Chapter XII: The National Research Council 349 (15)

The appeal of the National Research Council to the American universities and colleges in behalf of scientific research will not be like a voice in the wilderness. There never was so much enthusiasm for scientific research in the American colleges and universities as there is to-day. This enthusiasm will continually increase as time goes on, because many of the scientific workers in these institutions are gradually catching that enthusiasm during their term of office as members of the divisions of the National Research Council. Before very long most of these workers will have served as such members, because the election to membership is for a short term only, so that every scientist in the land who wishes to serve will get a chance to serve, and in this manner will become familiar with the aims and aspirations of the National Research Council. This rotational term of membership in the divisions of the Council is a splendid method of carrying on the educational propaganda, particularly among the younger scientists of the United States. Before very long the scientists associated by service in the Council will be like the soldiers of a great army of volunteers, each one of them believing in and ready to struggle for the same ideals, and all of them controlled by the same _esprit de corps_, which the world will soon recognize as the _esprit de corps_ of American science.

With regard to the Council’s second principal aim, described so well by Doctor Kellogg, I am happy to make the following comment: A distinguished lawyer, chairman of the board of directors of a large industrial corporation, which maintains a splendid industrial research laboratory, said in my presence recently that he thought every successful and prosperous industrial organization should set aside a goodly portion of its profits from new developments, made possible by scientific research, and turn it over to the universities, to enable them to pay better salaries to their professors and instructors in science and to increase their research facilities. He confessed frankly that the training in scientific research in the universities is the fountainhead from which success is derived in industrial research and development, and that without industrial research American industries will not gain and hold the leading position in the world to which they may rightfully aspire. What a splendid thing it is to hear a lawyer express an opinion which is in perfect harmony with the opinion of every scientific man in the United States! It has been this mental attitude on the part of the American philanthropists and public-spirited captains of industry like Carnegie, Rockefeller, Swasey, Eastman, and others which has helped us to accomplish wonders in scientific advancement during the last twenty-five years. It has been men of this type who have built research laboratories in the American universities and endowed them generously.

Of the many physical laboratories which have arisen in American universities through private munificence since the time when, fifty years ago, Joseph Henry, Barnard, Draper, Andrew White, and other American scientists started the great movement for higher research in science, there may be mentioned, as an illustration, the Johns Hopkins physical laboratory, the Jefferson laboratory at Harvard, the Sloan laboratory at Yale, the Fayerweather laboratory at Columbia, or the Ryerson laboratory at the University of Chicago. Similar research facilities in other departments of physical science have been presented to American universities by the public-spirited men of the United States. But nothing has illustrated so well the possibilities of intelligent public interest in and generosity to science as the rapid rise of organized American science in the last twenty-five years, culminating in the organization of the National Research Council.

To an untrained eye, necessarily looking at scientific things from a superficial view-point, the National Research Council will appear as a splendid institution organized as our third arm of national defense, an indispensable supplement to the Army and Navy. This conception is perfectly natural, because the time and the conditions which called the Council into existence during the World War were such as to demand immediate scientific efforts for national defense. Other somewhat similar organized efforts were made at that time, but those organizations disappeared into thin air as soon as the armistice of 1918 was signed. The National Research Council did not disappear; it is stronger to-day than ever before, because, although designed to be an effective weapon in times of war, it is fundamentally an instrument of peace. Another superficial view will reveal the National Research Council as a splendid organization for the cultivation of an intimate relationship between abstract science and the industries. This also is as it should be; national defense in its broadest sense demands such co-operation. But both these aspects of the Council, prominent aspects to the superficial observer, reveal only the purely material gains to accrue to this country from the Council’s activities. The anxious question will therefore be: What contributions will this organized scientific activity make to the spiritual welfare of the country?

There are people who think that science with all its splendid achievements is nevertheless materialistic, and that it cannot by itself, no matter how well organized, advance the spiritual welfare of a nation. Some even go so far as to maintain that national endeavors in the direction of very extensive scientific research and very elaborate scientific training are apt to interfere seriously with the spiritual development of our national life. This is particularly true of people who are stirred up, from time to time, by imaginary conflicts between science and religion. I may be permitted here to state briefly how science, as I see it cultivated by the men who are associated in the National Research Council, will contribute to the spiritual welfare of our nation by describing briefly some of its ideals.

Fifty years ago Tyndall, as I have already mentioned, came to America and helped to start the great scientific movement which has culminated in the organization of the National Research Council. At that time Andrew White, the famous president of Cornell, spoke the following historic words in behalf of this historic movement, which I have been watching since its very beginning, and actively aiding whenever an opportunity presented itself:

Now, sir, I maintain that the true spirit of the scientific
research, embracing as it does zeal in search for truth, devotion
to duty, which such a search imposes, faith in good, as the normal
and necessary result of such a search ... that such a spirit is,
at this moment, one of the most needed elements in the political
progress of our country.

What I maintain, then, is, that this zeal for truth as truth, this
faith in the good forever allied to the truth, this devotion to
duty, as the result of such faith and zeal, constitute probably the
most needed element at this moment in the political regeneration of
this country, and that, therefore, the example of our little army
of true devotees of science has an exceeding preciousness.

Their zeal, their devotion, their faith, furnish one of those very
protests which are most needed against that low tone of political
ideas which in its lower strata is political corruption. Their life
gives that very example of a high spirit, aim, and work, which the
time so greatly needs.

