Chapter XXII: Shirley and the Acadians (2)

“I beg leave to submit it to your Grace’s Consideration, whether the most staunch Protestants, & Families the most zealously affected to his Majesty’s Government, a Number at least of such, should not rather, if possible, be transplanted there as soon as may be; I could wish four or five hundred of ’em could be induc’d to go from some Part of New England; I think from the Experience I had of the Inhabitants of this Province at least upon the late Alarm given by the french 341 Fleet, I might safely venture to be answerable to his Majesty, that if I had suggested in my late Orders for assembling a Body of ’em under Arms in Boston from all Parts of this Province to oppose any Attempt of the Enemy, that there was a design of landing a Son of the Pretender’s here, it would not have been possible to have kept any one Man, who was capable of marching hither, from appearing under Arms with the most determin’d Resolution of hazarding his Life to the utmost in defence of his Majesty’s Governm^t.; And as the late Appearances of a fondness for removing from hence to Cape Breton seem to be quite vanished at present, I should not be without hopes of some families removing from these Parts to Nova Scotia upon due Encouragement; Protestants likewise from among the Swiss Cantons, & other Northern Parts in Germany, who are generally bred up in the Exercise of arms, and make sober and industrious Settlers, might be safely trusted in Accadie; Great Numbers of ’em yearly flock into Pensilvania, whereby the Inhabitants of that Province are almost incredibly increas’d within these twenty Years; And from the behavior of the Irish coming out of the Northern Parts of Ireland hither, a Number of which is setled in the Eastern Parts of this Province, I should think they too might be safely trusted in Nova Scotia; and it is certain that these poor unhappy Highlanders (I mean such of ’em as may be design’d to be transported into the Plantations) would be more safely dispos’d of among the four Governm^{ts}. of New England, or in New York & the Jerseys, where they would not be in danger either of corrupting the Inhabitants, or being again seduc’d themselves, but might make useful Subjects to his Majesty.

“I hope, my Lord, I shall be excus’d if I have gone beyond my Line in submitting these Observations to your Grace, at a time when the fate of one of his Majesty’s Northern Colonies, the most important of ’em 342 all to the Crown in many respects, as I apprehend, and which will be in the hands of the french the Key to all the other British Colonies upon this Continent, & even to Cape Breton, And in his Majesty’s Possession the Barrier of ’em against the Enemy seems to come to a Crisis.”

SHIRLEY TO NEWCASTLE, BOSTON, NEW ENGLAND, 27 FEBRUARY, 1747.

“MY LORD DUKE,

“I am sorry that I am now to Acquaint your Grace with the Advices I receiv’d last night by Express from Nova Scotia giving me an Account that the Detachment of Troops under the Command of Lieu^t. Colonel Noble, which I Inform’d your Grace in my last of the 21^{st.} instant had taken possession of Minas, and had kept it near two months, was for want of a proper Security for the Men and Intelligence from the Inhabitants surpriz’d on the 31^{st.} of January last at three o’Clock in the morning by between 5 & 600 Canadeans & Indians in which Lieu^t. Col^o. Noble with four Officers more and about 80 men were killed, and three Officers and about 60 Men were wounded and taken prisoners before it was light enough for our people to get together; they however obliged the Enemy, upwards of 20 of whom were kill’d, and about 15 wounded, to allow ’em an honourable Capitulation, a Copy of which I inclose to your Grace together with the Account given of this Affair by the Officer who was Commandant of the Detachment at the time of the Capitulation, & Extracts from Lieu^t. Governour Mascarene’s Letter to me upon this Subject, from whence I choose your Grace should receive the Acco^t. in the same light it has been Conveyed to me in, and which upon the best Inquiry I can make, seems to be a just one. I also Inclose to your Grace an Extract from Col. Noble’s Letter to me dated two days before his death, giving me an Account of the Situation 343 of Affairs then at Minas; from whence your Grace will perceive that even then he was in Expectation of being Join’d by the Rhode Island Forces & the Company from this Province, which had the Misfortune to be Shipreck’d; and that, had they arriv’d at Annapolis, and the New Hampshire Companies had not return’d home without acting, the Enemy would in all probability have been drove out of Nova Scotia, and every good purpose, which I had propos’d, been answer’d before this time. As it is I shall use my best Endeavours forthwith to fit out a sufficient force by Sea to destroy M^r. Ramsay’s Vessels at Schiegnecto, and recover our own by Spring, & to send M^r. Mascarene such a Reinforcement of Troops as may still drive the Enemy out of Nova Scotia by the same time and prevent any bad Consequences from the late Accident there, which seems necessary to be done (if possible) and I shall hope to succeed in, if the neighbouring Governments of New England will assist in, which I shall urge ’em to do.

“I likewise inclose the Answer of the Inhabitants of Minas to the French Letter which I some time ago Inform’d your Grace I sent M^r. Mascarene last Fall, and a Paragraph out of one of his Letters to me upon the same matter; whereby your Grace will perceive that that Letter seems to have had an happy Effect upon the Inhabitants at a most critical Conjuncture.

“The late Secresy of the Inhabitants of Minas with regard to the Enemys Motions, and the very certain Intelligence which the Enemy gain’d of the particular Quarters of the English Officers, notwithstanding their Supplying the King’s Troops with Provisions, and the Curtesy of their Behavior to ’em before this Surprize, and their professions of being sorry for it afterwards seems to shew the necessity of his Majesty’s Keeping a strong Blockhouse there with a Garrison of 150 men; And the constant ill behavior of the Inhabitants of Schiegnecto seems to make another Blockhouse with a like Garrison 344 there equally necessary, as I at first propos’d to your Grace from Louisbourg; and these two with a Fort and Garrison at Chebucto of 300 Men at least, and the continuance of a Garrison of 300 at Annapolis Royal as it is at present, with a strong Blockhouse at Canso garrison’d with 100 Men would through the constant Correspondence that might be kept up between the several Garrisons be an effectual Security to the Province against the Enemy, and oblige the Inhabitants in a little time to contribute towards the protection & Expence of the Government, and for ever frustrate any hopes the French could Entertain of making themselves Masters of it, by their constant Endeavours to Seduce the Inhabitants from their Allegiance; all which would make Nova Scotia really His Majesty’s which it seems scarcely to have been yet: And I would Submit it to your Grace’s Consideration whether a Company of Rangers consisting of 100 Indians, or rather two Companies, consisting of 50 each, one to be posted at the Blockhouse at Minas, and the other in Schiegnecto would not be of the greatest Service, in Scouting thro’ every part of the Province and in the Woods upon all Emergencies (for which the Regular Troops are by no means fit) and particularly in preventing the French from Introducing Men from Canada into the Province by the Bay Vert; I think the great Service which Lieu^t Colonel Gorham’s Company of Rangers has been of to the Garrison at Annapolis Royal, is a demonstration of the Usefulness of such a Corps, besides that it may be a means of bringing Indians out of the French Interest into his Majesty’s Service, and go far towards reclaiming ’em in general; especially if (as I have before propos’d for your Grace’s Consideration) two Trading or Truck Houses were to be maintain’d one at Minas, and the other at Chiegnecto, for supplying the Indians with all necessaries in Exchange for furrs, 345 and proper presents were made to ’em in the manner which the French use to Keep ’em in their Interest.

