Chapter XVIII: Part III: Genus FREDERICELLA (p. 208)

28. Fredericella indica (p. 210).

This species is common in some of the Kumaon lakes, in which it grows, at any rate at the beginning of summer, much more luxuriantly than it does in the lakes of the Malabar Zone in autumn, forming dense bushy masses on the under surface of stones, on sticks, &c. The vertical branches often consist of many zooecia. Mr. Kemp took specimens in Malwa Tal, Sath Tal, and Naini Tal (alt. 3600-6300 feet).

Genus PLUMATELLA (p. 212).

30. Plumatella emarginata (p. 220).

Mr. Kemp took bushy masses of this species in Malwa Tal and Bhim Tal.

32. Plumatella diffusa (p. 223).

This species is common in Malwa Tal and Bhim Tal in May.

33. Plumatella allmani (p. 224).

Mr. Kemp only found this species in Malwa Tal, in which (at any rate in May) it appears to be less abundant than it is in Bhim Tal in autumn. Mr. Kemp's specimens belong to the form called _P. elegans_ by Allman.

34. Plumatella tanganyikæ (p. 225).

Specimens taken by Mr. Kemp, somewhat sparingly, in Bhim Tal and Sath Tal in May exhibit a somewhat greater tendency towards uprightness of the zooecia than those I found in autumn in Igatpuri lake. The ectocyst is, in the former specimens, of a deep but bright reddish-brown. The zoaria are attached to twigs and small stones.

Genus STOLELLA (p. 229).

After Stolella indica, p. 229, add a new species:--

Stolella himalayana, nov.

This species may be distinguished from _S. indica_ by (i) its entirely recumbent zooecia, and (ii) the lateral branches of its zoarium.

A. The greater part of a young zoarium. B. Part of a much older zoarium.]

_Zoarium_ entirely recumbent, consisting of zooecia joined together, often in groups of three, by slender, transparent, tubular processes. These processes are often of great relative length; they are formed by a modification of the posterior or proximal part of the zooecia, from which they are not separated by a partition, and they increase in length up to a certain point more rapidly than the zooecia proper. A zooecium often gives rise first to an anterior daughter-zooecium, the proximal part of which becomes elongate and attenuated in due course, and then to a pair of lateral daughter-zooecia situated one on either side. As a result of this method of budding a zoarium with a close superficial resemblance to that of _Paludicella_ is at first produced, but as the colony increases in age and complexity this resemblance largely disappears, for the zooecia and their basal tubules grow over one another and often become strangely contorted (fig. 49).

_Zooecia_ elongate and slender, flattened on the ventral, strongly convex on the dorsal surface; rather deep in proportion to their breadth; the ectocyst colourless, not very transparent except on the stolon-like tubular part; dorsal keel and furrow as a rule absent; orifice unusually inconspicuous, situated on a tubercle on the dorsal surface.

_Polypide_ stout and short; the tip of the fundus of the stomach capable of very complete constriction; the retractor muscles unusually short and stout.

_Statoblasts._ Only free statoblasts have been observed. They resemble those of _S. indica_, but are perhaps a little longer and more elongate.

TYPES in the Indian Museum.

The discovery of this species makes it necessary to modify the diagnosis of the genus, the essential character of which, as distinguishing it from _Plumatella_, is the differentiation of the proximal part of some or all of the zooecia to form stolon-like tubules. From _Stephanella_, Oka, it is distinguished by the absence of a gelatinous covering, and by the fact that all the zooecia are attached, at least at the base, to some extraneous object.

HABITAT. Malwa Tal, Kumaon (alt. 3600 feet), W. Himalayas (_Kemp_, May 1911).

BIOLOGY. Mr. Kemp took three specimens, all attached to the lower surface of stones. They contained few statoblasts and were evidently in a condition of vigorous growth. Between the lateral branches new polyparia were developing in several instances from free statoblasts, each of which appeared to contain two polypides.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

All names printed in italics are synonyms.

