Chapter XIV: Conclusion (2)

Howe, Sir William, evacuates Boston, 72, 73;
fruitless peace overtures of, 79;
in Phila. (1777-78), 104, 105;
succeeded by Clinton, 105; 74, 78, 87, 91.

Humphreys, Colonel, as Chamberlain at President's receptions, 180, 181.

Imperial Spirit, effect of, on relations between England and
Colonies, 47, 48;
revived by events of 1778, 119.

Independence Hall, Phila., 160.

Indians, surprise attack by, 21, 22;
difficulties of _W_.'s administration with, 190, 191.

Ingersoll, Jared, 161.

Irving, Washington, _Life of Washington_, quoted, 181, 185,
186, 195. 217, 233.

Jackson, Robert, 24.

Jacobin Club, 193.

Jay, John, on Peace Commission, 130;
concludes treaty with Spain, 155;
appointed Chief Justice, 186;
mission of, to England in 1794-95, 207;
his character, 207;
prejudice against, in U.S., 208;
Secretary of State, 228;
letters of _W_. to, 142, 157; 59, 162, 180, 258.
And _see_ Jay Treaty.

Jay Treaty, the, negotiated, 207, 208, 209;
opposition of Anti-Federalists to, 209;
ratified by Senate, 210;
violent struggle over, in House, 210-213;
how the controversy was settled, 213;
effect of, 214;
and the Federalist Party, 228.

Jefferson, Thomas, _A Summary View_, 60;
Secretary of State, 181, 186, 192, 228, 229;
interview with Hamilton on Assumption, etc., 183-185;
most aggressive of Democrats, 187, 191;
rivalry with Hamilton, 192;
and the French Revolution, 193;
and Citizen Genêt, 194, 195, 198;
_W_. seeks to keep peace between Hamilton and, 199, 200;
and Freneau's attacks on _W_., 200, 219, 220, 221;
intrigues against Hamilton, 200, 201;
urges _W_. to accept second term, 201, 202;
resigns as Secretary of State, 206;
155, 160, 161, 162, 180, 181, 207, 227, 258.

Johnson, W.S., 168.

Joncaire, M., 14.

Jones, John Paul, 120, 121.

Jumonville, M. de, 15, 18.

Kalb, Baron Johann de, 95, 100.

King, Rufus, 161, 167, 168.

Knox, Henry, Secretary of War, 181, 229;
letters of _W_. to, 170, 171, 203;
95, 123, 124, 136, 217, 231, 258.

Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, 95.

Lafayette, Gilbert Motier, Marquis de, joins _W_.'s staff, 99;
and Charles Lee, at Monmouth, 115;
letters of _W_. to, 143, 144, 145, 170, 171, 172; 110, 123.

Lansing, John, 161.

Laurens, Henry, letters of _W_. to, 101-103, 117, 118.

Lear, Tobias, secretary to _W_., 148;
quoted, 242;
his account of _W_.'s last hours, 243-249;
notes on _W_.'s funeral, 252, 253; 232, 241, 250.

Lee, Billy (slave), 238, 239.

Lee, Charles, appointed Major-General, 70, 71;
at Monmouth, 106, 115;
censured by _W_., 106, 115, 116;
early career of, 114, 115;
court-martialed, and leaves the army, 116;
anecdote of, 116 _n_.; 65, 128.

Lee, Charles, Attorney-General, 229.

Lee, Henry, author of phrase, "First in war," etc., 251;
letter of _W_. to, 221, 222.

Lee, Richard H., letters of _W_. to, 96, 147; 163.

Lewis, Mrs. Eleanor (Custis), 242.

Lewis, Lawrence, and Miss Custis, 232, 233; 247.

Lexington, Battle of, 63.

Lillo, George, _George Barnwell_, 10, 11.

Lincoln, Abraham, 149.

Lincoln, Benjamin, surrenders Charleston, S.C., 122;
receives surrender of British at Yorktown, 125; 123.

Livingston, Robert R., 177.

Lodge, H.C., _George Washington_, quoted, 15, 17, 220, 235, 236.

Long Island, Battle of, 77, 78.