“And if your Grace would allow me the Freedom to offer my Sentiments concerning what appears to me to be farther necessary for putting this important Province of Nova Scotia (I think I may justly call it the most important to the Crown of any upon this Continent) in Security, I sho’d propose one of His Majesty’s Arm’d Sloops (or Snows) with a Tender to be constantly employ’d in the Bay of Fundy for visiting all parts of it upon every occasion, as well as the several Harbours on the Cape Sable Coast; and one of his Majesty’s Frigates to be employ’d for the protection of the Fishery at Canso (as was always usual in time of peace) which together with a Tender would also be of great Service in duly attending the Bay Verte, upon every Occasion, and likewise visiting the Coast of Accadie (or Cape Sables) besides protecting the Fishery.

“Since writing the last Paragraph I have heard of some other particular circumstances, which make it very suspicious that several of the Inhabitants at least of Minas knew of the Enemy’s Motions, & I find that it is the general Opinion of the Officers that they did.

“I am with the most dutiful Regard,
“My Lord Duke,
“Your Grace’s most devoted,
“& most humble Servant
“W. SHIRLEY”

SHIRLEY TO NEWCASTLE, BOSTON, APRIL 29^{TH}., 1747.

(_Extract._)

“MY LORD DUKE,

“Since finishing Governour Knowles’s, & my joint Letter to your Grace, I have learn’d from one of the English Prisoners just Arriv’d from 346 Schiegnecto in Exchange for one of the French Prisoners sent by me from Boston, and who was carry’d Captive from Minas, where he was taken by the Enemy in the late Surprize, that when the Canadeans went from Minas to Schiegnecto they march’d out of the Grand Prè about 500, but were reduc’d to about 350 before they reach’d Schiegnecto, by several of their party’s leaving ’em at every great Village in Minas, thro’ which they pass’d which makes it Evident that 150 of the Inhabitants of that District had Join’d the Canadeans in their late Attack upon the English at Grand Prè, and may Serve farther to shew your Grace the imminent Danger of all the Inhabitants of Minas’s still Joining the Enemy, unless speedy measures are taken for driving the Canadeans out of the Country, and Securing the fidelity of the Inhabitants in some better manner than it is at present; and how opportunely the forces sent last Winter from hence to Annapolis, and the Assurances I took the liberty of sending the Nova Scotians that those, who behav’d as good Subjects, sho’d have His Majesty’s protection in their Estates, arriv’d there for saving the whole District of Minas from an open Revolt.

“This fluctuating State of the Inhabitants of Accadie seems, my Lord, naturally to arise from their finding a want of due protection from His Majesty’s Government; and their Apprehensions that the French will soon be Masters of the Province, which their repeated Attempts every year for the Reduction of His Majesty’s Fort at Annapolis Royal, and the Appearance of the late Duke D’Anville’s Squadron from France upon their Coast with that View strongly Impress upon ’em, as does also the Residence of the Enemy in the Province, and the Sollicitations of their own Priests; and to this, I believe, may be added some Jealousy, which the Enemy and Priests are for ever instilling into ’em, that the English want only a safe Opportunity of driving all the French 347 Inhabitants off their Settlements; which tho’ M^r. Mascarene assures me that his communicating to ’em my printed Letter promising ’em His Majesty’s protection, had so far allay’d as together with the Arrival of the late Detachment of Soldiers sent from hence in the Winter for the Defence & protection of the Province, to disappoint M^r. de Ramsay’s Attempt upon the Inhabitants of Minas for bringing ’em to an open Revolt, and to make him retire from Minas to Schiegnecto, yet as the hopes my Letter may have made ’em entertain have not been yet Confirm’d by Assurances of His Majesty’s Royal protection directly from England I cant but think, there is a most apparant danger of Nova Scotia’s being soon lost, if the Expedition against Canada should not proceed this year, nor any Measures be taken, or particular Orders be sent by His Majesty for Securing the Province against the Enemy & strengthening his Government among the Inhabitants, For I perceive that the General Assembly of this Province, from whence only the Succours & Support which His Majesty’s Garrison at Annapolis Royal has hitherto received for the Protection & Defence of Nova Scotia, have been sent, are tir’d of having ’em drawn wholly from their own people, and despair of its being effectual without His Majesty’s more immediate Interposition for the protection of that province; And I look upon it as a very happy Incident, that I had it in my power to send M^r. Mascarene the Support, I did the last Winter, and beginning of the Spring, out of the Levies rais’d for the Expedition against Canada, which I insisted upon doing as they were in His Majesty’s Pay (tho’ rais’d for another Service) but should not have been able to do it (I believe) had it depended wholly upon the Consent of the Assembly, tho’ generally well dispos’d for His Majesty’s Service.”

NEWCASTLE TO SHIRLEY, 30 MAY, 1747. 348

(_Extract._)

“As you and M^r. Warren have represented, That an Opinion prevailed amongst the Inhabitants of Nova Scotia, That It was intended to remove Them from their Settlements and Habitations in that Province; And as that Report may probably have been artfully spread amongst Them in order to induce Them to withdraw Themselves from their Allegiance to His Majesty, and to take Part with the Enemy; His Majesty thinks it necessary, That proper measures should be taken, to remove any such ill-grounded Suggestions; and, for that Purpose, It is the King’s Pleasure, That you should declare in some publick and authentick manner to His Majesty’s Subjects, Inhabitants of that Province, That there is not the least Foundation for any Apprehension of that nature; But That, on the contrary, It is His Majesty’s Resolution to protect, and maintain, all such of Them as shall continue in their Duty, and Allegiance to His Majesty, in the quiet & peaceable Possession of their respective Habitations, and Settlements And That They shall continue to enjoy the free Exercise of their Religion.

“His Majesty did propose to have signed a Proclamation to the purport above mentioned and to have transmitted it to you, to have been published in Nova Scotia; But as the Advices, that have been received here, of a Body of the New England Troops, which were advanced to Menis having been surprised by a Party of the French Canadeans and their Indians, and having been either cut off, or taken Prisoners; And the great Probability there is, That this Misfortune could not have happened to that Body of Troops, without the Assistance or, at least, Connivance of the Inhabitants of Nova Scotia; make it very difficult to fix the Terms of the intended Proclamation; His Majesty thinks it 349 more advisable to leave it to you to make such a Declaration in His Name, as you shall be of Opinion, the present Circumstances of the Province may require.”

