant général en Canada, Acadie, Isle de Terreneuve, et autres pays de la France septentrionale. Louis de Buade had by his wife, Anne de La Grange-Trianon, one son, François Louis, killed in Germany, while in the service of the king, and leaving no issue.

The foregoing is drawn from a comparison of the following authorities, all of which will be found in the Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris, where the examination was made: Mémoires de Marolles, abbé de Villeloin, II. 201; L'Hermite-Souliers, Histoire Généalogique de la Noblesse de Touraine; Du Chesne, Recherches Historiques de l'Ordre du Saint-Esprit; Morin, Statuts de l'Ordre du Saint-Esprit; Marolles de Villeloin, Histoire des Anciens Comtes d'Anjou; Père Anselme, Grands Officiers de la Couronne; Pinard, Chronologie Historique-militaire; Table de la Gazette de France. In this matter of the Frontenac genealogy, I am much indebted to the kind offices of my friend, James Gordon Clarke, Esq.

When, in 1600, Henry IV. was betrothed to Marie de Medicis, Frontenac, grandfather of the governor of Canada, described as "ung des plus antiens serviteurs du roy," was sent to Florence by the king to carry his portrait to his affianced bride. Mémoires de Philippe Hurault, 448 (Petitot).

The appointment of Frontenac to the post, esteemed as highly honorable, of maître d'hôtel in the royal household, immediately followed. There is a very curious book, the journal of Jean Héroard, a physician charged with the care of the infant Dauphin, afterwards Louis XIII., born in 1601. It records every act of the future monarch: his screaming and kicking in the arms of his nurses, his refusals to be washed and dressed, his resistance when his hair was combed; how he scratched his governess, and called her names; how he quarrelled with the children of his father's mistresses, and at the age of four declined to accept them as brothers and sisters; how his mother slighted him; and how his father sometimes caressed, sometimes teased, and sometimes corrected him with his own hand. The details of the royal nursery are, we may add, astounding for their grossness; and the language and the manners amid which the infant monarch grew up were worthy of the days of Rabelais.

Frontenac and his children appear frequently, and not unfavorably, on the pages of this singular diary. Thus, when the Dauphin was three years old, the king, being in bed, took him and a young Frontenac of about the same age, set them before him, and amused himself by making them rally each other in their infantile language. The infant Frontenac had a trick of stuttering, which the Dauphin caught from him, and retained for a long time. Again, at the age of five, the Dauphin, armed with a little gun, played at soldier with two of the Frontenac children in the hall at St. Germain. They assaulted a town, the rampart being represented by a balustrade before the fireplace. "The Dauphin," writes the journalist, "said that he would be a musketeer, and yet he spoke sharply to the others who would not do as he wished. The king said to him, 'My boy, you are a musketeer, but you speak like a general.'" Long after, when the Dauphin was in his fourteenth year, the following entry occurs in the physician's diary:--

St. Germain, Sunday, 22d (July, 1614). "He (the Dauphin) goes to the chapel of the terrace, then mounts his horse and goes to find M. de Souvré and M. de Frontenac, whom he surprises as they were at breakfast at the small house near the quarries. At half past one, he mounts again, in hunting boots; goes to the park with M. de Frontenac as a guide, chases a stag, and catches him. It was his first stag-hunt."