Louis XVI, execution of, 193; 94, 99.

Low-Land Beauty, the, 30.

Loyalists, in the Colonies, 61, 62;
during and after the war, 127, 128.

McClellan, George B., 82.

McClurg, James, 162.

McHenry, James, Secretary of War, 229;
letter of, to _W_., 217; 161, 231, 232.

McKean, Thomas, 59.

MacKenzie, Robert, letter of _W_. to, 63.

Machiavelli, Niccolo, _The Prince_, and _W_.'s Farewell
Address, 226.

Madison, James, opposes Jay Treaty, 210;
and the Farewell Address, 224;
letter of _W_. to, 158;
156, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 168, 194, 242.

Marie Antoinette, execution of, 193.

Marshall, John, _Life of Washington_, quoted, 28, 136, 137-139;
on X.Y.Z. mission to France, 215; 47, 251, 258.

Mason, George, plan of association, 52, 53;
letter to _W_. 56;
letter of _W_. to, 56; 161, 168, 169.

Massachusetts, leads in opposing acts of British Crown, 49;
charter of, suspended, 58, 59;
population of, in 1775, 67, 68;
and Virginia, jealousy between, 64;
freed from British troops, 74.

Mather, W., _The Young Man's Companion_, 4.

Meil, Mrs., 30, 31.

Mifflin, Thomas, of the Conway Cabal, 116; 138, 139, 161.

Military dictatorship under _W_., fear of, 141, 142, 154.

Militia, _W_. quoted on, 81.

Miner, Rev. James, 252.

Mississippi River, Lower, closed to Americans by treaty with Spain,
155.

Moffatt, Rev. Mr., 252.

Monarchy, fears of reversion to, 142.

Monmouth, Battle of, 106.

Monongahela River, 13.

Monroe, James, Minister to France, recalled by _W_., 216;
his letter to Committee of Public Safety, 116; 242.

Montcalm, Louis Joseph, Marquis de, 28.

Montgomery, Richard, at Quebec, 71, 72; 77.

Morgan, Daniel, 122.

Morris, Gouverneur, 161, 167, 168, 207.

Morris, Robert, letter to _W_., 88; 161.

Morris, Roger, 32, 80.

Morristown, winter quarters at, 89.

Mossum, Rev. Peter, 35.

Mount Vernon, inherited by Lawrence Washington, 5;
hospitality of, 7, 45;
_W_. manager of, 12;
inherited by _W_., 33;
a model plantation of Its kind, 39, 43, 44;
_W_. returns to, after the war, 139;
his life at, 146;
his last days at, 232 _ff_.;
his funeral at, 251-253.

Napoleon I, 218, 240.

_National Gazette_, 220, 222.

Neal, John, quoted, 3.

Neutrality, Proclamation of, gives offense to both England and
France, 204;
the only rational course, 205.

New England, manufacturing in, 68;
freed from British troops, 74.

New Jersey, 155.

New York City, _W_.'s headquarters at, 76;
Howe's fleet arrives at, 76;
loyalist sentiment in, 78, 79, 121;
British troops return to, 105,106;
_W_.'s farewell to officers at, 136, 137;
_W_. inaugurated as President at, 176, 177;
ceases to be national capital, 182 _ff_.

New York State, fails to choose electors in 1788, 175.

North, Frederick, Lord, Prime Minister, 54;
his subservience to the King, 54, 55;
retires after Yorktown, 130; 60, 61.

North Carolina, British victories in, 122.

Northwest, the, _W_.'s vision of development of, 144, 145.

Office-seekers, _W_. and, 180.

O'Hara, General, 125.

Ohio River, 13.

Oriskany, Battle of, 92.

Osgood, Samuel, 229.

Otis, James, 49.

Pall-holders at _W_.'s funeral, 252.

Paris, Treaty of (1763), 28, 29.

Paris, Treaty of (1783), 130, 131;
_W_. quoted on, 131.

Parliament, passes and repeals Stamp Act, 49;
lays duties on paper, tea, etc., 49;
other irritating measures passed by, 53, 58;
enacts penal laws, 58, 59.