When more than one reference is given, the page on which the description occurs is indicated by thickened numerals.

alba (Euspongilla) (Spongilla), 8, 9.
alba (Spongilla), 4, 22, 63, ~76~.
alba _var._ bengalensis (Spongilla), 4, 22, 63, ~77~.
alba _var_. cerebellata (Spongilla), 22, 63, ~76~.
_alba_ var. _marina_ (_Spongilla_), ~77~.
_Alcyonella_, 212.
Alcyonellea, 185.
allmani (Plumatella), 7, 8, 9, 23, 188, ~224~, 246.
_allmani_ var. _diffusa_ (_Plumatella_), 223.
_allmani_ var. _dumortieri_ (_Plumatella_), 222.
_attenuata_ (_Hydra_), 148, 158.
_aurantiaca_ (_Hydra_), 148.
aurea (Pectispongilla), 9, 22, 63, ~106~.
aurea _var._ subspinosa (Pectispongilla), 63, ~107~.

_benedeni_ (_Alcyonella_), 220.
bengalensis (Bowerbankia), 189.
bengalensis (Membranipora), 23.
bengalensis (Spongilla), 77.
bengalensis (Victorella), 4, 8, 9, 23, 187, ~195~.
blembingia (Ephydatia), 54.
bogorensis (Ephydatia), 54.
_bombayensis_ (_Plumatella_), 225.
bombayensis (Spongilla), 22, 63, 100, ~102~, 241.
bombayensis (Stratospongilla) (Spongilla), 8, 9.
Bowerbankia, 187, ~189~.
_brunnea_ (_Hydra_), 148.
burmanica (Corvospongilla), 8, 22, 64, ~122~.
burmanica (Pectinatella), 8, 10, 23, 188, ~235~.

calcuttana (Spongilla), 96.
_cambodgiensis_ (_Norodonia_), 202.
_Carterella_, 108.
carteri (Eunapius) (Spongilla), 7, 8, 9, 10.
_carteri_ (_Eunapius_), 87.
carteri (Lophopodella), 7, 8, 23, 188, ~232~, 233.
_carteri_ (_Lophopus_), 232.
_carteri_ (_Pectinatella_), 231,
carteri (Spongilla), 4, 22, 63, 86, ~87~, 241.
carteri _var._ cava (Spongilla), 22, 63.
carteri _var._ himalayana (Lophopodella), 23, 188.
carteri _var._ lobosa (Spongilla), 22, 63.
carteri _var._ mollis (Spongilla), 22, 63.
caudata (Bowerbankia), 189.
caudata _subsp._ bengalensis (Bowerbankia), 23, 189.
caunteri (Corvospongilla), 243.
cava (Spongilla), 88.
cerebellata (Spongilla), 76.
ceylonensis (Irene), 22, 140.
Cheilostomata, 184.
Chlorella, 50.
cinerea (Euspongilla) (Spongilla), 9.
cinerea (Spongilla), 22, 63, 72, 79, 241.
clementis (Stratospongilla) (Spongilla), 53.
coggini (Stratospongilla) (Spongilla), 53.
colonialis (Loxosomatoides), 23.
_contecta_ (_Spongilla_), 95.
_coralloides_ (_Plumatella_), 217.
Corvospongilla, 64, ~122~, 243.
crassior (Spongilla), 98.
crassissima (Eunapius) (Spongilla), 9.
crassissima (Spongilla), 4, 22, 63, ~98~.
crassissima _var._ crassior (Spongilla), 23, 63.
_crateriformis_ (_Meyenia_), 83.
_crateriformis_ (_Ephydatia_), 83, 84.
crateriformis (Euspongilla) (Spongilla), 8, 9.
_crateriformis_ (_Meyenia_), 83.
crateriformis (Spongilla), 22, 63, ~83~.
_Cristatella_, 235.
Cristatellina, 206.
Ctenostomata, 184, 185, 187, ~189~.
Cyclostomata, 184.

decipiens (Spongilla), 54, 96, ~97~.
diffusa (Plumatella), 7, 8, 9, 23, 188, ~223~, 245.
_di[oe]cia_ (_Hydra_), 158.
Dosilia, 64, ~110~.