Of Henri de Buade, father of the governor of Canada, but little is recorded. When in Paris, he lived, like his son after him, on the Quai des Célestins, in the parish of St. Paul. His son, Count Frontenac, was born in 1620, seven years after his father's marriage. Apparently his birth took place elsewhere than in Paris, for it is not recorded with those of Henri de Buade's other children, on the register of St. Paul (Jal, Dictionnaire Critique, Biographique, et d'Histoire). The story told by Tallemant des Réaux concerning his marriage (see page 6) seems to be mainly true. Colonel Jal says: "On conçoit que j'ai pu être tenté de connaître ce qu'il y a de vrai dans les récits de Saint-Simon et de Tallemant des Réaux; voici ce qu'après bien des recherches, j'ai pu apprendre. Mlle. La Grange fit, en effet, un mariage à demi secret. Ce ne fut point à sa paroisse que fut bénie son union avec M. de Frontenac, mais dans une des petites églises de la Cité qui avaient le privilège de recevoir les amants qui s'unissaient malgré leurs parents, et ceux qui regularisaient leur position et s'épousaient un peu avant--quelquefois après--la naissance d'un enfant. Ce fut à St. Pierre-aux-Bœufs que, le mercredy, 28 Octobre, 1648, 'Messire Louis de Buade, Chevalier, comte de Frontenac, conseiller du Roy en ses conseils, mareschal des camps et armées de S. M., et maistre de camp du régiment du Normandie,' épousa 'demoiselle Anne de La Grange, fille de Messire Charles de La Grange, conseiller du Roy et maistre des comptes' de la paroisse de St. Paul comme M. de Frontenac, 'en vertu de la dispense ... obtenue de M. l'official de Paris par laquelle il est permis au Sr. de Buade et demoiselle de La Grange de célébrer leur marriage suyvant et conformément à la permission qu'ils en ont obtenue du Sr. Coquerel, vicaire de St. Paul, devant le premier curé ou vicaire sur ce requis, en gardant les solennités en ce cas requises et accoutumées.'" Jal then gives the signatures to the act of marriage, which, except that of the bride, are all of the Frontenac family.

INDEX.

A.

Abenakis, Indians of Acadia and Maine, 220, 221, 228, 310, 368; attack the Christian Iroquois, 234; their domain, 338; missions, 339; incited against the English colonists, 348; attack on York, 349; visit Villebon at St. John, 351, 352; their attack on Wells, 353; is foiled, 355; treaty with the English at Pemaquid, 360; are won back by the French, 361-363; influenced by missionary priests, 374-376. Acadia (Nova Scotia and westward to the Kennebec) exposed to in-roads from New England, 117, 335; the war in, 335-368; the region, 337-339; relations with New England, 340; hostilities, 342; Villebon governor; border war, 347, 353-363, New England attacks, 373. Albany, an Indian mart, 75; Indian council there, 90, 120; Iroquois summoned thither by Dongan, 158; by Schuyler, 399; expedition against Montreal, 246. Albany, Fort, on Hudson's Bay, taken by Canadians, 134. Albemarle, Duke of, aids Phips, 242. Alliance, triple, of Indians and English, 197. Amours, councillor at Quebec, imprisoned by Frontenac, 51-54; (see 247). Andros, Sir Edmund, appointed colonial governor, 164; his jurisdiction, 165; plunders Castine, 221; is deposed, 223; at Pentegoet, 346. Auteuil, attorney-general of Canada, an enemy of Frontenac, 47, 247; banished, 49. Avaux, Count d', French envoy at London, 135.

B.

Bastile, confinement of Perrot, 41. Baugis, Chevalier de, sent by La Barre to seize Fort St. Louis, 86. Beaucour, 299. Bellefonds, Maréchal de, a friend of Frontenac at court, 59. Bellomont, Earl of, governor of New York, 423; corresponds with Frontenac, 423-426. Belmont, Abbé, cited, 102 n., 154. Bernières, vicar of Laval in Canada, 38. Bienville, François de, 288. Big Mouth, an Iroquois chief, 95, 98, 105, 114, 141; his speech in defiance of La Barre, 107-109; his power in the confederacy, 170; defiance of Denonville, 172. Bigot, Jacques and Vincent, Jesuits, 220-222; in Acadia, 375, 378. Bishop of Canada, see Laval, Saint-Vallier. Bizard, Lieutenant, despatched by Frontenac to Montreal, 31. Boisseau, his quarrel at Quebec, 63. Boston, after the failure at Quebec, 284, 295; plan of attack on, 382-384. Bounties on scalps, &c., 298. Bradstreet, at the age of eighty-seven, made governor after Andros at Boston, 223. Bretonvilliers, superior of Jesuits, 42. Brucy, a lieutenant, agent of Perrot, his traffic with Indians, 28, 34. Bruyas, a Jesuit interpreter, 105.

C.

