Chapter IX: Bruno in the History of Philosophy (2)

1. To p. 5 and p. 27, _Bruno's upbringing_.--In the _Infinito_, Lag. 362. 34, Burchio, the Aristotelian pedant of the dialogue, addresses Fracastorio in the following polite terms:--"You would be more learned than Aristotle--you, a beast, a poor devil, a beggar, a wretch, fed on bread of millet, perishing of hunger, begotten of a tailor, born of a washer-woman, nephew to Cecco the cobbler, _figol di Momo, postiglion de le puttane_, brother to Lazarus that makes shoes for asses!" It is almost incredible that any one should have taken these words as biographical or rather auto-biographical. They are in the mouth of a pedant and enemy: they are addressed not to the Bruno-character of the dialogue ("Philotheo"), but to Fracastorio, who temporarily takes his place as a well-trained disciple. Yet Lagarde, that amazing editor, gravely wonders whether the Dominicans did not know that their novice had been "postiglion de le puttane," or whether they were glad to forget it when they saw the pure and attractive young face! (_v._ Lagarde's edition of the Italian works, pp. 789, 798).

2. To p. 10. _The Arian heresy._--Before the Venetian tribunal Bruno explained his position with regard to the Arian heresy thus:--"I showed the opinion of Arius to be less dangerous than it was generally held to be, because generally it is understood that Arius meant to say that the Word was the first creation of the Father, and I declared that Arius said the Word was neither Creator nor Creation, but intermediary between the Creator and the Creation, as the word is intermediary between the speaker and what is spoken, and therefore it is said to be first-born before all creatures; through it, not out of it, have all things been created...." (Doc. xi. Bert. i. p. 403).

3. To p. 33. _Sidney and Greville._--Greville had been a schoolmate of Sidney at Shrewsbury, but proceeded to Jesus College, Cambridge, while Sidney went to Christ Church at Oxford; afterwards they were constant friends at Court. When Sidney went to Heidelberg in 1577, the Queen would not allow the handsome Greville to accompany him, nor would she let either go with Drake to the West Indies in 1585, and Greville was kept at home from Leicester's Expedition to the Low Countries, in which poor Sidney met with a heroic death (Oct. 17, 1586). In a letter of 1586, Greville describes Sidney as "that prince of gentlemen": writing to Douglas after Sidney's death, he says that the name of Sidney's friendship has carried him above his own worth. The epitaph Greville wrote for himself is familiar, but will bear repetition:--"Fulke Greville, Servant to Queen Elizabeth, Councillor to King James, and friend to Sir Philip Sidney. _Trophaeum Peccati._"

4. To p. 35. _Vautrollier and Bruno._--Vautrollier traded in Scotland as early as 1580 as a bookseller: he had already enjoyed the patronage of King James, and was even encouraged to return with a printing press, which he did in 1584. Thereafter he published in both London and Edinburgh till 1587. On the other hand some of Bruno's works were printed in 1585, so that the theory of Vautrollier's flight to Scotland owing to his being the printer of Bruno's works, falls through. The business in London was carried on during his absence by his wife, and the "troubles" out of which Mr. Randolph helped him were quite unconnected with Bruno, and may have arisen from his printing of John Knox's _History of the Reformation in Scotland_, which Archbishop Whitgift suppressed. The letter to Mr. Randolph is in L'Espine's _Treatise of Apostasy_, 1587 (Vautrollier: London).

5. To p. 51. _Mordentius._--Fabrizio Mordente of Salerno was a mathematician of the sixteenth century, of whom only two works are known to have existed,--one published in 1597, the other written in conjunction with his brother Gaspar in 1591. He was the inventor of an eight-point compasses of which Bruno writes in the second of the Mordentius dialogues, and on which he bestows apparently extravagant praise. The peculiarity of the invention, as far as one can discover, consisted in the introduction of four "runners," two on either limb of the compasses, and secured by screws; but there seems to have been no gradation of the compasses, and it is difficult to perceive any great value in the novelty, without that essential addition. The first of the two dialogues suggests a possible origin for some of Bruno's ideas on atomic geometry, as we find, attributed to Mordentius, two ideas that were applied to some purpose in Bruno's own mathematical works. They are (1) that of the measurement of inappreciable subdivisions of continuous quantities by integration, and (2) that of the impossibility of infinite division, the continuous being composed of discrete minima, beyond which no division can go, and the _minima_ (like the _maxima_) being relative, differing in different subjects, so that, for example, what in _astronomy_ is a minimal quantity may in _geodesy_ be greater than the diameter of the earth.

INDEX

Absolute, first principle or, 166

Agrippa of Nettesheim, Cornelius, 148, 149;
_De occulta philosophia_, 131, 149;
_De Vanitate Scientiarum_, 149, 257

Alasco, Prince, of Poland, 23

Algerio, Pomponio, 4

Alsted, John Henry, _Artificium perorandi_, 114

Anaxagoras, 126

Animism, 305;
universal, 147

_Antidicsonus_, 36, 324

Aquinas, St. Thomas, 9, 80, 137

Areopagus, literary society, 27

Aretino, Pietro, _Cortegiana_ of, 19

Arian heresy, the, 357

Aristotle, _De Anima_, 16, 158, 159;
criticism of, 50, 123;
_Organon_, 53, 55;
_Topics_, 55;
_Metaphysics_, 113, 125;
_Rhetoric_, 114, 138;
_Physics_, 115, 116, 122, 125, 236;
_De generatione et corruptione_, 116;
_Meteorologica_, 116;
Bruno's acquaintance with, 121-23;
rejection of mathematical method, 123;
treatment of predecessors, 124;
_Logic_, 138;
theory of limitation of space, 183;
on finitude of world, 185, 186;
on plurality of worlds, 197

Asinity, 257

Aspiration, 291

Atom, the, 236;
knowledge implies the, 227;
spherical, 240;
and materialism, 249

Atomism, belief of Bruno and Cusanus in, 147;
a metaphysical doctrine, 227, 246;
mathematical, 245;
physical, 247;
critical, 247;
and mathematics, 331

Avarice, 272

Avenarius, 337

Averroes, 136, 305

Avicebron or Avencebrol, _Fons Vitae_, 135

Bacon, Francis, 33, 123, 139, 325-29;
_Novum Organum_, 123, 124, 327-32;
_Historia Naturalis et Experimentalis_, 325;
_Historia Ventorum_, 326;
_De Augmentis Scientiarum_, 327, 328, 333;
method, 329;
theory of form, 330

