Chapter XVI: Part 16

Relation of their position with their general uses.—External forms of the body and the extremities.—Internal forms.—Medullary canal.—Its situation, extent and form.—Its use.—It disappears in the first periods of callus.—It is shorter in proportion in childhood. 144

II. _Of the Flat Bones._

Relations of their situation and external forms with the general use of forming the cavities.—Internal forms. 147

III. _Of the Short Bones._

Position.—Internal and external forms.—General uses. 149

IV. _Of the Bony Eminences._

Their division into those, 1st, of articulation; 2d, of insertion; 3d, of reflection; 4th, of impression.—Remarks upon each of these divisions.—Relations of the second with the muscular force.—How these last are formed. 150

V. _Of the Osseous Cavities._

Their division into those, 1st, of insertion; 2d, of reception; 3d, of sliding; 4th, of impression; 5th, of transmission; 6th, of nutrition.—Particular remarks upon each division.—Of the three kinds of canals of nutrition. 153

ARTICLE SECOND.

ORGANIZATION OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM.

I. _Texture Peculiar to the Osseous System._

Common division of this texture.

_Texture with cells._—How it is formed.—When it is formed.—Of the cells and their communications.—Experiments. 156

_Compact texture._—Arrangement of its fibres.—Their formation.—Experiments to ascertain their direction.—The osseous layers do not exist.—Proofs.—Influence of rickets upon the compact texture. 158

_Arrangement of the two osseous textures in the three kinds of Bones._—Arrangement of the compact texture.—Two kinds of texture with cells in the long bones.—Proportion of the common texture with cells and the compact texture in the short and broad bones.—The same proportion examined in the cavities and the osseous eminences. 161

_Of the composition of the osseous texture._—There are two principal bases.—Of the saline calcareous substance.—Experiments.—Nature of this substance.—Experiments to ascertain the gelatinous substance.—Different relations of each of these substances with vitality. 164

II. _Common Parts which enter into the organization of the Osseous System._

Three orders of blood vessels.—Arrangement of each.—Experiments.—Proportions according to age.—Communication.—Proofs of the existence of the cellular texture. 167

ARTICLE THIRD.

PROPERTIES OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM.

I. _Physical Properties._

Elasticity.—It is in the inverse ratio of the age. 171

II. _Properties of Texture._

Different examples of contractility and extensibility.—Characters of these properties. 171

III. _Vital Properties._

They are obscure. 173

_Characters of these properties._—Slowness of their development.—Their influence upon diseases. 174

_Sympathies._—Their character is always chronic.—General remark upon sympathies. 175

_Seat of the vital properties._—They are not seated in the calcareous substance.—They exist only in the gelatinous.—Experiment which proves it. 177

ARTICLE FOURTH.

OF THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM.

I. _Division of the Articulations._

_Moveable Articulations.—Observations upon their Motions._—1st. Opposition; it is extensive or confined.—2d. Circumduction; a motion composed of all those of opposition.—3d. Rotation; a motion upon the axis.—4th. Sliding. 180

_Immoveable articulations._—They are on surfaces in juxta-position, inserted into each other or implanted. 182

_Table of the Articulations._ 183

II. _Observations upon the Moveable Articulations._

_First genus._—Situation.—Form of the surfaces.—Rotation and circumduction are inversely in the humerus and the femur.—Why. 184

_Second genus._—Form of the surfaces.—Motions. 186

_Third genus._—Diminution of the motions.—Direction in which they take place. 187

_Fourth genus._—Motions still less. 189

_Fifth genus._—Remarkable obscurity of the motions. 190

III. _Observations upon the Immoveable Articulations._

Situation, forms of each order.—Relation of the structure to the uses. 191

IV. _Of the means of Union between the Articular Surfaces._

_Union of the immoveable Articulations._—Cartilages of union. 193

_Union of moveable articulations._—Ligaments and muscles considered as articular bands. 194

ARTICLE FIFTH.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM.

Remarks. 195

I. _State of the Osseous System during Growth._

_Mucous State._—What should be understood by it. 195

_Cartilaginous State._—Period and mode of its development.—Of this state in the broad bones. 197

_Osseous State._—Its phenomena.—Its period. 198

_Progress of the osseous state in the long bones_; 1st, in the middle; 2d, in the extremities. 200

_Progress of the osseous state in the broad bones._—Varieties according to the bones.—Formation of the ossa wormiana. _ib._

_Progress of the osseous state in the short bones._ 202

II. _State of the Osseous System after its Growth._

Increase in thickness.—Composition and decomposition after the termination of growth in thickness.—Experiments.—State of the bones in old age. 203

III. _Peculiar Phenomena of the Development of the Callus._

1st. Fleshy granulations.—2d. Adhesions of these granulations.—3d. Exhalation of gelatine and then of phosphate of lime. 206

IV. _Peculiar Phenomena of the Development of the Teeth._

_Organization of the teeth.—Hard portion of the teeth._—Enamel.—Experiment which distinguishes it from bone.—Its thickness.—Its nature.—Reflections upon its organization.—Osseous portion.—Its form.—Cavity of the tooth. 209

_Soft portion of the tooth._—Its spongy nature.—Its acute sensibility.—Remarks upon its different sympathies. 211

_First dentition considered before cutting._—Follicle.—Membrane of this follicle analogous to the serous membranes.—Albuminous nature of the fluid which lubricates it.—Mode of development of the osseous tooth upon the follicle.—Number of the first teeth. 213

_First dentition considered at the period of cutting._—Mode of cutting.—Accidents.—Their causes. 216

_Second dentition considered before cutting._—Formation of the second follicle. 217

_Second dentition considered at the period of cutting._—Fall of the first teeth.—Appearance of the second.

_Phenomena subsequent to the cutting of the second teeth._—Growth in length and thickness.—Fall of the teeth earlier than the death of the bones.—Why.—State of the jaws after the fall of the teeth. 219

V. _Particular Phenomena of the Development of the Sesamoid Bones._

_General arrangement of the sesamoid bones._—Situation.—Forms. 221

_Fibro-cartilaginous state.—Osseous state._—Phenomena of the patella.—Use of the sesamoid bones. 222

MEDULLARY SYSTEM.

Division of this system. 225

ARTICLE FIRST.