Cadillac, 324; at Michillimackinac, 403, 406. Callières, governor of Montreal, 150, 153; his scheme for conquering the English colonies, 187; comes to the defence of Quebec, 259, 270, 279; at La Prairie, 290; quarrel with the bishop, 329-331; in the Onondaga expedition, 410, 412, 416; succeeds Frontenac as governor, 438; treats with the Iroquois, 440; conference at Montreal, and treaty, 447-451. Canada, character of its colonial rule, 20; its condition under Denonville, 165-168; Iroquois invasion, 177-182 (see 286, 294, 301). Cannehoot, a Seneca chief, 197. Cannibalism of the Indians, 112, 153, 206, 404. Carheil, a Jesuit, at Michillimackinac, 201. Carion, an officer of Perrot, 30; arrested by Frontenac, 31. Casco Bay, garrison at, 223; defeat of Indians, 226; the garrison overcome and slaughtered, 228-231. Cataraqui (Fort Frontenac), 109. Champigny, intendant of Canada, 136, 333; his treacherous seizure of Indians at Fort Frontenac, 139-142; at Quebec, 247; at Montreal, 252; defends himself, 296; relations with Frontenac, 319; a champion of the Jesuits, 322, 329; reconciled to Frontenac, 429; opposes Callières, 438. Chedabucto (Nova Scotia), Frontenac's rendezvous, 188; fortifications, 336. Chesnaye (La), a trader of Quebec, 72, 102. Chesnaye, La, massacres at, 194, 301. Chubb (Pascho), commands at Pemaquid, 378; which he surrenders, 381. Cocheco (Dover, N. H.), attacked, 224. Colbert, minister of Louis XIV., his zeal for the French colonies, 15; despatches to Frontenac, 20, 41, 50, 59; instructions to Duchesneau, 44, 46, 55. Converts, Indian, their piety, &c, 366 377 n., 386. Corlaer, the Iroquois name for the governor of New York, 93 n.. (see 109, 138, 199); origin of the name, 217 n. Council at Quebec, hostile to Frontenac, 47, 49, 52, 248-251; alarmed at rumors of attack, 247. ------at Onondaga, 196-200; at Montreal, 442-451. Courcelle, predecessor of Frontenac, 26. Coureurs de bois to be arrested, 29, 34; amnesty, 51; their influence with Frontenac, 57; the king's charge regarding them, 58; under Du Lhut, 54, 99, 128, 144, 193; at Michillimackinac, 122; deserters, 125; in the Seneca expedition, 150; their license, 183; hardihood, 209. Cut Nose, an Iroquois convert, 195; his speech at the Onondaga council, 197.

D.

Davis, Sylvanus, a trader, commanding at Fort Loyal, Casco Bay, 229; his surrender, 231; captivity, 232. Denonville, successor of La Barre as governor of Canada, 1685-1689; sails for Canada, 116; circumstances there; his character, 117; his instructions, 120; his intrigues, 121; correspondence with Dongan, 123-128; threatens to attack Albany, 129; orders Du Lhut to shoot bush-rangers and deserters, 130; plans an expedition against the Iroquois, 136; musters the Canadian militia, 138; treacherously seizes a party of Indians, 140; arrives at Fort Frontenac, 144; at Irondequoit Bay, 148; march for the Seneca country, 149; battle in the woods, 152; his report of the battle, 153; destroys "the Babylon of the Senecas," 154; builds a fort on the Niagara, 155; further correspondence with Dongan, 159-161; sends an envoy to Albany, 162; abandons the Niagara fort, 166; begs for the return of Indian captives, 167; his wretched condition, 168; seeks a conference with the Iroquois, 170; who deceive him, and invade Canada, 177; horrors of the invasion, 178-182; he is recalled, and succeeded by Frontenac, 182; who finds him at Montreal, 191; having ordered the destruction of Fort Frontenac, 192. Deserters, French, demanded by Denonville, 127; sheltered bv Dongan, 129, 131. Detroit, 112; a fort built here by Du Lhut, 128; held by the French, 452. Dongan (an Irish Catholic), governor of New Netherland, 89; holds an Indian council at Albany, 90-93; his rivalry with Canada, 119; complaints of Denonville, 120; their correspondence, 123-128; vindicates himself, 129; he sends Denonville some oranges, 130; his pacific instructions from England, 135; his wrath at the French attack on the Indian country, 158; is recalled, and replaced by Sir Edmund Andros, 164. Dover, N. H. (Cocheco), attacked by Indians, 224. Duchesneau, sent as intendant to Quebec; sides with the clergy against Frontenac, 45; dispute as to the presidency of the council, 48-51; quarrel in the council, 53; his accusations against Frontenac, 54-58; Frontenac's complaints of him, 60-63; and violence to his son, 63, 64; Duchesneau recalled, 67. Du Lhut, a leader of coureurs de bois, 54, 56, 81, 99; rivalry with English traders of Hudson's Bay, 81; intrigues with Indians, 111; builds a fort near Detroit, 128; where he has a large force of French and Indians, 144, 147; leads attack on the Senecas, 150; defeats a party of Indians on the Ottawa, 193. Durantaye, La, at Niagara, 99; with Du Lhut at Michillimackinac, 111; at Detroit, 144; captures Rooseboom and McGregory, 146; commanding at Michillimackinac, sends bad news to Montreal, 201; is replaced by Louvigny, 203. D'Urfé, Abbé, a Canadian missionary, is ill received by Frontenac, 36; carries complaints of him to France, 40, 42. Dustan, Mrs., of Haverhill, her exploit, 385-387. Dutch traders instigate Iroquois against the French, 75; pursuit of the fur trade into their country, 89.