Balbani, Nicolo, of Lucca, 13

Bartholmèss, Christian, 5, 16, 20, 97, 311, 348, 350

Basäus' Catalogue of Frankfort Books, 65

Bayle, Pierre, 348

Beauty, 281, 283;
reason apprehends true, 281

Bellarmino, censor of Bruno's works, 89

Berti, Domenico, 5, 8, 10, 11, 94, 95, 333, 357

Besler, Bruno's pupil and copyist, 114-17

Bible's teaching, the, 299

Bochetel, Maria de, 47

Body, distraction of the, 288

Bodies, movements of, 216;
prime, 224

Brunnhofer, 3, 18, 41, 51, 60, 64, 89, 114, 301, 337, 345, 354

Bruno, Giovanni, father of Bruno, 3

Bruno, Giordano (Filippo), birth and family, 3;
childhood, 5, 357;
at Naples, 8, 121;
enters Dominican Order, 9;
became priest, 9;
charges of heresy, 9, 10;
at Rome, 10;
at Venice, 11, 66;
at Padua, 12, 69;
at Geneva, 12;
before Consistory, 15;
at Toulouse, 16, 17;
Doctor in Theology and professor, 16;
at Paris, 17, 18;
Reader at the university, 20;
at London, 21;
at Oxford, 21;
impressions of Oxford, 25;
relation to Mauvissière, 27;
on Mauvissière, 29;
admiration for women of England, 41;
hostility in England, 45;
consults Bishop of Bergamo, 48;
associate of College of France, 49;
at Marburg, 51;
at Wittenberg, 52;
at Helmstadt, 60;
denounced by Mocenigo at Venice, 72, 73;
examination before Tribunal, 74, 294, 357;
defence, 75;
creed, 76, 77, 109;
abjuration of errors, 81;
remitted to Rome, 84;
orthodoxy, 87;
death, 92-96;
grounds for death, 97;
mission, 103;
dislike of pedantry, 105;
originality, 107;
optimism in philosophy,
111, 175, 313;
works published during imprisonment and posthumously, 113-17;
interest in Greek philosophy, 125;
and Cusanus, 147;
religion, 297;
rationalism, 301;
restoration of name, 351
_Publications_--Italian Dialogues, 5, 29, 34, 45, 127;
_Sigillus Sigillorum_, 5, 12, 17, 37, 111, 112, 137, 140, 297;
_Le Opere Italiane_, 5, 89;
_Opera Latina_, 6, 7, 12, 17, 20, 22, 40, 80, 96, 106, 113,
114, 122, 126, 127, 134-37, 140, 141, 151, 178, 180, 181, 183,
184, 188, 196-200, 202, 207, 209-11, 213, 216, 230, 231, 235,
236, 242, 243, 260, 261, 266, 292, 295, 297, 298, 302-4, 307,
310, 311, 313-16, 318-20, 334, 335;
_De Immenso_, 8, 48, 51, 62, 65, 108, 122, 133, 152, 180, 183,
185, 186, 191, 192, 196, 203-08, 212, 213, 215, 218, 221, 223,
226, 307, 311, 315;
_Signs of the Times_, 11;
_Ark of Noah_, 11;
_Cabala_, 11, 40, 41, 102, 107, 149, 219, 252, 265, 270, 308;
_Cena_, 12, 23, 25, 27, 33, 35, 37, 41, 103, 104, 106, 108, 123,
125, 126, 152, 161, 163, 170, 216, 219, 268, 299, 300, 301, 310,
327;
_Clavis Magna_, 17, 37;
"The Thirty Divine Attributes," 17;
_De Umbris_, 18, 19, 103, 107, 115, 310, 324;
_Ars Memoriæ_, 18;
_Cantus Circæus_, 18, 37;
_De Compendiosa Architectura_, 19, 140, 141;
_Il Candelaio_, 19, 106;
_Oratio Consolatoria_, 21, 60, 260, 298;
_Explicatio Triginta Sigillorum_, 22, 26, 34, 37;
"Immortality of the Soul" and "The Five-fold Sphere," 25;
_Causa_, 25, 29, 30, 33, 35, 38, 106, 124-26, 132, 133, 135, 137,
138, 150, 153, 155, 200, 302, 309, 340;
_Infinito_, 28, 108, 125, 131, 142, 180, 185, 192, 217, 221, 224,
310, 357;
_Spaccio_, 32, 39, 40, 46, 57, 130, 131, 144, 149, 160, 224,
252-54, 265, 296, 302, 306, 307, 341;
_Heroici Furori_, 32, 41, 42, 100, 126, 129, 134, 137, 252, 253,
302, 310, 313;
_Modern and Complete Art of Remembering_, 37;
Centum et Viginti, Articuli _De Natura et Mundo_, 49;
_De Lampade Combinatoria_, 53, 139, 261;
_De Lampade Combinatoria Lulliana_, 54;
_De Specierum Scrutino_, 54, 59, 114;
_De Progressu Lampada Venatoria Logicorum_, 55;
_De Minimo_, 62-65, 106, 116, 160, 163, 178, 223, 226, 228,
234-36, 238-41, 243, 312, 313, 320;
_De Monade_, 62, 65, 80, 149, 150;
_Articuli adv. Mathematicos_, 110, 244, 295, 318, 335;
_Summa terminorum metaphysicorum_, 113, 304, 305, 308, 321, 341;
_Artificium perorandi_, 114;
_Lampas Triginta Statuarum_, 114, 295, 313, 314, 320, 321;
_De Magia_, et _Theses de Magia_, 116;
_De Magia Mathematica_, 116, 137;
_De Rerum Principiis et Elementis et Causis_, 116;
_De Medicina Lulliana_, 117, 139;
_De Vinculis in genere_, 117, 134, 266;
_Acrotismus_, 180, 217, 223, 225, 226

Budgell, Eustace, in _Spectator_, 348

Buhle, _History of Philosophy_, 352

Burton, Robert, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, 347

Cabala, Hebrew, 130, 131

Camden's _Elizabeth_, 24

Cardanus, 150

Carrière, Moritz, 339

Cause of nature, efficient, 157, 184;
formal, 158;
final, 158

Change, ceaseless, 205, 210, 221

Christianity, attack on, 225

Cicala, Mount, 5, 7

Clemens, F. J. 142, 266

Coincidence of all things in One, 172, 176;
of contraries, 176, 179, 209;
verifications of, 177-79

Comets, Bruno's theory of, 212

Commerce, the evils of, 269

Company of St. John the Beheaded, 95, 96

Contarini, Venetian procurator, report of, 84

Continuum not divisible, 237

Copernicanism, a heresy, 89;
influence of, on Bruno, 110

Copernicus, 150-52;
_De orbium c[oe]lestium Revolutionibus_, 150

Culpepper, Warden of New College, 26

Cusanus. See Nicolaus of Cusa.

Death and life contrasted, 289

Democritus, 126

Descartes, 334-36

Desire, human, 181

Dicson, Alexander, 35, 36;
_De Umbra Rationis_, 36, 324

Disputation of Pentecost, 49

Divine essence, attributes of, 193;
union with the, 280;
finite soul and mind, 307

Divinity of Christ, 79;
of matter, 157

Domenico da Nocera, 71, 75

Dominicans, the, 8, 357

Douglas, Archibald, 47

Dufour, Théophil, 14

Earth, the, 208; as centre of gravity, 190;
its movements, 211;
and suns, 211

Eglin, Raphael, 64, 113

Egyptian theosophy, 130;
religion, 305

Elements, the, 185;
in isolation, 209

Elizabeth, Queen, 21, 30, 31, 47, 81;
the London of, 41, 45

Empedocles, 126

England, works published in, 37

Epitaph, Bruno's, 99

Erlangen Codex, 116

Ether, the, 206, 245

Euclid, simplification of, 243

Evolution, theory of, 270

Existences, finite, 173;
differ, all, 235

Faith and works, 254

Faye, Anthony de la, 14

Ficino, Marsilio, 128

Figure in body and space, 189

Finite soul and divine mind, 307

Fiorentino, in _Giornale de la Domenica_, 6

Fire, Bruno's theory of, 209

Florio, 21, 35, 43;
"First Fruites," 35;
translation of Montaigne, 35

Form, intellect as, 158, 160;
natural, 165

Franco, Nicolo, 39

Frankfort, works published at, 51, 62, 66, 114;
petition to council of, 63

Furor (inspiration), kinds of, 279

Gassendi, Pierre, 336, 337

Gemistus, Georgius (Gemistus Plethon), 127, 128

Gentile, Alberico, 53

God in us, 291, 316;
love of, 291-93, 342;
man and, 298;
in nature, 315;
in himself, 317

Goethe, 352

Golden Age, the, 266

Greville, Sir Fulke, 27, 33, 43, 357

Grün, professor of philosophy, 54

Gwinne, Matthew, 35, 43

Hegel, 353;
_De Orbitis Planetarum_, 108

Helmstadt, Bruno at, 60, 61

Hennequin, John, 49

Henry III., 17, 18

Heraclitus' fire, 125

Heretical propositions, the eight, 90

Heumann, _Acta Philosophorum_, 350

Iamblichus, 129

Ideas, abstract, 196

Identity in God, 167;
in kind of all beings, 215

Imagination of Bruno, 107

Immaculate conception, rejection of, 109

Immortality, 159;
meaning of, 309;
individual, 311

Indifference of all things in the Infinite, 173

Infinite and the finite, the, 187, 307;
action between the, 187;
relation of, 188

Intellect, 282, 341

Intelligence and Love, 290;
instinct and, 219

Isolation, no elements in, 209

Jacobi, F. H., _Letters on Spinoza's Philosophy_, 351

Jews, antipathy towards the, 265

Judgment, 262;
based upon sensations, 234

Juvenal, 104

Kepler, 333

Knowledge of God, 194;
principles of, 229;
relativity of, 233;
Bruno's _Summum Bonum_, 276

Lacroze, 345, 346, 350

Lagarde, 5, 11, 12, 23, 25, 27, 28-31, 36, 40, 42, 46, 57, 102-8,
124, _et seq._, 142, 144, 150, 154-65, 167-69, 172, _et seq._, 185,
193, 216, _et seq._, 252, 253, 255-57, 259, 261 _et seq._, 276-93,
296 _et seq._, 357

Law, function of, 262

Leibniz, _Monadology_, 224;
and Bruno, 343;
Bruno's influence on, 345;
on Bruno, 347

Lessing's idea of myths anticipated, 108

Life, one principle of, 199;
the practical, 261;
the strenuous, 279;
and death contrasted, 289