SHIRLEY TO NEWCASTLE, 8 JUNE, 1747.

(_Extract._)

“I have nothing to add to my Letters, which I have lately transmitted to your Grace, except that M^r. de Ramsay is still at Chiegnecto with his party in Expectation of a Reinforcement from Canada, and the Arrival of an Armament from France, and that he has not thought fit to venture again to Manis [_Mines_], but insists in his Messages to the Inhabitants there that they should look upon themselves as Subjects to the French King since the New England Troops were oblig’d to retire out of their District by Capitulation, but that this has had no Effect upon the Inhabitants, the Reinforcement, which I sent there afterwards, having taken repossession of Manis, and hoisted the King’s Flagg there, and the Deputies of Manis having thereupon renew’d their Oaths of Fidelity to His Majesty at Annapolis Royal; I continue the last Reinforcement at the Garrison still for the Security of that and Manis; But it is not strong enough to drive the French from Schiegnecto, it being suspected that the Inhabitants of that District, who were ever refractory to His Majesty’s Government, would not scruple to Join the Enemy in case of an attack upon ’em; And I could not think it adviseable for me to send all the Forces, which I had rais’d for the Expedition against Canada within this Government upon another Service (as I must have done to have been strong enough to force the Enemy out of Schiegnecto after the Action at Minas) when I was in daily Expectation of receiving His Majesty’s Commands 350 concerning the prosecution of the intended expedition, and besides, the Assembly, which has been at a great Expence for the raising of the men for the service of the Expedition only, strongly insisted upon my reserving 1500 of ’em to go against Crown Point, as your Grace will perceive by the inclos’d Copy of their Answer to my Message; However the several Reinforcements, which I did send to Annapolis, have preserv’d the Garrison and province from falling into the Enemys hands the last year, and not only made the Enemy quit Manis, but still Confine ’em to Schiegnecto; and had the Rhode Island & New Hampshire Troops Join’d the Massachusetts Forces at Manis, as was propos’d, and both those Governments promis’d me they should, and one of the Massachusetts Companies had not been lost in their passage, we should have been strong enough (I am perswaded) to have drove the Enemy the last Winter quite out of the Province of Nova Scotia: As it is, I doubt not, if no Armament arrives from France, we shall be able to keep ’em out of Annapolis and Manis till I receive His Majesty’s Commands, which I am in daily Expectation of, and will, I hope, Enable me to take effectual Measures for getting rid of the Enemy and Securing the Province against their Attempts for the future.”

SHIRLEY TO NEWCASTLE, BOSTON, 25 JUNE, 1747.

(_Extract._)

“MY LORD DUKE,

“Since my last to your Grace, I have Accounts from Nova Scotia, that the French have rais’d a Battery of Nine Guns on the back of Schiegnecto to oppose the landing of Forces from Bay Verte, that they were also building a Fort & had landed Cannon & Mortars there, which they were now hawling by Land, and may use either for Fortifying that 351 District, or transport from thence to Annapolis Royal for the Reduction of his Majesty’s Garrison; There has been likewise further Accounts from thence that the Inhabitants were in Expectation of 1000 Men from Canada, which together with the Indians & People of Schiegnecto, & some of Manis, it is said, would make up M^r. De Ramsay’s Party 5000, who were then to proceed against Annapolis; and that three large French Ships of Force had been seen in Bay Verte, viz^t. two from Canada & one from France and landed Troops & Stores. These Accounts gain Credit the more easily as it seems not to be doubted, but that the French have the Reduction of Nova Scotia extremely at heart, and will be continually making some Attempt or other against it, whilst the Warr lasts; and I am sorry to find by a Message lately sent me from the Assembly desiring I would recall the Soldiers, I last sent to Annapolis, that they seem out of heart about the effectual Preservation of it from the Enemy. Should the French gain it by any sudden Stroke, I am perswaded, they would be so strong there by the Addition of all the Inhabitants to their other Forces, as well as the Numbers they would draw from Canada, & by immediate Fortifications of it, that it would require a very considerable Armament & Number of Troops to recover it from ’em; which makes me think it my Indispensable Duty to trouble your Grace with so frequent a Repetition of my Apprehensions concerning it. The enemy may indeed be now look’d upon as Masters of Scheignecto which Place it is evident they are busy in fortifying; & would have been so likewise of Manis by this time, had they not been oblig’d to withdraw their Troops from thence last Fall by the Arrival of the Detachments, I sent there.”

SHIRLEY TO NEWCASTLE, 8 JULY, 1747. 352

(_Extract._)

“I shall now take the Liberty to submit to your Grace’s Consideration the most practicable Scheme, that occurs to me at present for effectually driving & keeping the Canadeans out of Nova Scotia; viz^t. if M^r. Knowles when the Season is too far advanc’d for the French to make an Attempt from France against Louisbourg, should detach 1000 Men out of that Garrison to be join’d by 2000 from New England at Annapolis Royal, and from thence to proceed to Schiegnecto; that Force would, I apprehend, drive the Enemy off, and easily make us Masters of all the Inhabitants of that District, who seem to have ever been so deeply engaged on the Side of the Enemy as to make ’em forfeit all pretence of right to hold their Possessions; and if the 2000 New England Men were to share among ’em that District upon Condition of their setling there with their Families in such a defensible manner as they should be directed to do, and the french Inhabitants of that District were to be transplanted into New England, and distributed among the four Governments there; That I apprehend might be a Settlement of the District of Schiegnecto strong enough to keep the Canadeans out, and to defend themselves against the Indians; and the Inhabitants of the two other Districts of Nova Scotia, viz^t. Menis & Annapolis, being thus lock’d up between the Settlement in Schiegnecto at one End, and his Majesty’s Garrison at the other, and aw’d by the removal of the french Inhabitants of Schiegnecto from off their Lands, would be constantly held to their good behaviour, and by Intermarriages & the spreading of the English Settlement from Schiegnecto, the whole Province, or at least the greatest part of it, might in two or three Generations become English Protestants--I would 353 add that such an Exchange of the present Inhabitants of Schiegnecto for New England Men, would make up to the four Colonies of New England the Loss of the Families propos’d to be remov’d from thence to Nova Scotia upon this Occasion hinder Canada’s being strengthened by the Expulsion of the French from their Possessions, & prevent the English Settlement at Schiegnecto from being harrass’d by their continual Attempts to recover their former Lands; And the Encouragement given to the New England Men by the propos’d Distribution of the Lands among ’em would besides make the raising of 2000 Men for this Service much more practicable, & less expensive to the Crown.

“Upon the whole, my Lord, if the War continues, unless some measures are very suddenly taken for the better Security of Nova Scotia, there seems to be great danger that that Province will not long remain his Majesty’s.