E.

Engelran, a Jesuit missionary at Michillimackinac, confers with Denonville, 121; his dealings with the Indians, 145, 159, 443; is wounded by the Senecas, 153. English colonies, designs of Louis XIV. for their destruction, 189. English colonists of New England invade Acadia, 117; their organization and policy compared with the French, 394-397; their military inefficiency, 408 (see New England).

F.

Famine (La), on Lake Ontario, visited bv La Barre, 104; the council, 105-110; treaty of, 113, 117; treacherous attack here on the Iroquois by Kondiaronk (the Rat), 173-175. Fénelon, a zealous missionary priest at Montreal, 33; arraigned at Quebec by Frontenac, 36-38; is sent to France, 39; and forbidden to return, 42. Fletcher, governor of New York, his complaints of weakness and divisions, 408. Forest posts, their abuses and their value to the French, 419, 420. Fort, see Albany, Famine (La), Frontenac, Loyal, Niagara, St. Louis, Nelson. Fortifications of Canada, 297. Fox Indians, charged with cowardice, 112. French designs of colonization and conquest, 119; policy of conquest and massacre, 370-373; colonization, compared with English, 394-397; occupation of the Great West, 452. Frontenac, Count (Louis de Buade), governor of Canada, 1672-1682, 1689-1698; at St. Fargeau, 4; his early life, 5; marriage, 6, 455; his quarrel at St. Fargeau, 7; his estate, 8; his vanity, 9; aids Venice at Candia; his appointment to command in New France, 11; at Quebec, 14; convokes the three estates, 17; his address, 18; form of government, 19; his merits and faults, 21; complains of the Jesuits, 22-25, 320-322; Fort Frontenac built and confided to La Salle, 27; dispute with Perrot, governor of Montreal, whom he throws into prison, 28-34; this leads to a quarrel with Abbé Fénelon and the priests, 35-38; Frontenac's relations with the clergy, 39; his instructions from the king and Colbert, 40-46; his hot temper, 44, 45; question of the presidency, 48-51; imprisonment of Amours, 51-54; disputes on the fur trade, and accusations of Duchesneau, 54-58; reproof from the king and Colbert, 58-60; complaints against Duchesneau, 60-63; arrest of his son, 64; relations with Perrot, 65; with the Church, 68; with the Indians, 69, 254; his recall, 67; sails for France, 71; relations at this time with the Iroquois, 76-79; Frontenac is sent again to Canada, 186; scheme of invading New York, 187; arrives at Chedabucto, 188; at Quebec and Montreal, 191; attempts to save the fort, 192; summons a conference of Indians, 195; the conference, 196-200; another failure, 201; message to the Lake Indians, 203, 206; scheme of attack on English colonies, 208; Schenectady, 211-219; Pemaquid, 224; Salmon Falls, 227; Casco Bay, 229; conference with Davis, 232; leads the war-dance, 254; defence of Quebec, 247-279; reply to Phips's summons, 267; begs troops from the king, 295; expedition against the Mohawks, 310-315; appeal to Ponchartrain, 317-319, 320-322, 417; jealousies against him, 319; complaints of Champigny, 320; scheme of coast-attack, 357; treats with the Iroquois, 397-399, 401, 421; his difficult position, 402; expedition against the Onondagas, 410-415, 421; his tardy reward, 417; his policy, 419-421; correspondence with Bellomont, 423-426; death and character, 428-436; the eulogist and the critic, 431-434; his administration, 436; account of his family, 453-456. Frontenac, Fort, 27, 78; La Barre's muster of troops, 85, 97; his arrival, 103; summons a council of Indians, 137; who are treacherously seized and made prisoners, 139-143 (see 162, 167, 170); expedition against the Senecas, 147-155; sickness, 166; visit of the Rat, 175; the fort destroyed by order of Denonville, 192; restored, 407, 416. Frontenac, Madame, her portrait at Versailles, 1; with Mlle. Montpensier at Orleans, 3, 7; surprised by her husband's visit, 4; dismissed by the princess, 10; her stay in Paris and death, 12, 13; serves Frontenac at the court, 320; is made his heir, 429.