MEDULLARY SYSTEM OF THE FLAT AND SHORT BONES, AND THE EXTREMITIES OF THE LONG ONES.

I. _Origin and Conformation._

It is an expansion of the vessels of the second order. 225

II. _Organization._

There is no medullary membrane.—Vascular interlacing. 226

III. _Properties._

There are only organic ones.—Experiments. 227

IV. _Development._

There is no medullary oil in infancy.—Proofs.—Experiments. 227

ARTICLE SECOND.

MEDULLARY SYSTEM OF THE MIDDLE OF THE LONG BONES.

I. _Conformation._

It is like the cellular. 229

II. _Organization._

The medullary membrane is not an expansion of the periosteum.—Its vessels. 230

III. _Properties._

Properties of texture.—Vital properties.—Animal sensibility.—Vitality more active than in the bones. 231

IV. _Development._

How the medullary membrane is formed.—The marrow of the infant is wholly different from that of the adult.—Proofs. 233

_Functions._—The marrow is exhaled.—Its alterations.—Its relations with the nutrition of the bone.—Necrosis.—The marrow is foreign to the synovia. 234

CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.

What must be understood by cartilage. 237

ARTICLE FIRST.

OF THE FORMS OF THE CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.

I. _Forms of the Cartilages of the Moveable Articulations._

Internal and external surfaces.—Relations of the two corresponding cartilages.—Peculiar characters of these cartilages in each kind of moveable articulations. 238

II. _Forms of the Cartilages of the Immoveable Articulations._ 241

III. _Forms of the Cartilages of the Cavities._ 242

ARTICLE SECOND.

ORGANIZATION OF THE CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.

I. _Texture peculiar to the Cartilaginous System._

Fibres.—Remarkable resistance of the cartilaginous texture to putrefaction, maceration, &c.—Stewing and desiccation of this texture.—Its various alterations. 243

II. _Parts common to the Organization of the Cartilaginous Texture._

Cellular texture.—Means of seeing it.—Absence of blood vessels.—White vessels.—Their colour in jaundice. 245

ARTICLE THIRD.

PROPERTIES OF THE CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.

I. _Physical Properties._

Elasticity.—It appears to be owing to the superabundance of gelatine.—Proofs. 247

II. _Properties of Texture._

They are very obscure. 248

III. _Vital Properties._

They are inconsiderable, as well as the sympathies. 249

_Character of the Vital Properties._—All the phenomena over which they preside have a chronic progress.—General observations upon the reunion of the parts. 250

ARTICLE FOURTH.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.

I. _State of the Cartilaginous System in the First Age._

Predominance of gelatine in the early periods.—Property which the cartilages then have of becoming red by maceration.—Vascular layers between the cartilage and the bone.—Cause which limits ossification in the cartilage.—Development of the cartilages of the cavities. 252

II. _State of the Cartilaginous System in the after Ages._

Different character which the gelatine assumes.—Ossification of the cartilages in old age.—Those of the cavities are the soonest ossified. 255

III. _Preternatural Development of the Cartilaginous System._

Tendency of the membrane of the spleen to become the seat of it.—Preternatural cartilages of the articulations. 257

FIBROUS SYSTEM.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

ARTICLE FIRST.

OF THE FORMS AND DIVISIONS OF THE FIBROUS SYSTEM.

The fibrous forms are either membranous or in fasciæ. 259

I. _Of the Fibrous Organs of a Membranous Form._

Fibrous membranes.—Fibrous capsules.—Fibrous sheaths.—Aponeuroses. 260

II. _Of the Fibrous Organs in the form of Fasciæ._

1st. Tendons.—2d. Ligaments. 262

III. _Table of the Fibrous System._

Analogy of the different organs of this system.—The periosteum is the common centre of these organs. 262

ARTICLE SECOND.

ORGANIZATION OF THE FIBROUS SYSTEM.

I. _Of the Texture peculiar to the Organization of the Fibrous System._

Peculiar nature of the fibrous texture.—Its extreme resistance.—Phenomena of this resistance.—It can be overcome.—Difference of the fibrous and muscular textures.—Experiments upon the fibrous texture subjected to maceration, ebullition, putrefaction, the action of the acids, the digestive juices, &c. 264

II. _Of the Common Parts which enter into the Organization of the Fibrous System._

Cellular texture.—Blood vessels.—Their varieties according to the organs. 270

ARTICLE THIRD.

PROPERTIES OF THE FIBROUS SYSTEM.

I. _Physical Properties._

II. _Properties of Texture._

Extensibility.—Peculiar law to which it is subjected there. Contractility.—It is almost nothing.—When it is manifested. 272

III. _Vital Properties._

Animal sensibility.—Singular mode of putting it in action by distension.—Consequence of this peculiar phenomenon to the fibrous texture. 274

_Character of the vital properties._—The vital activity is more evident in this system than in the preceding.—It appears that the fibrous texture does not suppurate. 277

_Sympathies._—Examples of those of the animal and the organic properties. 279

ARTICLE FOURTH.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIBROUS SYSTEM.

I. _State of the Fibrous System in the First Age._

The fibres are wanting in most of the fibrous organs of the fœtus.—Softness of these organs at this age.—Varieties of development.—Remarks upon rheumatism. 281

II. _State of the Fibrous System in the After Ages._

Phenomena of the adult.—General stiffness in old age. 283

III. _Preternatural Development of the Fibrous System._ Various tumours exhibit fibres analogous to those of this system. 284

ARTICLE FIFTH.

OF THE FIBROUS MEMBRANES IN GENERAL.

I. _Forms of the Fibrous Membranes._

Their double surface.—These membranes are like moulds of their respective organs.—Researches respecting that of the corpus cavernosum.—Experiments which show that it differs essentially from the subjacent spongy texture.—Other researches upon that of the testicle. 285

II. _Organization of the Fibrous Membranes._ 288

III. _Of the Periosteum. Of its Form._

Its two surfaces.—Their adhesion to the bones. 289

_Organization of the periosteum._—Preternatural development of its fibres in elephantiasis.—Its connexions with the fibrous bodies in infancy. 291

_Development of the periosteum._

_Functions of the Periosteum._—In what way it assists ossification.—It relates as much to the fibrous organs as to the bones. 292

IV. _Perichondrium._

Experiments upon this membrane. 294

ARTICLE SIXTH.