“I am with the most dutiful regard,
“My Lord Duke,
“Your Grace’s most devoted and
“most Obedient Servant
“W SHIRLEY.”

SHIRLEY TO NEWCASTLE, 24 AUGUST, 1747.

“MY LORD DUKE,

“The French Declaration, of which the inclos’d is a Copy, did not come to my hands till I had finished the letter, w^{ch}. accompanies it: And I send it your Grace, as it may serve to shew the Views of the French with respect to Accadie, the Dependance they have upon the Dispositions of the Inhabitants, what advantage they propos’d to themselves from the New England Levies under the Command of the late 354 Lieuten^t. Col. Noble’s quitting Menis by Capitulation, and the necessity there was of my sending the last Detachment of soldiers to M^r. Mascarene to take repossession of Menis, and make the Inhabitants of it renew their oath of fidelity to his Majesty; which had its desir’d Effect.

“I am with the most Dutifull regard
“My Lord Duke,
“Your Grace’s Most Devoted,
“and Most Obedient Humble Servant
“W SHIRLEY.”

SHIRLEY TO NEWCASTLE, 20 OCT. 1747.

(_Extract._)

“The general Inclination which, the french Inhabitants of Nova Scotia have to the french Interest, proceeds from their Ties of Consanguinity to the French of Canada, but more especially from those of their Religion, which last seems to put ’em greatly under the Influence of their Priests, who continually receive their Directions from the Bishop of Quebeck, & are the Instruments, by which the Governour of Canada makes all his Attempts for the Reduction of the Province to the french Crown, & Keeps the Indians of Nova Scotia (commonly called the Cape Sable Indians) in their Dependence upon him; particular Instances of which may be given in the first Body of French & Indians, which attack’d the King’s Garrison soon after the Declaration of the present War’s being headed by a Priest of Nova Scotia; and the principal Part in giving Intelligence to the Enemy, maintaining the Correspondence between Canada and Nova Scotia, assembling Cape Sable Indians, & influencing such of the Inhabitants as had joined with or assisted 355 the Enemy, has been manag’d by another Priest of that Province; Other Instances of this Kind might be given, as particularly the Attempt to bring the Inhabitants into Revolt soon after the late Surprize at Menis by endeavouring to influence ’em with the Authority of the Bishop of Quebeck pronouncing ’em to be free from their Oath of Allegiance to his Majesty. But I shall content myself with observing to your Grace only one piece of Policy made use of by the french Priests in Nova Scotia for preserving the whole Body of the People intirely french, and Roman Catholick’s, viz^t. forbidding all Intermarriages with the English under Pain of Excommunication, (of which I am informed there has been one or two late Instances in actual Excommunication upon this Occasion) & which has had so general an Effect as to prevent the Settlement of any one English Family within the Province, from the first Reduction of it to the present time, tho’ some have attempted to setle in the Country; & to Keep out Inter-marriages between the French & his Majesty’s English Subjects, as that I never heard of any one Instance besides the before mentioned ones; And I would humbly submit it to your Grace’s Consideration if the free Exercise of the Roman Catholick Religion and an unlimited Toleration of Roman Priests in Nova Scotia should continue to have the same Effect in that Colony for the next succeeding forty years, as it has had within these last forty; the Inhabitants there are suffer’d to remain a distinct Body of French in the Neighbourhood of Canada, with the Ties of Consanguinity & Religion between _them_ & the Canadeans still growing stronger, untill they double or perhaps treble their Number (the French of Canada likewise at the same time increasing their Strength & Numbers) whether it may not prove in the End cherishing a Colony of Inhabitants for the subversion of the King’s Government in it, & the strengthening of the french Interest upon the 356 Continent.

“The Treaty of Utrecht, my Lord, by which the cession of Accadie (or Nova Scotia) with its Inhabitants was made to the Crown of Great Britain does not seem to lay his Majesty under an Obligation to allow the french Inhabitants the Exercise of the Roman Catholick Religion; and as his Majesty is as yet under no Promise to do it, I should hope that Methods might be found for weakening the Ties of Consanguinity & Religion between even the present Generation of the french inhabitants of Nova Scotia & those of Canada, by beginning new ones between his Majesty’s English & french subjects there, and at the same time controuling the pernicious Power of the Romish Priests over the french Inhabitants & the Indians of that Province, which may possibly be cut off or at least obstructed by his Majesty’s making a Promise to continue the french Inhabitants in the free Exercise of their Religion.

“Wherefore as his Majesty has been pleas’d to refer it to my Opinion to fix the Terms of the Declaration, which he has commanded me to make in his Name to the Inhabitants of Nova Scotia; whereby it became my Duty to avoid every thing in it, which appear’d to me to have a Tendency to disserve his Government within that Province, I have taken the Liberty to suspend promissing ’em the free Exercise of the Romish Religion, tho’ it is mention’d in your Grace’s Letter to have been part of what was at first propos’d to have been included in his Majesty’s intended Proclamation, till I could transmit my Sentiments to your Grace, and I should have his Majesty’s farther Directions upon it; & have in the mean time made a Declaration of such Points, as seem’d necessary to be ascertained to the Inhabitants for quieting their Minds, & would not admit of Delay.

“I might mention to your Grace some local Reasons for my Omitting in 357 the Declaration what I have done, but shall not presume to trouble you with any but what I thought it my indispensable Duty to lay before your Grace.

“I am with the most dutiful Regard
“My Lord Duke,
“Your Grace’s most Devoted
“and most Obedient Servant
“W SHIRLEY.”

358
359
360
INDEX. 361

Abenaki Indians, the, i. 36;
villages of, i. 36;
their treacherous conference with Governor Dudley, i. 36-38;
Queen Anne’s War due more to the French than to, i. 46, 47;
spurred on by the French against New England, i. 48, 56;
join an expedition against New England, i. 96;
claimed as subjects by both the French and the English, i. 185;
Father Rale among, i. 217;
their conference with Governor Dudley at Portsmouth, i. 220;
Vaudreuil proclaims them his allies, i. 250;
ratify the Boston treaty, i. 255;
sent from Montreal against the English border, ii. 217;
ii. 236;
urge an attack on Fort Massachusetts, ii. 237.

Abenaki lands, the, i. 236.

Abenaki missions, the, i. 217, 236.

Abenakis of the Androscoggin, the, i. 224.

Abenakis of the Kennebec, the, i. 217.

Abenakis of the Saco, the, i. 224.

Abercrombie, Captain, i. 153.