G.

Galley-slaves, 140, 142. Ganneious, a mission village: Indians treacherously seized, 140. Garangula, 95 (see Big Mouth). Garrison houses described, 371. Glen, John S., at Schenectady, 213, 216, 217 n. Grignan, Count de, 12 n..

H.

Hayes, Fort (Hudson's Bay), seized, 133. Henry IV. of France, anecdotes of, 454. Hertel, Fr., commands an expedition against New Hampshire, 220, 227. Hontan (Baron La), 103, 105, 300; at Fort Frontenac, 139; his account of the attack on Quebec, 277. Howard, Lord (governor of Virginia), at Albany, 90. Hudson's Bay: English traders,117; attack on their posts by Troyes, 132, 134; by Iberville, 391-393. Huguenots at Port Royal, 341. Huron converts, 24, 75, 255; at Michillimackinac, 205. Huron Indians inclined to the English, 118; at Michillimackinac, 205.

I.

Iberville, son of Le Moyne, 132; his military career, 388; attack on Newfoundland, 389-391; at Fort Nelson, 392. Illinois, tribe of, 78, 122. Indians: illustrations of their manners and customs, 24, 69, 94, 145, 148, 150, 155, 253, 254, 448; graveyard, 154; their cannibalism, 97, 112, 153, 181, 206, 313; torture, 181, 300; instigated by French, 205, 356; great conference at Montreal, 442-451. Irondequoit Bay, 147; muster of Indians there, 148. Iroquois (Five Nations), 69, 74; their strength, 74, 79; policy, 75; craft, 82; pride, 92; offences against the French, 106, 169; Denonville seeks to chastise them, 122; approached by Dongan, 127; they distrust Denonville, 137; seizure at Fort Frontenac, 139; converts as allies, 150, 156; claimed as subjects by Andres, 165; invasion of Canada, 168, 177-181; seize the ruins of Fort Frontenac, 193; their inroads, 287; relations with Bellomont, 424; their suspicions of the French, 439; treat with Callières, 440; conference at Montreal, 442-451; their ill-faith, 445; their numbers, 452 n..

J.

James II., 119, 136; assumes protectorate over the Iroquois, 161; puts the colonies under command of Andros, 164; is deposed, 182. Jesuits in Canada, 17; Frontenac's charges, 22, 25, 39, 293; English suspicions, 90; protected by Denonville, 124; excluded by Dongan, 159; hostile to Frontenac, 191; during the attack on Quebec, 281; their intrigues, 331. Joncaire, his adventures among the Indians, 441, 443.

K.

Kinshon (the Fish), Indian name of New England, 199. Kondiaronk (the Rat), a Huron chief, 77; his craft, which brings on the Iroquois invasion, 173-176, 205; at Montreal, 442, 444; death and burial, 445-447; a Christian convert, 446.

L.