The aims and aspirations and the life of American scientists have not changed since Andrew White spoke these memorable words fifty years ago. A life guided by aims and aspirations such as he describes is a life of saints and not of ordinary materialistic clay. Such a life cannot be attained without unceasing nursing of the spirit and unrelenting suppression of the flesh. Men of Andrew White’s clearness of vision will certainly tell you not only that the disciplined army of American scientists mobilized under the flag of the National Research Council will not interfere with the spiritual development of our national life, but that, on the contrary, nothing else will advance that spiritual development so rapidly and so irresistibly. The intellectual and spiritual discipline which, according to White, our nation needs, is certainly one of the ideals of these men of science.

I shall mention now two other ideals. Just watch on some summer morning how the early rays of the sun arouse the slumbering rose from its blissful dreams, and remember that the rose responds because its body and soul are tuned to the melodies which the glorious sunlight is pouring into its enchanted ear. Remember also that what I have just described is not merely a flowery figure of speech, but that it is a concise description of a beautiful physical relationship, which science has discovered in the life of the rose. I proceed a step further, and ask: Have you ever feasted your joyful eye upon the beauties of the landscape when on a golden May day you behold the blossoming fruit-trees cover as far as your vision can reach the velvety green turf of the numerous orchards of some blessed countryside? What does each of these fruit-trees with its countless blossoms suggest to your imagination? “The honey-hearted fruit of the mellow summer season,” many of you will say. Yes, the blossom and the fruit are so far as the untutored mind can see the beginning and the end of the short chain of apparently commonplace events which make up the annually returning life activity of the humble fruit-tree. Who cares what happens between so beautiful a beginning and so satisfactory an end? The scientist cares; his trained eye detects here an enchanting tale. Every one of those fruit-trees on the golden May day appears to him like a bride arrayed in the gayest of wedding raiment, waiting for the approaching bridegroom. Its countless blossoms invite with longing lips the life-giving kiss of the heavenly groom, the glorious sun. The balmy breath of this golden bridegroom fills the air, kissing the lips of every flower in the gay and festive orchards, and in the juicy pastures and meadows. A heavenly thrill fills the hearts of these enamoured blossoms, when, with sighs of delicious perfume, they, like blushing brides, respond to the tender caresses of the heavenly bridegroom! Yes, there will be honey-hearted fruit in the mellow summer season; the busy bee knows it when it sucks its honey from the joyful bosoms of the blessed brides; it knows that this honey is the first message to you that the marriage between the heavenly bridegroom, the golden sun, and the terrestrial brides, the countless blossoms, will be blessed with many a heavenly offspring, the honey-hearted fruit of the mellow summer season.

This is, I admit, somewhat unusual language for a scientist to use. It is, according to the opinion of many, unsuited to the description of what people call the cold facts of science. They call them so, but is their language justified? The physical facts of science are not cold, unless your soul and your heart are cold. There is white heat somewhere in every physical fact when we decipher correctly the message which it conveys to us. A physical fact denotes activity, otherwise it could not penetrate the depths of our consciousness. Activity is life, in the broadest sense of this word. Death is cold, but life is hot, and it is gross abuse of language to speak of cold facts of science. It is such language that creates prejudice against science, representing its methods as well as its results as devoid of everything which fires the emotional side of man. Every physical fact has two terminals; one is in our consciousness, and the other is in some star which is rejoicing in the blazing vigor of its youth. Just as the life activity of the early blossoms, and of the honey-hearted fruit of the mellow summer season, has its origin in the life-giving breath of the heavenly bridegroom, the glorious sun, so every terrestrial activity, every physical fact, with one of its terminals anchored in our consciousness, can trace its origin to the life-giving breath of some heavenly bridegroom, some burning star. Just explore the path which leads from one of these terminals to the other, and you will discover on each side of that path those beauties which continually thrill the heart of a scientific man. Do that and you will never again speak of the cold facts of science.

Let me for illustration pursue one of these paths for a little distance. Fifty years ago, when as a member of a herdsman’s squad of boys I watched the stars on the black background of a summer midnight sky, I felt that their fight was a language proclaiming the glory of God.

Has science changed that vision of the early childhood days? What does that light convey to my mind to-day? The answer to this question was born during my lifetime, and the gradual unfolding of its profound meaning gave me the sweetest thrills of my life. Faraday and Maxwell told me that light is a manifestation of the activity of electrical force. The discovery of the Roentgen rays and of radioactivity taught me that the primordial sources of electrical force are the positive and the negative electrons, the electrons and the protons, the building stones of matter, and that light is radiation, that is, propagation into space of the electrical energy from the atomic structures in which the electrons with their motions determine the character of the structure and its energy content. Then came Thomson, the same Thomson who scared me away from Cambridge, because I thought that he was too young to be my teacher of physics, and he suggested that the electrons possess an inertial mass on account of the electrical energy which is stored up in them. This suggestion led to the generalization that all electrical energy has mass possessing not only inertia but also gravitational action. Who does not know to-day of this generalization, and who has not heard of Einstein and of his verified prophecy that a beam of light will be deflected by gravitational force? A beam of light represents electrical energy and electrical energy is gravitationally active just like any other mass considered by Newton. A star radiating light radiates electrical energy, and, therefore, it throws out to us a part of its own mass. When this radiation reaches us we can say, therefore, without indulging in figures of speech that the star is visiting us. I am not indulging in a flowery figure of speech when I call solar radiation the balmy breath of the heavenly bridegroom, the glorious sun.