Acadia, i. 7;
French claims regarding the extent of its territory, i. 47;
its government, i. 110;
the old régime in, i. 110-119;
friction between the temporal and spiritual powers in, i. 118;
forced to make atonement for the sins of Canada, i. 120;
changes hands, i. 120-155;
the capture of Port Royal means the conquest of, i. 155;
claimed by England, i. 184;
France tries to hold, i. 184-186;
England refuses to resign, i. 186;
creed and politics in, i. 193;
let alone by the British government, i. 199;
documents relating to, i. 211;
ceded to England, ii. 49, 50, 173;
strong desire of France to recover, ii. 169;
ii. 154;
Shirley resolved to keep, ii. 170;
the key to the British American colonies, ii. 170;
left by Newcastle to drift with the tide, ii. 180;
ii. 260, 262, 266, 267, 270, 272, 320, 326, 336, 338, 341, 345,
353.

Acadian Church, the, friction of the temporal power with, i. 118.

Acadian peninsula, the, ii. 60, 184.

Acadian priests, the, Shirley’s attitude towards, ii. 178.

Acadians, the,
trade of Boston merchants with, i. 7, 115;
take the oath of allegiance to Queen Anne, i. 191;
break their oath, i. 191;
apply to Vaudreuil for aid, i. 192;
the French and the English rivals for, i. 193, 194; 362
Costebelle complains of the apathy of, i. 197;
increase in the population of the, i. 199;
Governor Phillips undertakes to force them to take the oath of
allegiance, i. 206;
Governor Phillips’ so-called success, i. 208, 209;
totally devoid of natural leaders, i. 210;
refuse to join Duvivier against Annapolis, ii. 62;
addicted to hoarding, ii. 172;
characteristics of, ii. 172;
Mascarene’s treatment of, ii. 172;
between two fires, ii. 172, 173;
known as the “Neutral French,” ii. 173;
illiteracy of, ii. 173;
incompetent to meet the crisis, ii. 173;
their pleasures, ii. 174;
social equality of, ii. 174;
their commendable domestic morals, ii. 174;
population of, ii. 174;
greatly excited by the appearance of D’Anville’s fleet, ii. 175;
Shirreff urges that they are a standing menace to the colony,
ii. 175;
Shirley’s plan for securing the allegiance of, ii. 177;
Shirley’s plan to convert them to Protestantism, ii. 180;
Ramesay tries to persuade them to join his expedition against
Annapolis, ii. 182;
again placed between two dangers, ii. 201;
their letters to Ramesay and to Mascarene, ii. 201, 202;
Ramesay’s peremptory orders to, ii. 203;
deplorable position of, ii. 203;
England fails to do its duty by, ii. 203;
Shirley and, ii. 312-357.

Acadian seas, the, i. 104, 120.

Acadian village, the, life at, i. 113.

Adams, i. 195.

Adams, Mr., of Medfield, i. 230.

Adams, town of, ii. 231.

Addison, i. 147.

Aillebout, Captain d’, commandant at the Island Battery, ii. 120,
284, 303.

Aix-la-Chapelle, the Peace of, signing of, ii. 256.

Akins, Mr., i. 211.

Alabama River, the, ii. 51.

Alabama, State of, i. 301.

Albany, fort at, i. 9;
efforts of the English to draw the fur-trade to, i. 14;
ii. 51, 154, 156, 206, 207;
left uncovered, ii. 210;
ii. 212, 213, 235, 245, 254, 273.

Albany traders, the, opposed to the proposed conquest of Canada,
i. 137.

Aldrich, John, wounded at Fort Massachusetts, ii. 246, 251, 253.

Alexander VI., Pope, i. 305.

Alexander, Deacon Ebenezer, blockhouse of, ii. 231.

Alexander, Joseph, escapes from the French and Indians, i. 71.

Alford, John, ii. 115.

Algonquins of the Ottawa, the, sent from Montreal against the
English border, ii. 217.

Algonquins, the, i. 223.

Alleghanies, the, i. 296; ii. 45, 48.

Allein, i. 117.

Allen, Caleb, escapes from the Indians, ii. 250.

Allen, Eunice, escapes from the Indians, ii. 250.

Allen, Mr., killed by the Indians, ii. 250.

Allen, Samuel, captured by the Indians, ii. 250.

Allen’s River, i. 112, 127, 152.

Allison, Widow, i. 60.

Allouez, the Jesuit, at Fort St. Louis, i. 327.

Alton Bay, i. 96.

“Amazone,” the, ii. 159. 363

Amesbury, attacked by the French and Indians, i. 99.

Amherst, General,
at Louisbourg, ii. 104, 105;
demolishes Crown Point, ii. 255.

Amsden, killed by the Indians, ii. 250.

Andover, i. 260.

Andros, i. 105.

Androscoggin Indians, the, i. 37.

Androscoggin River, the, i. 222.

Anjou, Duc d’, i. 305.

Ann, Cape, i. 244.

Annapolis, i. 112, 170, 190;
pestilence at, i. 191;
almost totally neglected, i. 198;
i. 194;
Duquesnel’s plans against, ii. 61;
its condition, ii. 61;
failure of Duvivier’s attack on, ii. 63;
Duvivier again lays siege to, ii. 126;
the French plan to attack, ii. 162, 164;
crumbling little fort of, ii. 175;
Ramesay tries to persuade the Acadians to join his expedition
against, ii. 181;
Shirley’s plans for the defence of, ii. 182;
ii. 312, 316, 317, 318, 319, 322, 326, 327, 328, 330, 331, 333,
344, 347, 350, 351, 352.

Annapolis Basin, ii. 165.

Annapolis, Council of, i. 199, 201, 204, 205.

Annapolis River, the, i. 112, 127.

Annapolis Royal, see _Port Royal_, and _Annapolis_.

Anne, Fort, i. 140.

Anne, Queen, i. 105;
sustains Governor Dudley, i. 109;
receives the five Mohawk chiefs, i. 147.

Anse de la Cormorandière Bay, ii. 97, 291.

Anson, Admiral, ii. 168.

Anticosti, the Island of, i. 171.

Antigua, ii. 83.

Anville, Duc d’, ii. 157, 158;
disasters of, ii. 159-162;
death of, ii. 162;
burial of, ii. 162;
chief aim of his expedition, ii. 169;
ii. 175, 235, 330, 346.

Appleton, Lieutenant-Colonel Samuel, i. 88;
in the expedition against Port Royal, i. 127;
the “nonsensical malice” of, i. 130.

Apsaroka Indians, the, ii. 25.

Archives de la Marine, the, i. 16.

Archives Nationales, the, i. 16.

“Ardent,” the, ii. 62.

“Argonaut,” the, ii. 160.

Arickaras, the, i. 360.

Arkansas Indians, the, i. 356.

Arkansas River, the, i. 319, 350, 359, 364, 367;
the Canadian Fork of, i. 368.

Armstrong, Lieutenant-Colonel, at Annapolis, i. 198;
governor of Acadia, i. 201, 202;
on the political work of the Acadian missionaries, i. 203, 204;
succeeds Governor Phillips, i. 208;
undertakes to force the Acadians to take the oath of
allegiance, i. 208;
ii. 312, 338.