La Barre, governor of Canada, 1682-1684; finds Lower Quebec in ruins, 72; his boasting, 79; proposes to attack the Senecas, 83; expedition to the Illinois; seizes Fort St. Louis, 86; campaign against the Senecas, 99; charges of Meules, 101; council at Fort La Famine, 104-110; La Barre's speech, 106; embassy to the Upper Lakes, 111; wrath of the Ottawas, 113; is recalled, 115. La Chesnaye, partner of Duchesneau, 60; in favor with La Barre, 81; seizes Fort Frontenac, 82; his forest trade, 84 (see Chesnaye). La Chine, massacre of, 178. La Forêt, commander of Fort Frontenac, 81; returns to France, 82. La Grange, father-in-law of Frontenac, 5. Lake tribes, English alliance, 97; great gathering at Montreal, 252-255; conciliated by Frontenac, 315; their threatening attitude, 403; treaty with Callières, 447-451. Lamberville, a Jesuit missionary at Onondaga, 78, 95, 104; correspondence with La Barre, 96, 114; protected by Dongan, 125; in danger among the Iroquois, 137; escapes to Denonville, 142. La Motte-Cadillac (see Cadillac). La Plaque, a Christian Indian, 255, 256. La Prairie attacked by John Schuyler, 257; by Peter Schuvler, 289; his retreat, 291-293. La Salle, his relations with Frontenac, 27, 54; at Fort St. Louis, 75; which is seized by La Barre, 86. Laval, bishop of Canada, 23, 38, 45, 281. Leisler, Jacob, at Fort William, 212, 289. Le Moyne, mission to the Onondagas, 83, 104, 106, 288. Louis XIII., infancy of, 454. Louis XIV. admonishes Frontenac, 49, 55, 58; recalls La Barre, 115; supports Denonville, 119, 135; his reign, 184; designs respecting the English colonies, 189, 190; announces the treaty of Ryswick, 423. Loyal, Fort, at Casco Bay, 229, 230; surrenders to Portneuf, 231.

M.

Madeleine de Verchères, her heroism, 302-308. Madocawando, Penobscot chief, 345, 360, 363. Mareuil interdicted for play-acting, 325-328. Massachusetts, condition of the colony, 244, 285. Mather, 243, 246. McGregory, expedition to Lake Huron, 128, 147. Meneval, governor of Port Royal, 237; a prisoner at Boston, 240. Meules, intendant of Canada, 72; letter to La Barre, 99; representations to the king, 114; recalled, 136. Michigan, the country claimed by the English, 122. Michillimackinac, trouble there, 76; French stores threatened, 83, 84, 87; expedition of Perrot, 111; threatened Indian hostilities, 121; Indian muster, 145; English traders seized, 146; craft of the Rat, 176; burning of an Iroquois prisoner, 205; in command of Cadillac, 331. Missionaries, French, among the Indians, 24, 68; to be protected (Denonville), 124, 163 n..; (Dongan), 126, 130, 160; instigate Indians to torture and kill their prisoners, 205; incite to murderous attacks, 374. Mohawks, fear the French, 74; their settlements, 93; at Schenectady, 212, 215; visit Albany, 218; mission village at Saut St. Louis, 309; expedition against the tribe, 310-315. Montespan, Mme., 12. Montpensier, Princess, 1; at Orleans, 2; her exile, 4; relations with Mme. Frontenac, 10 (see 12 n.). Montreal, condition under Perrot, 28, 65; arrests made by Perrot, 66; terror at the Iroquois invasion, 179, 191; threatened attack from New York, 236; condition of the country during the Indian invasions, 301; great gathering of traders and Indians, 316; great council of Indians, 443-451. Mosquitoes, 103. Moyne, Le, 106, 208.

N.

Nelson, John, a prisoner at Quebec; warns the Massachusetts colony, 358. Nelson, Fort, on Hudson's Bay, 393. Nesmond (Marquis), to command in attack on Boston, 382, 384. New England colonies unfit for war, 244, 285, 394; relations with Canada, 373; frontier hostilities, 385. New Netherland, colony of, 89. New York, English colonies of; relations with the Iroquois, 75; claims to the western country, 117; intrigues with the Hurons, 118; trade with the north-west, 128; checked by La Durantaye, 146 (see Dongan); relations with Canada, 374. Niagara, Fort, planned by Denonville, 125; Indian muster at, 144; the fort built, 155; destroyed, 166.

O.