London of Elizabeth, the, 42, 45

Love, degrees of, 281;
intelligence and, 290

Lucian's _Parliament of the Gods_, 39

Lucretius, 127;
_De rerum natura_, 127

Lully, Raymond, 138-41;
_Art of Reasoning_, 115, 139, 333

Luther, 57

Magnus, Albertus, 137

Man and the animals, 270;
and God, 298

Matter, divinity of, 157;
spirit and, 161;
and form, 163, 168;
deduction of, 163;
the true substance, 165;
as potentiality, 166;
substrate of the spiritual world, 168;
the ultimate unity, 171

Matthew, Tobias, 26

Mauvissière, 26, 27, 29, 47;
_Teulet Papers_, 23;
_Salisbury Papers_, 47

Melanchthon, 52

Mendoça, Bernardino di, 31, 32

"Metaphysical Remains," 113

Minima, the three, 227;
in the classification of the sciences, 229

Minimum, relativity of, 227;
as substance, 230;
indestructible, 231;
mathematics of the, 241

Miracles and deceit, 257

Mirror of God, 182

Mocenigo, Giovanni, 66, 67, 70, 72, 73, 75

Moisture, a material element, 207

Mordente, Fabrizio, 51, 358

Morehead, W., 39, 349

Morosini, Andrea, 71

Mystical and naturalistic attitude compared 110, 111

Naples, Bruno at, 8, 121;
cloister at, 9

Nature as one and many, 169;
permanence of beauty, harmony, 175;
uniformity of, 203;
and spirit, 251

Necessity and liberty, 195

Neoplatonist school, 127, 128;
mysticism of the, 110, 134

Nicodemo, Lionardo, 348

Nicolaus of Cusa, 141, 176;
sketch of his philosophy, 142-48;
_De Docta Ignorantia_, 143, 145, 257;
and Bruno compared, 144, 146;
_Alchoran_, 145;
_De Ludo globi_, 147;
_De Idiota_, 149;
_De Conjecturis_, 148;
_De Visione Dei_, 148;
_De Venatione Sapientiæ_, 148

Nigidius, Petrus, 51

Nola, 3, 4, 7

Object of _De Minimo_, 226

Ovid, _Metamorphoses_, 99

Oxford and Aristotle, 21, 22;
Bruno's impressions of, 25

Padua, 12, 69

Paracelsus, 149, 150;
_ad miraculum medicus_, 150

Paris, 18

Perfection, abstract conception of, 198;
plurality and, 199;
nature of, 201;
progress and, 285

Peripatetic philosophy, theses against, 49;
criticism of theory, 49

Philosophy, practical test of a perfect, 112;
Bruno's--Matter and spirit, 159;
necessity and liberty, 195;
similarity in composites, 234;
time and space, 237;
part and limit, 239;
peace and liberty, 261;
sincerity, 264;
temperance, 265;
evolution, 270;
avarice, 272;
fortune, 272;
courage, 273;
simplicity, 273;
solicitude, 274;
beauty, 281, 283;
love, 281, 290

Pius V., Pope, 39

Plato, _Timæus_, 131;
_Republic_, 131

Platonism, Platonists, 128, 133

Plethon. See Gemistus, Georgius

Plotinus, 132, 133;
_Enneads_, 132, 168

Pognisi, _Giordano Bruno_, 96

Prague, 59

Pre-Aristotelians, the, 125

Predicates of God, 114;
of substance and nature, 115

Primum mobile, the, 185

Principle: cause, 155;
first or absolute, 166

Process, the infinite, 284

Progress, human, 269;
and perfection, 285

Prudence, the virtue of deliberative faculty, 275

_Quarterly Review_, 27, 34, 348

Ramus, Petrus, Dialectic of, 16, 324

Ratio or discursive thought, 341

Rationalism in Bruno, 301;
mediæval, 305

Reality of things, timeless, 321

Reuchlin, Johann, _De arte cabbalistica_, 131

Riches and poverty, 271

Riehl, _Giordano Bruno_, 69

Roche, La, _Memoirs of Literature_, 94

Roman people, Bruno on, 263

Rome, Bruno at, 10;
tribunal at, 91

Rudolph II., 59

Savolina, Fraulissa, mother of Bruno, 3

Schelling, 352

Scholastics, the, 137

Schopenhauer, 354

Schopp, Gaspar, 40, 94;
letter on Bruno's death, 92, 350

Self-consciousness, 273

Sense-knowledge, relativity of, 232

Shakespeare, 34, 35

Sidney, Sir Philip, 12, 27, 31, 32, 35, 59, 357

Sigwart, 3, 52, 63-65, 67, 86, 337, 340, 342

Soul, the goods of the, 271;
the body, 286;
functions of the, 286;
hierarchy of, 313

Soul-principle in bodies, 216, 224

Spagnolo, Alfonso, 48

Spenser, Edmund, _Cantos on Mutability_, 33;
_Færie Queen_, 33

Spinoza on Bible interpretation, 108;
and Bruno, 176, 337-43;
_De Deo seu Homine_, 340, 342;
_Ethics_, 341

Spirit and matter, 161;
unity of, and body, 170

Stars, souls of the, 217

Stein, Ludwig, 346

Superstition and natural law, 7

Tansillo, affection of Bruno for, 5;
quoted, 283

Tasso, _Aminta_, 36, 268

Telesio, _De natura rerum_, 150

Temple of Wisdom, the, 57;
builders of, 128

Tennemann, Wilhelm G., 352

Theism in Bruno, 319

Theophilus of Varrano, 121

Tiraboschi, Girolamo, historian, 107

Tocco, Felice, _Conferenza_, 90;
_Le Opere Latine de G. Bruno_, 114, 225;
criticism of _Lampas Triginta Statuarum_, 115;
_Le Opere Inedite di G. Bruno_, 115, 116;
_Le Fonti piu recenti_, 138, 149

Toland, John, 38, 94, 349

Trinity, rejection of the, 109;
Cusanus' proof of the, 145;
interpretation of the, 294, 295

Trismegistus, Mercurius or Hermes, 129

Truth, philosophical and theological, 76;
the "implicit universe," 274, 275;
the twofold, 303

Universe, infinite in extent, 182, 183;
perfection of the, 190

Vacuum, the, 240

Vanini, Lucilio, burnt as a heretic at Toulouse, 17, 334

Vautrollier, bookseller, 34, 358

Venice, works published at, 11;
tribunal at, 73, 294, 357;
relation between, and the Pope, 85

Verifications of coincidence, 177

Vico, Marquis of, 12

Virtues, table of the, 259

Wagner in Bruno's _Opere Italiane_, 89

Waldensian persecution, 8

Watson, Thomas, _Compendium Memoriæ Localis_, 36, 325;
translation of Tasso's _Aminta_, 36

Whole and its parts, the, 186

Williams, L., 41

Wisdom reviewed, 275

Wittenberg, Bruno at, 51, 52;
works published at, 54, 55;
lectures at, 114;
notes dictated at, 115

Wittmann, _Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie_, 135, 136

Works, Marburg edition, 113;
State edition, 113-115;
published during imprisonment and posthumously, 113-117;
Noroff collection, 116, 117

Worlds, innumerable, 191, 194;
decay of, 221

Zurich, Bruno at, 64;
work published at, 113

THE END

_Printed by_ /R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED/, _Edinburgh_

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: Brunnhofer, p. 321, Appendix.]

[Footnote 2: Sigwart, i. p. 118 (note 5).]

[Footnote 3: Berti, _Vita di S. B._, p. 28.]

[Footnote 4: Bartholmèss, vol. i. p. 26.]

[Footnote 5: Lagarde, 452. 23.]

[Footnote 6: _V._ additional note.]

[Footnote 7: Lagarde, _Op. Ital._, p. 101.]

[Footnote 8: _i.e._ Heightening of normal powers.]

[Footnote 9: _Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 184.]

[Footnote 10: On Bruno's family _v._ Fiorentino, in the _Giornale de la Domenica_ (Naples), for Jan. 29, 1882.]

[Footnote 11: _De Magia, Op. Lat._ iii. Op. 430, 431.]

[Footnote 12: _De Immenso, v. Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 120.]

[Footnote 13: _De Immenso_, iii. (i. 1. 313).]

[Footnote 14: Ct. the punning line "_Domini canes evangelium latrantur per totum orbem._"]

[Footnote 15: Berti, p. 50.]

[Footnote 16: Cf. _Spaccio de la Bestia_, Lag. p. 552, 1.]

[Footnote 17: Venetian Documents, No. 8.]

[Footnote 18: Docs. 8 and 13.]

[Footnote 19: _Vide_ additional note.]

[Footnote 20: Doc. 1 (Berti, p. 378).]

[Footnote 21: Tasso came about the same time, to be repulsed as plague-stricken from the gates.]

[Footnote 22: Doc. 9. Berti, p. 393 (a line is omitted in the 2nd Edition).]