Arnold, Benedict, i. 213.

Arrowsick Island, i. 224, 231, 237.

Artaguette, Lieutenant Diron d’,
reports on the charges against Bienville, i. 307;
i. 309, 322.

Artaguette, Pierre d’, captured and burned alive by the Chickasaws,
i. 329.

Ash, Thomas, killed at Louisbourg, ii. 109.

Ashuelot, fort at, ii. 215;
Indian attack on, ii. 215.

Ashuelot River, the, ii. 214.

Assagunticooks, the, attend the council at Georgetown, i. 224.

Assiniboin River, the, ii. 14, 15, 20.

Assiniboins, the, ii. 10; 364
offer to join the French against the Sioux, ii. 13;
mislead La Vérendrye concerning the Pacific, ii. 15;
ii. 34, 40;
attack Saint-Pierre, ii. 41.

Atkinson, Mr.,
sent to Montreal as envoy from New Hampshire, i. 252;
received by Vaudreuil, i. 252;
the interview with the Indians, i. 253.

Atlantic coast, the, usurped from the French, ii. 48.

Auchmuty, Robert, ii. 64.

Augusta, i. 222.

“Auguste,” the, wreck of, ii. 42.

Auneau, the Jesuit, murdered by the Sioux, ii. 13.

Austrian Succession, the War of, ii. 59.

Auteuil, D’, i. 331; ii. 247.

Avery, John, at Number Four, ii. 219.

Avon, the river, ii. 189.

Ayllon, Vasquez de, ii. 48.

Azores, the, ii. 159.

Bacon, Captain Daniel, at Louisbourg, ii. 120.

Bacouel, ii. 187.

“Badine,” the, i. 300.

Baker, escapes from Indian captivity, i. 87.

Baker, C. Alice, i. 89, 90.

Baker, Lieutenant, killed at Grand Pré, i. 123.

Bancroft, Robert Hale, ii. 89.

Bangor, i. 244, 254.

Bank, Capt. Louis, i. 302;
his interview with Bienville, i. 303.

Banks, Lieutenant, i. 52, 53.

Banlieue, the, Acadians of, i. 191, 195, 199.

Baptiste, Captain,
captured by the English, i. 81;
exchanged by the English for John Williams, i. 88.

Barachois, the, ii. 106, 109, 279, 293, 294.

Barbadoes, the, i. 182.

Barnard, Rev. John, i. 126;
his experiences in the expedition against Port Royal, i. 128,
130, 131.

Barrett, Ensign John, house of, i. 42.

Barron, Elias, killed by the Pequawkets, i. 265.

Barrot, surgeon of Louisiana, i. 308.

Bart, Jean, of Canada, see _Iberville, Le Moyne d’_.

Bartlett, J. R., on the Mohawk chiefs in England, i. 147.

Basin of Mines, the, i. 110, 196.

Bastide, the English engineer, ii. 107.

“Bastonnais,” the,
monopolize the Acadian fisheries, i. 111;
their trade with the Acadians, i. 115;
i. 156, 157;
La Ronde Denys sent to treat with, i. 159;
take Denys prisoner, i. 160;
exasperated by the attacks on Canseau and Annapolis, ii. 64;
at Louisbourg, ii. 130, 134.

Batten Kill River, the, ii. 210, 238, 253.

Batterie de Francœur, the, at Louisbourg, ii. 130, 297, 298, 301,
306.

Baxter, Rev. Joseph, i. 225;
among the Norridgewocks, i. 228-230;
his controversy with Rale, i. 229.

Bayagoula Indians, the, i. 301.

Baye Verte, i. 196, 206;
Ramesay builds a fort at, ii. 175;
ii. 184, 185, 195, 326, 344, 345, 350, 351.

Bean, Lieutenant, sent out against Norridgewock, i. 245.

Beaubassin, Acadian settlement of, i. 123; ii. 184, 185, 198, 200, 365
202, 203, 260.

Beaubassin, Sieur de,
attacks Falmouth, i. 46;
letter from Ponchartrain to, i. 102;
ii. 124, 239, 298, 299, 300.

Beaubois, Père de, i. 368.

Beaucour, commands an unsuccessful attack on the Connecticut
settlements, i. 95.

Beauharnois, Charles de, the intendant,
on the treachery of the Abenakis, i. 37;
on the French expedition against New England, i. 56;
on Beaucour’s unsuccessful expedition against Connecticut, i. 95;
i. 232;
averse to violent measures against the Indians, i. 337;
slandered by Dupuy, i. 338;
on Lignery’s expedition against the Outagamies, i. 339;
on the scheme to reach the Pacific Ocean, ii. 6;
ii. 7, 8;
tries to obtain aid from the court for La Vérendrye, ii. 13;
on the Mandans, ii. 21;
demands the demolition of Oswego, ii. 54;
on the establishment of Crown Point, ii. 56;
on the capture of Louisbourg by the English, ii. 140;
ii. 171, 172.

Beauharnois, Fort, ii. 7;
abandoned, ii. 7.

Beaujeu, journal of, ii. 170, 184;
the hero of the Monongahela, ii. 185;
ii. 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 196;
on the losses at Grand Pré, ii. 198;
on the courtesies exchanged between the French and the English
at Grand Pré, ii. 199;
his account of the French victory at Mines, ii. 200.

Beauport, seigniory of, i. 25.

Beaurain, Chevalier de, i. 353, 354, 357, 358.

Beauséjour, Acadian post of, ii. 42.

“Beaux Hommes,” les, ii. 25.

Beaver-trade, the, proposed restriction to Detroit of, i. 23.

Becancour, the Abenaki mission of, i. 217, 233.

Bedford, Duke of, ii. 176.

Bégon, the intendant,
praises the zeal of the Acadian missionaries, i. 204;
i. 231, 331;
on the scheme for reaching the Pacific Ocean, ii. 6;
ii. 52.

Belknap,
on the Indian attack on Wells, i. 46;
on the loss of life in Queen Anne’s War, i. 47;
on Major Church at Port Royal, i. 124;
on March’s failure against Port Royal, i. 131;
on the council at Georgetown, i. 235;
on Lovewell’s expeditions against the Indians, i. 262;
on the plan to attack Louisbourg, ii. 64, 78, 112.

Belknap Papers, the, ii. 144.

Belleisle, Madame de, i. 117.

Bellemont, Ensign, ii. 293.

Bellin, ii. 14.

Bellomont, Lord, governor of Massachusetts,
letter from Brouillan to, i. 7;
his reports to the Lords of Trade, i. 9;
on the ministers among the Indians, i. 12;
tries to influence the Indians against the Jesuits, i. 12.