"Parsons Cause, The," 50.

Parties, in _W_.'s first term, 186, 187.

Peale, Charles, portrait of _W_., 148, 150.

Peale, Rembrandt, portrait of _W_., 148.

Pearson, Captain, 120.

Pendleton, Edmund, 59.

Pennsylvania, population of, in 1775, 68; 58, 155.

Peter the Great, 259.

Philadelphia, non-importation agreement of merchants of, 52;
Continental Congresses meet at, 59, 64;
_W_. at, 75 _ff_.;
British troops at, in 1777-78, 104, 105;
_W_. takes possession of, 106;
to be national capital for ten years, 183, 185;
Genêt at, 196.

Philipse, Frederick, 31.

Philipse, Mary, 31, 32.

Pickering, Timothy, Cabinet offices held by, 228, 229; 231.

Pinckney, Charles, 162.

Pinckney, Charles C., on X.Y.Z. mission to France, 215, 216; 162,
165, 166, 217.

Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, effect of his accession to power,
27, 28;
dismissed by George III, 29;
his last appearance in the Lords, 119, and death, 120.

Pitt, William, the younger, 55, 62.

Pittsburgh, on site of Fort Duquesne, 34, 255.

Plassey, Buttle of, 48.

Portraits of _W_., 148, 149, 150.

President, discussion as to term and method of election of, 167, 168;
_W_.'s view of office of, 178;
_W_.'s example as preventive of third term for, 223, 224.

Press, the, virulence and indecency of, 219 _ff_.

Princeton, Battle of, 86, 87.

Privateering, effect of French Alliance on, 108, 120, 121.

Protective tariff, Hamilton's, 188.

Pulaski, Count Casimir, 95, 97.

Quebec, Battle of, 28, 48;
abortive attack on, 71, 72;
persistence in project of capturing, 77.

Quincy, Josiah, 49.

Rall, Colonel, 86.

Randolph, Edmund, Attorney-General, 181, 186, 229;
Secretary of State, 206,228;
his "Vindication," 229, 230;
letter of _W_. to, 208, 209; 161, 169, 193.

Randolph, Peyton, 59.

Rawlins, Mr., 243, 253.

Reconciliation, Commission on, 109, 120.

Representation of States in Congress, question of, settled by
compromise, 167.

Republicans, 186.

Revolutionary War. _See_ American Revolution.

Robinson, Beverly, 31.

Robinson, Mr., Speaker of the House of Burgesses (Va.), quoted, 36.

Rochambeau, Jean B.D. de Vimeure, Count de, 122, 125.

Rockingham, Charles Wentworth, Marquis of, 130.

Rodney, George, Lord, 153.

Rutledge, Edward, on committee to confer with Howe, 79; 59.

Rutledge, John, 59, 162, 168.

St. Clair, General, 191.

St. Leger, Barry, 91.

Saratoga, Battle of, Burgoyne defeated in, 93;
effect of, in France, 99.

Schuyler, Philip, 65.

Senate of U.S., representation of States in, 167.

Seven Years' War, 27 _ff_.;
effect of, 29.

Shays, Daniel, 158.

Shays's Rebellion, causes of, 157,158.

Shelburne, William Petty, Earl of, 130.

Sherman, Roger, 59, 161, 168.

Shirley, William, 32.

Slave labor, _W_.'s view of, 38; 68.

Slave trade, question of, settled by compromise, 165, 166.

Slavery, why _W_. disapproved of, 38, 39, 238;
question of, settled by compromise, 164, 165.

Slaves, _W_.'s relations with, 38, 237-239;
number of, in Colonies, in 1775, 68.

South Carolina, population of, in 1775, 68;
British victories in, 122; 165.

Sparks, Jared, his _Life of Washington_, defects of, 3;
quoted, 113,116 and _n_., 146.

Spearing, Ann, 31.

Stamp Act, 49, 51, 52, 66.

Stark, John, defeats Burgoyne at Bennington, 92.

State debts, assumption of, by national government, how secured,
182-185;
favored by _W_., 188.

State rights, problem of, 167;
a fundamental subject of difference, 187.