OF THE FIBROUS CAPSULES.

I. _Forms of the Fibrous Capsules._

They are very few.—Arrangement of the two principal ones.—Canal between them and the synovial capsule. 295

II. _Functions of the Fibrous Capsules._ 296

ARTICLE SEVENTH.

OF THE FIBROUS SHEATHS.

Their division. 297

I. _Partial Fibrous Sheaths._

Their form.—Their arrangement.—Why the flexor tendons are alone provided with them. 297

II. _General Fibrous Sheaths._ 299

ARTICLE EIGHTH.

OF THE APONEUROSES.

I. _Of the Aponeuroses for Covering._

Their division. 299

_Aponeuroses for general covering._ 300

_Forms._—They are accommodated to the extremities, &c. _ib._

_Tensor muscles.—Organization._—Examples of the tensor muscles.—Their uses relative to the aponeuroses.—Analogy with the tendons and difference from them.—Arrangement of the fibres. 301

_Functions._ 302

_Aponeuroses for partial covering._—Examples.—General uses of these aponeuroses. 303

II. _Of the Aponeuroses of Insertion._

_Aponeuroses of insertion with a broad surface._—Their origin.—Their uses.—The identity of their nature with that of the tendons.—Experiments. 304

_Aponeuroses of insertion in the form of an arch._—They are rare.—They exist where vessels pass through.—They do not compress them. 305

_Aponeuroses of insertion with separate fibres._ 306

ARTICLE NINTH.

OF THE TENDONS.

I. _Form of the Tendons._

Relation of the uses with the forms.—Union with the fleshy fibres. 307

II. _Organization of the Tendons._

Method of seeing their fibres advantageously.—They appear to be destitute of blood vessels.—Their tendency to be penetrated with the phosphate of lime. 309

ARTICLE TENTH.

OF THE LIGAMENTS.

I. _Ligaments with, Regular Fasciæ._

General arrangement. 311

II. _Ligaments with Irregular Fasciæ._ 312

FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.

Organs which compose it. 315

ARTICLE FIRST.

OF THE FORMS OF THE FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.

Division into three classes of the organs of this system.—Characters of each class. 315

ARTICLE SECOND.

ORGANIZATION OF THE FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.

I. _Texture peculiar to the Organization of the Fibro-Cartilaginous System._

It arises, 1st, from a fibrous substance; 2d, from a cartilaginous one.—It owes its resistance to the first and its elasticity to the second.—Action of caloric, air and water upon the fibro-cartilaginous texture.—It reddens by maceration.—Absence of the perichondrium upon most of the fibro-cartilages. 317

II. _Parts common to the Organization of the Fibro-Cartilaginous System._ 320

ARTICLE THIRD.

PROPERTIES OF THE FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.

I. _Physical Properties._

Elasticity and suppleness united. 320

II. _Properties of Texture._

Extensibility.—It is quite evident in it.—Contractility.—Difference from elasticity. 321

III. _Vital Properties._

They are inconsiderable.—Influence of the obscurity of these forces upon the properties of the fibro-cartilages. 322

ARTICLE FOURTH.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.

I. _State of this System in the First Age._

Mode of development of the three classes. 323

II. _State of this System in the after Ages._

General rigidity of these organs.—Consequences.—Ossification of the fibro-cartilages rare. 325

MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.

Difference between the muscles of the two lives.—Observations upon those of animal life. 327

ARTICLE FIRST.

OF THE FORMS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.

Division of these muscles into long, broad and short. 327

I. _Forms of the Long Muscles._

Place which they occupy.—Their division.—Their separation and reunion.—Peculiar forms of the long muscles of the spine. 328

II. _Forms of the Broad Muscles._

Where they are situated.—Thickness.—Peculiar forms of the broad pectoral muscles. 330

III. _Forms of the Short Muscles._

Where they are found.—Their arrangement.—Remarks upon the three species of muscles. 331

ARTICLE SECOND.

ORGANIZATION OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.

I. _Texture peculiar to this Organization._

Arrangement of this texture into fasciculi.—Its division into fibres.—Length of the fleshy fibres compared with that of the muscle.—Their direction.—Their figure.—Their softness.—Ease of their rupture in the dead body.—Difficulty in the living. 332

_Composition of the muscular texture._—Action of the air in desiccation and putrefaction.—Action of cold water.—Maceration and its products.—Ease with which the colouring substance is removed.—Analogy of the remaining texture with the fibrin of the blood.—Relation of the forces with this texture.—Action of boiling water.—Some peculiar phenomena of common boiled flesh.—Roasting of the fleshy texture.—Singular affinity of the digestive juices to this sort of texture.—General observations.—Influence of sex and the genital organs upon the fleshy texture. 336

II. _Parts common to the Organization of this System._

_Cellular texture._—Manner in which it envelops the fibres.—Its uses for muscular motion.—Experiment.—Fatty muscles. 343

_Blood vessels._—Arteries.—Of the blood of the muscles.—Of their colour.—Free and combined state of the colouring substance.—Veins.—Remarks upon the injection of them. 346

_Nerves._—There are hardly any but those of animal life.—Their difference in the extensors and the flexors.—Manner in which the nerves penetrate the muscles. 348

ARTICLE THIRD.

PROPERTIES OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.