Fifty years ago, instructed by David’s psalms, I found in the light of the stars a heavenly language which proclaims the glory of God, but I did not know how that language reached me, and I hoped that some day I might find out. That hope was in my soul when I landed at Castle Garden. To-day science tells me that the stars themselves bring it to me. Each burning star is a focus of energy, of life-giving activity, which it pours out lavishly into every direction of the energy-hungry space; it pours out the life of its own heart, in order to beget new life. Oh, what a beautiful vista that opens to our imagination, and what new beauties are disclosed by science in the meaning of the words in Genesis: “He breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul.” The light of the stars is a part of the life-giving breath of God. I never look now upon the starlit vault of the heaven without feeling this divine breath and its quickening action upon my soul. But here I must stop. I feel the heavy hand of the fundamentalist pulling me down, and the icy chill of his disapproving voice reminds me that his theology will not permit an interpretation of the words of Genesis which cannot be understood by people whose knowledge of science is about the same as that of the Assyrians and Chaldeans of several thousand years ago.

I have taken some pains here to point to some beauties in one particular department of physical science. Such beauties abound in every other department of science, and they are in no respect inferior to those which form the subject of the fine arts, like music, painting, sculpture, and poetry. To cultivate the beautiful in science, is, according to my view, the second ideal of the many loyal workers associated in the National Research Council. Will that kind of science interfere with the spiritual development of our national life?

The third ideal may be described as follows: All changeable things are subject to the play of evolution, and are mortal, from the tiny flower in the field to the awe-inspiring cloud figure in the heavens which is called the nebula of Orion. But the laws which the stars and the planets obey in their paths through the heavens never change nor grow old; they are immutable, they are immortal. The elements of the microcosm, the electrons in the atom, are as far as we know immutable and immortal, because man knows no natural process by which the electrons and the laws which they obey can ever be changed. They are not the product of any natural process of evolution known to man. To discover the immutable laws which this substantia, this immutable foundation of the universe, obeys is the highest aim of scientific research. The existence of these eternally unchangeable things brings us face to face with a power which is the eternally immovable background of all physical phenomena. We feel intuitively that science will never penetrate the mysteries beyond it, but our faith encourages us in the belief that there behind the impenetrable veil of this eternal background is the throne of a divine power, the soul of the physical world, the activity of which we contemplate in our research of physical phenomena. I am sure that many loyal members of the National Research Council believe that scientific research will bring us closer to this divinity than any theology invented by man ever did. The cultivation of this belief is certainly one of the ideals of American science, represented by the men who are associated in the National Research Council. In the face of this ideal, there certainly cannot be any conflict between science and religion.

I firmly believe that in the National Research Council we have an organization which represents the mobilized scientific intellect of the United States, which in the pursuit of its lofty ideals will some day succeed in creating in our democracy a profound respect for the services of the highly trained intellect. A democracy which believes that its destiny should be intrusted to the leadership of men of training, discipline, and lofty aspirations and knows how to secure the services of such men is a democracy which is safe for the world. Such a democracy, I believe, was the vision of the scientific men who, fifty years ago, started the great movement for higher endeavor. Such a democracy will lead some day to what I call ideal democracy, that is, a state organism in which each human unit contributes its definite share to the physical and mental activity of the organism. The relation of the individual to the social body in an ideal democracy, as I conceive it, will be very similar to the relation of our cells to our body. Activities of individuals will be coordinated, just as the activities of our cells are, so that one composite mind will guide the resultant activities of the whole social body. This is the mind which my friend, General J. J. Carty, the distinguished engineer and philosopher, calls the “supermind.” A well selected name, because it suggests the name “superman” for ideal democracy, and thus attaches to this somewhat vague concept of recent years a definite meaning. The general is a strong believer in the theory that by evolutionary steps we are gradually approaching the state of ideal democracy. He has lived some forty years in the most perfect industrial organization of the world, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, and, naturally, he cannot help being an ardent follower and enthusiastic advocate of the belief in the advent of ideal democracy. But is there anything in the history of the evolutionary progress of the world which justifies this comforting belief? I think there is.

The Greeks of old believed that the world started with chaos, and that out of the chaos came the cosmos. They were optimists, because in their theory coordination, order, and beauty were evolved out of hideous disorder. There are many pessimists to-day who prophesy the opposite course of development of this, in their opinion, most wicked world. Modern science confirms the ancient belief of the Greeks in a remarkable manner. Nothing else so resembles that chaotic start of the world which the ancients conceived as does the activity of a young star, because nothing more completely illustrates lack of order and coordination. Each one of its pulsating atoms is indifferent to the white-heat activity of the myriads of neighboring atoms, and each one of them pours out its energy in an unconcerned and most prodigal manner into the energy-hungry space. Consider our sun, as an illustration. Tiny energy units are projected from myriads and myriads of its atomic guns in haphazard fashion, apparently without any definite aim. These energy units are propagated through space in a perfectly chaotic fashion, without a definite object in view so far as science can tell. But their fate and destiny are fixed and determined as soon as they arrive on mother earth and are caught by the leaves, the blossoms, and the ripening fruit of the fields, meadows, and orchards, and by the endless nets of the all embracing oceans. The chaotic, non-coordinated energy-swarms are thus imprisoned and made to work together with a definite aim and for a definite purpose. The joys and beauties of our annual seasons will tell you the story of this wonderful transformation of primordial energy from the chaos of the young stars, white hot with joy of life, to the cosmos of the old, cold, and moribund earth. The principal lesson of this story is the great physical fact that terrestrial organisms have instrumentalities with which they coordinate the non-coordinated, thus bringing the order of old age out of the disorder of youth, final cosmos out of primordial chaos. Is not the existence of these instrumentalities the fundamental guiding principle in the development of terrestrial life? Does not all our experience teach us that progress means more complete coordination of all natural activities, the activities of the atoms in the burning stars as well as of the cells in our terrestrial bodies? Call this progress evolution, or anything else you please, it certainly is there, and it leads to a more beautiful and a more perfect order of things. The most nearly perfect product of these coordinating instrumentalities is man--after man, what? Yes, a superman; but what will that superman be? The present man, with his physical and mental faculties more highly developed?--or the superman as represented by what I call ideal democracy? Carty, guided by his life experience and by the opinion of some biologists and philosophers, favors the latter view. There certainly is something in the evolutionary progress of the world which favors the view that the coordinating instrumentalities which guide the activities of every organism, and which are very powerful in man, may enable us some day to find a way of coordinating the non-coordinated activities of the many millions of individuals of a great community like these United States, and thus of creating an ideal democracy. I see in the organization of the National Research Council the first step in that direction.

THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON

October 14, 1922.

My dear Doctor Pupin:

I accept with regret your resignation as a member of the National
Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. In doing so I want to express
to you the thanks of the Government and people of the United States
of your services as a member of the National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics since its organization in 1915.

I take this occasion to record recognition and appreciation
of the fact that, as Chairman of the Subcommittee on Aircraft
Communications, during the World War you undertook to develop a
reliable means of communication between aircraft in flight, and
that, by virtue of experiments conducted and directed in your own
laboratory, you were successful in contributing in an important
respect to the development of one of the great marvels of our age,
the radio telephone.

I regret that you cannot continue to devote your talents to the
scientific study of the problems of flight as a member of the
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

Most sincerely yours,
_Warren G. Harding_

Dr. Michael I. Pupin,
Columbia University,
New York City.

Ideal democracy, if attainable at all, will certainly be attainable in our country, whose traditions are gradually eliminating racial hatreds and suspicions and making them unknown human passions on this blessed continent. If I have ever contributed anything substantial to the progress of this splendid movement, whether as an immigrant or as an inventor, it has been most amply rewarded by the generous spirit of the letter on the opposite page, written by a man whom I had the honor of knowing personally and who to me always represented the ideal type of a genuine American.

* * * * *

These few concluding lines I wrote on the day when this good American breathed his last. His memory will always encourage us in the belief that our blessed country is destined to become the first ideal democracy of the world.

INDEX

Action and reaction in electricity, 296-299

Adams, John Crouch, 181

Adams, President, 315

Adelphi Academy, Brooklyn, 108-110, 120

Alexander the Liberator, Czar, 8, 9

Alhazan, 204

Alps, travels in, 146-150, 208

Alternating-current theory, 283-289, 294

American Association for the Advancement of Science, 291, 359

American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 283, 337, 348, 359-362

American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, 359

_American Journal of Science_, 299

American Mathematical Society, 352

American Philosophical Society, 363

American Physical Society, 351-353, 358, 360

American scientific progress, 279-384 _et passim_

American Society of Civil Engineers, 359

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 359, 364

American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 335, 338-340, 342, 345, 384

Americanization, 318 _et passim_

Ames, Joseph Sweetman, 256

Ampère, 187, 257

Appel, 257

Arago, 257

Archimedes, 193, 194, 221

Aristides, 92

Aristotle, 20

Armour & Co., 344

Armstrong, Major E. H., 19, 342, 358

Armstrong, Hamilton Fish, 316

Arran (island), 212-217

Aspern (battle), 6

_Astronomy and Astrophysics_, 293

Atomic structure, 356, 357, 384-386. _See also_ Matter, nature of,
_and_ Electrons

Bacon, Roger, 204

Bagpiper, Serbian, 19 _et passim_

Baker’s wagon, painting of, 62, 63

Banat, life and experiences in, 2-22, 95, 96, 152, 157-166, 324, 346

Barnard, President, of Columbia University, 104, 128, 135, 183, 185,
197, 199-202, 205, 220, 230, 278, 290, 291, 320, 375

Barrett, Lawrence, 89

Batikin, Baba, 6-8, 12, 29, 46, 112, 131

Becquerel, 350

Beecher, Doctor Henry Ward, 105-108, 124, 129, 136, 156, 163

Belgrade, experiences in, 153, 162

Belgrade University, 317

Bell, Alexander Graham, 299, 300, 319

Berlin, experiences and study in, 229-278, 309, 318, 338

Berlin, studies at University of, 229-278, 318, 338

Bessemer process, 259

_Bible, The_, 10, 18, 20, 21, 67, 243, 245, 246, 381, 382

Bilharz, 85-95, 100-104, 106, 108, 112, 113, 130, 131, 140, 247, 318

Biscuit factory experiences, 72-76, 78-95

Bismarck, 247, 253, 261, 275

Booth, Edwin, 89, 129

Bowery Mission, 66, 67, 84

Bradley, 285

Brown (New Jersey farmer), 66-68

Browning, Oscar, 143, 171-173

Bryant, William Cullen, 89, 93, 102

Budapest experiences, 25, 30, 150-152, 155, 162

Bukovala’s mill, 168, 169, 243

Bull, Doctor, 307

Burgess, Professor, 128, 135

Butler, Prescott Hall, 307, 308

Butler, President Nicholas Murray, 60

Cambridge University, 143-146, 156, 164, 169-187, 190-211, 309, 318,
321, 338, 349, 381