[Footnote 23: Lag. 147. 21.]

[Footnote 24: Fra Paolo Sarpi was at this time teaching philosophy in one of the monasteries in Venice, but Bruno does not seem to have met him.]

[Footnote 25: _Sig. Sig._ (_Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 191).]

[Footnote 26: _Cena_, Lag. 143. 40.]

[Footnote 27: Doc. 9.]

[Footnote 28: _Giordano Bruno à Genève_ (1579), par Théophil Dufour: _v._ Berti, pp. 449 ff.]

[Footnote 29: From the Register of the Council.]

[Footnote 30: Register of Consistory, 1577-1579.]

[Footnote 31: Bartholmèss, i. pp. 62, 63 (with note).]

[Footnote 32: _Vide De Umbris_ (_Op. Lat._ ii. 1. p. 65, cf. p. 87).]

[Footnote 33: Brunnhofer's _Giordano Bruno_, etc., p. 25.]

[Footnote 34: Introd. to _De Umbris_.]

[Footnote 35: Bartholmèss, I. 74.]

[Footnote 36: _Vide Acrot. Camoer._ Epistle to the Rector of the University (Filesac.). _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 56, 57.]

[Footnote 37: _Artificium Arist. Lull. Ram._ 1615.]

[Footnote 38: Cf. _Orat. Consol._ (i. 1. 32).]

[Footnote 39: _Op. Lat._ ii. 2. pp. 76-8.]

[Footnote 40: _Cena_, L. 176, 37 ff.]

[Footnote 41: _Teulet Papers_, ii. p. 570 (May 16, 1583).]

[Footnote 42: _Op. cit._, p. 693.]

[Footnote 43: Camden's _Elizabeth_.]

[Footnote 44: The MS. of _Dido_, which was acted by Christ Church men, is still preserved in the library of Christ Church.]

[Footnote 45: Lag. p. 120 ff.]

[Footnote 46: L. p. 220.]

[Footnote 47: 1546-1628. Studied at University College; President of St. John's, 1572-7; Dean of Christ Church (to 1584); afterwards Archbishop of York: "One of a proper person (such people, _ceteris paribus_ and sometimes _ceteris imparibus_, were preferred by the Queen) and an excellent preacher"--(Fuller, quoted in the _Dict. Nat. Biog._)]

[Footnote 48: Warden of New, 1573-99; Dean of Chichester, 1577.]

[Footnote 49: _Vide Trig. Sigilli_, Dedication.]

[Footnote 50: _Vide_ add. note.]

[Footnote 51: Doc. 9, _Berta_, p. 305. "Castelnuovo, in casa del qual non faceva altro se non che stava per il suo gentilhomo."]

[Footnote 52: Preface, L. 305.]

[Footnote 53: Lag. 264, 20.]

[Footnote 54: L. 143.]

[Footnote 55: L. 226. 25 ff.]

[Footnote 56: Mauvissière's successor was nominated in Nov. 1584, although he did not leave until a year later.]

[Footnote 57: _Vide_ add. note.]

[Footnote 58: First pointed out, I believe, by Mr. Whittaker in _Essays and Notices_, 1895 (_v._ the note to _Giordano Bruno_, p. 94).]

[Footnote 59: Cf. the _Quarterly Review_, Oct. 1902. The references are _Tschischwitz: Shakespeare-Forschungen--Hamlet_, 1868; _W. König, Shakespeare-Jahrbuch_, xi.; _Frith's Giordano Bruno_; on the other side _Beyersdorff, Giordano Bruno und Shakespeare_ (1889); _Furness_ in the _New Variorum Shakespeare_.]

[Footnote 60: _Vide_ add. note.]

[Footnote 61: Lag. 223. 4.]

[Footnote 62: _Vide infra_, part ii. ch. 9.]

[Footnote 63: In the _Aminta_.]

[Footnote 64: _Sigillus_ is really a diminutive of "Signum" in Bruno's view; "Seal" therefore means much the same as "Sign."]

[Footnote 65: "Venezia" on the title-page.]

[Footnote 66: Again "Venetia." The Introduction is translated in _A collection of several pieces_, by Mr. John Toland, 2 vols., London, 1726.]

[Footnote 67: "_Parigi._" Translated, except for the introductory letter to Sidney, in _Sp. dalla Best. Triom., or the Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast_, London, 1713; attributed to W. Morehead.

The Spaccio was in its outward form, no doubt, suggested by Lucian's _Parliament of the Gods_. Fiorentino has pointed out that Niccolo Franco had made use of a similar idea in a dialogue published in 1539, in which he described a journey to heaven, where he was at first refused admittance; he had a parley with the Gods, until, with the aid of Momus, he obtained permission to enter, conversed with Jupiter, received some favours, and returned. Franco was impaled in 1565 by Pope Pius V., hence perhaps the absence of his name in Bruno. Perhaps the idea of the Spaccio was also determined by a prophecy of the Bohemian Cipriano Leowicz ("On the more signal great conjunctions of the planets," 1564), that about the beginning of April 1584 would occur a reunion of almost all the planets in the sign of Aries, and it should be the last in that sign. It was inferred that the Christian religion would also come to an end then. This would agree with the reason given above for Bruno's preface, viz. that he was leaving England in 1584, Mauvissière's term having expired.]

[Footnote 68: Lag. 417.]

[Footnote 69: _Ib._ 408.]

[Footnote 70: _Parigi_ is on the title page.]

[Footnote 71: _Op. Lat._ ii. 3, 237.]

[Footnote 72: Also _Parigi_. Translated in "The Heroic Enthusiasts," an Ethical Poem, by L. Williams, London, 1887. (The Argument or Summary, and the Apology of Bruno, are omitted.)]

[Footnote 73: Lag. 123. 3. Cf. _Her. Fur._ 747. 19--"le belle et gratiose Ninfe del Padre Tamesi," 749. 40, "Leggiadre Nimphe, ch'a le' herbose Sponde del Tamesi gentil fatte Soggiorno," and 753. 10.]

[Footnote 74: Lag. 144. 10.]

[Footnote 75: Lag. 406. 17 (_Spaccio_).]

[Footnote 76: Lag. 292.]

[Footnote 77: 521. 27 ff.]

[Footnote 78: 551. 38, 522. 23, 550. 2, 490. 3.]

[Footnote 79: _Salisbury Papers_, iii. p. 112.]

[Footnote 80: Doc. 9.]

[Footnote 81: Doc. 17. Berti, p. 426, 427.]

[Footnote 82: Landseck's _Bruno_.]

[Footnote 83: _Vide Op. Lat._ vol. iii. Introd. p. xxxix.]

[Footnote 84: Centum et Viginti Articuli _De Natura et Mundo_, adv. Peripateticos, Paris, 1586; and "J. B. N. _Camoeracensis Acrotismus_, etc." Wittenberg, 1588. "Camoeracensis" qualifies Bruni,--"of the College of Cambray." Acrotismus is barbarous Latinising of [Greek: Akroasis].]

[Footnote 85: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 63.]

[Footnote 86: i. 1. 65.]

[Footnote 87: _Ib._ 68, 69.]

[Footnote 88: _Figuratio Aristotelici Physici Auditus_, Paris, 1586. _Dialogi Duo de Fabricii Mordentis Salernitani prope divina adinventione ad perfectam cosmimetrae praxim_, Paris, 1586. _Vide_ add. note.]

[Footnote 89: Doc. 9.]

[Footnote 90: Eglin, a pupil of Bruno, was Professor of Theology at Marburg in 1607 (Brunnhofer, p. 60).]

[Footnote 91: Sigwart. The university has since been united with that of Halle, the seat being at the latter place.]

[Footnote 92: _De Specierum Scrutinio et Lampade Combinatoria Raimundi Lulli_, "the omniscient and almost divine hermit doctor." Prague, 1588.]

[Footnote 93: Krell was imprisoned, and put to death ten years later.]

[Footnote 94: _Vide Spaccio_, Lag. 516. 11, and 553. 21 ff.]

[Footnote 95: _De Specierum Scrutinio_, _vide supra_, p. 54.]

[Footnote 96: Published 1589, Helmstadt.]

[Footnote 97: Bk. iv. ch. 10.]

[Footnote 98: Cf. Frith's _Bruno_, p. 200.]

[Footnote 99: _Vide_ Brunnhofer and Sigwart.]

[Footnote 100: Censor's Register: Frankfort Archives.]

[Footnote 101: Sigwart, and _Op. Lat._ vol. iii. introd. p. xxix.]

[Footnote 102: Bassäus Catalogue of Frankfort Books from 1564-1592, printed 1592 (Sigwart).]