I. _Properties of Texture. Extensibility._

This property is continually in action.—It is in proportion to the length of the fibres.—Its exercise in diseases. 350

_Contractility of texture._—Phenomena of the antagonists.—Distinction in these phenomena of that which belongs to the vital properties from that which belongs to those of texture.—Of the contractility of texture in diseases.—Extent and quickness of the contractions.—They continue after death.—Essential differences between the contractility of texture and horny hardening. Their parallel. 352

II. _Vital Properties._

_Properties of animal life.—Sensibility._—Most of the ordinary agents do not develop it.—It is put into action by repeated contractions.—Of the sensation of lassitude.—Sensibility of the muscles in their affections. 359

_Animal Contractility._—It should be considered in three relations. 361

_Animal contractility considered in the brain._—The principle of this property exists in this organ.—Proofs drawn from observation.—Proofs derived from diseases.—Proofs borrowed from experiments upon animals.—Cases in which the brain is foreign to the muscles. 362

_Animal contractility considered in the nerves._—Influence of the spinal marrow upon this property.—Observations and experiments.—Influence of the nerves.—Observations and experiments.—All the nerves do not transmit equally the different irradiations of the brain.—Direction of the propagation of the nervous influence. 367

_Animal contractility considered in the muscles._—Necessary conditions in the muscle for it to contract.—Obstacles to contraction.—Various experiments. 374

_Causes which bring into action animal contractility._—Division of these causes.—Of the will.—Of the involuntary causes.—Direct excitement.—Sympathetic excitement.—Influence of the passions.—Remarks upon the motion of the fœtus. 374

_Duration of the animal contractility after death._—Various experiments.—Consequences relative to respiration.—Variety of the duration of this property.—How it is extinguished. 379

_Organic Properties._—Organic sensibility and insensible organic contractility.—Sensible organic contractility.—Various experiments upon this last property.—Phenomena of irritations.—In order to study this contractility the animal contractility must be destroyed.—How this is done.—Various modes of contraction. 382

_Sympathies._—The animal sensibility is the property especially brought into action by them.—General Remarks.—Sympathies of animal sensibility.—The organic properties are rarely brought into action. 386

_Characters of the vital properties._—Different remarks upon these characters. 388

ARTICLE FOURTH.

PHENOMENA OF THE ACTION OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.

I. _Force of the Muscular Contraction._

Difference according as it is put into action by stimuli or by the cerebral influence.—Experiments.—Influence of muscular organization upon contraction.—The laws of nature the reverse of those of mechanics in the production of motions.—Multiplication of forces.—Uncertainty of calculations upon this point. 390

II. _Quickness of the Contractions._

Varieties according as the contractions are, 1st, from stimuli; 2d, from nervous action.—Different degrees of quickness in different individuals.—Influence of habit upon this degree. 395

III. _Duration of the Contractions._ 397

IV. _State of the Muscles in Contraction._

Different phenomena which they then experience.—Essential remark upon the different modes of contraction. 398

V. _Motions imparted by the Muscles._

_Simple Motions._—1st. In the muscles with a straight direction.—How we determine the uses of these muscles.—2d. In the muscles with a reflected direction.—3d. In those with a circular direction. 400

_Compound Motions._—Almost every motion is compound.—How.—Different examples of compound motions.—Antagonist muscles. 403

VI. _Phenomena of the Relaxation of the Muscles._

They are opposite to the preceding. 406

ARTICLE FIFTH.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.

I. _State of this System in the Fœtus._

It contains but little blood.—Slight contractility at this age.—Influence upon these phenomena, of the blood which then penetrates the muscles.—These organs are then slender and weak. 407

II. _State of this System during Growth._

Sudden effect of the red blood which penetrates the muscles, and of the other irritations which are connected with it.—Colour of the Muscles.—Period of the brightest colour.—Varieties of the action of reagents on the fleshy texture of young animals. 410

III. _State of this System after Growth._

The thickness constantly increases.—The external forms are more evident.—Colour in the adult.—Innumerable variety. 413

IV. _State of this System in Old Age._

Increase of density.—Diminution of cohesion.—Phenomena of the vacillation of the muscles.—Atrophous muscles. 416

V. _State of the System at Death._

Relaxation or stiffness of the muscles. 419

END OF CONTENTS TO VOL. II.

VOLUME THIRD.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ORGANIC LIFE.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

ARTICLE FIRST.

FORMS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ORGANIC LIFE.

PAGE

Curved direction of the fibres.—They do not arise from the fibrous system.—Varieties of the muscular forms, according to the organs. 4

ARTICLE SECOND.

ORGANIZATION OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ORGANIC LIFE.

General difference of organization from the preceding muscles. 5

I. _Peculiar Texture._

General arrangement of the muscular fibre.—Analogy with the preceding and difference. 6

II. _Common Parts._

Cellular Texture.—Blood vessels.—Nerves of the ganglions and of the brain.—Proportion of each class. 8

ARTICLE THIRD.

PROPERTIES OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ORGANIC LIFE.

I. _Properties of Texture._

_Extensibility._—Particular character of this property in the organic muscles.—In aneurisms of the heart and in pregnancy, it is not the extensibility that is brought into action.—Remarks upon this subject. 10

_Contractility._—It is in proportion to extensibility.—The substances contained in the hollow muscles are their antagonists.—Remarks. 14

II. _Vital Properties._

_Sensibility._—Of the lassitude of the organic muscles.—Remarks upon hunger. 15

_Animal Contractility._—It is nothing in these muscles.—Different, experiments.—Observations.—Of the muscles in part voluntary and in part organic.—Experiments.—Remarks upon the bladder, rectum, &c.—Absence of the nervous influence upon the organic muscles. 17

_Organic Properties._—General Remarks. 24

_Of sensible organic contractility considered under the relation of the stimuli._ 25

_Natural stimuli._—Different observations.—Remarks upon the fluids and solids.—Influence of the quality and quantity of the fluids upon the hollow muscles. _ib._

_Artificial stimuli._—Action of these stimuli.—Different modes of action.—Limits of the horny hardening and vital contraction. 28

_Of sensible organic contractility, considered in relation to the organs._ 31

_First variety. Diversity of the muscular texture._—Each muscle is particularly in relation with some determinate substance.—Application of this principle to the natural and foreign fluids. _ib._

_Second variety. Age._—Vivacity of the contractility in infancy.—Consequences.—Opposite phenomenon in old age. 33

_Third Variety. Temperament._—Difference of individuals in regard to organic muscular force.—This force is not always in relation to the animal muscular force.—It cannot be increased like it by habit. 34

_Fourth Variety. Sex._ 35

_Fifth Variety. Season and climate._ 36

_Sensible organic contractility considered in relation to the action of stimulants upon the organs._—The constant existence of an intermediate organ for this action.—Nature of this intermediate organ. _ib._

_Sensible organic contractility considered in relation to its duration after death._—Difference of this duration according to the kind of death.—Remarks. 38

_Sympathies._—Sympathies of the heart.—Sympathies of the stomach.—Remarks upon bilious vomitings.—General observations.—Sympathies of the intestines, the bladder, &c. 40

_Character of the vital properties._—Vital energy very considerable in this system.—Its affections act upon its predominant vital force.—The infrequency of the affections which suppose a derangement of the organic properties. 44

ARTICLE FOURTH.