_Echinella_, 199.
_elegans_ (_Plumatella_), 224.
Eleutheroblastea, 146, 147.
emarginata (Plumatella), 4, 8, 9, 10, 23, 188, 218, ~220~, 245.
_emarginata_ var. _javanica_ (_Plumatella_), 221.
Entoprocta, 183.
Ephydatia, 64, ~108~, 242.
_erinaceus_ (_Spongilla_), 114.
Eunapius, 63, ~86~, 241.
Euspongilla, 63, 67, ~69~, 241.

filamentata (Syncoryne), 22, 140.
fluviatilis (Ephydatia), 109, ~242~.
_fluviatilis_ (_Meyenia_), 242.
fluviatilis (Spongilla), 108, 242.
_fluviatilis_ var. _gracilis_ (_Meyenia_), 242.
fortis (Ephydatia), 52, 53.
fragilis (Spongilla), ~95~, 96.
fragilis _subsp._ calcuttana (Eunapius) (Spongilla), 9.
fragilis _subsp._ calcuttana (Spongilla), 22, 63.
fragilis _subsp._ decipiens (Spongilla), 22, 63.
Fredericella, 188, ~208~, 245.
FREDERICELLIDÆ, 188, ~208~.
_friabilis_ (_Spongilla_), 87.
fruticosa (Plumatella), 4, 7, 8, 9, 23, 188, ~217~, 218.
_fusca_ (_Hydra_), 158, 159.

Gecarcinucus, 10.
gemina (Eunapius) (Spongilla), ~8~.
gemina (Spongilla), 22, 63, ~97~.
_glomerata_ (_Spongilla_), 95.
_grisea_ (_Hydra_), 148, 149.
Gymnolæmata, 184, 187.

Halichondrina, 65.
hemephydatia (Euspongilla) (Spongilla), 8.
hemephydatia (Spongilla), 22, 63, ~82~.
_hexactinella_ (_Hydra_), 148.
himalayana (Lophopodella), 233.
himalayana (Stolella), 246.
_himalayanus_ (_Lophopus_), 233.
Hislopia, 187, ~199~.
Hislopidées, 199.
HISLOPIIDÆ, 187, ~199~.
Homodiætidæ, 191.
_Hyalinella_, 212.
Hydra, 146, ~147~, 245.
Hydraidæ, 147.
HYDRIDÆ, 146, 147.
hydriforme (Polypodium), 142.
Hydrozoa, 146.

_indica_ (_Ephydatia_), 83.
indica (Fredericella), 9, 23, 188, ~209~, 245.
indica (Spongilla), 22, 63, ~100~.
indica (Stolella), 4, 9, 23, 188, ~229~.
indica (Stratospongilla), (Spongilla), 9.

javanica (Plumatella), 4, 8, 9, 23, 188, ~221~, 222.

kawaii (Limnocodium), 141.

lacroixii (Membranipora), 23.
lacustris (Cordylophora), 141.
_lacustris_ (_Euspongilla_), 69.
lacustris (Hislopia), 4, 8, 9, 23, 187, 199, ~202~, 204.
lacustris (Spongilla), 63, 67, ~69~.
lacustris _subsp._ moniliformis (Hislopia), 9, 23, 187.
lacustris _subsp._ reticulata (Spongilla), 4, 8, 9, 22, 63, ~71~, 241.
_lacustris_ var. _bengalensis_ (_Spongilla_), 77.
lapidosa (Corvospongilla), 9, 22, 64, ~124~.
_lapidosa_ (_Spongilla_), 124.
latouchiana (Trochospongilla), 4, 8, 9, 22, 64, ~115~.
_leidyi_ (_Trochospongilla_), 115.
_lendenfeldi_ (_Lophopus_), 233.
_lendenfeldi_ var. _himalayanus_ (_Lophopus_), 233.
lobosa (Spongilla), 89.
LOPHOPINÆ, 188, 211, ~231~.
Lophopodella, 8, 188, ~231~.
_Lophopus_, 8, 232.
_lordii_ (_Spongilla_), 95.
loricata (Spongilla), ~122~.
_loricata_ var. _burmanica_, (_Spongilla_), 122.
_lucifuga_ (_Plumatella_), 217, 220, 224.

magnifica (Pectinatella), 235.
meyeni (Ephydatia), 7, 9, 17, 22, 64, ~108~.
_meyeni_ (_Spongilla_), 108.
_Meyenia_, 108, 113.
microsclerifera (Euspongilla) (Spongilla), 53.
mollis (Spongilla), 88.
moniliformis (Hislopia), 204.
_mon[oe]cia_ (_Hydra_), 158.
_morgiana_ (_Spongilla_), 95.
_mülleri_ (_Ephydatia_), 109, 243.
_mülleri_ subsp. _meyeni_ (_Ephydatia_), 109.