States of the Confederation, _W_.'s farewell letter to
governors of, 135;
after the Revolution, 152, 156;
their relations to one another, 152, 153;
lack of coherence among, 154, 155;
foreign relations of, ignominious, 155;
delegates of, in Constitutional Convention, 160-162;
ratification by, 175, 174.
And _see_ Paris, Treaty of (1783).

Statues of _W_., 148.

Steuben, Baron Frederick W. von, 95, 110, 111.

Stone, F.D., _Struggle for the Delaware_, quoted, 100, 101.

Strong, Caleb, 161, 168.

Stuart, Gilbert, portraits of _W_., 149.

Sulgrave, English home of Washington family, 1.

Sullivan, John, defeated on Long Island, 77.

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles M. de, and the X.Y.Z. mission, 216.

Tariff, _W_.'s view of a, 189.

Tarleton, Sir Banastre, 122.

"Taxation without representation," 55, 57.

Thanacarishon, Seneca chief, quoted, on _W_. 14, 15.

Thomas, John, 71.

Ticonderoga, taken by Burgoyne, 91.

Tobacco-raising in Virginia, 39, 40.

Toner, J.M., _The Daily Journal of George Washington_, 11
_n_.

Trenton, Battle of, and its effect, 86, 87.

Trumbull, Jonathan, letter of _W_. to, 231.

Tryon, William, 79.

United States, debt of Confederation turned over to, 182;
excitement in, over Citizen Genêt, 195 _ff_.;
anomalous position of, between France and England, 205, 206;
the first country in which free speech existed, 222;
effect of _W_.'s example on world's opinion of, 259.

United States Bank, 189.

Valley Forge, American army in winter quarters at, 100 _ff_., 118.

Van Braam, Jacob, 14.

Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Count de, favors cause of the Colonies, 94;
secures coöperation of Spain, 99; 142.

Vernon, Edward, Admiral, 5, 9.

Victoria, Queen, 153.

Virginia, effect in, of Braddock's defeat, 24, 25;
in the 1750's, 44, 45;
fox-hunting and horse-racing, 45,46;
opposition in, to acts of the Crown, 50, 51;
state of opinion in, 55, 56; population of, in 1775, 67, 68;
jealousy between Mass, and, 64; 164, 166.

Virginia House of Burgesses, _W_. a member of, 36, 37;
adopts Mason's plan of association, 53.

Walpole, Horace, 18.

Washington, Augustine, _W.'s_ father, marries Mary Ball, 1.

Washington, George, ancestry, 1;
birth, 1, 2;
childhood and education, 2;
errors of Weems's biography, 2, 3;
absurdity of the cherry-tree story, 2;
Sparks's ill-advised editing of letters of, 3, 4;
and Mather's _Young Man's Companion_, 4;
surveys Fairfax estate, 5;
results of his experience as surveyor, 5;
his journals, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 37, 38, 39, 169;
his disposition, 7, 8;
attention, to dress, 8, 9;
declines appointment as midshipman, 9;
commissioned major of militia, 9;
visit to Barbados, 9, 10;
as manager of Mt. Vernon, 12;
sent by Dinwiddie on mission of warning to French, 14;
and the "Half-King," 14, 15;
second in command of Fry's expedition, 15_ff_.;
was he a "silent man"? 17, 18;
a volunteer on Braddock's expedition, 20, 21;
his account of the defeat, 22, 23;
his conduct in the battle, 23;
moral results of his campaigning, 25, 26;
his early love-affairs, 30, 31;
and Mary Philipse, 31, 32;
his physique, 32, 69;
a sound thinker, 33, 70;
inherits Mt. Vernon, 33;
courts and marries Mrs. Custis, 33, 34, 35;
in House of Burgesses, 36, 37;
as an agriculturist, 37 _ff_.;
his views on slave labor, 38, and slavery, 38, 39, 238;
relations with his slaves, 38, 237-239;
and his step-children, 40-42;
by nature a man of business, 42, 43;
improves his education, 43, 44;
as a country gentleman, 44_ff_.;
the hospitality of Mt. Vernon, 45.