PHENOMENA OF THE ACTION OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ORGANIC LIFE.

I. _Force of Contractions._

Difference from the force of contraction of the preceding system.—It is greater in the vital phenomena than in experiments.—Inaccuracy of calculations. 46

II. _Quickness of the Contractions._

In experiments.—During life.—Comparison with the quickness of the preceding muscles. 49

III. _Duration of the Contractions._ 50

IV. _State of the Muscles in Contraction._

Difference in this respect between the heart and the gastric muscles. _ib._

V. _Motions imparted by the Organic Muscles._ 51

VI. _Phenomena of the Relaxation of the Organic Muscles._

Differences of this relaxation from the active dilatation of the muscles.—Proofs of the phenomena of this dilatation. 52

ARTICLE FIFTH.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ORGANIC LIFE.

I. _State of this System in the Fœtus._

Predominance of the heart.—State of the other muscles.—Weakness of the organic contractility at this age. 55

II. _State of the Organic Muscular System during Growth._

General increase of action at birth.—Of the growth in thickness and of that in length.—Their differences. 58

III. _State of the Organic Muscular System after Growth._ 61

IV. _State of the Organic Muscular System in Old Age._

This system outlives, if we may so say, the preceding.—Phenomenon resulting from its weakness. 62

MUCOUS SYSTEM.

ARTICLE FIRST.

OF THE DIVISIONS AND FORMS OF THE MUCOUS SYSTEM.

I. _Of the two general Mucous Membranes, the Gastro-pulmonary and the Genito-urinary._

Difference of these two membranes.—Their relation. 66

II. _Adhering Surface of the Mucous Membranes._

Its relations.—It is everywhere subjacent to the muscles.—Sub-mucous texture.—Experiments. 69

III. _Free surface of the Mucous Membranes._

Of the folds it exhibits.—1st. Of those which comprehend all the membranes.—2d. Of those which are permanent upon the mucous surface.—3d. Of those which are owing to a state of vacuity of the hollow organs.—Different experiments.—The extent of the mucous surfaces is always nearly the same, whatever may be the state of their organs.—Relation of their free surface with external bodies.—Their sensibility is accommodated to this relation.—The term _foreign body_ is merely comparative. 70

ARTICLE SECOND.

ORGANIZATION OF THE MUCOUS SYSTEM.

I. _Texture peculiar to this Organization._

What it presents for consideration.

_Mucous Corion._—Its variable thickness.—Mucous nature of the membrane of the ear.—Pathological consequences.—Softness of the mucous texture.—Action of the air, water, caloric, the acids and the digestive juices upon the mucous texture. 76

_Mucous papillæ._—Their varieties of form.—Their nervous nature.—Proofs of this nervous nature.—Their influence upon the sensibility of the mucous organs. 83

II. _Common Parts._

_Of the mucous glands and the fluids which they secrete._—Situation.—Forms.—Size.—Texture. 86

_Mucous fluids._—Physical properties.—Action of different agents upon them.—Their functions.—Parts in which they are most abundant and those in which they are less so.—Susceptibility of being increased by any irritation made upon their excretories.—Consequences.—Remarks upon the excitement of the mucous surfaces in diseases.—Uses of the mucous membranes in relation to the habitual evacuation of their fluids.—General remarks upon the secreted fluids.—Singular sensation arising from the continuance of the mucous fluids upon their respective surfaces. 88

_Blood vessels._—Their varieties of proportion.—Their superficial position.—Consequence.—Redness of the mucous system.—It often loses it.—Experiments upon the state of the mucous vessels in the fulness and vacuity of their hollow organs.—Other experiments upon the influence of the gases upon the colour of the mucous system.—Causes of its redness.—Colouring substance combined and free. 96

_Exhalants._—Is there exhalation upon the mucous system?—Pulmonary exhalation.—A great part of the pulmonary perspiration arises from the solution of the mucous juices.—Other mucous exhalations.—Hemorrhages. 105

_Absorbents._—Proofs of the mucous absorption.—Irregularity of this absorption.—Cause of this irregularity. 107

_Nerves._—Those of the brain.—Those of the ganglions.—Their respective distribution upon this system. 108

ARTICLE THIRD.

PROPERTIES OF THE MUCOUS SYSTEM.

I. _Properties of Texture._

They are less than they at first seem to be.—They are however real.—Their variety.—The mucous ducts are not obliterated by the contractility of texture when they are empty. 109

II. _Vital properties._

_Properties of animal life._—Acute sensibility of the mucous system.—Influence of habit upon this property.—Consequences of this remark.—Mucous sensibility in inflammations. 111

_Properties of organic life._—Organic sensibility and insensible contractility are very evident here.—Why.—Consequences as it respects diseases.—Varieties of these properties.-Species of sensible organic contractility in the mucous texture. 114

_Sympathies._—How we shall divide them. 117

_Active Sympathies._—Example of these sympathies for each vital property. 118

_Passive Sympathies._—The predominant ones are those of insensible organic contractility.—Why. 120

_Character of the vital properties._—Vital activity of this system.—Its varieties.—Consequences as it regards diseases.—Remarks upon the stomachic sympathies. 123

ARTICLE FOURTH.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUCOUS SYSTEM.

I. _State of the Mucous System in the First Age._

It follows the state of the organs to which it belongs.—Delicacy of the papillæ.—The mucous redness is then deeper.—Sudden change at birth.—Why.—Phenomenon of puberty. 125

II. _State of the Mucous System in the After Ages._

Its phenomena in the adult.—Its phenomena in old age. 129

SEROUS SYSTEM.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

ARTICLE FIRST.

OF THE EXTENT, FORMS AND FLUIDS OF THE SEROUS SYSTEM.

General arrangement of its membranes.—Of the serous surface considered in general.—Every serous membrane is a sac without an opening. 131

I. _Free Surface of the Serous Membranes._

It is smooth and polished.—This attribute is foreign to compression.—This surface insulates the organs to which the serous surfaces belong.—Its influence upon the motion of these organs.—Adhesions of the serous surfaces.—Their division. 134

II. _Adhering Surface of the Serous System._

Means of union.—The serous membranes often change relations with their organs.—This is owing to the laxity of the adhesions.—Adhesions more close. 140

III. _Serous Fluids._

Their quantity.—Varieties of this quantity.—Experiments.—Morbid varieties.—Nature of these fluids. 142

ARTICLE SECOND.