[Footnote 103: Doc. 6 (Ciotto's evidence).]

[Footnote 104: Doc. 8 (Bruno's own statements).]

[Footnote 105: Sigwart, _Kl. Schriften_, i. p. 302.]

[Footnote 106: _Vide Op. Lat._, vol i., introd. p. xx.]

[Footnote 107: Bertano described him as lecturing at Padua to some German scholars (Doc. 7). On _Besler_, and Bruno's connection with him, _v._ Stölzle, _Archiv f. Geschichte d. Phil._, iii.]

[Footnote 108: Riehl, _Giordano Bruno_.]

[Footnote 109: Doc. 15, Morosini's evidence.]

[Footnote 110: Doc. 17 (Bruno). Cf. 16 (Ciotto re-examined), and 9 (Bruno).]

[Footnote 111: Doc. 10.]

[Footnote 112: Ambassador in Paris during Bruno's first visit (1582).]

[Footnote 113: The Nuncio was sometimes represented by his auditor, the Patriarch by his vicar.]

[Footnote 114: _i.e._ orthodox, right-thinking.]

[Footnote 115: Bruno refers to the Pythagorean doctrine, quoting the _Æneid_, vi. 724 ff.: _Principio c[oe]lum ... mens agitat molem_.]

[Footnote 116: _De Monade_ (_Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 415).]

[Footnote 117: Doc. 17.]

[Footnote 118: Doc. 24. Venetian State Archives.]

[Footnote 119: Doc. 25. State Archives.]

[Footnote 120: Docs. 26, 27.]

[Footnote 121: Roman Documents, III.]

[Footnote 122: It must not be left out of mind that documents have occasionally been tampered with, and statements put into the mouths of witnesses which are in substance false, as Fiorentino hints concerning these reports of Bruno's trial. But there is no special reason for doubt here.]

[Footnote 123: It is officially stated that there are no further documents.]

[Footnote 124: Wagner's introduction to Bruno's _Opere Italiane_, p. 7.]

[Footnote 125: _Conferenza_, p. 86.]

[Footnote 126: For the part of this letter relative to Bruno, _v._ Bartholmèss (with French translation), Berti and Frith.]

[Footnote 127: The letter was translated into English by La Roche, _Memoirs of Literature_, vol. ii., and by Toland, _Misc. Works_, vol. i. Schopp refers to Bruno's death in a work published in 1611 (_i.e._ several years before the letter itself was published) as having occurred ten years earlier (Berti, p. 10).]

[Footnote 128: Berti, p. 326, n. 1.]

[Footnote 129: Pognisi, _Giordano Bruno e l'Archivio di San Giovanni Decollato_, Torino, 1891, and vol. iii. of _Op. Lat._ introd.]

[Footnote 130: _Metam._ xv.]

[Footnote 131: Cf. _Her. Fur._ 623. 20 ff.]

[Footnote 132: Lag. 564. 25.]

[Footnote 133: _E.g._ cf. _De Umbris_, p. 10 ff., and _Magia Math., Op. Lat._ iii. 5. 506.]

[Footnote 134: Lag. 141. 5.]

[Footnote 135: _Cena_, Lag. 125. 12 ff.]

[Footnote 136: Juvenal, i. 3. 300.]

[Footnote 137: Lag. 129. 7.]

[Footnote 138: Lag. 318. 5.]

[Footnote 139: Lag. 619. 20. Cf. also 700. 25, 717. 39.]

[Footnote 140: Lag. 718. 26.]

[Footnote 141: Lag. 223. 14 ff., cf. 242. 35, and _De Minimo_, bk. iii. 1.]

[Footnote 142: _De Minimo, Op. Lat._ i. 3, 135.]

[Footnote 143: In his _De Orbitis Planetarum_, 1801, Hegel "demonstrated" that the number of planets could not exceed seven. Before it appeared, Piazzi had discovered Ceres.]

[Footnote 144: _Art. Adv. Math. Epist. Ded._ (i. 3. 4).]

[Footnote 145: _Sig. Sig._ (ii. 2. 192.)]

[Footnote 146: Works published during Bruno's imprisonment, and posthumously.]

[Footnote 147: Cf. _Op. Lat._ vol. i. pt. 4. Also in Gfrörer.]

[Footnote 148: Cf. p. 67, l. 11.]

[Footnote 149: Brunnhofer (p. 81) suggests that the first part contains the exoteric, the second the esoteric teaching of Bruno. But as Tocco (_Opere Latine di G. B._, p. 136) rightly points out, some such knowledge of Aristotelian terms as that in Part i. would form a necessary preliminary to the study of philosophy in Bruno's time. He makes use of the Aristotelian terms to express ideas quite different from those of Aristotle.]

[Footnote 150: _Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 333.]

[Footnote 151: _Vide_ Tocco, _Opere Inedite di G. B._ Napoli, 1891.]

[Footnote 152: _Op. cit._ p. 77.]

[Footnote 153: _Vide Op. Lat._ iii., Introduction by Vitelli; but according to Stölzle (_Archiv für Gesch. d. Phil._ iii. 1890) and Tocco (_Op. Ined._, p. 99) they belong to the first stay in Paris. The latter adds that they may have been repeated in Wittenberg.]

[Footnote 154: Under the heading "Time" (_de tempore_) there is a short treatise on Astrology.]

[Footnote 155: Doc. 8: the words suggest a special training in Latin, Greek, Philosophy, and Rhetoric,--not the whole Trivium and Quadrivium of the ordinary education of the day, as Berti supposes.]

[Footnote 156: Cf. _Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 61; ii. 3; i. 4. 39, 65, 69; i. 1. 256, etc.]

[Footnote 157: i. 4. 21; i. 1. 223; i. 1. 231.]

[Footnote 158: A compendium of Aristotle's _Physics_.]

[Footnote 159: _Op. Lat._ i. 4. 131 ff.]

[Footnote 160: (_De Immenso_, iii. 3), _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 340.]

[Footnote 161: Lag. 131.]

[Footnote 162: _Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 133.]

[Footnote 163: Lag. 239.]

[Footnote 164: _Ib._ 252. Cf. Bacon's _Nov. Org._ i. 54:--"Aristotle, who altogether enslaved his natural Philosophy to his Logic, and so rendered it nearly useless and contentious," (_vide infra_, ch. 9).]

[Footnote 165: Lag. 256.]

[Footnote 166: _Ib._ 280.]

[Footnote 167: _Nov. Org._ i. 62.]

[Footnote 168: (_De l' Infinito_), Lag. 324.]

[Footnote 169: Lag. 231.]

[Footnote 170: _Ib._ 183. Cf. _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 282, 288.]

[Footnote 171: Cf. _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 96, 3. 26, 3. 271; i. 1. 291; i. 3. 26; iii. 70, etc.]

[Footnote 172: Lag. 282.]

[Footnote 173: _Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 196, and (_Her. Fur._) Lag. 722. 35.]

[Footnote 174: _Cena_, Lag. 237. 9. Cf. _Her. Fur._ Lag. 722. 35.]

[Footnote 175: Lag. 256. 25, 273. 25. Cf. _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 377.]

[Footnote 176: i. 1. 272.]

[Footnote 177: i. 2. 148.]

[Footnote 178: i. 3. 140.]

[Footnote 179: _Causa_, Lag. 247.]

[Footnote 180: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. 169.]

[Footnote 181: Cf. _Her. Fur._, Lag. 636. If not by Iamblichus, this work issued certainly from his school, to which Julian the Apostate belonged.]

[Footnote 182: _E.g. Op. Lat._ i. 1. 376.]

[Footnote 183: _Ibid._]

[Footnote 184: _Op. cit._]

[Footnote 185: _Op. Lat._ i. 2. 409.]

[Footnote 186: Lag. 532.]

[Footnote 187: _i.e._ creative or original.]

[Footnote 188: _Spaccio_, Lag. 533. Bruno was probably acquainted with the _De arte cabbalistica_ (1517) of Reuchlin the Platonist, and with Pico of Mirandula's _Cabalistarum selectiora obscurioraque dogmata_. Of the Cabala itself the first part (Creation) was published in Hebrew at Mantua 1562, a translation into Latin at Basle 1587: the second part, _The Book of Splendour_, Hebrew, 1560, a translation, not, as it seems, until the following century. It is unlikely that Bruno read Hebrew, although he makes use of Hebrew letters among his symbols. But there were many writings on the Cabala from which he could have derived his idea of their teaching--_e.g._ Agrippa's _Occulta Philosophia_, to which he was indebted for much of the _De Monade_. The Cabala (_i.e._ "traditional teaching") is a collection of dogmas made about the ninth and thirteenth centuries; it was certainly influenced by Neoplatonism, and contained the interpretation of creation as emanation in graduated series of beings from the one supreme Being, of the Logos or Divine Word as intermediary between the Supreme and the lower beings (viz, the material world and all sensible objects): the elements of the Logos are the Sephiroth, the ten numbers of Pythagoras, corresponding to the chief virtues or qualities; next to these are the ideas or forms, then the world-souls, and last of all material things.]