Campbell, 187, 211, 213, 228

Canal rays, 304

Cane rush, Columbia, 114, 117, 118

Carnegie, Andrew, 259, 360-365, 375

Carnegie Corporation of New York, 371

Carnegie Institution of Washington, 362, 366

Carnot, Sadi, 186, 193

Carter, Mr. (of Norfolk), 328

Carty, General J. J., 384, 387

Castle Garden, 1, 2, 39-41, 43, 45, 98, 99, 104, 105, 142, 148,
278 _et passim_

Cathode rays, 304, 305 _et passim_

Cavendish, Lord, 273

Cavendish Physics Laboratory, 183, 198, 199, 273

Cayley, 192

Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia, 78

Century Club, 308

Chanler, John Armstrong, 135

Charnoyevich, Patriarch, 3, 4

Chicago University, 376

Choate, Joseph, 288

Christian of West Street, 60-64, 72, 73, 80, 92, 104, 247

Christopher (kindling-wood peddler), 111, 117

Chuchuk Stana, 54, 55

Church in Delaware City, 52;
in Brooklyn, 105-107

Cicero, 112

Civil War, United States, 315, 360, 366

Clark, Latimer, 361, 362

Columbia College and University, 98-110, 112-123, 125-130, 132-137,
145, 160, 161, 197-199, 201, 202, 218, 276-310, 320-322, 326, 331,
352, 359, 361, 376 _et passim_

Cooper, Peter, 77, 319

Cooper Union, 64-66, 73, 75-80, 95, 98, 130, 132, 319

Copernicus, 195

Cornell University, 377

Corrie, summer at, 212-217

Cortlandt Street cracker factory, 72-76, 78-95

Coulomb’s law, 227, 228

Cracker-factory experiences, 72-76, 78-95

Crawford, F. Marion, 125, 143

Crocker, Professor Francis Bacon, 273, 279-282, 285, 286, 302, 310

Crookes, William, 303

Curie, Madame, 350

Custozza (battle), 7, 9

Danube, journey on, 23-25

Darboux, 257

Darwin, 91, 195

Davy, 202

Dayton, New Jersey, farm experiences, 66-68

Declaration of Independence, 56, 75, 76, 78, 79, 98, 103, 153, 163

De Forest, Lee, 342, 358

Delaware farm experiences, 45-56

Democracy, 383-387

De Morgan, Professor, 176

Dennis, Doctor Frederick Shepard, 323-324

Dernburg, 69

de Tocqueville, 203, 204, 256, 319, 320

Devonshire, Duke of, 273

DeWitt, 121

Dindorf (philologist), 131

Direct current theory, 283-289

Discharge of electricity in corona form, 293

Distortions in alternating current, 294

Draper, Doctor John William, 122, 202, 290, 291, 320, 375

Duncan, Doctor Louis, 289

Dunn, Gano, 292, 367, 368

Eastman, George, 375

Eastman Kodak Company, 341

Ebert, 293

Edison, Thomas, 135, 299, 307, 309, 319

Edison General Electric Company, 287, 289

Eilers (of cracker factory), 72

Einstein, 354-356

Electrical Congress, Chicago, 287, 289

Electrical Engineering Department, Columbia, 276-310

_Electrical Researches_ (Faraday), 211, 213, 222-229

Electricity, _passim_

_Electricity_, 308, 309

Electromagnetic Induction, 133, 134

Electromagnetic theory of light and matter, 211, 218-229, 236-241,
264-271, 278, 293-295, 303-306, 349-351, 354-358

Electron Physics, 353-358

Electrons, 349-352, 356, 357, 381

Emmet, Devereux, 119

Engineering Foundation, 365-368

English, study of, 50, 55, 88

Ericsson, 78

Ether, 354, 355

Eugene of Savoy, Prince, 5

Evarts, William, 93

_Evening Post_, New York, 93

Evolution, 384-387

Ewing, General Thomas, 102

_Experimental Researches in Electricity_ (Faraday), 211, 213, 222-229

Farad (electrical unit), 273

Faraday, Michael, 133-135, 193, 195, 199, 202, 205, 210-213, 215,
219-230, 233-241, 243, 245, 246, 249, 264, 267, 268, 270-274, 278,
281, 284, 303, 305, 306, 349, 351, 380

_Faraday as Discoverer_ (Tyndall), 235

Fayerweather Laboratory, 376

Fehispan, governor of Torontal, 161-164

Fish, Frederick P., 340

Fiske, 352

Fizeau, 257

Fluorescent screens, 307, 309

Foucault, 257

Fourier, 257

France, summer in, 187-189;
visit to, 257, 258, 262

Francis, Emperor, 5

Francis Joseph, Emperor, 9, 22

Franklin, Benjamin, 12, 13, 19, 29, 39, 45, 57, 74, 105, 124, 193,
202, 266, 312, 315, 360

Franklin Institute, 348

Fred (friend of Jim the engineer), 83

Frederick, Crown Prince, 233, 275

Frederick the Great, 5-7

French scientific progress, 257, 262

Fresnel, 204, 257

Frushka Gora (mountain), 24

Gabriel, son of Milutin, 165-169

Gaenserndorf, 25, 26, 28

Galileo, 193-195, 221, 297, 333

Gallatin, Albert R., 296

Garibaldi, 8, 9

Geltner, Professor, 275

General Electric Company, 289, 341, 358

General Relativity Theory, 355

Generators, electrical, 281, 282

Germans, 30, 31, 35;
social democracy, 89;
scientific progress, 208, 256-264 _et passim_