ORGANIZATION OF THE SEROUS SYSTEM.

The serous membranes have but one layer.—Its colour.—Its thickness. 144

I. _Cellular nature of the Serous Texture._

Proofs of this cellular nature.—Experiments by maceration, ebullition, desiccation, stewing and putrefaction.—Differences between the cellular and serous textures. 145

II. _Parts common to the organization of the Serous System._

_Exhalants._—Various proofs of serous exhalation. 149

_Absorbents._—Proofs of serous absorption.—Experiments.—Mode of origin of the absorbents. 150

_Blood vessels._—The serous membranes have but very few of them.—Those which are subjacent do not belong to them.—Proofs. 151

III. _Varieties of Organization of the Serous System._

Different examples of these varieties.—Consequences in regard to diseases.—Remarks upon the pericardium.—Common characters. 153

ARTICLE THIRD.

PROPERTIES OF THE SEROUS SYSTEM.

I. _Properties of Texture._

_Extensibility._—It is less than it at first seems to be.—Why.—Use of the folds of the serous membranes.—Of their displacement.—Pain from these displacements in inflammation. 155

_Contractility._—Less than it appears to be.—It is however real. 156

II. _Vital Properties._

They enjoy but little animal sensibility.—Why.—Experiments.—The organic properties are very sensible.—Consequences. 157

_Sympathies._—Various examples.—Remarks upon sympathetic exhalations.—Remark upon the serum of dead bodies. 158

ARTICLE FOURTH.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEROUS SYSTEM.

I. _State of this System in the First Age._

Extreme tenuity of the surfaces.—Quantity of the fluids.—Quality.—Changes at birth.—Experiments. 161

II. _State of the Serous System in the After Ages._

The serous surfaces obey the laws of their respective organs.—Increased density in old age.—Ossification rare. 162

III. _Preternatural Development of the Serous System._

Various observations. 164

SYNOVIAL SYSTEM.

Points of resemblance between this system and the preceding.—Its division. 165

ARTICLE FIRST.

ARTICULAR SYNOVIAL SYSTEM.

I. _How the Synovia is separated from the mass of blood._

There are three ways in which fluids may be separated from the blood.

_Is the Synovia transmitted by secretion to the articular surfaces?_—Negative proofs.—Of the pretended synovial glands.—Experiments.

_Is the Synovia transmitted by transudation to the articular surfaces_?—Negative proofs.—Another opinion.

_Is the Synovia transmitted by exhalation to the articular surfaces?_—Positive proofs.—Analogy between the exhaled fluids and the synovia.—Consequences. 167

II. _Remarks upon the Synovia._

Its quantity.—It varies a little.—Rare alterations of this fluid.—Its difference from the serous fluids. 173

III. _Of the Synovial Membranes._

_Forms._—They represent sacs without an opening.—Difference from the fibrous capsules.—These capsules are wanting in the greatest number of articulations.—Experiments.—Proofs of the synovial membrane where it adheres. 175

_Organization._—Analogy with the serous surfaces.—Structure of the pretended synovial glands. 180

_Properties._—Properties of texture.—Vital properties.—Experiments.—The synovial system is foreign to most diseases. 182

_Functions._—They are foreign to the solidity of the articulation.—They have relation only to the synovia. 183

_Natural Development._—State of the synovial membrane in infancy, adult and old age. 184

_Preternatural Development._—Remarks upon this development. 185

ARTICLE SECOND.

SYNOVIAL SYSTEM OF THE TENDONS.

It is often confounded with the preceding. 186

_Forms; relations; synovial fluid._—Forms of sacs without an opening.—Varieties of these forms.—Smooth and adhering surface.—Relation with the tendon.—Preternatural increase of the fluid. 186

_Organization, properties, development._—Their phenomena are analogous to those of the preceding system.—Remarks upon the affections of this kind of synovial membranes. 189

GLANDULAR SYSTEM.

General observations.—What a gland is. 193

ARTICLE FIRST.

SITUATION, FORMS, DIVISION, &C. OF THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM.

Sub-cutaneous and deep position.—Relation of the position of the glands with their excretion.—Varieties of the glandular forms.—Distinction of these varieties.—External surface of the glands. 194

ARTICLE SECOND.

ORGANIZATION OF THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM.

I. _Texture peculiar to the Organization of this System._

The fibrous arrangement is foreign to the glands.—There is but little resistance in the glandular texture.—Triple arrangement of this texture.—Uncertainty of the researches upon its nature.—Different experiments upon this texture.—Desiccation.—Peculiar effect of stewing.—Roasting.—Maceration.—Action of the acids, gastric juice, &c. 198

_Of the excretories, their origin, divisions, &c. of the glandular reservoirs._—Origin.—Course.—Division of the glands into three classes, in regard to the termination of their excretories.—Of the reservoirs.—What supplies their place when they are wanting.—Motion of the fluids in the excretories. 204

_Size, direction and termination of the excretories._—All the excretories open upon the mucous or cutaneous systems.—Observations upon the intestinal canal. 206

_Remarks upon the secreted fluids._—They can re-enter the circulation.—Various experiments on this subject.—Consequences. 208

_Structure of the excretories._—Internal membrane.—External texture. 213

II. _Parts common to the Organization of the Glandular System._

_Cellular Texture._—Division of the glands into two classes, in regard to this texture.—Serum and fat of this texture.—Fatty livers. 214

_Blood vessels._—Different ways in which they enter the glands, according as they are or are not surrounded with membranes.—Course of the arteries in the glands.—Veins.—They pour their blood into the general black blood.—Reflux from the heart to the glands. 216

_Of the blood of the glands._—Division of the glands into three classes, as it regards the fluid which penetrates them.—Great quantity of blood contained in the liver and the kidney.—Variety as it respects secretion. 219

_Nerves._—Of those of the ganglions and of the cerebral ones.—Their proportion.—How they enter the glands.—Secretion is independent of nervous influence. 221

_Exhalants and absorbents._ 223

ARTICLE THIRD.