His view of the Stamp Act and other measures of the British
Government, 51, 52;
a loyal American, 52;
signs Mason's plan of association, 53;
no doubt as to his position, 55, 56, 57;
offers to raise 1000 men at his own expense, 57;
in first Continental Congress, 59, 60;
his mind made up, 62, 63;
chosen Commander-in-chief of Continental forces, 64, 65;
takes command at Cambridge, 65, 69;
plans to blockade Boston, 69;
jealousy among his officers, 70, 71;
and military amateurs, 71;
opposes expedition against Canada, 71;
whips his army into shape, 72;
appeals for supply of powder, 72;
forces evacuation of Boston, 73;
moves troops to New York, 74;
before Congress in Phila., 74, 75;
his opinion of Congress, 75;
retreats from Long Island after Sullivan's defeat, 77, 78;
inadequacy of his resources, 78;
moves army to Heights of Harlem, 80;
on the evils of American military system, 80, 81;
his troops not discouraged by his frankness, 82;
on the difficulty of his position, 82, 83;
his movements after battle of White Plains, 83 _ff_.;
crosses the Delaware and wins battles of Trenton and Princeton, 86;
a Necessary Man, 87;
his fearlessness of danger, 87, 88;
his movements impeded by dependence on Congress, 90, 118, 119;
his miscellaneous labors, 95 _ff_.;
his circular on looting by his troops, 97, 98;
on the maltreatment of American prisoners, 98;
takes Lafayette on his staff, 99;
chooses Valley Forge for winter quarters, 100;
describes its horrors, 101-103;
enters Phila. on the heels of the British, 106;
censures Charles Lee at Monmouth, 106;
the uneventful summer and autumn of 1778, 109;
refuses to commute André's sentence, 111;
jealous ambitions of his associates: the Conway Cabal, 111 _ff_.;
and Gates, 114;
and C. Lee, 114-116, 116_n_.;
on the intrigues of his enemies, 117, 118;
difficulties of his position, 118;
forced inactivity of, 121;
marches South to Virginia, 123;
lays siege to Yorktown, and forces Cornwallis to surrender, 122-125;
the country unanimous in giving him credit for the final victory 128,
129.

His view of the problems to be solved after the peace, 131;
urges payment of troops in full, 131-133, 134;
and the plan to make him king, 134, 135;
his letter to governors of States, 135;
his farewell to his officers, 136, 137;
his reception by, and address to, Congress, 137-139;
returns to Mt. Vernon, 139;
his life there, described, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147;
fears of military dictatorship under, 141, 142;
his vision of the development of the Northwest 144, 145;
declines all gifts and pay for his services, 146;
his correspondence, 147, 148;
fears further trouble with England, 153;
his pessimism over the outlook for the future, 156, 157;
reluctantly consents to sit in Constitutional Convention, 158, 159;
and the Society of the Cincinnati, 159;
President of the Convention, 163, 164, 168, 169, 170;
his view of the Constitution, 170 _ff_.;
unanimously elected first President of the U.S., 175;
the journey to New York and inauguration, 176, 177.

His receptions as President, 178, 179, 180, 181;
his inaugural address, 179;
dealings with office-seekers, 180;
his first Cabinet, 181, 186;
serious illness of, 185, 186;
appoints Justices of Supreme Court, 186;
a Federalist, 187, 199, 215;
favors Assumption, 187, 188;
his tariff views, 189;
his visit to Boston, 189, 190;
sends expeditions against Indians, 191;
approves Hamilton's centralizing measures, 192;
determined to maintain neutrality as between France and England, 193;
deals firmly with Genêt, 198;
open criticism of, 199, 200, 201, 219 _ff_.;
his sympathies generally with Hamilton against Jefferson, 199;
effect on, of newspaper abuse, 201, 223;
disinclined to serve second term, 201;
reëlected, 202, 203, 204;
issues Proclamation of Neutrality, 204;
its effect, 204, 205;
appoints Randolph to succeed Jefferson, 206;
and the Jay Treaty, 207 _ff_.;
sends C.C. Pinckney to replace Monroe in Paris, 215;
why he recalled Monroe, 215, 216;
consents to act as Commander-in-Chief in 1799, 217, 240;
puts down Whiskey Insurrection, 218, 219;
favors maintenance of free speech, 222;
declines to consider a third term, 223;
effect in later years of the precedent set by him, 223, 224;
his "Farewell Address," 224-227;
what would he have done in 1914? 228;
changes in his Cabinet, 228, 229;
and the charges against Randolph, 229, 230.