[Footnote 189: _Causa_, Lag. 231.]

[Footnote 190: _Op. Lat._ i. 2. 196.]

[Footnote 191: _Ib._ ii. i. 48.]

[Footnote 192: Plotinus, _Enneads_, ii. 4. 4; cf. Bruno's _Causa_, Lag. 267.]

[Footnote 193: _Causa_, Lag. 271; cf. Plot. _Enn._ ii. 4. 3.]

[Footnote 194: i. 2. 117.]

[Footnote 195: _Vide_ Munk, _Mélanges de Philosophie juive et Arabe_, Paris, 1589; and _Dictionnaire des sciences Philosophiques_, Paris, 1844-52.]

[Footnote 196: Ibn Sina, 980-1037 /A.D./; cf. _Op. Lat._ iii. 458, 475.]

[Footnote 197: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 223, called by Bruno _Hispanus_, but really an Arabian, Ibn Badja,--d. 1138.]

[Footnote 198: A Jew, Ibn Gebirol, fl. 1050.]

[Footnote 199: Al Ghazzali, 1059-1111 /A.D./]

[Footnote 200: Cf. _Op. Lat._ iii. 696.]

[Footnote 201: _Vide_ Wittman, _Giord. Bruno's Beziehungen zu Avencebrol_ in the _Archiv für Geschichte der Phil._ 13. 2 (1900).]

[Footnote 202: _Causa_, Lag. 253; cf. 246, and _Op. Lat._ iii. 696.]

[Footnote 203: _Causa_, Lag. 265.]

[Footnote 204: Cf. Wittman, _loc. cit._]

[Footnote 205: _Cena_, Lag. 170.]

[Footnote 206: _Her. Fur._ Lag. 742. Algazel is connected with Averroes by Bruno in another argument against authority,--that the mere habit of and familiarity with a given belief does not authorise its truth, for "those who from boyhood and youth are accustomed to eat poison, come to such a state that it is transformed into a sweet and good nourishment for them, and on the contrary they come to abhor what is really good and pleasant according to common nature."]

[Footnote 207: A Latin translation of Averroes' _Commentaries_ was published in 1472, and one of his criticisms of Algazel (_Destructio destructionis_) in 1497 and in 1527.]

[Footnote 208: _Causa_, Lag. 271, and _Op. Lat._ i. 2. 411.]

[Footnote 209: i. 1. 370.]

[Footnote 210: _Causa_, Lag. 271: on Averroes cf. _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 221, 224, 337, 338, etc.]

[Footnote 211: _Her. Fur._ Lag. 677.]

[Footnote 212: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 16. Albertus lived from 1193 to 1280 A.D. There are frequent references to the spurious writings attributed to him, in Bruno's _De Magia Mathematica_, etc.]

[Footnote 213: i. 2. 415. Cf. _Sig. Sig._ ii. 2. 190, for a reputed miracle related of Saint Thomas.]

[Footnote 214: Cf. the ridicule in Lag. 361 and 563.]

[Footnote 215: _Causa_, Lag. 246.]

[Footnote 216: Tocco, _Fonti piu recenti_, etc., p. 538.]

[Footnote 217: Besides the several works on the Art of Reasoning, Lully had written also on theology and on medicine, and Bruno, in his (posthumous) _Medicina Lulliana_, gave a compendium of the latter group of writings.]

[Footnote 218: _De Lampade Combinatoria_, _Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 234.]

[Footnote 219: Faber Stapulensis (_c._ 1500), and Carolus Bovillus (_c._ 1470-1553). Both were rather followers of Cusanus.]

[Footnote 220: _Op. Lat_. ii. 2. 242.]

[Footnote 221: ii. 2. 61.]

[Footnote 222: _Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 329, 3. 297.]

[Footnote 223: _De Comp. Arch._ ii. 2. 42.]

[Footnote 224: i. 1. 17. On Cusanus _v._ Falckenberg, _Grundzüge der Philosophie des Nicolaus Cusanus_, 1880, Uebinger, _Philosophie des N. C._, 1880, and _Gotteslehre des N. C._, 1888, F. J. Clemens, _Giord. Bruno und Nikolaus von Cusa_, 1847, Scharpff, _Des N. von C. wichstigste Schriften_, 1862.]

[Footnote 225: _Infinito_, Lag. 348.]

[Footnote 226: Cf. Cusanus' _De docta ignorantia_.]

[Footnote 227: _Spaccio_, Lag. 420.]

[Footnote 228: _De docta ignorantia_, i. 7. _Alchoran_, ii. 7, 8.]

[Footnote 229: _Doct. ignor._ ii. 7.]

[Footnote 230: _De Possest._]

[Footnote 231: _Alchoran_, ii. 6.]

[Footnote 232: Cusanus, _De Ludo globi_, bk. i.]

[Footnote 233: Cusanus, _De Idiota_, iii. (_De Mente_, 9).]

[Footnote 234: Cusanus, _De Conjecturis_, i. 4.]

[Footnote 235: _Id. De Visione Dei_, 10.]

[Footnote 236: _Id. De Venatione Sapientiae._]

[Footnote 237: _De occulta philosophia._]

[Footnote 238: _De Vanitate Scientiarum._]

[Footnote 239: Tocco. _Fonti piu recenti_, etc. p. 534.]

[Footnote 240: Theophrastus Bombastes von Hohenheim, 1493-1541.]

[Footnote 241: Lag. 247.]

[Footnote 242: i. 1. 17. In the _Sig. Sig._ ii. 2. 181, he is put forward as an example of the value of the life of solitude:--"Paracelsus, who glories more in the title of hermit than in that of doctor or master, became a leader and author among physicians, second to none"--a reference to the title of _Eremita_, which Paracelsus took, however, from his birthplace Einsiedeln, and to his well known and strongly expressed contempt for the learning of books.]

[Footnote 243: 1501-1576 /A.D./]

[Footnote 244: The first two books of the _De natura rerum_ were published in 1565.]

[Footnote 245: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 17.]

[Footnote 246: _Cena_, Lag. 124.]

[Footnote 247: Bruno praises and gives long extracts from Copernicus in the _De Immenso_, bk. iii. ch. 9.]

[Footnote 248: _De la Causa_, etc.]

[Footnote 249: Lag. 229.]

[Footnote 250: Lag. 229.]

[Footnote 251: _De la Causa, principio et uno_, 1584.]

[Footnote 252: Lag. 230.]

[Footnote 253: _Ib._ The terms correspond to Aristotle's [Greek: archê] and [Greek: aition], respectively; no clear distinction was drawn between their meanings by Aristotle, however. Bruno's aim is to contrast the inwardly active, _immanent_ principle of life and of movement with the _transient_, outwardly active cause, and to interpret nature, as a whole, as the manifestation of some such inward principle, rather than as a mechanical system to which the impulse was given from without.]

[Footnote 254: Lag. 231. 38. The _Intellectus_ is identified also with the Pythagorean world-mover (Verg. _Aeneid_, vi. 726); the "World's Eye" of the Orphic Poems; the "distinguisher" of Empedocles; the "Father and Progenitor of all things" of Plotinus.]

[Footnote 255: Lag. 232. 24.]

[Footnote 256: Lag. 232. 33 ff.]

[Footnote 257: On Perfection, _vide infra_, p. 199.]

[Footnote 258: Lag. 233. 27. Cf. Arist. _De Anima_, ii. 1.]

[Footnote 259: Cf. Arist. _De Anima_, ii. ch. 1 and 2.]

[Footnote 260: Lag. 238. 34.]

[Footnote 261: Cf. _Lucretius_.]

[Footnote 262: Lag. 202. 40.]

[Footnote 263: Cf. _e.g._ 238. 12, when the form or soul is said to be _one_ in all things, and differences are said to arise from the dispositions of _matter_.]

[Footnote 264: _Vide infra_, ch. 5.]

[Footnote 265: Lag. 240. 28.]

[Footnote 266: Lag. 242. 7.]

[Footnote 267: _Epist. Proëm._, Lag. 203. 19. When he wrote the _De Minimo_ the question had at least presented itself to Bruno as requiring solution: _vide_ bk. iv. (_Op. Lat._ i. 3. 274). Individual differences are referred to two possible sources--the different compositions of the forms or ideal types, and the varied dispositions of matter; and it is suggested that the latter of these may derive from the former.]