PROPERTIES OF THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM.

I. _Properties of Texture._

They are inconsiderable.—Proofs.—New remarks upon the reflux of the black blood in the glands. 224

II. _Vital Properties._

_Properties of animal life._—Experiments upon animal sensibility.—Varieties of the results. 226

_Properties of organic life._—The insensible contractility and the corresponding sensibility are the predominant ones.—Their influence upon secretion.—Varieties of the secreted fluids.—Organic affections of the glands.—Remarks. 227

_Sympathies._ 230

_Passive sympathies._—Various examples.—Sympathies the causes of which act at the extremity of the excretories.—Influence of the passive sympathies of the glands in diseases.—Remark upon that of each gland.

_Active Sympathies._—Various remarks.

_Characters of the vital properties._ 235

_First character.—Life peculiar to each gland._—Proofs of this peculiar life.—Of its influence in a state of health and disease.

_Second character.—Remission of the glandular life._—The glands have a species of sleep.—Various examples. 238

_Third character.—The glandular life is never simultaneously raised in the whole system._—Application of this remark to the digestive order.—Advantage of the artificial excitement of the glands in diseases. 239

_Fourth character.—Influence of climate and season upon the glandular life._—The sweat and many secreted fluids are opposite to each other in this respect. 241

_Fifth character.—Influence of sex upon the glandular life._ 242

ARTICLE FOURTH.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM.

I. _State of this System in the Fœtus._

The glands are very conspicuous at this age.—Yet the secretions are not great. 243

II. _State of this System during Growth._

Suddenly increased activity at birth.—Yet it is not the glandular system which predominates in the first age.—Remarks upon its diseases.—The mucous and lachrymal glands are the most frequently in action in infancy. 244

III. _State of this System after Growth._

Period of puberty.—Its influence upon the glands.—Influence of the glands of digestion at the adult age. 247

IV. _State of this System in old Age._

Of the change in the texture of the glands from the effect of age.—Many glands still secrete much fluid in old age.—Relation of this phenomenon with nutrition. 249

DERMOID SYSTEM.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

ARTICLE FIRST.

FORMS OF THE DERMOID SYSTEM.

I. _External Surface of the Dermoid System._

Various folds of this surface.—Their different nature. 254

II. _Internal Surface of the Dermoid System._

Its relations.—Absence of the fleshy pannicle in man.—Consequences. 256

ARTICLE SECOND.

ORGANIZATION OF THE DERMOID SYSTEM.

I. _Texture peculiar to the Organization._

_Chorion._—Its thickness in the different regions.—Its structure.—Method of seeing it.—Variety of this structure according to the regions.—Small spaces of the chorion.—Fibres.—Their nature.—It approximates that of the fibrous texture.—Yet it differs from it.—The chorion is foreign to the functions of the skin relative to animal and organic life. 258

_Of the reticular body._—Idea that has been formed of it.—What it is.—Vascular net-work.—Colouring substance.—Analogy among the diversity of races.—How this diversity should be considered.—Of the cases in which the blood enters the reticular body.—Singular property of the vessels of the face of receiving more than the others.—Cause of this phenomenon.—Triple means of expression of the passions.—Relation between the tendency of the facial capillary system to receive blood and diseases.—Double state of the reticular body.—Phenomena at the instant of death.—Experiments. 266

_Papillæ._—Situations.—The cutaneous prominences must not be taken for them.—Experiments to prove the nature of these prominences.—Their varieties.—Forms and nervous structure of the papillæ. 273

_Action of different bodies upon the dermoid texture._ 276

_Action of light._—Men whiten like plants.—Examples. _ib._

_Action of caloric._—Effects which it produces on the skin during life according to its different degrees.—Effect of cold.—General remarks upon gangrene and antiseptics.—False opinions of authors. 277

_Action of the air._—Remarks upon the influence of this fluid upon the evaporation of the transpiration.—It is foreign to this function itself.—Desiccation of the skin by the air.—Its putrefaction. 282

_Action of water._—General uses of baths.—Their use is natural.—Maceration of the skin.—Pulpy state.—Stewing of the skin.—Mode of horny hardening.—Vesicles that arise the instant it takes place.—Other phenomena of stewing. 285

_Action of the acids, alkalies, and other substances._—Various experiments with reagents.—Remarks. 290

II. _Parts common to the Organization of the Dermoid System._

_Cellular texture._—Manner in which it is distributed.—Remarks upon biles.—Sometimes it is wholly destroyed.—Appearance which the skin then has.—Remarks upon leucophlegmasia. 291

_Blood vessels._—Manner in which they are distributed.—Dilatation of the veins in some cases. 293

_Nerves._—Mode of their distribution. 294

_Absorbents._—Proofs of cutaneous absorption.—Absorption of virus.—Table of this absorption.—Varieties it experiences.—Absorption of medicines.—Experiments.—Character of irregularity of the cutaneous absorptions.—To what this character is owing.—Influence of weakness on this absorption. 294

_Exhalants._—Mode of distribution.—Cutaneous exhalations.—Uncertainty of calculations upon this point.—Relation of this exhalation with the secretions.—Relation with the pulmonary exhalation.—Experiment upon this last exhalation.—Remarks upon the causes of many coughs.—Defect of evaporation of the fluid deposited upon the bronchia.—The cutaneous exhalants vary.—Are they under the nervous influence?—This does not appear probable. 299

_Sebaceous Glands._—Oily fluid of the skin.—Its quantity.—Its varieties.—Its sources.—We have but few data as it regards the sebaceous glands. 305

ARTICLE THIRD.

PROPERTIES OF THE DERMOID SYSTEM.