Germany, studies in, 229-278, 318, 338

Gessler, 147

Ghiga (peasant), 161

Gibbons, Cardinal, 59, 60

Gibbs, Professor Josiah Willard, 184, 186, 207, 256, 257, 277, 278

Godfather of author, 160

Goethe, 86

Goldstein, Doctor, 303-305

Goodyear, 319

Graduation from Columbia, 136, 137

Grant, 79

Gravitation, nature of, 354

Green, Mr. (of Marconi Co.), 343-345

Grounding, importance of electrical, 301, 302

Hale, Doctor George Ellery, 294, 362, 367, 368

Hamilton, Alexander, 100, 101, 103, 107, 118, 121, 128, 193, 315

Hamilton, Duke of, 212

Hamilton Hall, Columbia University, 100, 101

Harding, President Warren G., 386, 387

Harvard University, 256, 376

Hayduk Velyko, 6, 54, 55

Hayes, 91, 93

Heat, nature of, 76, 185, 186

_Heat as a Mode of Motion_ (Tyndall), 102

Heaviside, 333-335

Hebert Prize of French Academy, 348

Helmholtz, Hermann von, 193, 195, 200, 208, 210, 218, 225, 230-243,
248, 249, 251, 256-258, 260-264, 271, 275, 277, 287, 289, 294, 295,
298, 299, 303-305, 341, 344

Henry (electrical unit), 273

Henry, Frank, 114, 115

Henry, Joseph, 77, 183, 201, 202, 205, 220, 266, 271-274, 284, 290,
291, 319, 320, 358, 366, 375

Henry, Patrick, 88

Herdsman, experiences in Idvor as, 14-21, 301, 302, 333, 334

Hermite, 257

Herschel, William, 202

Hertz, Doctor Heinrich, 219, 221, 228, 263-272, 301, 305

Hertzian oscillator, 265-270

Hilendar (monastery), 70

Hittorf, 303

Hoffman, 263

Hohenzollern, William, 112

Homer, 86, 112, 130, 131

Hook, 334

Hoover, Herbert, 314

Horace, 87

Horse training in Norfolk, 324-326

Howe, 77

Hunt, Robert, 102, 130

Huss, Yan, 33

Hutchinson, Doctor Cary T., 337

Huxley, 91

Idealism in American science, 311-384

Idvor, life and experiences in, 2-22, 34, 36, 138-143, 156-169,
189-191, 215, 242-248, 301, 302, 346

Inductance coils, 335-342, 345

Induction, Electromagnetic, 133, 134

Jackson, A. V. Williams, 275, 276

Jacoby, 352

Jay, John, 100, 101, 103, 107, 121, 143, 315

Jefferson, Thomas, 74, 315

Jefferson physical laboratory, Harvard, 256, 376

Jim (boiler-room engineer), 74-76, 78-85, 92, 95, 104, 106, 108,
130, 193

Johns Hopkins University, 59, 60, 183, 184, 198, 199, 288-292, 376

Karageorge, 6-9

Karlovci, 23, 24, 26, 30, 57, 68, 77, 97, 153-155, 162

Kellogg, Doctor Vernon, 373, 375

Kelvin, Lord (Sir William Thomson), 182, 183, 266, 287, 304, 332, 333,
335, 338, 363

Kepler, 204

Kessedjia, Moussa, 115

Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert, 204, 233, 258, 261, 263, 332, 333, 335, 338

Koenig, Professor Arthur, 230-232, 234, 235, 240, 241, 248, 249

Kos (Slovenian teacher), 19-21, 32, 76, 95, 241, 244, 266, 312

Kossovo (battle), 7, 54

Kossuth, 163

Krupp, 259

Labor Bureau, Castle Garden, 40, 41

La Grange, 187, 189, 190, 193, 194, 204, 206, 207, 210, 213, 257, 330,
331, 335, 338, 339, 348

Lansing, Robert, 2

Laplace, 187, 257

Lectures given for laboratory equipment, 280, 281

Lenard, Professor, 305

Leopold I, Emperor, 3, 4

_Life of Maxwell_ (Campbell), 187

Light, nature of, 19-21, 133, 144, 166, 171, 201, 202, 211, 218-221,
240, 244, 271

Lincoln, Abraham, 8, 9, 29, 39, 55,
74, 79, 92, 105, 107, 193, 315, 319, 360, 366, 372

Lines of force, 226-230, 236-240, 265-271

Ling (of King’s College choir), 172

Lippmann, 257

Livingston, Chancellor, 100, 101, 103, 107, 121, 137

Longfellow, Henry W., 87, 102, 149

Lorentz, Professor, 355

Low, President, 307, 331

Lucerne experiences, 146-150

Lukanitch family, 95-99, 105, 106, 116, 136

Lyermontoff (poet), 18

Lyubomir, 168

Macmillan homestead, Corrie, 216, 217

Macnamara, Jane, 82, 86

Madge of Corrie, 213, 214, 216

Magnetism, 218-229

Marconi, 301, 302

Marconi Company of America, 343-345, 347

Maria Theresa, Empress, 5

Marko, Prince, 8, 9, 29, 46, 54, 55, 115, 195

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 359

Matter, nature of, 218-221, 354. _See also_ Electrons, Atomic
structure, etc.