[Footnote 268: Lag. 246. 37.]

[Footnote 269: Lag. 248. 17. The apparent conflict between this and the preceding pages will resolve itself below.]

[Footnote 270: Lag. 249. 35.]

[Footnote 271: Pseudo-Timaeus, 94 A.]

[Footnote 272: Lag. 253. 11.]

[Footnote 273: Lag. 257, 258.]

[Footnote 274: Lag. 258-260.]

[Footnote 275: Lag. 261.]

[Footnote 276: Lag. 266.]

[Footnote 277: _Supra_, ch. i. Cf. Plotinus, _Ennead_, ii. 4. 4.]

[Footnote 278: Lag. 269.]

[Footnote 279: Lag. 268-271. Bruno refers here to Averroes, and especially to Plotinus, v. ch. i.]

[Footnote 280: Compare the ambiguity in Spinoza's definition of mind in relation to body.]

[Footnote 281: Lag. 273, 274.]

[Footnote 282: Lag. 277.]

[Footnote 283: Lag. 278. 4.]

[Footnote 284: Lag. pp. 278-281.]

[Footnote 285: Lag. 285. 35.]

[Footnote 286: Lag. 288. 5.]

[Footnote 287: Lag. 288, 289.]

[Footnote 288: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. 147. 1.]

[Footnote 289: _De Immenso: de l' Infinito: Acrotismus_, etc.]

[Footnote 290: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. p. 202.]

[Footnote 291: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. p. 203.]

[Footnote 292: _De Immenso_, bk. i. ch. 6.]

[Footnote 293: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. p. 222.]

[Footnote 294: P. 227.]

[Footnote 295: P. 231.]

[Footnote 296: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. p. 232. On _Space_, cf. _Acrot._ Art. 31, 33-37 (Vacuum, Ether, etc.), and _Infinito_, Lag. 365.]

[Footnote 297: P. 234.]

[Footnote 298: P. 235.]

[Footnote 299: Cf. _Infinito_, Lag. 322. 1 ff. for the argument.]

[Footnote 300: Bk. ii. ch. 2.; cf. _Infinito_, Dial. v., Lag. 387.]

[Footnote 301: _De Imm._ i. 1. 264; cf. _Inf._ 392. 15.]

[Footnote 302: Bk. ii. ch. 4 (267 ff.).]

[Footnote 303: Bk. ii. ch. 6.]

[Footnote 304: Ch. 7. (p. 278); cf. _Infinito_, Lag. 335 ff.]

[Footnote 305: _Vide infra_, ch. 5.]

[Footnote 306: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. p. 279.]

[Footnote 307: _Ib._ p. 281.]

[Footnote 308: Bk. ii. ch. 8 (p. 283); cf. _Op. Lat._ i. 4. 216, and _Infinito_, Lag. 344 ff. 338.]

[Footnote 309: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. p. 284.]

[Footnote 310: P. 285.]

[Footnote 311: Bk. ii. ch. 10. p. 293.]

[Footnote 312: Bk. ii. ch. 11.]

[Footnote 313: P. 300 ff.]

[Footnote 314: Bk. ii. ch. 12. 302 ff.]

[Footnote 315: Bk. ii. ch. 13.]

[Footnote 316: Cf. also _infra_, p. 199 ff.]

[Footnote 317: _De Imm._ bk. i. ch. 10. pp. 235-8; cf. _Infinito_, 312 f., 316. Bruno does not use the term "principle of sufficient reason": his principle is the inverse of that of Leibniz--"whatever has not a sufficient reason for existing is necessarily non-existent,"--Bruno's being that "whatever has not a sufficient reason for non-existence (_i.e._ whatever is possible) necessarily exists."]

[Footnote 318: _De Imm._ bk. i. ch. 11. p. 239; _Infin._ 314 f.]

[Footnote 319: _De Imm._ bk. i. ch. 11. p. 241.]

[Footnote 320: _Ib. Schol._ ch. 11. pp. 241, 242.]

[Footnote 321: P. 242 ff.]

[Footnote 322: Cf. _Infinito_, Lag. 316. 21.]

[Footnote 323: No. 13 states that the worlds could not interfere with one another, since space is infinite.]

[Footnote 324: No. 18 denies that the perfection of the world in _one_ space should either add to or detract from the perfection of another world in other space or render it less necessary.]

[Footnote 325: Bk. i. ch. 12.]

[Footnote 326: P. 245.]

[Footnote 327: _Op. Lat._ vol. i. pt. 2. p. 310.]

[Footnote 328: _Ib._, ch. x. p. 312 ff.]

[Footnote 329: Cf. _Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 259.]

[Footnote 330: P. 260. On _Time_ cf. _Acrot._, Arts. 38-40.]

[Footnote 331: _Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 274.]

[Footnote 332: _Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 307.]

[Footnote 333: P. 309 ff.]

[Footnote 334: P. 311.]

[Footnote 335: P. 312. Cf. Fiorentino's _Telesio_, p. 85. On Perfection, and the Perfection of the Universe, cf. Bruno's _Acrot._, Arts. 17 and 51.]

[Footnote 336: Cf. Spinoza.]

[Footnote 337: Allusions to practices of the Black Art.]

[Footnote 338: _Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 316.]

[Footnote 339: _De Immenso_, iii. ch. 1. (p. 313 ff.).]

[Footnote 340: P. 317.]

[Footnote 341: Bk. iii. ch. 2.]

[Footnote 342: Ch. 4. p. 341 ff.]

[Footnote 343: So Bruno explained the phases of the moon.]

[Footnote 344: Bk. vi. ch. 17. p. 210.]

[Footnote 345: Ch. 18. p. 218.]

[Footnote 346: _Ib._ p. 220. If the flow of change were arrested at any one point in Nature, it would ultimately be arrested throughout the whole.]

[Footnote 347: Bk. iv. ch. 1. (_Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 6).]

[Footnote 348: P. 7.]

[Footnote 349: P. 8.]

[Footnote 350: P. 152.]

[Footnote 351: After Empedocles.]

[Footnote 352: _De Imm._ bk. iii. ch. 5.]

[Footnote 353: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. p. 353.]

[Footnote 354: P. 354.]

[Footnote 355: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. p. 329.]

[Footnote 356: The saying of King Alfonso in this regard is worth repetition,--that "had he been consulted at the creation of the world he would have spared the Maker some absurdities."]

[Footnote 357: _Op. Lat._ i. 1.. 360.]

[Footnote 358: P. 362, cf. _supra._]

[Footnote 359: P. 369 (ch. 7)--

"Promptius utque magis quâvis pernice volucrum
Versum quaque meent, immensumque aera findant
Intima nempe animae vis concitat illa," etc.
]

[Footnote 360: P. 372.]

[Footnote 361: _De Imm._ bk. iv. ch. 3.]

[Footnote 362: Ch. 8 (p. 42 f.).]

[Footnote 363: Ch. 4, Schol. cf. bk. iv. ch. 13 (_Op. Lat._ i. 2. 67).]

[Footnote 364: _De Imm._ bk. vi. ch. 19.]

[Footnote 365: _Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 230.]

[Footnote 366: 1531, 1532, 1572, 1577, 1585. (Bk. v. chs. 9 and 13.)]

[Footnote 367: _E.g. De Imm._ bk. iv. ch. 5.]

[Footnote 368: _Ib._ ch. 7.]

[Footnote 369: _De Imm._ bk. v. ch. 2 (p. 119).]

[Footnote 370: _Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 147.]

[Footnote 371: _Cena_, Lag. 183. 30.]

[Footnote 372: Lag. 184. 35; _Acrot._ Art. 68; _Infinito_, 370. 29, 375. 6, 390. 34; _Acrot._ Art. 80 (i. 1. 189), etc.]

[Footnote 373: _De Imm._ bk. v. ch. 1.]

[Footnote 374: _Cena_, Lag. 185. 4.]

[Footnote 375: _Cabala_, p. 587. 23 ff.]

[Footnote 376: On movements of suns and earths, as determined by the soul, and the need of mutual sustenance, cf. _Acrot._ Arts. 65, 66, 67, 72.]

[Footnote 377: Cf. _Cena_, Lag. 166. 32, where it is suggested that the Alps and Pyrenees once formed the summit of a very high mountain, gradually broken up, through continuous geological changes, into the lesser forms we now call mountains. So the whole of Britain is a mountain, rising up out of the sea; its summit is the highest point, Scotland.]

[Footnote 378: _De Imm._ bk. iv. ch. 18.]