I. _Properties of Texture._

They are very evident.—They are often less than they seem to be.—Phenomena of extensibility and contractility. 308

II. _Vital Properties._

_Properties of animal life._—Sensibility.—Of the feeling.—Of the touch.—Its characters.—Its differences from the other senses.—Seat of cutaneous sensibility.—The mode.—Pain peculiar to the skin.—Influence of habit upon this sensibility.—Various reflections.—Diminution of the cutaneous sensibility. 311

_Properties of organic life._—They are especially organic sensibility and insensible contractility.—Phenomena over which they preside.—Division of cutaneous diseases.—Excitants of the cutaneous organic sensibility.—Sensible organic contractility is but slightly apparent. 318

_Sympathies.—Passive Sympathies._—Different examples and remarks upon the sympathies of heat.—General remarks upon the sensations of heat and cold.—Influence of sympathies upon the sweat. 322

_Active Sympathies._—These sympathies are relative to each of the classes of diseases pointed out above.—Various examples.—General remarks. 326

_Characters of the vital properties.—First character.—The cutaneous life varies in each region._—Varieties of animal sensibility.—Varieties in the organic properties. 331

_Second character.—Intermission in one relation, continuity in another._—The peculiar life of the skin is intermittent as it respects the functions of relation.—Its continuity as it respects its organic functions. 332

_Third character.—Influence of sex._ 333

_Fourth character.—Influence of temperament._ 334

ARTICLE FOURTH.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE DERMOID SYSTEM.

I. _State of this System in the Fœtus._

A gluey covering in the first periods.—Absence of certain wrinkles in the fœtus.—Laxity of adhesion.—State of the vital properties of the skin of the fœtus.—Its functions at this age. 335

II. _State of this System during Growth._

Sudden revolution at birth.—Entrance of the red blood into the skin.—Consequences.—State of the cutaneous vital forces in infancy.—State of the cutaneous texture. 337

III. _State of the Dermoid System after Growth._

Increasing proportion of the fibrous substance, and decreasing proportion of the gelatinous.—Remark upon the diseases and affections of the skin. 341

IV. _State of the Dermoid System in Old Age._

State of the cutaneous texture.—Phenomena which arise from it.—State of the vital forces.—State of the functions. 344

EPIDERMOID SYSTEM.

General Observations.—Division. 349

ARTICLE FIRST.

OF THE EXTERNAL EPIDERMIS.

I. _Forms, Relations with the Dermis, &c._

Wrinkles.—Pores.—Adhesion to the skin.—Means of destroying this adhesion.—Arrangement. 350

II. _Organization, Composition, &c._

Uniform thickness in most parts.—Remarkable thickness on the foot and the hand.—Consequences of this thickness.—Experiments upon the colour of negroes.—Epidermoid texture.—Its peculiar nature.—Action of the air, water, caloric, the acids, the alkalies, &c. upon the epidermoid texture. 353

III. _Properties._

Extensibility.—The animal properties are foreign to the epidermis.—It appears to be destitute also of organic properties.—Continual destruction of the epidermis.—Its reproduction when it is removed. 360

IV. _Development._

State of the epidermis in the fœtus, the adult and the old person. 364

ARTICLE SECOND.

INTERNAL EPIDERMIS. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS UPON THIS EPIDERMIS.

I. _Epidermis of the origin of the Mucous Surfaces._

It is very distinct.—Proofs of its existence.—Its reproduction.—Its nature. 366

II. _Epidermis of the deep Surfaces._

Uncertainty of its existence.—Experiments.—Membranes that are sometimes thrown off.—It appears that it is not the epidermis. 367

ARTICLE THIRD.

OF THE NAILS.

I. _Form, Extent, Relations, &c._

Of the habit of cutting the nails.—Anterior, middle and posterior portions of the nail.—Superior and inferior surfaces.—Of the texture which supports the nail. 369

II. _Organization, Properties, &c._

Of the laminæ which form the nails.—Of their arrangement.—Their analogy with the epidermis.—Obscurity of the vital properties.—Facility with which the nails, epidermis, &c. are coloured. 373

_Development._—State of the nails in the fœtus, the adult, and the old person. 376

PILOUS SYSTEM.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

ARTICLE FIRST.

EXAMINATION OF THE PILOUS SYSTEM IN THE DIFFERENT REGIONS.

I. _Pilous System of the Head._

General observations. 379

_Of the Hair._—Its length, situation, limits, influence on physiognomy, variety according to sex, uses, thickness, fundamental colours, shades, and influence on temperament. 381

_Eyebrows._—Their general arrangement.—Their motions. 386

_Eyelashes._—Their form, arrangement, &c. 387

_Beard._—It is the attribute of the male.—Its relations with strength.—Of our habits in relation to the beard. 388

II. _Of the Pilous System of the Trunk._

Its varieties according to the regions. 390

III. _Pilous System of the Extremities._

Its varieties.—It is wanting on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. _ib._

ARTICLE SECOND.

ORGANIZATION OF THE PILOUS SYSTEM.

I. _Origin of the Hairs._

Of the membranous canal which encloses this origin.—Relation of the hair with this canal.—Organization of this.—Swelling of the hair and its origin.—Its course to the exterior. 391

II. _External Covering of the Hairs._

Analogy of this covering with the epidermis.—Its differences.—Action of the different agents upon this covering.—Its external arrangement. 394

III. _Internal Substance of the Hairs._

We are ignorant of its nature.—Capillaries of the hairs of the head.—Their colouring substance.—The internal substance of the hairs of the head is essentially subjected to the influence of the vital phenomena.—Proof of this assertion.—This distinguishes it from the external covering. 396

ARTICLE THIRD.

PROPERTIES OF THE PILOUS SYSTEM.

It undergoes but little horny hardening.—Of curling.—The properties of texture slightly marked.—The animal ones are nothing.—The organic are a little more evident. 401

ARTICLE FOURTH.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PILOUS SYSTEM.

I. _State of this System in the First Age._

Of the down of the fœtus.—The growth of the hairs is then the reverse of that of the other parts.—Their growth after birth.—Their colours are a little deeper in infancy. 403

II. _State of the Pilous System in the following Ages._

Revolution at puberty.—Of the hairs which then appear.—There are but few changes in the following ages. 404

III. _State of the Pilous System in Old Age._

Of the hairs which die first.—Of the whiteness which they then assume.—They grow in this state.—Why.—Do they grow after death.—General differences of animate and inanimate bodies in their decay. 405

IV. _Preternatural Development._

Development upon the mucous surfaces, upon the skin and in cysts. 408

END OF THE THIRD AND LAST VOLUME.

* * * * *

Transcriber's Notes

Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. Variations in spelling hyphenation and punctuation remain unchanged, but the use of ligatures has been standardised.

Italics are represented thus _italic_.