Again in retirement at Mt. Vernon, 231 _ff_.;
and Nelly Custis, 233;
his career reviewed, 234, 254-260;
Bernard quoted on, 234-236;
his detractors, 236, 237;
his religious beliefs, 239, 240;
declines all public undertakings, 240;
his last illness, 241 _ff_.;
the last hours described by T. Lear, 243-249;
his death, 249;
action of Congress and President Adams, 251;
his funeral at Mt. Vernon, 252, 253;
project for memorial of, abandoned, 254;
his rank as a soldier, 256, 257;
as President, 258;
the most _actual_ statesman of his time, 258;
his example made the world change its mind about republics, 259.

_Portraits and statues of_, 148-150.

_Letters_ (quoted in whole or in part) to John Adams, 217;
Theodorick Bland, 131;
Rev. Mr. Boucher, 41;
William Byrd, 20;
Thomas Conway, 112;
Francis Dandridge, 51;
Robert Dinwiddie, 17, 22;
Bryan Fairfax, 62;
John Hancock, 9;
Benjamin Harrison, 143;
Sir W. Howe, 98;
Robert Jackson, 24;
John Jay, 142, 157;
Thomas Jefferson, 221;
Henry Knox, 170;
Marquis de Lafayette, 143, 145, 170, 171;
Henry Laurens, 101, 117;
Henry Lee, 203, 221;
Richard H. Lee, 96, 147;
Robert Mackenzie, 63;
George Mason, 56;
Gouverneur Morris, 207;
Edmund Randolph, 208;
Jonathan Trumbull, 231;
John Augustine Washington, 23, 75, 85;
Lund Washington, 82;
Martha (Custis) Washington, 34;
Mary Ball Washington, 24.

Washington, John, _W_.'s great-grandfather settles in Virginia, 1.

Washington, John Augustine, _W_.'s brother, letters of _W_.
to, 75, 85; 1, 11, 23.

Washington, Lawrence,_W.'s_ half-brother, inherits Mount Vernon, 5;
_W_.'s guardian, 5;
marries Lord Fairfax's daughter, 5;
visits Barbados with _W_., 9-11;
his death, 11, 12; 7, 33.

Washington, Lund, letter of _W_. to, 82, 83.

Washington, Mrs. Martha (Custis), quoted, 104;
and _W_.'s last illness, 243 _ff_.;
letter of, to President Adams, 254;
buried at Mount Vernon, 254; 9, 38, 41, 43, 45, 252, 253.

Washington, Mrs. Mary (Ball), _W_.'s mother, 2, 9, 24.

Washington, Mildred, _W_.'s niece, _W_. guardian of, 12;
her death, 12.

Washington family, the, 1.

Wayne, Anthony, 191.

Webster, Daniel, quoted, 188; 211.

Webster, Peletiah, 156.

Weems, Rev. Mason L., his _Life of_ _Washington_,
discredited, 2, 3.

West Point, surrendered by Arnold, 110.

Whigs, in Parliament, favor Colonies, 54, 62.

Whiskey Insurrection, the, 218, 219.

White House (Custis estate), 34, 35, 36.

White Plains, Battle of, 83.

Wilson, James, 161.

Wister, Owen, 30 _n_.

Wolcott, Oliver, Jr., 228, 229.

Wolfe, James, 28, 105.

Wythe, George, 161.

X.Y.Z. mission to France, 215, 216.

Yates, Robert, 161.

Yorktown, Cornwallis surrenders at, 123 _ff_.;
the war really ended at, 126;
effect in England, 130.

End of Project Gutenberg's George Washington, by William Roscoe Thayer