[Footnote 379: Cf. _Infinito_, Lag. 351. 30, on the gradual changes of the earth's surface, which Bruno infers are present, although imperceptible, in other stars also. Cf. _ib._ 332. 15, and _De Imm._, bks. iv. and vi.; _Acrot._ Arts. 48 and 74. In _Inf._ 353. 30, rocks, lakes, rivers, springs, etc., are compared to the different members or organs of the human body: the accidents or disturbances of them,--clouds, rain, snow, etc.,--to the diseases of the human body.]

[Footnote 380: _Acrotismus: De Minimo._]

[Footnote 381: Lag. p. 158.]

[Footnote 382: Lag. 164. 18.]

[Footnote 383: _Monadology_, § 70. Cf. also §§ 64, 66, 67-69.]

[Footnote 384: Lag. 332.]

[Footnote 385: Lag. 357. 10; cf. 334. 24, 359. 13, 393. 5, and _Her. Fur._ 738. 17.]

[Footnote 386: Lag. 367. 12, 375. 37.]

[Footnote 387: Lag. 455. 37.]

[Footnote 388: Contrast Tocco, _Opere Latine di G.B._, part 5.]

[Footnote 389: Fiorentino's Preface to _Op. Lat._ vol. i. p. xxviii.]

[Footnote 390: _Acrot. Cam._ Art. 42, p. 154.]

[Footnote 391: _Acrot. Cam._ Art. 65.]

[Footnote 392: _Vide De Min._ p. 211 (bk. ii. ch. 6).]

[Footnote 393: _De Min._ bk. i. ch. 9.]

[Footnote 394: _Ib. Schol._ (p. 170).]

[Footnote 395: Ch. 10.]

[Footnote 396: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. p. 209.]

[Footnote 397: This thought recurs in Leibniz.]

[Footnote 398: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. pp. 209-211.]

[Footnote 399: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. p. 208.]

[Footnote 400: P. 147. 1.]

[Footnote 401: P. 149. 3.]

[Footnote 402: _De Min._ bk. ii. ch. 3, pp. 191 ff.]

[Footnote 403: P. 195. 20.]

[Footnote 404: Ch. 4.]

[Footnote 405: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. p. 199. 15.]

[Footnote 406: P. 200. 20.]

[Footnote 407: P. 200. 28, 201. 4; cf. 223. 11.]

[Footnote 408: _De Min._ bk. ii. ch. 5.]

[Footnote 409: P. 203. 27.]

[Footnote 410: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. p. 207. 5 (cf. p. 302, bk. v. ch. 2).]

[Footnote 411: P. 208. 9.]

[Footnote 412: P. 207.]

[Footnote 413: _De Min._ bk. i. ch. 5.]

[Footnote 414: Arist. _Phys. Z._ 1. 231, a 23.]

[Footnote 415: _De Min._ p. 153. 22 ff.]

[Footnote 416: P. 158.]

[Footnote 417: _De Min._ P. 173. 9; cf. 173. 7, 180.]

[Footnote 418: P. 160.]

[Footnote 419: P. 161.]

[Footnote 420: P. 162.]

[Footnote 421: _De Min._ i. ch. 8.]

[Footnote 422: Ch. 11. p. 176.]

[Footnote 423: Ch. 12.]

[Footnote 424: Ch. 2. p. 140.]

[Footnote 425: _De Min._ i. ch. 14. p. 184. 23.]

[Footnote 426: ii, ch. 8. p. 214.]

[Footnote 427: iii. ch. 12. p. 267.]

[Footnote 428: Lasswitz, p. 26, note, where it is said the eighth triangle and the sixth circle are equal.]

[Footnote 429: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. p. 217. 9.]

[Footnote 430: Pp. 219, 221.]

[Footnote 431: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. p. 243 (bk. iii. ch. 3).]

[Footnote 432: P. 245 (bk. iii. ch. 4.), cf. p. 323 (bk. v. c. 9), 324. (c. 10).]

[Footnote 433: P. 306 (bk. v. ch. 5.).]

[Footnote 434: P. 270. 14.]

[Footnote 435: Cf. _Art. adv. Math._ ii. The figures there are slightly different, and named _Figurae Mentis_, _Intellectus_, _Amoris_.]

[Footnote 436: Lag. 407. 25.]

[Footnote 437: Lag. p. 407. 7.]

[Footnote 438: P. 406. 29.]

[Footnote 439: Lag. 427. 19.]

[Footnote 440: The constellations as typifying vices were to be expelled from the heavens and replaced by the personified virtues.]

[Footnote 441: Lag. p. 445.]

[Footnote 442: Lag. p. 446. 1 ff., cf. 447. "_Questa fetida Sporcaria del mondo_," and 467.]

[Footnote 443: P. 462. 30.]

[Footnote 444: P. 468. 25.]

[Footnote 445: Lag. p. 543. 35 ff., cf. 544. 20, 546. 16, and esp. 554. 13 ff. (_Chiron_ the Centaur), for other references to the Church and its beliefs. Bruno could not have written the last passage while retaining any shred of genuine belief in the divinity of Christ. v. also 534. 32.]

[Footnote 446: _Cabala_, p. 565.]

[Footnote 447: Cf. the poem in the _Cabala_, p. 564. 25, _O' Sant' Asinita_, and _Cena_, Lag. 147. 21 (the Ark of Noah), etc.]

[Footnote 448: The lists given in the argument are not quite the same as those in the body of the work, and both differ to some extent from the list of vices which is put in the mouth of Jupiter at the beginning, p. 439.]

[Footnote 449: From Lag. p. 439.]

[Footnote 450: Cf. also p. 488. Another list of virtues is in the eulogium on Julius in the _Oratio Consolatoria_ (_Op. Lat._ i. 1. 47 ff.). There also the constellations typify different virtues.]

[Footnote 451: In the _De Lamp. Comb._, are two lists of virtues and vices, after Lully; with each virtue are given the two vicious extremes, in Aristotelian fashion. (_Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 257).]

[Footnote 452: Lag. 489. 18 (_Sub Lyra_). They are _Arithmetica_, _Geometria_, _Musica_, _Logica_, _Poesia_, _Astrologia_, _Physica_, _Metaphysica_, _Ethica_.]

[Footnote 453: Lag. p. 461. 11 ff.]

[Footnote 454: Pp. 461, 462.]

[Footnote 455: In contrast with _St. Luke_ 15. 7.]

[Footnote 456: Reading _conversation_ for _conservation_.]

[Footnote 457: Lag. pp. 464, 465.]

[Footnote 458: Lag. pp. 465, 466.]

[Footnote 459: P. 527.]

[Footnote 460: Pp. 520, 521.]

[Footnote 461: _Op. cit._ p. 794.]

[Footnote 462: Compare the picture of Avarice in _Spaccio_, pp. 477, 478, with Shakespeare's _Shylock_.]

[Footnote 463: _Cabala_, p. 576. 31.]

[Footnote 464: P. 500. 40.]

[Footnote 465: Cf. p. 535. 4, and 541. 35,--"_Escremento de l' Egitto_," which may not mean more than outgrowth or offshoot of Egypt, although it has been interpreted otherwise.]

[Footnote 466: P. 542. 18.]

[Footnote 467: _Spaccio_, p. 526. 11; Clemens' translation (_op. cit._ p. 172) gives this saying an unnecessarily sinister meaning.]

[Footnote 468: _De Vinculis in genere_ (_Op. Lat._ iii. p. 697. 26).]

[Footnote 469: Lag. p. 503. 20.]

[Footnote 470: From Tasso's _Aminta_, act i. _sub fin._--Bruno hardly ever mentions the authors of the poems in his ethical works, so that the layman in literature has great difficulty in knowing which, if any, are his own. Thus Rixner and Siber translate the above, and give it as Bruno's (_op. cit._ p. 230). In the fourth line Bruno reads "E 'n" for "Ma 'n."]

[Footnote 471: Cf. _Infinito_, p. 398. 16.]

[Footnote 472: Cf. _De Imm._ vii. 16 (_Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 278).]

[Footnote 473: Lag. p. 507. 6.]

[Footnote 474: P. 507. 14.]

[Footnote 475: _Vide infra_, ch. vii., _re_ transmigration.]

[Footnote 476: Lag. p. 586. 11.]

[Footnote 477: Lag. p. 586. 35 ff.]

[Footnote 478: _Ib._ p. 469. 7.]

[Footnote 479: _Sextus Math._ xi. 51-58. Crantor was one of the Old Academy, and wrote a commentary on the _Timaeus_, as well as some ethical works, of which that "On Mourning" seems to have been most in vogue. The goods of the soul were placed in the following order of merit by him:--Virtue, Health, Pleasure, Riches.--_Vide_ Zeller, ii. 696.]

[Footnote 480: Lag. p. 487, 488.]