_Norodonia_, 199.

oligactis (Hydra), 7, 22, 146, ~158~, 159, 245.
_orientalis_ (_Hydra_), 148, 149.
_ottavænsis_ (_Spongilla_), 95.

_pallens_ (_Hydra_), 148.
Paludicella, 187, ~192~.
PALUDICELLIDÆ, 187, ~191~.
Paludicellidées, 191.
Paludicellides, 191.
Paludicellina, 186, 187, ~190~.
paulula (Spongilla), 120.
_pavida_ (_Victorella_), 194, 195.
Pectinatella, 188, ~235~.
pectinatellophila (Dactyloccopsis), 238.
Pectispongilla, 63, ~106~.
pennsylvanica (Trochospongilla), 9, 22, 64, ~118~.
_pennsylvanica_ (_Tubella_), 118.
_pentactinella_ (_Hydra_), 149.
philippinensis (Euspongilla) (Spongilla), 53.
phillottiana (Trochospongilla), 4, 8, 9, 22, 64, ~117~.
Phylactolæmata, 185, 188, ~206~.
Plumatella, 188, 208, ~212~, 245.
PLUMATELLIDÆ, 188, ~211~.
Plumatellina, 188, ~206~.
PLUMATELLINÆ, 188, 211, ~212~.
plumosa (Dosilia), 8, 9, 22, 64, ~111~.
_plumosa_ (_Ephydatia_), 111.
_plumosa_ (_Meyenia_), 111.
_plumosa_ (_Spongilla_), 111.
pneumatica (Stratospongilla) (Spongilla), 241.
_polypus_ (_Hydra_), 148, 159.
Polyzoa, 183.
_princeps_ (_Plumatella_), 220.
_princeps_ var. _emarginata_ (_Plumatella_), 220.
_princeps_ var. _fruticosa_ (_Plumatella_), 217.
proliferens (Euspongilla) (Spongilla), 8, 9, 10.
proliferens (Spongilla), 4, 8, 22, 63, ~72~.
Proterospongia, 27.
_punctata_ (_Hyalinella_), 228.
punctata (Plumatella), 9, 188, ~227~.

_repens_ (_Plumatella_), 217, 223.
reticulata (Spongilla), 71.
_rhætica_ (_Hydra_), 158.
_robusta_ (_Ephydatia_), 109, 242.
_robusta_ (_Meyenia_), 242.
_roeselii_ (_Hydra_), 158.
ryderi (Microhydra), 141.

schilleriana (Sagartia), 2, 22, 140.
schilleriana _subsp_. exul (Sagartia), 22.
_sibirica_ (_Spongilla_), 95.
_sinensis_ (_Norodonia_), 202.
sinensis (Stratospongilla) (Spongilla), 53.
_socialis_ (_Hydra_), 158.
sowerbii (Limnocodium), 141.
Spongilla, 63, ~67~, 86, 241.
Spongilladæ, 65.
SPONGILLIDÆ, 65.
Stolella, 188, ~229~, 246.
Stolonifera, 185.
Stratospongilla, 63, ~100~, 241.
_stricta_ (_Plumatella_), 217.
subspinosa (Pectispongilla), 107.
sumatrana (Stratospongilla) (Spongilla), 53.

tanganyikæ (Limnocnida), 142.
tanganyikæ (Plumatella), 9, 23, 188, ~225~, 246.
Trachospongilla, 64, ~113~.
_Trachyspongilla_, 108.
travancorica (Euspongilla) (Spongilla), 9.
travancorica (Spongilla), 22, 63, ~81~.
_trembleyi_ (_Hydra_), 148.
Tubella, 64, 113, ~120~.

ultima (Spongilla), 22, 63, ~105~.
ultima (Stratospongilla) (Spongilla), 9.