Bennett, Captain, i. 202.

Benoit, M., ii. 288.

Berkshire, ii. 230.

Berwick, village of, Indian attacks on, i. 48, 99, 266.

Biddeford, village of, i. 46, 266; ii. 80.

Bienville, Jean Baptiste de, resolves to find a better way to Santa
Fé, i. 368.

Bienville, Le Moyne de, i. 301; 366
at Biloxi, i. 302;
explores the Mississippi, i. 302;
his meeting with Capt. Louis Bank, i. 303;
accusations against, i. 307;
De Muys sent to succeed, i. 307;
Artaguette reports favorably upon the charges against, i. 307;
La Mothe-Cadillac succeeds, i. 309;
La Mothe-Cadillac’s quarrel with, i. 313;
reappointed governor of Louisiana, i. 318;
renewed accusations against, i. 320;
Perier takes his place, i. 320;
again made governor of Louisiana, i. 322;
resigns, i. 323;
the “Father of Louisiana,” i. 323;
i. 360.

Bighorn Mountains, the, ii. 31.

Bighorn Range, the, ii. 29, 31.

Bigot, François, the intendant, i. 38; ii. 37, 97, 98, 108;
on the English attack on Louisbourg, ii. 111;
on the English attack on the Island Battery, ii. 121, 122;
on the weak condition of the Louisbourg garrison, ii. 131;
on the siege of Louisbourg, ii. 144;
ii. 273, 274, 290, 293, 311.

Billaine, Louis, ii. 261.

Billerica, village of, i. 259.

Biloxi, the harbor of, French establishment at, i. 302, 305, 312.

Biscay, Bay of, ii. 158.

Blackfeet Indians, the, ii. 34.

Blackhawk, the famous chief, i. 344.

Black Hills, the, i. 353; ii. 23.

Black Point, Indian attack on, i. 48.

Black River, the, ii. 221.

Blake, Nathan, captured by the Indians, ii. 215.

Blancs Barbus, see _Mandans, the_.

Blastrick, Jean, ii. 311.

Bleeker, visits Onondaga, i. 12.

Blenheim, i. 163.

“Blockhouse,” loose use of the term, ii. 241.

Blue Earth River, i. 351.

“Bobasser,” see _Beaubassin, Sieur de_.

Bobé, Father, sets forth the claims of France, ii. 46-50, 257-274.

Bodmer, Charles, the artist, among, the Mandans, i. 345; ii. 20.

Boisbriant, Major Pierre Dugué de, i. 307;
in command of “the Illinois,” i. 329;
i. 360.

Boishébert, ii. 185, 188, 189, 194.

Bolingbroke, Lord, i. 163.

Bollan, William,
secures reimbursement for Massachusetts from England for
expenditures on the Louisbourg expedition, ii. 142, 143;
letters of, ii. 143;
ii. 315.

Bomazeen, Captain, i. 37;
captures Elisha Plaisted, i. 53, 54.

Bonaventure, Captain,
on the trade between Boston and the French of Acadia, i. 108,
115;
his relations with Madame de Freneuse, i. 116;
attacked by De Goutin, i. 117;
on the friction between the temporal and spiritual powers in
Acadia, i. 118;
ii. 132, 286, 308.

Bonaventure, Madame de, i. 154.

Bonaventure, the priest, i. 194.

Bonavista, i. 132.

Bonner, Captain, makes a plan of Boston, i. 170.

Bonner, John, i. 88.

Borland, i. 107.

Boston,
French plans for the destruction of, i. 5, 6;
i. 55;
trade between the French of Acadia and, i. 108;
French scheme to ruin, i. 161;
make plans for the Canadian expedition, i. 164, 165; 367
distrusts the English troops, i. 166;
Bonner's plan of, i. 170;
ii. 47, 60;
rumored attack of the French on, ii. 156;
ii. 261, 309, 310, 312, 318, 327.

Boston Harbor, i. 143.

“Boston Packet,” the, ii. 83.

“Boston Post Boy,” the, ii. 200.

Boston Treaty, the, i. 255.

Boucher, Marie, marriage of, ii. 8.

Boucher, Pierre, governor of Three Rivers, ii. 8.

Boucherville, i. 90.

Bougainville, ii. 14.

Boularderie, killed at Louisbourg, ii. 98.

Bourbon, Fort, on Lake Winnipeg, ii. 14.

Bourgmont, Sieur de, i. 360;
builds Fort Orléans, i. 361;
sets out for the Comanche villages, i. 361;
his journey, i. 361-366.

Bourke, Captain John G., ii. 43.

Bourne, Edward E., i. 40, 42;
on the Indian attack on Wells, i. 46;
on the capture of Elisha Plaisted, i. 54;
ii. 81.

Bouton, on Lovewell’s Expedition, i. 270.

Bow Indians, the, ii. 26;
make an attack on the Snake Indians, ii. 30-33.

Boxford, village of, i. 269.

Bradford, village of, i. 269.

Bradley, Joseph, attacked by Indians, i. 49.

Bradstreet, Colonel John, ii. 64, 65;
at Louisbourg, ii. 100.

“Brahmin caste” of New England, the, i. 269.

Brandon, Arthur, i. 48.

Brandon, Mrs. Arthur, killed by Indians, i. 48.

Brandy, traffic in, i. 20.

Brattleboro, town of, i. 73.

Brazil, ii. 270.

Brébeuf, Jean de, at Matchedash Bay, i. 18; i. 139, 215.

Breda, treaty of, ii. 270.

Brest, ii. 127, 158.

Brest Squadron, the, ii. 327.

Breton, Cape, i. 185;
Raudot urges the occupation by the French of, i. 186;
ii. 42, 60, 85, 104, 114, 256, 314, 315, 318, 321, 322, 333,
342.

Bridgman, Jonathan, wounded at Fort Massachusetts, ii. 246.

Brissonnet, the Plain of, at Louisbourg, ii. 279.

British America, early maps of, ii. 44.

British colonies, the, i. 3.

British provinces, the, ii. 45;
growing power of, ii. 45.

Brittany, ii. 166.

Brookfield, attacked by the French and Indians, i. 99.

Brooks, Commander, at Louisbourg, ii. 120, 121.

Brouillan, Jacques François de,
urges peace between England and France, i. 6;
his letter to Governor Bellomont, i. 7;
in command of Acadia, i. 110;
paucity of his fighting resources, i. 111;
characteristics of, i. 113;
death of, i. 114;
accusations against, i. 114.

Brown, ii. 95.

Brown, Captain, sent out against Norridgewock, i. 245.

Brown, John, wounded at Number Four, ii. 228.

Brown, John Carter, i. 147.

Brulé Indians, the, ii. 34.

Brunswick, i. 218;
burned by the Indians, i. 239.