_Matter and Motion_ (Maxwell), 179, 185, 193

Maxwell, James Clerk, 133-135, 144, 145, 153, 166, 171, 174-176,
179-181, 183-187, 190, 193-195, 197, 198, 200, 201, 204, 206, 208,
210-214, 217-222, 229, 234-243, 249, 256, 264, 267, 270-274, 278,
284, 303, 305, 306, 320, 321, 350, 352, 380

Mayo-Smith, Professor Richmond, 128

McCormick, 77, 319

McCullough, John, 89

_Méchanique Analytique_ (La Grange), 189, 193

“Men of Progress” (painting), 77, 78, 130, 319

Merriam, Professor, 128, 131, 134, 135, 143

Michael (college janitor), 114

Michelson, 354, 355

Miletich, Svetozar, 21, 22

Milton, 102

Moltke, 253, 261, 262, 275

Momentum in electricity, 297, 298

Morley, 354, 355

Morse, 77, 319

Motion, electric (in rarefied gases), 303-306

Moula Pasha, 6

Mount Wilson Astronomical Observatory, 294, 362, 367

Mueller (glass-blower), 303, 304

Napoleon, 5-7

Nassau Hall, Princeton, 69, 72, 84, 87, 88, 99, 101, 103

National Academy of Sciences, 205, 272, 360, 366, 367, 369

National Institute of Social Sciences, 339, 348

National Research Council, 317, 366-383, 387

Naturalization, 136, 137

_Nature_, 192, 200, 201, 205, 206, 208, 221, 236

Nemanya, Zhupan, 10

“Neptune, Father,” 139-142

Nettleton, Mr. (of Norfolk), 327-329

New England Cracker Factory, 72-76, 78-95

New Physics, 349, 353-358

New York, landing in, 37-42

New York Academy of Sciences, 309

New York Mathematical Society, 352

New York Rapid Transit Commission, 289

Newton, 174, 177, 179, 180, 186, 193-196, 204, 210, 211, 221, 225,
282, 283, 296, 334, 381

Niagara Falls Power and Construction Company, 287, 288

Nikola (Serbian cigarette seller), 252-254, 258, 274-276

Niven, W. D., 143-146, 156, 171, 174-176, 178, 180, 181, 186, 197, 240

Norfolk, Conn., life at, 322-329

Nyegosh, Bishop (poet), 20, 68, 112

Octagon class, 119, 121

Oerstedt, 221, 224

Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 71

Oscillator, Hertzian, 265-270, 301, 302

Oxen herding in Idvor, 14-21, 301, 302, 333, 334

Palacky, 31-33

Panchevo, experiences in, 12, 20-24, 29, 31, 35, 154-156, 163, 312-318

Paris peace conference, 2, 312, 314, 315

Parkinson, Stephen, 182, 183

Parsons, William Barclay, 286

Pashitch, Premier, 312

Paul (of the cracker factory), 79, 80

Penn, William, 45, 57

Perrin, 349

Philadelphia, early experiences in, 56, 57

Phonograph, 299, 300

Physical Society, Berlin, 263-271

Physics, New and Electron, 349, 353-358

Pickernell, Mr., 335

Planck, 261, 277

_Plea for Pure Science, A_ (Rowland), 291

Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, 105-108, 129

_Poetry of Science, The_ (Hunt), 102

Poincaré, 257

Pornic, vacation in, 187-189

Power distribution, electrical, 289

_Practical Aspects of the Alternating Current Theory_ (Pupin),
lecture, 283, 284

Prague, experiences in, 21-35, 163, 164, 248

Preceptorial system in college, 326

Princeton University, 69-72, 84, 87, 101, 143, 272, 316, 326

Privilegia (document), 4, 5, 9

Problems of physical universe, 354

Prussians, 247-255. _See also_ Germans

Pupin coil, 335-342, 345

Pupin, Constantine (father of author), 2, 21-23, 34, 158

Pupin, Mrs. Michael, 276-278, 292, 310, 322, 330-332

Pupin, Olympiada (mother of author), 2, 10-12, 22, 23, 34, 157-160,
168, 169, 190, 191, 215, 242-246, 249-251, 255

Pyne, Moses Taylor, 69

Radichevich, Branko, 154

Radio, 295-299, 303, 342, 343, 357, 358

Radioactivity, 350, 351, 381

Radium, 350

Rayleigh, Lord, 144, 175, 176, 181, 184, 197, 213, 240, 330, 352

Regnault, 182

Relativity theories, 355

Research, progress of America in, 279-384

Resonance, 295-299

Resonators, electrical, 295-301

Reymond, DuBois, 258, 263

Rieger, 31-33

Rittenhouse, 202

Rives, George, 143

Rives, Reginald, 326

Rockefeller, John D., 375

Rockefeller Foundation, 371

Rockefeller General Education Board, 371

Roentgen, 305, 306, 349, 350

Roentgen rays, 302, 303, 305, 329, 349, 380. _See also_ X-rays

Rood, Professor, 133, 134, 199

Routh, Doctor John Edward, 174-180, 182, 185-187, 189, 197, 213

Rowland, Henry Augustus, 183, 184, 256, 287-292, 295, 298, 299,
352-354, 357, 358

Royal Serbian Academy, 317

Rumford, Count (Benjamin Thompson), 202, 218

Rutherford, Sir Ernest, 352, 353

Rutherford Park, N. J., summer at, 111-113

Rutherfurd, Lewis, 122

Rutherfurd, Lewis Morris, 122-129, 133-135, 144

Rutherfurd, Winthrop, 122-126, 144

Ryerson Laboratory, 376

St. Sava, 10-12, 33, 35, 68, 70, 77, 141, 158, 250

School life in Idvor, 10-12;
in Panchevo, 12

_Science_, 309

_Scientific American_, 74

Scientific progress and research, 202-206, 218-230, 256-264, 279-310,
311-384 _et passim_