VESICULARIDÆ, 189.
Vesicularina, 186, 187, ~189~.
_vesicularis_ (_Hyalinella_), 228.
_vesicularis_ (_Plumatella_), 227, 228.
vesparioides (Tubella), 8, 22, 64, ~120~.
vesparium (Tubella), 54.
vestita (Bimeria), 22, 139.
Victorella, 189, ~194~.
Victorellidæ, 191.
Victorellides, 191.
viridis (Hydra), 147.
_vitrea_ (_Hyalinella_), 228.
_vitrea_ (_Plumatella_), 227, 228.
vulgaris (Hydra), 4, 8, 9, 10, 22, 130, 146, ~148~, 149, 158.

whiteleggei (Cordylophora), 141.

yunnanensis (Euspongilla) (Spongilla), 53.

PLATE I.

SPECIMENS OF _Spongilla_ PRESERVED IN SPIRIT.

Figs. 1-3. _S. (Euspongilla) alba_ var. _bengalensis_ (nat.
size) from ponds of brackish water at Port Canning in the
delta of the Ganges. Fig. 1 represents the type-specimen of
the variety, and was taken in the winter of 1905-6. Figs. 2
and 3 represent specimens taken in the same ponds in the
winters of 1907 and 1908 respectively.

Fig. 4. _Spongilla_ sp. (? abnormal form of _S. (Eunapius
carteri_)) from an aquarium in Calcutta (× 10).

PLATE II.

PHOTOGRAPHS OF DRIED SPECIMENS OF _Spongilla_, _Tubella_, AND
_Corvospongilla_.

Fig. 1. Part of a large specimen of _S. (Eunapius) carteri_
from Calcutta, to show the conspicuous rounded oscula
(reduced).

Fig. 2. Gemmules of _S. (Stratospongilla) bombayensis_ on a
stone from the edge of Igatpuri Lake, Bombay Presidency
(nat. size).

Fig. 3. Part of one of the type-specimens of _S.
(Stratospongilla) ultima_ from Cape Comorin, Travancore, to
show the star-shaped oscula (slightly enlarged).

Fig. 4. Part of the type specimen of _T. vesparioides_
(external membrane destroyed), to show the reticulate
skeleton and the numerous gemmules (nat. size).

Fig. 5. Part of a schizotype of _C. burmanica_ to show the
elevated oscula (nat. size).

PLATE III.

PHOTOGRAPHS OF SPECIMENS OF _Plumatella_, _Lophopodella_, AND
_Pectinatella_.

Fig. 1. Specimen in spirit of _P. fruticosa_ (typical
form) on the leaf of a bulrush from a pond in the Calcutta
Zoological Gardens (nat. size).

Fig. 2. A small zoarium of the _benedeni_ phase of _P.
emarginata_ from Rangoon (nat. size). Part of the mass has
been removed at one end to show the structure. The specimen
was preserved in spirit.

Fig. 3. Part of a large zoarium of _P. diffusa_ on a log
of wood from Gangtok, Sikhim (nat. size). An enlarged figure
of another part of the same specimen is given in fig. 2, Pl.
IV. The specimen was preserved in spirit.

Figs. 4, 4 _a_. Specimens of _L. carteri_ from Igatpuri
Lake, Bombay, preserved in formalin. Fig. 4 represents a
mass of polyparia surrounded by a green gelatinous alga on
the stem of a water-plant; fig. 4_a_ an isolated polyparium
with the polypides fully expanded from the under surface of
a stone in the same lake. Both figures are of natural size.

Fig. 5. Part of a compound colony of _P. burmanica_ on
the stem of a reed from the Sur Lake, Orissa (nat. size,
preserved in formalin).

PLATE IV.

SPECIMENS OF _Plumatella_.

Fig. 1. Vertical branch of a polyparium of _P. emarginata_
from Calcutta, to show method of branching (× 8). The
specimen was preserved in formalin, stained with hæmalum,
and after dehydration and clearing, mounted in canada
balsam.