Bruyas, the Jesuit, i. 11. 368

Brymner, on the journal of La Vérendrye, ii. 17.

Buade, Fort, i. 18.

Buffalo, the, i. 351.

Bullard, John, killed by the Indians, ii. 215.

Bunker Hill, battle of, ii. 90, 123.

Burchett, Secretary of the Admiralty, i. 165.

Burlington, city of, i. 77.

Burnet, Governor, of New York, plans to build a fortified
trading-house at Oswego, ii. 53.

Burr’s regiment, at Louisbourg, ii. 103.

Bute, i. 183.

Butler, Captain, i. 177.

Cabot, John, ii. 47, 49, 79.

Cabot, Sebastian, ii. 47, 49, 79.

_Caches_, ii. 16.

Caddoes, the, i. 356.

Cadenaret, an Abenaki chief, ii. 237, 238.

Cadillac, Seigneur, de, see _La Mothe, Jean de_.

“Cæsar,” the, ii. 83.

Cahokia, village of, i. 328.

Cahouet, i. 191.

Callières, the governor, i. 26, 28.

Cambridge, i. 150; ii. 90.

Canada,
prepares for defence against England, i. 4;
a virtual truce between New York and, i. 16;
divided by two opposing policies, i. 21;
a country of cabals and intrigues, i. 27;
almost inaccessible to New England, i. 120;
plan of Samuel Vetch for the conquest of, i. 133;
the English ministry plan an attack on, i. 163;
the Iroquois cease to be a danger to, i. 216;
Abenaki settlements in, i. 257;
New York her only rival for the control of the West, i. 273;
jealous of Louisiana, i. 324;
plans of the chiefs of, i. 325;
divided between two opposing influences, i. 347;
approaching her last agony, ii. 42;
Shirley’s scheme for capturing, ii. 151;
in alarm at the hostile preparations of the English, ii. 153;
preparations for defence, ii. 154;
the attack abandoned, ii. 155.

Canadian Church, the, influence of, i. 347.

Canadian missions, the, converts of, i. 96, 99.

Canadians, the,
brave, hardy, and well trained, i. 5;
join the expedition against New England, i. 56;
led the way in the path of discovery, i. 346.

Cannon-ball River, the, ii. 18.

Canseau,
fishing-station of, ii. 60;
Duquesnel sends a force against, ii. 60;
surrenders to the French and is burned, ii. 61;
Commodore Warren at, ii. 84;
ii. 86;
Pomeroy at, ii. 91;
passes into the hands of the English, ii. 91, 92, 93;
ii. 267, 273, 288, 289, 290, 311.

Canseau, blockhouse at, i. 198;
the Micmacs attack, i. 244;
ii. 334, 344, 345.

Canseau, Strait of, i. 186; ii. 60.

Canso, see _Canseau_.

Canso, Strait of, see _Canseau, Strait of_.

Canterbury, Archbishop of, i. 147.

Cap Noir, ii. 301.

Cape Breton, Island of, i. 177.

Cape Cod, the Indians of, i. 121; ii. 47, 260, 261.

Cape Sable Indians, ii. 354.

Capuchin Friars, the, i. 118.

Carheil, the Jesuit, 369
on the ruins of Michilimackinac, i. 17;
aversion of Cadillac for, i. 19;
his quarrels with Cadillac, i. 20, 30.

“Caribou,” the, ii. 62, 159, 160.

Carignan, regiment of, ii. 8.

Carolina, i. 148;
French settlement in, ii. 258;
ii. 259, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 269.

Carolina traders, the, i. 321, 323.

Carter, Ebenezer, released from Indian captivity, i. 87.

Carter, Marah, murdered by the French and Indians, i. 65.

Carthagena expedition, the, ii. 72.

Cartier, Jacques, at Hochelaga, i. 18, 279.

Casco, i. 36, 39;
attacked by the French and Indians, i. 99.

Casco Bay, i. 129;
the Boston treaty ratified at, i. 255.

Casco, the treaty of, i. 39.

Casgrain, Abbé, i. 196, 211.

Castine, town of, i. 38, 122.

Castle William, ii. 157, 317.

Catholicism, bound up with the old political order, i. 192.

Catholic Jacobites, ii. 177.

Catlin, George, the painter, among the Mandans, ii. 20.

Catlin, John, killed by the French and Indians, i. 64.

Catlin, Mrs. John,
shows wonderful generosity to a wounded French officer, i. 64;
death of, i. 65.

Catlin, Joseph, attacked by the French and Indians, i. 63.

Caughnawaga, ii. 236;
see also _Sault St. Louis_.

Caughnawaga,
the Iroquois mission of, i. 13;
the converted Iroquois settle at, i. 14;
Eunice Williams at, i. 80;
i. 217, 234.

Caughnawagas, the, i. 13;
carry on a contraband trade between New York and Canada, i. 15;
i. 36;
join the expedition against New England, i. 56;
draw out of an expedition against New England, i. 96;
promise Schuyler not to attack New England, i. 100;
in the conquest of Canada, i. 139.

Caulfield, deputy-governor at Annapolis, i. 196, 205, 206.

Chacornacle, Lieutenant, joins Cadillac, i. 28.

Chamberlain, John, tradition of his meeting with Paugus, i. 268.

Chambly, death of, i. 98.

Chambly,
settlement of, i. 75, 77, 140, 141, 142;
stone fort built by the French at, ii. 55.

Champigny, the intendant,
opposes Cadillac’s plan of a settlement at Detroit, i. 26, 28;
i. 348.

Champlain, Lake, i. 15, 77, 135, 139, 140, 165, 177, 252; ii. 48,
55, 153, 208, 221, 230, 235, 265.

Champlain, Samuel de, in the Onondaga country, i. 18, 279; ii. 259,
262.

“Chapeau Rouge” Bay, see _Gabarus Bay_.

Chardon, the missionary, urges the extermination of the Outagamies,
i. 337.

Charles I., ii. 262.

Charles II., of England, i. 133, 273.

Charlestown, named after Commodore Charles Knowles, ii. 228.
See also _Number Four_.

Charlestown Neck, ii. 90.

Charlevoix, the Jesuit historian,
on the French responsibility for Queen Anne’s War, i. 46;
on the essential purpose of Queen Anne’s War, i. 47;
on Ramesay’s expedition against Nicholson, i. 141; 370
on the pestilences in Nicholson’s camp, i. 143;
on the siege of Port Royal, i. 155;
on the chief bond between the French and the Indians, i. 216;
on the English attack on Norridgewock, i. 248;
on “the Illinois,” i. 327;
journey of, ii. 4;
his report on the Pacific Ocean, ii. 5;
returns to France, ii. 5.

Chartres, Duc de, i. 329.

Chartres, Fort, i. 329; ii. 57.

Chassin, Michel de, i. 317, 329.