Oneidas, 93. Onondaga, 94; council at, 196-200, 401. Onontio, Indian name for governor of Canada, 69, 78, 92 (La Barre); addressed by Big Mouth, 107-109. Orleans, holds for the Fronde, 2. Otréouati (Big Mouth), 95. Ottawa River, its importance to the French, 298. Ottawas, their hostility, 113; a generic name, 145 n.; join Denonville, 148; their barbarities, 153; claimed as British subjects, 158; greet Perrot, 204; jealous of the Hurons, 205; their neutrality overcome, 253-255. Ourehaoué, a Cayuga chief, 195, 200. Oyster River, attack and massacre, 365-367.

P.

Peace of Ryswick, 422; celebrated in Quebec, 426. Pemaquid, capture by French and Indians, 224, 346; scheme of Frontenac, 357; its defences, 358; attack and capture, 378-382. Pentegoet (Castine), 337; held by Saint-Castin, 345; attacked by Andros, 346. Perrot, governor of Montreal, 28; his anger at Bizard, 31; arrested at Quebec by Frontenac, 33; the king's opinion, 40; is restored, 65; his greed, 66; his enmity to Saint-Castin, 344; at the Montreal council, 448. Perrot, Nicolas, the voyageur, 102 n.; at Michillimackinac, 111; his skill in dealing with the Indians, 112, 145, 203, 206. Philip's (King) war, 220. Phips, Sir William, commands the expedition to Port Royal, 236; early life and character, 240-242; as governor of Massachusetts, 243; his expedition to Quebec, 262-285; the summons to surrender, 266; mistakes and delays, 268; cannonade, 272; retreat, 278; French supply-ships, 282; arrival at Boston, 283. Port Royal captured, 236-240. Prisoners (English), their treatment in Canada, 377; restored, 423; French, among the Indians, 421, 424.

Q.

Quebec, capital of Canada, 15; municipal government established by Frontenac, 19; the Lower Town burned, 72; greeting to Frontenac, 191; design of attack bv Massachusetts, 244-246 (see Phips, Sir W.); the defences, 251; arrival of Frontenac with troops, 259; defence against Phips's attack, 261-278; its imminent danger, 279; construction of fortifications, 297.

R.

Rat (the), a Huron chief, see Kondiaronk. Récollet friars befriended by Frontenac, 39, 71, 323, 435; their eulogy of him, 430. Richelieu, 184. Rooseboom, a Dutch trader, 128, 146. Runaways from Canada, sheltered by Dongan, 127. Rupert, Fort (Hudson's Bay), seized by Canadians, 133. Ryswick, peace of, 422, 452.

S.

Saint-Castin, Baron de, on the Penobscot, 221; attacks Fort Loval, 229; at Castine, 337; his career, 342-345; plan to kidnap him, 359; at the attack on Pemaquid, 380; on the Penobscot, 385. Sainte-Hélène, son of Le Moyne, 132, 209; in the attack on Schenectady, 210, 214; in the defence of Quebec, 271, 273; is killed, 276. Saint Louis (Saut de), mission village, 293, 309. Saint Louis, Fort, on the Illinois, 86, 144. Saint Sulpice, priests of, 29, 32, 35, 42. Saint-Vallier, bishop of Canada, 116; applauds Denonville, 169, 183; at Quebec, 247; during Phips's attack, 280, 281; relations with Frontenac, 322, 326; excess of zeal, 328; returns to France, 332. Salmon Falls, attack on, 220, 227. Schenectady, destruction of, 211-216; its effect in Canada, 233; on the Indians, 252. Schuyler, John, attacks La Prairie, 257; carries the treaty of Ryswick to Quebec, 422; Peter, mayor of Albany, 198; leads an attack; his successful retreat, 289-293; in the Mohawk expedition, 312-314; convokes an Indian council, 399. Seignelay, son of Colbert, colonial minister, 61, 101; advices to Denonville, 170. Senecas, the most powerful of the Iroquois, 74, 76; prepare for hostilities, 97; pass for cowards, 100; their fortifications, 114; attack the Illinois, 117; intrigue with the Hurons, 118; Denonville plans to attack them, 122, 136; his campaign, 149-157; they threaten Fort Niagara, 166. Subercase, a French officer, proposes to attack the Iroquois, but is overruled, 178; in the Onondaga expedition, 412.