Fig. 1 _a._ Part of a young, horizontal zoarium of _P.
emarginata_ from Rangoon (× 4, preserved in spirit).

Fig. 2. Part of a zoarium of _P. diffusa_ from Gangtok,
Sikhim (× 4). See Pl. III, fig. 3.

Figs. 3, 3 _a._ Specimens in spirit of _P. allmani_ from
Bhim Tal (lake), W. Himalayas. Fig. 3 represents a mature
polyparium; fig. 3 _a_ a young polyparium to which the
valves of the statoblast (×) whence it had arisen are still
attached.

Fig. 4. Part of a zoarium of the _coralloides_ phase of _P.
fruticosa_ (from Calcutta) preserved in spirit, as seen on
the surface of the sponge in which it is embedded (× 3).

Fig. 5. Part of the margin of a living polyparium of _P.
punctata_ from Calcutta (× 8) with the polypides fully
expanded.

PLATE V.

SPECIMENS OF _Plumatella_, _Stolella_, AND _Pectinatella_.

Fig. 1. Part of a zoarium of the _coralloides_ phase of _P.
fruticosa_ (× 10) from Calcutta. The specimen, which was
preserved in spirit, had been removed from a sponge of
_Spongilla carteri_.

Fig. 2. Terminal branch of a polyparium of _P. punctata_
from Calcutta (× 30). The specimen was preserved in
formalin, stained with hæmatoxylin, and finally mounted in
canada balsam.

Fig. 3. Part of an adult polyparium of _S. indica_ from
the United Provinces (× 30). The specimen was preserved in
formalin, stained with hæmalum, and finally mounted in
canada balsam. The lower zooecium contains a mature free
statoblast, the upper one a fixed one.

Fig. 4. The growing point of a young polyparium of the
same species from Calcutta (× 30), to show the method of
formation of the stolon that connects the different groups
of zooecia. The specimen had been treated in the same way as
that represented in fig. 3.

Figs. 5, 5 _a_. Zoaria from a compound colony of _P.
burmanica_ from the Sur Lake, Orissa (× 2). The specimens,
which were preserved in formalin, are represented as seen
from the adherent surface of the colony.

* * * * *

Transcriber's note:

In the Systematic Index, sub-family items were renumbered from 15.
through 38., to correspond to the numbers used in the text of the
book.
Greek letters used as symbols are spelled out, e.g. alpha, beta, etc.
Letters missing or mis-typeset were inserted, e.g. 'practica ly' to
'practically'
Footnotes were moved after the paragraph to which they pertain.
Raised dots were replaced with decimal points in numeric notations.
Bold page numbers in the index are surrounded by tildes, e.g. ~76~.
Punctuation was standardized.
Added a description of a sketch contained within one line of text.

Other changes:
'recognzied' to 'recognized' ... be recognized....
'benegalensis' to 'bengalensis' ... lacustris var. bengalensis,...
'pecular' to 'peculiar' ... the peculiar amphipod ...
'milar' to 'similar' ... similar in the two ...
'large' to 'larger' ... a little larger than the upper ...
'pennsylvania' to 'pennsylvanica' ...Tubella pennsylvanica...
'variely' to 'variety' ... specimens of the variety ...
'measurments' to 'measurements' ... the average measurements ...
'It' to 'Its' ... Its buds, however, possessed ...
'dispsition' to 'disposition' ... 'Y-shaped disposition of ...
'Wood's Holl' to 'Wood's Hole' ... Biol. Bull. Wood's Hole,...
'1852' to '1851' at the end of the citation of Leidy's paper, to
match date at the beginning of the citation paragraph.
'syoecium' to 'synoecium' ...in a gelatinous synoecium...
'Lacustre' to lower case ...Ann. Biol. lacustre,...
'Dactyloccopsis' to 'Dactylococcopsis' ... Dactylococcopsis
pectinatellophila ...
'amphioxus' to 'amphioxous' ... amphistrongylous or amphioxous ...
'Trìda' and 'Trida' to 'Trída' for consistency ... Praze, Trída ...

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