Scientific research, American progress in, 279-310

Scientific research and the universities, 341-343, 358-360, 375, 376

Scotland, summer in, 212-217

Serbian Child Welfare Association of America, 312

Serbs, 1-28, 151-168 _et passim_

Shakespeare, 86, 89, 129

Shepard, Doctor Charles, 108-111, 136

Siemens, Ernst Werner von, 260, 275, 289, 344

Siemens and Halske, 344, 345

Signalling by herdsmen of Idvor, 15-21, 301, 302, 333, 334

Sing Sing prison, 284, 287

Singers, Serbian, 155

Sloan Laboratory, 376

Smith, Professor Monroe, 128

Smithsonian Institution, 272

Snellius, 204

Sobiesky, King, 3

Solar corona, 293

Solar phenomena, electromagnetic theory of, 293, 294

Sorbonne, the, 257

Sound, early herdsman’s experiments, 15-21, 301, 302;
transmission, 333

South St. Mary, Md., 58

Special Relativity Theory, 355

Sprague, Frank J., 287

Steel industry, German, 259

Stillwell, Lewis B., 287

Stokes, Sir George Gabriel, 175, 181, 192, 197, 204, 213, 240

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 39, 105

Strazhilovo, Will, 162

Subways, 289

_Summary and Conclusions_ (Tyndall), 204-208

_Sun_, New York, 74, 93, 94

Swasey, Ambrose, 363-365, 368, 369, 375

Swift Company, 344

Switzerland, experiences in, 146-150, 208, 330, 331

Telegraphy, 234, 300, 347, 348

Telephony, 299, 300, 331-342, 345-348

Tell, William, 147

_Tendencies of Modern Electrical Research_ (Pupin), 309

Tesla, 285

_Theory of Heat_ (Maxwell), 185, 193

Theses for doctor’s degree, 277

Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist, 259, 260

Thompson, Benjamin (Count Rumford), 202, 218

Thomson, Elihu, 284, 286, 287, 289

Thomson-Houston Company, 287, 289

Thomson, Sir John Joseph, 198, 292, 293, 306, 349, 350, 352, 356, 381

Thomson, Sir William (Lord Kelvin), 182, 183, 266, 287, 304, 332, 333,
335, 338, 363

Tilden, 91

Tilton, 105

Tolstoy, 152

Traction, electrical, 286, 287

Traditions, 104, 105, 120, 121

_Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers_, 299

Transmission and motion of electricity, 287, 303-306

_Tribune_, New York, 91

Tuning, electrical, 19, 295-299. _See also_ Radio

Tyndall, John, 102, 130, 132, 186, 199-213, 220-222, 230, 235, 236,
240, 283, 291, 321, 351, 377

Tyndall Fellowship, 199, 209

_Uncle Tom’s Cabin_ (Stowe), 29, 39, 105, 156

United Engineering Society, 361-365

Vacuum tubes, 303-306, 349, 357, 358

Van Amringe, Professor Howard, 128, 352

_Van Nostrand Magazine_, 179

Vaschy, 333-335

Velocity, electrical, 234

Vibratory motion, transmission of, 330-338

Vienna experiences, 97, 150-152, 154, 155

“Vila” of Delaware farm, 47-58, 80, 88

Vila Raviyoyla, 195

Vitellio, 204

Vreeland, Mr. (inventor of oscillator), 19

War, World, 312, 315, 316, 333, 334, 344, 359, 360, 366, 369-371, 376

Warner, Mr., 364

Warner and Swasey shops, 364

Washington, George, 54, 55, 100, 137, 193, 315, 372

Washington, Martha, 54

Watt, James, 75

Webster, Arthur Gordon, 255-257, 308

Webster, Daniel, 88, 315

Webster, Professor at Adelphi Academy, 108, 109

Welch, Professor William, 184

Western Electric Company, 340, 358

Westinghouse Company, 284, 341

_Westphalia_ (ship), 35-39, 138

Wheeler, Doctor Schuyler Skaats, 361

White, Andrew D., 203, 220, 274, 320, 375, 377, 378

Widener, Mr., 326

William I, Emperor, 252, 275

Wilson, President Woodrow, 2, 71, 313-315, 367, 369, 370

“Wilson Day” in Panchevo, 312-318

Wireless, 295-299, 303, 342, 343, 357, 358

_Worcester Gazette_, 308

World War, 312, 315, 316, 333, 334, 344, 359, 360, 366, 369-371, 376

X-rays, 305-310, 330, 332, 350, 351. _See also_ Roentgen rays

Yale University, 184, 185, 376

Yevrosima (mother of Prince Marko), 54, 195

Youmans, 320

Young, Professor Charles A., 293

Young, Thomas, 204

Zhivkovich, Protoyeray, 20, 22, 31, 32, 156, 316

Zhizhka (general), 33

Transcriber’s Note:

Punctuation has been standardised. Spelling and variations in hyphenation have been retained as they appeared in the original publication except as follows:

Page 22
Zivkovich came to my defense _changed to_
Zhivkovich came to my defense

Page 96
and a a big tear threatened _changed to_
and a big tear threatened

Page 257
Hermite, Darboux, Appell, Lippmann, _changed to_
Hermite, Darboux, Appel, Lippmann,

Page 308
adressed a letter to the _changed to_
addressed a letter to the

Page 337
communication to the Amercian Institute _changed to_
communication to the American Institute