T.

Talon, the intendant, 15; declines to attend meeting of the estates, 20; returns to France, 21; hostile to Frontenac at the court, 40. Theatricals at Quebec, 324-326, 333. Thury, the priest, 225, 361; persuades Taxous, 363, 368; instigates hostilities, 376. Tonty at Fort St. Louis, 144; at Fort Niagara, 147; in the fight with the Senecas, 150. Toronto, 128. Torture practised by Indians, 181, 300, 413; instigated by the French, 305, 404, 405. Troyes, Chevalier de, 132; at Fort Niagara, 155.

U.

Ursuline Convent at Quebec, 24; during the attack, 280.

V.

Vaillant, the Jesuit, negotiates with Dongan, 162. Valrenne destroys Fort Frontenac, 192; sent to defend La Prairie, 291, 294. Vaudreuil, Chevalier de, in the Seneca campaign, 151; in the defence against the Iroquois, 169, 179; in the attack of the Onondagas, 410, 413, 414. Verchères, the heroine of, 302-308. Versailles, 1, 184. Viele, his mission to Onondaga, 93, 98. Villebon, governor of Acadia, 347, 378. Villeray, a tool of the Jesuits, 47; at Quebec, 247; his negotiations with Frontenac, 249. Villieu, commands the Indian allies, 361; attacks Oyster River, 365; nearly perishes in the Penobscot, 364; returns to Quebec, 368; takes Pemaquid, 381; is captured, 385.

W.

Waldron at Cocheco, 224. Walley, John, in command under Phips at Quebec, 246; commands the land attack, 271; in camp, 274-276; retreat, 277. Weems at Pemaquid, 224, 225. Wells, attacked by French and Abenakis, 353-355. William III., 184. Winthrop, commander at Albany, 257.

Y.

York, massacre at, 349-351.

Cambridge: Press of John Wilson & Son.

Francis Parkman

France and England in North America

1. Pioneers of France in the New World (1865) Revised (1885) 2. The Jesuits in North America in the seventeenth century (1867) 3. The Discovery of the West (1869) La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West (1879) 4. The Old Régime in Canada (1874) Revised (1894) 5. Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV. (1877) 6. A Half Century of Conflict (1892) Volume 1 Volume 2 7. Montcalm and Wolfe (1884)

The year that each book was published is printed and enclosed by parenthesis after the title of each volume. In three cases, there are two listings for a line item. For those parts, Parkman issued a volume with major revisions subsequent to the initial release of the book.

The revised version of Pioneers of France (Part One) contains new descriptions of Florida and some changes to the section on Samuel Champlain. Parkman revised Discovery of the West (Part Three) after obtaining access to Margry's collection. The revised version of The Old Régime (Part Four) includes three new chapters regarding La Tour and D'Aunay.

Volume 3 was not only revised, but the title was altered. Parkman first released Volume 3 as The Discovery of the West. His updated version of Volume 3 was entitled La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West.

Other Principal Works

• The Oregon Trail (1849) • The Conspiracy of Pontiac (1851)

Transcriber's Notes

Introduction

Welcome to Project Gutenberg's edition of Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV. This book was the fifth part released by Francis Parkman in his seven-part series called France and England in North America.

This transcription is based on the original version of the book, published in 1877, by Little, Brown, and Company. This e-book was proofread with the book scanned on Hathitrust, courtesy of Tufts University.

The footnotes have been produced using the Project Gutenberg™ standard. Footnotes follow the paragraph in which they were mentioned. Footnotes have been set in smaller print and have larger margins than regular text. Footnotes are numbered sequentially and reset after each chapter.

This text generally preserved the italicization of words, phrases, and the titles of references which are presented in italics in the printed book. The standard of the book is to not use italics on numbers. For example, it is easier to write: Champigny au Ministre, 22 Juillet, 1700, but the book displayed the content as follows: Champigny au Ministre, 22 Juillet, 1700. We have tried to match that policy in this e-book. Small capitalization has also been retained.

Detailed notes describe problems or issues in transcribing a specific portion of the text. Emendations are listed, and described, in the Detailed Notes, as well as other issues in transcribing the text.

Detailed Notes Section: